使用Spring Boot和Spring Security构建安全的RESTful API-CSDN博客

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使用Spring Boot和Spring Security构建安全的RESTful API

引言

在现代Web应用中，安全性是至关重要的。Spring Boot和Spring Security为开发者提供了一套强大的工具，用于构建安全的RESTful API。本文将详细介绍如何结合Spring Boot和Spring Security，并使用JWT（JSON Web Token）实现身份验证与授权。

技术栈

核心框架: Spring Boot, Spring Security
身份验证: JWT
数据库: H2（示例）
构建工具: Maven

项目初始化

首先，使用Spring Initializr创建一个新的Spring Boot项目，添加以下依赖：

Spring Web
Spring Security
H2 Database
Lombok（可选）

配置Spring Security

1. 安全配置类

创建一个配置类SecurityConfig，继承WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter，并覆盖configure方法：

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class SecurityConfig extends WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter {

    @Override
    protected void configure(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
        http.csrf().disable()
            .authorizeRequests()
            .antMatchers("/api/auth/**").permitAll()
            .anyRequest().authenticated()
            .and()
            .sessionManagement().sessionCreationPolicy(SessionCreationPolicy.STATELESS);
    }
}

2. JWT工具类

创建一个工具类JwtTokenProvider，用于生成和验证JWT令牌：

@Component
public class JwtTokenProvider {

    @Value("${jwt.secret}")
    private String jwtSecret;

    @Value("${jwt.expiration}")
    private int jwtExpirationInMs;

    public String generateToken(Authentication authentication) {
        UserPrincipal userPrincipal = (UserPrincipal) authentication.getPrincipal();
        Date now = new Date();
        Date expiryDate = new Date(now.getTime() + jwtExpirationInMs);

        return Jwts.builder()
                .setSubject(Long.toString(userPrincipal.getId()))
                .setIssuedAt(now)
                .setExpiration(expiryDate)
                .signWith(SignatureAlgorithm.HS512, jwtSecret)
                .compact();
    }

    public Long getUserIdFromJWT(String token) {
        Claims claims = Jwts.parser()
                .setSigningKey(jwtSecret)
                .parseClaimsJws(token)
                .getBody();

        return Long.parseLong(claims.getSubject());
    }

    public boolean validateToken(String authToken) {
        try {
            Jwts.parser().setSigningKey(jwtSecret).parseClaimsJws(authToken);
            return true;
        } catch (Exception ex) {
            // Handle exception
        }
        return false;
    }
}

实现身份验证

1. 用户认证服务

创建一个服务类CustomUserDetailsService，实现UserDetailsService接口：

@Service
public class CustomUserDetailsService implements UserDetailsService {

    @Autowired
    private UserRepository userRepository;

    @Override
    public UserDetails loadUserByUsername(String username) throws UsernameNotFoundException {
        User user = userRepository.findByUsername(username)
                .orElseThrow(() -> new UsernameNotFoundException("User not found with username: " + username));

        return UserPrincipal.create(user);
    }
}

2. 认证控制器

创建一个控制器AuthController，处理用户登录和注册请求：

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/auth")
public class AuthController {

    @Autowired
    private AuthenticationManager authenticationManager;

    @Autowired
    private JwtTokenProvider tokenProvider;

    @PostMapping("/login")
    public ResponseEntity<?> authenticateUser(@RequestBody LoginRequest loginRequest) {
        Authentication authentication = authenticationManager.authenticate(
                new UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken(
                        loginRequest.getUsername(),
                        loginRequest.getPassword()
                )
        );

        SecurityContextHolder.getContext().setAuthentication(authentication);
        String jwt = tokenProvider.generateToken(authentication);
        return ResponseEntity.ok(new JwtAuthenticationResponse(jwt));
    }
}

保护API端点

在需要保护的API端点中添加@PreAuthorize注解：

@RestController
@RequestMapping("/api/users")
public class UserController {

    @GetMapping("/me")
    @PreAuthorize("hasRole('USER')")
    public ResponseEntity<UserProfile> getCurrentUser(@CurrentUser UserPrincipal userPrincipal) {
        UserProfile userProfile = userService.getUserProfile(userPrincipal.getId());
        return ResponseEntity.ok(userProfile);
    }
}