概念

一.multiple compute resources

The compute resources can include:

• A single computer with multiple processors;
• An arbitrary number of computers connected by a network;
• A combination of both.

二.computational problem

• Broken apart into discrete pieces of work that can be solved simultaneously;
• Execute multiple program instructions at any moment in time;
• Solved in less time with multiple compute resources than with a single compute resource.

von Neumann Architecture

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• Named after the Hungarian mathematician John von Neumann who first authored the general requirements for an electronic computer in his 1945 papers.
• Since then, virtually all computers have followed this basic design, which differed from earlier computers programmed through "hard wiring".

  Comprised of four main components: Memory Control Unit Arithmetic Logic Unit Input/Output Read/write, random access memory is used to store both program instructions and data Program instructions are coded data which tell the computer to do something Data is simply information to be used by the program Control unit fetches instructions/data from memory, decodes the instructions and then sequentially coordinates operations to accomplish the programmed task. Aritmetic Unit performs basic arithmetic operations Input/Output is the interface to the human operator