CPT204-Advanced OO Programming：Thinking in Objects 面向对象的思考方式-CSDN博客

- 局部变量的作用域从其声明开始，并持续到包含该变量的代码块的末尾。The scope of a local variable starts from its declaration and continues to the end of the block that contains the variable

·此外，局部变量在使用之前必须显式初始化。Also a local variable must be initialized explicitly before it can be used

- 数据字段变量可以在类内的任何地方声明 Data Field Variables can be declared anywhere inside a class

·实例变量和静态变量的作用域是整个类！The scope of instance and static variables is the entire class!

·它们会使用默认值进行初始化。Initialized with default values.

3.this关键字 The this Keyword

- this关键字是一个引用的名称，它引用的是对象本身。The this keyword is the name of a reference that refers to an object itself

- this关键字的常见用途：Common uses of the this keyword:

·引用类的“隐藏”数据字段。Reference a class’s “hidden” data fields

·调用重载构造函数 Calling Overloaded Constructor

>允许构造函数在构造函数的第一行调用同一类的另一个构造函数 .To enable a constructor to invoke another constructor of the same class as the first statement in the constructor.

4.类抽象和封装 Class Abstraction and Encapsulation

- 抽象：将类的实现细节与使用方式（API）分离。

Abstraction：separate class implementation from the use of the class (API)

- 封装：隐藏类的内部实现细节，仅通过公共接口（方法）暴露必要功能。

Encapsulation:Hiding the internal implementation details of a class and exposing only the necessary functionality through public interfaces (methods).

- 示例：
·Loan Class

·BMI Class

·The Course Class

·The StackOfIntegers Class

4.1 字符串类The String class

- 构造函数：String newString = new String(stringLiteral);

·由于字符串使用频繁，Java 提供了一种简写初始化器来创建字符串：

Since strings are used frequently, Java provides a shorthand initializer for creating a string: String message = "Welcome to Java";

- 性质：

·字符串是不可变的

·字符串池化（Interned Strings）

>字符串池化是一种方法，它只存储源代码中每个不同的编译时常量/显式字符串的一个副本，这些副本存放在字符串池（例如，s1 和 s3）中。String interning is a method of storing only one copy of each distinct compile-time constant/explicit string in the source code stored in a string intern pool (e.g., s1 and s3).

>如果我们使用 new操作符，那么会在堆中创建一个新的对象（例如，s2）if we use the new operator, then a new object is created in heap (e.g., s2).

- 字符串类的方法

·比较字符串（equals，compareTo）Compare strings (equals, compareTo)

·字符串长度、字符和组合字符串 String Length, Characters, and Combining Strings

·提取子字符串 Extracting Substrings

·在字符串中查找字符或子字符串Finding a Character or a Substring in a String

·匹配、替换和分割Matching, Replacing and Splitting

·按模式匹配、替换和分割 Matching, Replacing and Splitting by Patterns

·命令行参数Command-Line Parameters

4.1.1字符串比较

- +equals(s1: String): boolean

·如果此字符串等于字符串 s1，则返回 true。

Returns true if this string is equal to string s1.

- +equalsIgnoreCase(s1: String): boolean

·如果此字符串等于字符串 s1（不区分大小写），则返回 true。

Returns true if this string is equal to string s1 case-insensitive.

- +compareTo(s1: String): int

·返回一个大于0、等于0或小于0的整数，以指示此字符串是大于、等于还是小于 s1。Returns an integer greater than 0, equal to 0, or less than 0 to indicate whether this string is greater than, equal to, or less than s1.

- +compareToIgnoreCase(s1: String): int

·与 compareTo 相同，只是比较时不区分大小写。Same as compareTo except that the comparison is case insensitive

- +regionMatches(toffset: int, s1: String, offset: int, len: int): boolean

·如果此字符串的指定子区域与字符串 s1 中的指定子区域完全匹配，则返回 true。Returns true if the specified subregion of this string exactly matches the specified subregion in string s1.

- +regionMatches(ignoreCase: boolean, toffset: int, s1: String, offset: int, len: int): boolean

·与前述方法相同，只是你可以指定匹配是否区分大小写。 Same as the preceding method except that you can specify whether the match is case-sensitive.

- +startsWith(prefix: String): boolean

·如果此字符串以指定的前缀开头，则返回 true Returns true if this string starts with the specified prefix.

- +endsWith(suffix: String): boolean

·如果此字符串以指定的后缀结尾，则返回 true。Returns true if this string ends with the specified suffix.

4.1.2字符串长度、字符和组合字符串 String Length, Characters, and Combining Strings

- +length(): int

·返回此字符串中的字符数量。Returns the number of characters in this string.

- +charAt(index: int): char

·返回此字符串中指定索引处的字符。Returns the character at the specified index from this string.

- +concat(s1: String): String

·返回一个新字符串，该字符串将此字符串与字符串 s1 连接起来。 Returns a new string that concatenate this string with string s1.

4.1.3 提取子字符串 Extracting Substrings

- + subString(beginIndex: int): String

·返回从指定的 beginIndex开始直到字符串末尾的子字符串。Returns this string’s substring that begins with the character at the specified beginIndex and extends to the end of the string.

- + subString(beginIndex: int, endIndex: int): String

·返回从指定的 beginIndex开始直到索引 endIndex - 1处字符的子字符串。注意，endIndex 处的字符不是子字符串的一部分。Returns this string’s substring that begins at the specified beginIndex and extends to the character at index endIndex – 1. Note that the character at endIndex is not part of the substring.

eg：

4.1.4在字符串中查找字符或子字符串 Finding a Character or a Substring in a String

- +indexOf(ch: char): int

·返回字符串中字符 `ch` 第一次出现的索引。如果没有找到匹配项，则返回 -1。Returns the index of the first occurrence of ch in the string. Returns -1 if not matched.

- +indexOf(ch: char, fromIndex: int): int

·返回从 `fromIndex` 开始，字符串中字符 `ch` 第一次出现的索引。如果没有找到匹配项，则返回 -1。Returns the index of the first occurrence of ch after fromIndex in the string. Returns -1 if not matched.

- +indexOf(s: String): int

·返回字符串 `s` 在此字符串中第一次出现的索引。如果没有找到匹配项，则返回 -1。 Returns the index of the first occurrence of string s in this string. Returns -1 if not matched.

- +indexOf(s: String, fromIndex: int): int

·返回从 `fromIndex` 开始，字符串 `s` 在此字符串中第一次出现的索引。如果没有找到匹配项，则返回 -1。Returns the index of the first occurrence of string s in this string after fromIndex. Returns -1 if not matched.

- +lastIndexOf(ch: int): int

·返回字符串中字符 `ch` 最后一次出现的索引。如果没有找到匹配项，则返回 -1。Returns the index of the last occurrence of ch in the string. Returns -1 if not matched.

- +lastIndexOf(ch: int, fromIndex: int): int

·返回 `fromIndex` 之前，字符串中字符 `ch` 最后一次出现的索引。如果没有找到匹配项，则返回 -1。Returns the index of the last occurrence of ch before fromIndex in this string. Returns -1 if not matched.

- +lastIndexOf(s: String): int

·返回字符串 `s` 最后一次出现的索引。如果没有找到匹配项，则返回 -1。Returns the index of the last occurrence of string s. Returns -1 if not matched.

- +lastIndexOf(s: String, fromIndex: int): int

·返回 `fromIndex` 之前，字符串 `s` 最后一次出现的索引。如果没有找到匹配项，则返回 -1. Returns the index of the last occurrence of string s before fromIndex. Returns -1 if not matched.

eg：

4.1.5匹配、转换、替换和分割字符串 Converting, Replacing, and Splitting Strings

- +toLowerCase(): String

·返回一个新字符串，其中所有字符都转换为小写。Returns a new string with all characters converted to lowercase.

- +toUpperCase(): String

·返回一个新字符串，其中所有字符都转换为大写。Returns a new string with all characters converted to uppercase.

- +trim(): String

·返回一个新字符串，其中两侧的空白字符都被修剪掉了。Returns a new string with blank characters trimmed on both sides.

- +replace(oldChar: char, newChar: char): String

·返回一个新字符串，其中此字符串中的所有匹配字符都被新字符替换。Returns a new string that replaces all matching character in this string with the new character.

- +replaceFirst(oldString: String, newString: String): String

·返回一个新字符串，其中此字符串中的第一个匹配子字符串被新子字符串替换。 Returns a new string that replaces the first matching substring in this string with the new substring.

- +replaceAll(oldString: String, newString: String): String

·返回一个新字符串，其中此字符串中的所有匹配子字符串都被新子字符串替换。Returns a new string that replace all matching substrings in this string with the new substring.

- +split(delimiter: String): String[]

·返回一个字符串数组，这些字符串由分隔符分割而成的子字符串组成。Returns an array of strings consisting of the substrings split by the delimiter

- +matches(regex: String): boolean

·该方法用于判断一个字符串是否与给定的正则表达式匹配。The matches method tells whether or not a string matches a given regular expression.

·如果此字符串与模式匹配，则返回 true。Returns true if this string matches the pattern.

eg：

4.1.6按模式（正则表达式）匹配、替换和分割Matching, Replacing and Splitting by Patterns

- +matches(regex: String): boolean

·如果该字符串与给定的正则表达式匹配，则返回 true。Returns true if this string matches the pattern.

- +replaceAll(regex: String, replacement: String): String

·返回一个新字符串，将所有匹配的子字符串替换为指定的替换内容。Returns a new string that replaces all matching substrings with the replacement.

- +replaceFirst(regex: String, replacement: String): String

·返回一个新字符串，仅将第一个匹配的子字符串替换为指定的替换内容。Returns a new string that replaces the first matching substring with the replacement.

- +split(regex: String): String[]

·返回一个字符串数组，数组中的元素是根据匹配的模式进行分割后的子字符串。Returns an array of strings consisting of the substrings split by the matches.

- matches方法用于判断一个字符串是否符合指定的正则表达式。

The matches method tells whether or not a string matches a given regular expression.

- 示例：

·以下语句将字符串 "a+b$#c" 中的 $、+ 或 # 替换为字符串 "NNN"，并返回一个新的字符串： String s = "a+b$#c".replaceAll("[$+#]", "NNN");

System.out.println(s);

>正则表达式`[$+#]表示一个字符类，匹配任意一个字符 $、+ 或 #。

>输出结果：aNNNbNNNNNNc

·"Java is fun".matches("Java.*") --> 返回结果为 `true`：

·社会保障号码格式：格式为 xxx-xx-xxxx，其中 x表示一个数字：

[\\d]{3}-[\\d]{2}-[\\d]{4}

[\\d]{3}：3 个数字 -：连字符 [\\d]{2}：2 个数字 [\\d]{4}：4 个数字

·偶数：以 0、2、4、6 或 8 结尾的任意长度数字串：

[\\d]*[02468]

[\\d]：0 个或多个数字 [02468]：以偶数字符结尾

·电话号码：格式为 (xxx) xxx-xxxx，其中 x 是数字，且第一个数字不能是 0：

\$[1-9][\\d]{2}\$ [\\d]{3}-[\\d]{4}

\$ 和 \$：匹配括号 [1-9][\\d]{2}：3 位区号，第一个数字非 0

[\\d]{3}-[\\d]{4}：电话号码的主干部分（3 位 + 4 位）

- 正则表达式

4.1.7命令行参数 Command-Line Parameters

- 我们可以通过命令行运行程序（eg：java TestMain arg0 arg1 arg2 ... argn）或者在 Eclipse IDE 的运行配置中设置参数。

- Java命令行计算器程序

4.2 StringBuilder/StringBuffer

- 定义：StringBuilder/StringBuffer 类是 String 类的替代品：可以在任何使用字符串的地方使用。The StringBuilder/StringBuffer classes are alternatives to the String class:can be used wherever a string is used

- 对比：

·StringBuffer vs StringBuilder

>StringBuffer是同步的，即线程安全的。这意味着两个线程不能同时调用 `StringBuffer` 的方法。StringBuffer is synchronized i.e. thread safe. It means two threads can't call the methods of StringBuffer simultaneously.

>StringBuilder是非同步的，即非线程安全的。这意味着两个线程可以同时调用 StringBuilder 的方法。StringBuilder is non-synchronized i.e. not thread safe. It means two threads can call the methods of StringBuilder simultaneously.

·StringBuilder/StringBuffer vs String

>StringBuilder/StringBuffer 更加灵活 StringBuilder/StringBuffer is more flexible than String

>你可以向字符串缓冲区中添加、插入或追加新内容，而字符串对象的值一旦创建就是固定的。You can add, insert, or append new contents into a string buffer, whereas the value of a String object is fixed once the string is created

4.2.1构造函数

- +StringBuilder()

·构造一个容量为16的空的StringBuilder Constructs an empty string builder with capacity 16.

- +StringBuilder(capacity: int)

·构造一个具有指定容量的StringBuilder Constructs a string builder with the specified capacity.

- +StringBuilder(s: String)

·用指定的字符串构造一个StringBuilder Constructs a string builder with the specified string.

4.2.2修改Modifying

- +append(data: char[]): StringBuilder

·将字符数组追加到这个字符串构建器中。Appends a char array into this string builder.

- +append(data: char[], offset: int, len: int): StringBuilder

·将数据中的子数组追加到这个字符串构建器中。Appends a subarray in data into this string builder.

- +append(v: aPrimitiveType): StringBuilder

·将基本类型值作为字符串追加到这个构建器中。Appends a primitive type value as a string to this builder.

- +append(s: String): StringBuilder

·将字符串追加到这个字符串构建器中。Appends a string to this string builder.

- +delete(startIndex: int, endIndex: int): StringBuilder

·从起始索引到结束索引删除字符。Deletes characters from startIndex to endIndex.

- +deleteCharAt(index: int): StringBuilder

·删除指定索引处的字符。Deletes a character at the specified index.

- +insert(index: int, data: char[], offset: int, len: int): StringBuilder

·在指定索引处将数组中的数据子数组插入到构建器中。Inserts a subarray of the data in the array to the builder at the specified index.

- +insert(offset: int, data: char[]): StringBuilder

·在偏移位置插入数据到这个构建器中 Inserts data into this builder at the position offset.

- +insert(offset: int, b: aPrimitiveType): StringBuilder

·将转换为字符串的值插入到这个构建器中 Inserts a value converted to a string into this builder.

- +insert(offset: int, s: String): StringBuilder

·在偏移位置插入字符串到这个构建器中 Inserts a string into this builder at the position offset.

- +replace(startIndex: int, endIndex: int, s: String): StringBuilder

·用指定的字符串替换这个构建器中从起始索引到结束索引的字符。Replaces the characters in this builder from startIndex to endIndex with the specified string.

- +reverse(): StringBuilder

·反转构建器中的字符。Reverses the characters in the builder.

- +setCharAt(index: int, ch: char): void

·在这个构建器中指定索引处设置一个新的字符。Sets a new character at the specified index in this builder

4.2.3 toString、capacity、length、setLength 和 charAt 方法

- +toString(): String

·从字符串构建器返回一个字符串对象。Returns a string object from the string builder

- +capacity(): int

·返回此字符串构建器的容量。Returns the capacity of this string builder

- +charAt(index: int): char

·返回指定索引处的字符。Returns the character at the specified index.

- +length(): int

·返回此构建器中的字符数量。Returns the number of characters in this builder.

- +setLength(newLength: int): void

·在此构建器中设置一个新的长度。Sets a new length in this builder.

- +substring(startIndex: int): String

·返回从 startIndex 开始的子字符串。Returns a substring starting at startIndex.

- +substring(startIndex: int, endIndex: int): String

·返回从 startIndex 到 endIndex-1 的子字符串。Returns a substring from startIndex to endIndex-1

- +trimToSize(): void

·减少用于字符串构建器的存储大小。Reduces the storage size used for the string builder.

4.3 字符类The Character Class

- +Character(value: char)

·用字符值构造一个字符对象。Constructs a character object with char value

- +charValue(): char

·从此对象返回字符值。Returns the char value from this object

- +compareTo(anotherCharacter: Character): int

·将此字符与另一个字符进行比较。Compares this character with another

- +equals(anotherCharacter: Character): boolean

·如果此字符等于另一个字符，则返回 true。Returns true if this character equals to another

- +isDigit(ch: char): boolean

·如果指定的字符是数字，则返回 true。Returns true if the specified character is a digit

- +isLetter(ch: char): boolean

·如果指定的字符是字母，则返回 true。Returns true if the specified character is a letter

- +isLetterOrDigit(ch: char): boolean

·如果字符是字母或数字，则返回 true。Returns true if the character is a letter or a digit

- +isLowerCase(ch: char): boolean

·如果字符是小写字母，则返回 true。Returns true if the character is a lowercase letter

- +isUpperCase(ch: char): boolean

·如果字符是大写字母，则返回 true。Returns true if the character is an uppercase letter

- +toLowerCase(ch: char): char

·返回指定字符的小写形式。Returns the lowercase of the specified character

- +toUpperCase(ch: char): char

·返回指定字符的大写形式。Returns the uppercase of the specified character

4.4 设计类的方式Designing Classes

- 标准

·一致性：一个类应该描述单一实体。Coherence: A class should describe a single entity

·分离职责：具有过多职责的单一实体可以分解为多个类，以分离职责。Separating responsibilities: A single entity with too many responsibilities can be broken into several classes to separate responsibilities

·重用性：类的设计是为了重用！Reuse: Classes are designed for reuse!

- 遵循标准的Java编程风格和命名规范：Follow standard Java programming style and naming conventions:

·为类、数据字段和方法选择有意义的名称。Choose informative names for classes, data fields, and methods

·将数据声明放在构造函数之前，并将构造函数放在方法之前。Place the data declaration before the constructor, and place constructors before methods.

·尽可能提供一个公共的无参构造函数，并覆盖equals方法和toString方法（返回一个字符串）。Provide a public no-arg constructor and override the equals method and the toString method (returns a String) whenever possible