mysql主从

最新推荐文章于 2023-07-11 22:37:49 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2023-07-11 22:37:49 发布

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文章标签：主从

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/jiangxiuying06/article/details/99752205

文章目录

1. 主从简介
- 1.1 主从作用
- 1.2 主从形式
2. 主从复制原理
3. 主从复制配置

1. 主从简介

在现代企业中，数据显得尤为重要，而存储数据的数据库选择又五花八门，但无论是何种数据库，均存在着一种隐患。

想几个问题：

用一台数据库存放数据，若此数据库服务器宕机了导致数据丢失怎么办？
业务量大了，数据多了，访问的人多了，一台数据库无法保证服务质量了怎么办？

1.1 主从作用

实时灾备，用于故障切换
读写分离，提供查询服务
备份，避免影响业务

1.2 主从形式

主从形式

一主一从
主主复制
一主多从—扩展系统读取的性能，因为读是在从库读取的
多主一从—5.7开始支持
联级复制

2. 主从复制原理

原理图
主从复制步骤：

主库将所有的写操作记录到binlog日志中并生成一个log dump线程，将binlog日志传给从库的I/O线程
从库生成两个线程，一个I/O线程，一个SQL线程
- - I/O线程去请求主库的binlog，并将得到的binlog日志写到relay log（中继日志）文件中
- - SQL线程，会读取relay log文件中的日志，并解析成具体操作，来实现主从的操作一致，达到最终数据一致的目的

3. 主从复制配置

主从复制配置步骤：

1.确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样
2.在主数据库里创建一个同步账号授权给从数据库使用
3.配置主数据库（修改配置文件）
4.配置从数据库（修改配置文件）

需求：
搭建两台MySQL服务器，一台作为主服务器，一台作为从服务器，主服务器进行写操作，从服务器进行读操作

环境说明：

数据库角色	IP	应用与系统版本	有无数据
主数据库	192.168.93.129	centos7/redhat7 mysql-5.7	有数据
从数据库	192.168.93.130	centos7/redhat7 mysql-5.7	无数据

3.1 mysql安装

分别在主从两台服务器上安装mysql-5.7版本，此处略过安装步骤。

3.2 mysql主从配置

3.2.1 确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样

为确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样，先全备主数据库并还原到从数据库中

[root@master ~]# mysql -uroot -p'xiaobai123!'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 4
Server version: 5.7.22 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> 
mysql> create database jxy;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> use jxy;
Database changed
mysql> create table student(id int(11) not null primary key auto_increment,name varchar(100) not null,age tinyint(4) null);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> desc student;
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name  | varchar(100) | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| age   | tinyint(4)   | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into student(name,age) values ('tom',20),('harry',24),('zhangshan',26),('lisi',22),('jerry',21);
Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.04 sec)
Records: 5  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from student;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  1 | tom       |   20 |
|  2 | harry     |   24 |
|  3 | zhangshan |   26 |
|  4 | lisi      |   22 |
|  5 | jerry     |   21 |
+----+-----------+------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

//先查看主库有哪些库
[root@master ~]# mysql -uroot -pxiaobai123! -e 'show databases;'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| jxy                |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+

//再查看从库有哪些库
[root@slave ~]# mysql -uroot -pxiaobai123! -e 'show databases;'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+

//全备主库
//全备主库时需要另开一个终端，给数据库加上读锁，避免在备份期间有其他人在写入导致数据不一致
mysql> flush tables with read lock;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

//备份主库并将备份文件传送到从库
[root@master ~]# mysqldump -uroot -pxiaobai123! --all-databases > all-20190819.sql
[root@master ~]# ls
all-20190819.sql  anaconda-ks.cfg
[root@master ~]# scp all-20190819.sql root@192.168.93.130:/root/
root@192.168.93.130's password: 
all-20190819.sql                          100%  783KB  46.2MB/s   00:00    

//在从库中查看备份文件是否传过去
[root@slave ~]# ls
all-20190819.sql  anaconda-ks.cfg

//在从库上恢复主库的备份并查看从库有哪些库，确保与主库一致
[root@slave ~]# mysql -uroot -pxiaobai123! < all-20190819.sql 
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@slave ~]# mysql -uroot -pxiaobai123! -e 'show databases;'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| jxy                |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+

//解除主库的锁表状态，直接退出交互式界面即可
mysql> flush tables with read lock;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> quit
Bye

3.2.2 在主数据库里创建一个同步账号授权给从数据库使用

mysql> create user 'rep'@'192.168.93.130' identified by 'rep123';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> grant replication slave on *.* to 'rep'@'192.168.93.130';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

3.2.3 配置主数据库

[root@master ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
//在[mysqld]后面添加如下内容
[root@master ~]# cat /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file=/opt/data/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve

# replication slave
server-id = 4           //数据库服务器唯一标识符，主库的server-id值必须比从库的小
log-bin = mysql_bin     //启用binlog日志

//重启主库的mysql服务
[root@master ~]# service mysqld restart
Shutting down MySQL.. SUCCESS! 
Starting MySQL. SUCCESS! 

//查看主库的状态
mysql> show master status;
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| File             | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| mysql_bin.000002 |      154 |              |                  |                   |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

3.2.4 配置从数据库

[root@slave ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
//在[mysqld]添加如下内容
[root@slave ~]# cat /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file=/opt/data/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve

# replication 
server-id = 8               //设置从库的唯一标识符，从库的server-id值必须小于主库的该值
relay-log=mysql-relay-bin   //启用中继日志relay-log

//重启从库的mysql服务
[root@slave ~]# service mysqld restart
Shutting down MySQL.. SUCCESS! 
Starting MySQL. SUCCESS! 
[root@slave ~]# ss -antl
State      Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port               Peer Address:Port              
LISTEN     0      128        *:22                     *:*                  
LISTEN     0      100    127.0.0.1:25                     *:*                  
LISTEN     0      128       :::22                    :::*                  
LISTEN     0      100      ::1:25                    :::*                  
LISTEN     0      80        :::3306                  :::*   

//配置并启动主从复制
mysql> change master to
    -> master_host = '192.168.93.129',
    -> master_user = 'rep',
    -> master_password = 'rep123',
    -> master_log_file = 'mysql_bin.000002',
    -> master_log_pos = 154;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.24 sec)

mysql> start slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> show slave status\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
               Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
                  Master_Host: 192.168.93.129
                  Master_User: rep
                  Master_Port: 3306
                Connect_Retry: 60
              Master_Log_File: mysql_bin.000002
          Read_Master_Log_Pos: 154
               Relay_Log_File: mysql-relay-bin.000002
                Relay_Log_Pos: 320
        Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql_bin.000002
             Slave_IO_Running: Yes    //此处必须为Yes
            Slave_SQL_Running: Yes    //此处必须为Yes
              Replicate_Do_DB: 
          Replicate_Ignore_DB: 
           Replicate_Do_Table:

3.2.5 测试验证

在主服务器的student库的bj2表中插入数据：

mysql> select * from student;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  1 | tom       |   20 |
|  2 | harry     |   24 |
|  3 | zhangshan |   26 |
|  4 | lisi      |   22 |
|  5 | jerry     |   21 |
+----+-----------+------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into student(name,age) values ('sean',25);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  1 | tom       |   20 |
|  2 | harry     |   24 |
|  3 | zhangshan |   26 |
|  4 | lisi      |   22 |
|  5 | jerry     |   21 |
|  6 | sean      |   25 |
+----+-----------+------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

在从数据库中查看数据是否同步：

mysql> use student;
ERROR 1049 (42000): Unknown database 'student'
mysql> use jxy;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
mysql> select * from student;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  1 | tom       |   20 |
|  2 | harry     |   24 |
|  3 | zhangshan |   26 |
|  4 | lisi      |   22 |
|  5 | jerry     |   21 |
|  6 | sean      |   25 |
+----+-----------+------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)