Python编程：PyZMQ -CSDN博客

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PyZMQ 是 ZeroMQ (ØMQ) 的 Python 绑定，它提供了一个简单而强大的消息传递库，用于构建分布式或并发应用程序。

ZeroMQ 简介

ZeroMQ 是一个高性能异步消息库，它提供了多种消息模式：

请求-应答 (Request-Reply)
发布-订阅 (Publish-Subscribe)
推送-拉取 (Push-Pull)
排他对 (Exclusive Pair)

安装 PyZMQ

pip install pyzmq

基本概念

上下文 (Context)

所有 ZeroMQ 套接字都在一个上下文中创建。

import zmq
context = zmq.Context()

套接字 (Socket)

ZeroMQ 提供了多种套接字类型：

zmq.REQ / zmq.REP - 请求/应答
zmq.PUB / zmq.SUB - 发布/订阅
zmq.PUSH / zmq.PULL - 推送/拉取
zmq.PAIR - 排他对

常见模式示例

请求-应答模式

服务端 (REP):

import zmq

context = zmq.Context()
socket = context.socket(zmq.REP)
socket.bind("tcp://*:5555")

while True:
    message = socket.recv_string()
    print(f"Received request: {message}")
    socket.send_string(f"World from {message}")

客户端 (REQ):

import zmq

context = zmq.Context()
socket = context.socket(zmq.REQ)
socket.connect("tcp://localhost:5555")

for request in range(10):
    socket.send_string(f"Hello {request}")
    message = socket.recv_string()
    print(f"Received reply: {message}")

发布-订阅模式

发布者 (PUB):

import zmq
import time

context = zmq.Context()
socket = context.socket(zmq.PUB)
socket.bind("tcp://*:5556")

topic = "news"

for i in range(10):
    message = f"{topic} Message {i}"
    socket.send_string(message)
    print(f"Sent: {message}")
    time.sleep(1)

订阅者 (SUB):

import zmq

context = zmq.Context()
socket = context.socket(zmq.SUB)
socket.connect("tcp://localhost:5556")
socket.setsockopt_string(zmq.SUBSCRIBE, "news")

for i in range(10):
    message = socket.recv_string()
    print(f"Received: {message}")

推送-拉取模式 (管道模式)

推送者 (PUSH):

import zmq
import time

context = zmq.Context()
socket = context.socket(zmq.PUSH)
socket.bind("tcp://*:5557")

for i in range(10):
    socket.send_string(f"Task {i}")
    print(f"Sent task {i}")
    time.sleep(1)

拉取者 (PULL):

import zmq

context = zmq.Context()
socket = context.socket(zmq.PULL)
socket.connect("tcp://localhost:5557")

for i in range(10):
    message = socket.recv_string()
    print(f"Received task: {message}")

高级特性

多部分消息

# 发送多部分消息
socket.send_multipart([b"part1", b"part2", b"part3"])

# 接收多部分消息
parts = socket.recv_multipart()

轮询 (Polling)

import zmq

context = zmq.Context()

receiver = context.socket(zmq.PULL)
receiver.connect("tcp://localhost:5557")

subscriber = context.socket(zmq.SUB)
subscriber.connect("tcp://localhost:5556")
subscriber.setsockopt_string(zmq.SUBSCRIBE, "")

poller = zmq.Poller()
poller.register(receiver, zmq.POLLIN)
poller.register(subscriber, zmq.POLLIN)

while True:
    socks = dict(poller.poll())
    if receiver in socks:
        message = receiver.recv_string()
        print(f"Received task: {message}")
    if subscriber in socks:
        message = subscriber.recv_string()
        print(f"Received update: {message}")

代理模式

import zmq

context = zmq.Context()

frontend = context.socket(zmq.ROUTER)
backend = context.socket(zmq.DEALER)
frontend.bind("tcp://*:5559")
backend.bind("tcp://*:5560")

zmq.proxy(frontend, backend)

性能优化

使用 inproc 传输：当通信在同一进程内时
```
socket.bind("inproc://my_endpoint")
```
批量发送消息：使用 send_multipart 代替多次 send

调整高水位标记 (HWM)：

socket.setsockopt(zmq.SNDHWM, 100)  # 发送高水位
socket.setsockopt(zmq.RCVHWM, 100)  # 接收高水位

使用非阻塞操作：

try:
    socket.send(b"message", zmq.NOBLOCK)
except zmq.Again:
    print("Send would block")

安全特性

加密通信 (CurveZMQ)

# 服务端
server = context.socket(zmq.REP)
server.curve_secretkey = b'server_secret_key'
server.curve_publickey = b'server_public_key'
server.curve_server = True
server.bind("tcp://*:5555")

# 客户端
client = context.socket(zmq.REQ)
client.curve_secretkey = b'client_secret_key'
client.curve_publickey = b'client_public_key'
client.curve_serverkey = b'server_public_key'
client.connect("tcp://localhost:5555")