本文探讨了Python正则表达式的高级应用技巧，包括前向和后向断言、自引用表达式等，通过实例展示了如何精准匹配复杂文本。
[Python标准库]re——正则表达式
前向或后向
很多情况下，仅当模式中另外某个部分也匹配时才匹配模式的某一部分，这可能很有用。例如，在 Email 解析表达式中，两个尖括号分别标志为可选。不过，实际上尖括号必须成对，只有当两个尖括号都出现或都不出现时表达式才能匹配。修改后的表达式使用了一个肯定前向（positive look-ahead）断言来匹配尖括号对。前向断言语法为 (?=pattern)
import re
address = re.compile(
'''
# A name is made up of letters, and may include "."
# for title abbreviations and middle initials.
((?P<name>
([\w.,]+\s+)*[\w.,]+
)
\s+
) # name is no longer optional
# LOOKAHEAD
# Email addresses are wrapped in angle brackets, but only
# if they are both present or neither is.
(?= (<.*>$) # remainder wrapped in angle brackets
|
([^<].*[^>]$) # remainder *not* wrapped in angle brackets
)
<? # optional opening angle bracket
# The address itself: username@domain.tld
(?P<email>
[\w\d.+-]+ # username
@
([\w\d.]+\.)+ # domain name prefix
(com|org|edu) # TODO: support more top-level domains
)
>? # optional closing angle bracket
''',
re.UNICODE | re.VERBOSE)
candidates = [
u'First Last <first.last@example.com>',
u'No Brackets first.last@example.com',
u'Open Bracket <first.last@example.com',
u'Close Bracket first.last@example.com>',
]
for candidate in candidates:
print 'Candidate:', candidate
match = address.search(candidate)
if match:
print ' Name :', match.groupdict()['name']
print ' Email:', match.groupdict()['email']
else:
print ' No match' 否定前向（negative look-ahead）断言（(?!pattern)）要求模式不匹配当前位置后面的文本。例如，Email 识别模式可以修改为忽略自动系统常用的 noreply 邮件地址。
import re
address = re.compile(
'''
^
# An address: username@domain.tld
# Ignore noreply address
(?!noreply@.*$)
[\w\d.+-]+ # username
@
([\w\d.]+\.)+ # domain name prefix
(com|org|edu) # limit the allowed top-level domains
$
''',
re.UNICODE | re.VERBOSE)
candidates = [
u'first.last@example.com',
u'noreply@example.com',
]
for candidate in candidates:
print 'Candidate:', candidate
match = address.search(candidate)
if match:
print ' Match:', candidate[match.start():match.end()]
else:
print ' No match' 不用前向检查 Email 地址 username 部分中的 noreply，还可以使用语法 (?<!pattern) 改写这个模式，写为在匹配 username 之后使用一个否定后向断言（negative look-behind assertion）。
import re
address = re.compile(
'''
^
# An address: username@domain.tld
[\w\d.+-]+ # username
# Ignore noreply address
(?<!noreply)
@
([\w\d.]+\.)+ # domain name prefix
(com|org|edu) # limit the allowed top-level domains
$
''',
re.UNICODE | re.VERBOSE)
candidates = [
u'first.last@example.com',
u'noreply@example.com',
]
for candidate in candidates:
print 'Candidate:', candidate
match = address.search(candidate)
if match:
print ' Match:', candidate[match.start():match.end()]
else:
print ' No match'可以借助语法 (?<=pattern) 用肯定后向（positive look-behind）断言查找符合某个模式的文本。例如，以下表达式可以查找 Twitter handles。
import re
twitter = re.compile(
'''
# A twitter handle: @username
(?<=@)
([\w\d_]+) # username
''',
re.UNICODE | re.VERBOSE)
text = '''This text includes two Twitter handles.
one for @ThePSF, and one for the author, @doughellmann.
'''
print text
for match in twitter.findall(text):
print 'Handle:', match这个模式会匹配能构成一个 Twitter 句柄的字符序列，只要字符序列前面有一个 @。
自引用表达式
匹配的值还可以用在表达式后面的部分中。例如，前面的 Email 例子可以更新为只匹配由人名和姓组成的地址，为此要包含这些组的反向引用（back-reference）。要达到这个目的，最容易的办法就是使用 \num 按 id 编号引用先前匹配的组。
import re
address = re.compile(
r'''
# The regular name
(\w+) # first name
\s+
(([\w.]+)\s+)? # optional middle name or initial
(\w+) # last name
\s+
<
# The address: first_name.last_name@domain.tld
(?P<email>
\1 # first name
\.
\4 # last name
@
([\w\d.]+\.)+ # domain name prefix
(com|org|edu) # limit the allowed top-level domains
)
>
''',
re.UNICODE | re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE)
candidates = [
u'First Last <first.last@example.com>',
u'Different Name <first.last@example.com>',
u'First Middle Last <first.last@example.com>',
u'First M. Last <first.last@example.com>',
]
for candidate in candidates:
print 'Candidate:', candidate
match = address.search(candidate)
if match:
print ' Match name:', match.group(1), match.group(4)
print ' Match email:', match.group(5)
else:
print ' No match'Python 的表达式解析器包括一个扩展，可以使用 (?P=name) 指示表达式中先前匹配的一个命名组的值。
import re
address = re.compile(
'''
# The regular name
(?P<first_name>\w+) # first name
\s+
(([\w.]+)\s+)? # optional middle name or initial
(?P<last_name>\w+) # last name
\s+
<
# The address: first_name.last_name@domain.tld
(?P<email>
(?P=first_name) # first name
\.
(?P=last_name) # last name
@
([\w\d.]+\.)+ # domain name prefix
(com|org|edu) # limit the allowed top-level domains
)
>
''',
re.UNICODE | re.VERBOSE | re.IGNORECASE)
candidates = [
u'First Last <first.last@example.com>',
u'Different Name <first.last@example.com>',
u'First Middle Last <first.last@example.com>',
u'First M. Last <first.last@example.com>',
]
for candidate in candidates:
print 'Candidate:', candidate
match = address.search(candidate)
if match:
print ' Match name:', match.groupdict()['first_name'],
print match.groupdict()['last_name']
print ' Match email:', match.groupdict()['email']
else:
print ' No match' 在表达式中使用反向引用还有一种机制，即根据前一个组是否匹配来选择不同的模式。可以修正这个 Email 模式，使得如果出现名字就需要有尖括号，不过如果只有 Email 地址本身就不需要尖括号。查看一个组是否匹配的语法是 (?(id)yes-expression|no-expression)，这里 id 是组名或编号，yes-expression 是组有值时使用的模式，no-expression 则是组没有值时使用的模式。
import re
address = re.compile(
'''
# A name is made up of letters, and may include "."
# for title abbreviations and middle initials.
(?P<name>
([\w.]+\s+)*[\w.]+
)?
\s*
# Email addresses are wrapped in angle brackets, but
# only if a name is found.
(?(name)
# remainder wrapped in angle brackets because
# there is a name
(?P<brackets>(?=(<.*>$)))
|
# remainder does not include angle brackets without name
(?=([^<].*[^>]$))
)
# Only look for a bracket if the look-ahead assertion
# found both of them.
(?(brackets)<|\s*)
# The address itself: username@domain.tld
(?P<email>
[\w\d.+-]+ # username
@
([\w\d.]+\.)+ # domain name prefix
(com|org|edu) # limit the allowed top-level domains
)
# Only look for a bracket if the look-ahead assertion
# found both of them.
(?(brackets)>|\s*)
$
''',
re.UNICODE | re.VERBOSE)
candidates = [
u'First Last <first.last@example.com>',
u'No Brackets first.last@example.com',
u'Open Bracket <first.last@example.com',
u'Close Bracket first.last@example.com>',
u'no.brackets@example.com',
]
for candidate in candidates:
print 'Candidate:', candidate
match = address.search(candidate)
if match:
print ' Match name:', match.groupdict()['name']
print ' Match email:', match.groupdict()['email']
else:
print ' No match'
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