Wave Driver介绍-1（PCM文件格式）

### ESP32 生成或处理 Wave 音频文件教程 #### 使用 ESP32 处理音频数据的基础概念 ESP32 是一款功能强大的微控制器，支持多种外设接口和协议。对于 Wave 文件的生成和处理，主要依赖于 I2S 接口来传输 PCM 数据流[^1]。 #### 波形文件结构简介 Wave 文件是一种常见的音频存储格式，通常由 RIFF 容器封装而成。其基本结构包括文件头（RIFF 和 fmt 子块）、数据长度说明以及实际的声音样本数据部分。为了在 ESP32 上创建有效的 .wav 文件，必须遵循这一标准格式编写相应的头部信息并填充正确的采样率、位深等参数。 #### 实现方法概述 通过配置 I2S 模块可以实现对原始 PCM 数据的有效读取与写入操作；利用 SPIFFS 或者 SD 卡作为外部存储介质保存最终形成的 wave 文件；借助第三方库简化编码过程中的复杂度提升开发效率。 #### 示例代码展示如何使用 Arduino IDE 创建简单的 sine wave 并将其转换成 wav 格式： ```cpp #include "Arduino.h" #include <driver/i2s.h> #include <SD_MMC.h> #define SAMPLE_RATE (22050) #define BITS_PER_SAMPLE (16) void setup() { Serial.begin(115200); // 初始化I2S模块用于播放声音 i2s_config_t i2s_config = { .mode = (i2s_mode_t)(I2S_MODE_MASTER | I2S_MODE_TX), .sample_rate = SAMPLE_RATE, .bits_per_sample = BITS_PER_SAMPLE, .channel_format = I2S_CHANNEL_FMT_RIGHT_LEFT, .communication_format = I2S_COMM_FORMAT_I2S_MSB, .intr_alloc_flags = 0, .dma_buf_count = 8, .dma_buf_len = 64, .use_apll = false, .tx_desc_auto_clear = true, .fixed_mclk = 0 }; i2s_pin_config_t pin_config; i2s_driver_install(I2S_NUM_0, &i2s_config, 0, NULL); File file = SD_MMC.open("/test.wav", FILE_WRITE); uint8_t riff[] = {'R', 'I', 'F', 'F'}; uint32_t chunkSize = sizeof(riff)+sizeof(uint32_t)*7+SAMPLE_RATE*BITS_PER_SAMPLE/8; uint8_t wave[] = {'W','A','V','E'}; uint8_t format[]={'f','m','t',' '}; uint32_t subchunk1size=16; uint16_t audioformat=1,numChannels=1,samplesPerSec=SAMPLE_RATE,bitspersample=BITS_PER_SAMPLE; uint32_t byteRate=samplesPerSec*numChannels*(bitspersample>>3),blockAlign=numChannels*(bitspersample>>3); uint8_t data[]={"d","a","t","a"}; uint32_t subChunk2Size; file.write(riff,sizeof(riff)); file.write((uint8_t*)&chunkSize,sizeof(chunkSize)); file.write(wave,sizeof(wave)); file.write(format,sizeof(format)); file.write((uint8_t*)&subchunk1size,sizeof(subchunk1size)); file.write((uint8_t*)&audioformat,sizeof(audioformat)); file.write((uint8_t*)&numChannels,sizeof(numChannels)); file.write((uint8_t*)&samplesPerSec,sizeof(samplesPerSec)); file.write((uint8_t*)&byteRate,sizeof(byteRate)); file.write((uint8_t*)&blockAlign,sizeof(blockAlign)); file.write((uint8_t*)&bitspersample,sizeof(bitspersample)); file.write(data,sizeof(data)); subChunk2Size=(SAMPLE_RATE)*(BITS_PER_SAMPLE)/8; file.write((uint8_t*)&subChunk2Size,sizeof(subChunk2Size)); float frequency = 440.0; // A note frequency int samplesCount = SAMPLE_RATE * 1 ;// one second of sound short sampleBuffer[samplesCount]; for(int n = 0;n<samplesCount;++n){ double angle = ((double)n / (double)samplesCount) * M_PI * 2.0 *frequency; sampleBuffer[n]=(short)((sin(angle))*SHRT_MAX); } file.write(reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(sampleBuffer),(samplesCount*sizeof(short))); } void loop(){ } ```