Python—数据分析神器pandas(二)-CSDN博客

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/leesinbad/article/details/148650549

二、如何开始使用加速版 pandas？

3、Selection

虽然用于选择和设置的标准Python/NumPy表达式直观，便于交互式工作，但对于生产代码，我们建议使用优化的pandas数据访问方法，DataFrame.at（）、DataFrame.iat（）、DataPrame.loc（）和DataFrame.iloc（）。

3.1 Getitem (`[]`)

对于DataFrame，传递一个标签会选择一个列，并产生一个等效于df.A：

In [24]: df["A"]
Out[24]: 
2013-01-01    0.469112
2013-01-02    1.212112
2013-01-03   -0.861849
2013-01-04    0.721555
2013-01-05   -0.424972
2013-01-06   -0.673690
Freq: D, Name: A, dtype: float64

对于DataFrame，传递slice:将选择匹配的行：

In [25]: df[0:3]
Out[25]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804

In [26]: df["20130102":"20130104"]
Out[26]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860

3.2 Selection by label

请参阅使用DataFrame.loc（）或DataFrame.at（）按标签选择中的更多内容。
选择与标签匹配的行：

In [27]: df.loc[dates[0]]
Out[27]: 
A    0.469112
B   -0.282863
C   -1.509059
D   -1.135632
Name: 2013-01-01 00:00:00, dtype: float64

选择具有选择列标签的所有行（：）：

In [28]: df.loc[:, ["A", "B"]]
Out[28]: 
                   A         B
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648

对于标签切片，包括两个端点：

In [29]: df.loc["20130102":"20130104", ["A", "B"]]
Out[29]: 
                   A         B
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771

选择单个行和列标签将返回标量：

In [30]: df.loc[dates[0], "A"]
Out[30]: 0.4691122999071863

为了快速访问标量（相当于前面的方法）：

In [31]: df.at[dates[0], "A"]
Out[31]: 0.4691122999071863

3.3 Selection by position

请参阅使用DataFrame.iloc（）或DataFrame.iat（）按位置选择中的更多内容。
通过传递整数的位置进行选择：

In [32]: df.iloc[3]
Out[32]: 
A    0.721555
B   -0.706771
C   -1.039575
D    0.271860
Name: 2013-01-04 00:00:00, dtype: float64

整数切片的作用类似于NumPy/Python：

In [33]: df.iloc[3:5, 0:2]
Out[33]: 
                   A         B
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020

整数位置列表：

In [34]: df.iloc[[1, 2, 4], [0, 2]]
Out[34]: 
                   A         C
2013-01-02  1.212112  0.119209
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -0.494929
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.276232

对于显式切片行：

In [35]: df.iloc[1:3, :]
Out[35]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804

对于显式切片列：

In [36]: df.iloc[:, 1:3]
Out[36]: 
                   B         C
2013-01-01 -0.282863 -1.509059
2013-01-02 -0.173215  0.119209
2013-01-03 -2.104569 -0.494929
2013-01-04 -0.706771 -1.039575
2013-01-05  0.567020  0.276232
2013-01-06  0.113648 -1.478427

要显式获取值：

In [37]: df.iloc[1, 1]
Out[37]: -0.17321464905330858

为了快速访问标量（相当于前面的方法）：

In [38]: df.iat[1, 1]
Out[38]: -0.17321464905330858

3.4 Boolean indexing

查找df.A大于0的行：

In [39]: df[df["A"] > 0]
Out[39]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860

从满足布尔条件的DataFrame中选择值：

In [40]: df[df > 0]
Out[40]: 
                   A         B         C         D
2013-01-01  0.469112       NaN       NaN       NaN
2013-01-02  1.212112       NaN  0.119209       NaN
2013-01-03       NaN       NaN       NaN  1.071804
2013-01-04  0.721555       NaN       NaN  0.271860
2013-01-05       NaN  0.567020  0.276232       NaN
2013-01-06       NaN  0.113648       NaN  0.524988

使用isin（）方法进行筛选：

In [41]: df2 = df.copy()

In [42]: df2["E"] = ["one", "one", "two", "three", "four", "three"]

In [43]: df2
Out[43]: 
                   A         B         C         D      E
2013-01-01  0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632    one
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209 -1.044236    one
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804    two
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  0.271860  three
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401   four
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648 -1.478427  0.524988  three

In [44]: df2[df2["E"].isin(["two", "four"])]
Out[44]: 
                   A         B         C         D     E
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  1.071804   two
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232 -1.087401  four

3.5 Setting

设置新列会自动按索引对齐数据：

In [45]: s1 = pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], index=pd.date_range("20130102", periods=6))

In [46]: s1
Out[46]: 
2013-01-02    1
2013-01-03    2
2013-01-04    3
2013-01-05    4
2013-01-06    5
2013-01-07    6
Freq: D, dtype: int64

In [47]: df["F"] = s1

按标签设置值：

In [48]: df.at[dates[0], "A"] = 0

按位置设置值：

In [49]: df.iat[0, 1] = 0

通过使用NumPy数组进行赋值来设置：

In [50]: df.loc[:, "D"] = np.array([5] * len(df))

先前设置操作的结果：

In [51]: df
Out[51]: 
                   A         B         C    D    F
2013-01-01  0.000000  0.000000 -1.509059  5.0  NaN
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209  5.0  1.0
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  5.0  2.0
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  5.0  3.0
2013-01-05 -0.424972  0.567020  0.276232  5.0  4.0
2013-01-06 -0.673690  0.113648 -1.478427  5.0  5.0

where的操作设置：

In [52]: df2 = df.copy()

In [53]: df2[df2 > 0] = -df2

In [54]: df2
Out[54]: 
                   A         B         C    D    F
2013-01-01  0.000000  0.000000 -1.509059 -5.0  NaN
2013-01-02 -1.212112 -0.173215 -0.119209 -5.0 -1.0
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 -5.0 -2.0
2013-01-04 -0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575 -5.0 -3.0
2013-01-05 -0.424972 -0.567020 -0.276232 -5.0 -4.0
2013-01-06 -0.673690 -0.113648 -1.478427 -5.0 -5.0

4、缺失数据

对于NumPy数据类型，np.nan表示缺失的数据。默认情况下，它不包括在计算中。

重新索引允许您更改/添加/删除指定轴上的索引。这将返回数据的副本：

In [55]: df1 = df.reindex(index=dates[0:4], columns=list(df.columns) + ["E"])

In [56]: df1.loc[dates[0] : dates[1], "E"] = 1

In [57]: df1
Out[57]: 
                   A         B         C    D    F    E
2013-01-01  0.000000  0.000000 -1.509059  5.0  NaN  1.0
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209  5.0  1.0  1.0
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  5.0  2.0  NaN
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  5.0  3.0  NaN

DataFrame.dropna（）删除任何缺少数据的行：

In [58]: df1.dropna(how="any")
Out[58]: 
                   A         B         C    D    F    E
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209  5.0  1.0  1.0

DataFrame.fill（）填充缺失的数据：

In [59]: df1.fillna(value=5)
Out[59]: 
                   A         B         C    D    F    E
2013-01-01  0.000000  0.000000 -1.509059  5.0  5.0  1.0
2013-01-02  1.212112 -0.173215  0.119209  5.0  1.0  1.0
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929  5.0  2.0  5.0
2013-01-04  0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575  5.0  3.0  5.0

isna（）获取值为nan的布尔掩码：

In [60]: pd.isna(df1)
Out[60]: 
                A      B      C      D      F      E
2013-01-01  False  False  False  False   True  False
2013-01-02  False  False  False  False  False  False
2013-01-03  False  False  False  False  False   True
2013-01-04  False  False  False  False  False   True

5、Operations

5.1 Stats

操作通常会排除缺失的数据。
计算每列的平均值：

In [61]: df.mean()
Out[61]: 
A   -0.004474
B   -0.383981
C   -0.687758
D    5.000000
F    3.000000
dtype: float64

计算每行的平均值：

In [62]: df.mean(axis=1)
Out[62]: 
2013-01-01    0.872735
2013-01-02    1.431621
2013-01-03    0.707731
2013-01-04    1.395042
2013-01-05    1.883656
2013-01-06    1.592306
Freq: D, dtype: float64

使用具有不同索引或列的另一个Series或DataFrame进行操作将使结果与索引或列标签的并集对齐。此外，pandas会自动沿指定维度进行广播，并用np.nan填充未对齐的标签。

In [63]: s = pd.Series([1, 3, 5, np.nan, 6, 8], index=dates).shift(2)

In [64]: s
Out[64]: 
2013-01-01    NaN
2013-01-02    NaN
2013-01-03    1.0
2013-01-04    3.0
2013-01-05    5.0
2013-01-06    NaN
Freq: D, dtype: float64

In [65]: df.sub(s, axis="index")
Out[65]: 
                   A         B         C    D    F
2013-01-01       NaN       NaN       NaN  NaN  NaN
2013-01-02       NaN       NaN       NaN  NaN  NaN
2013-01-03 -1.861849 -3.104569 -1.494929  4.0  1.0
2013-01-04 -2.278445 -3.706771 -4.039575  2.0  0.0
2013-01-05 -5.424972 -4.432980 -4.723768  0.0 -1.0
2013-01-06       NaN       NaN       NaN  NaN  NaN

5.2 用户自定义函数

DataFrame.agg（）和DataFrame.transform（）应用了一个用户定义的函数，分别减少或广播其结果。

In [66]: df.agg(lambda x: np.mean(x) * 5.6)
Out[66]: 
A    -0.025054
B    -2.150294
C    -3.851445
D    28.000000
F    16.800000
dtype: float64

In [67]: df.transform(lambda x: x * 101.2)
Out[67]: 
                     A           B           C      D      F
2013-01-01    0.000000    0.000000 -152.716721  506.0    NaN
2013-01-02  122.665737  -17.529322   12.063922  506.0  101.2
2013-01-03  -87.219115 -212.982405  -50.086843  506.0  202.4
2013-01-04   73.021382  -71.525239 -105.204988  506.0  303.6
2013-01-05  -43.007200   57.382459   27.954680  506.0  404.8
2013-01-06  -68.177398   11.501219 -149.616767  506.0  506.0

5.3 Value Counts

In [68]: s = pd.Series(np.random.randint(0, 7, size=10))

In [69]: s
Out[69]: 
0    4
1    2
2    1
3    2
4    6
5    4
6    4
7    6
8    4
9    4
dtype: int64

In [70]: s.value_counts()
Out[70]: 
4    5
2    2
6    2
1    1
Name: count, dtype: int64

5.4 字符串方法

Series在str属性中配备了一组字符串处理方法，使其易于对数组的每个元素进行操作，如下面的代码片段所示。

In [71]: s = pd.Series(["A", "B", "C", "Aaba", "Baca", np.nan, "CABA", "dog", "cat"])

In [72]: s.str.lower()
Out[72]: 
0       a
1       b
2       c
3    aaba
4    baca
5     NaN
6    caba
7     dog
8     cat
dtype: object

6、Merge

6.1 Concat

pandas提供了各种工具，用于在连接/合并类型操作的情况下，将Series和DataFrame对象与索引和关系代数功能的各种集合逻辑轻松组合在一起。
使用concat（）将pandas对象按行连接在一起：

In [73]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(10, 4))

In [74]: df
Out[74]: 
          0         1         2         3
0 -0.548702  1.467327 -1.015962 -0.483075
1  1.637550 -1.217659 -0.291519 -1.745505
2 -0.263952  0.991460 -0.919069  0.266046
3 -0.709661  1.669052  1.037882 -1.705775
4 -0.919854 -0.042379  1.247642 -0.009920
5  0.290213  0.495767  0.362949  1.548106
6 -1.131345 -0.089329  0.337863 -0.945867
7 -0.932132  1.956030  0.017587 -0.016692
8 -0.575247  0.254161 -1.143704  0.215897
9  1.193555 -0.077118 -0.408530 -0.862495

# break it into pieces
In [75]: pieces = [df[:3], df[3:7], df[7:]]

In [76]: pd.concat(pieces)
Out[76]: 
          0         1         2         3
0 -0.548702  1.467327 -1.015962 -0.483075
1  1.637550 -1.217659 -0.291519 -1.745505
2 -0.263952  0.991460 -0.919069  0.266046
3 -0.709661  1.669052  1.037882 -1.705775
4 -0.919854 -0.042379  1.247642 -0.009920
5  0.290213  0.495767  0.362949  1.548106
6 -1.131345 -0.089329  0.337863 -0.945867
7 -0.932132  1.956030  0.017587 -0.016692
8 -0.575247  0.254161 -1.143704  0.215897
9  1.193555 -0.077118 -0.408530 -0.862495

6.2 Join

merge（）允许在特定列中使用SQL风格的连接类型

In [77]: left = pd.DataFrame({"key": ["foo", "foo"], "lval": [1, 2]})

In [78]: right = pd.DataFrame({"key": ["foo", "foo"], "rval": [4, 5]})

In [79]: left
Out[79]: 
   key  lval
0  foo     1
1  foo     2

In [80]: right
Out[80]: 
   key  rval
0  foo     4
1  foo     5

In [81]: pd.merge(left, right, on="key")
Out[81]: 
   key  lval  rval
0  foo     1     4
1  foo     1     5
2  foo     2     4
3  foo     2     5

对唯一键执行merge（）：

In [82]: left = pd.DataFrame({"key": ["foo", "bar"], "lval": [1, 2]})

In [83]: right = pd.DataFrame({"key": ["foo", "bar"], "rval": [4, 5]})

In [84]: left
Out[84]: 
   key  lval
0  foo     1
1  bar     2

In [85]: right
Out[85]: 
   key  rval
0  foo     4
1  bar     5

In [86]: pd.merge(left, right, on="key")
Out[86]: 
   key  lval  rval
0  foo     1     4
1  bar     2     5

7、Grouping

“分组”是指涉及以下一个或多个步骤的过程：

根据某些标准将数据分组
将函数独立应用于每个组
将结果组合到数据结构中

In [87]: df = pd.DataFrame(
   ....:     {
   ....:         "A": ["foo", "bar", "foo", "bar", "foo", "bar", "foo", "foo"],
   ....:         "B": ["one", "one", "two", "three", "two", "two", "one", "three"],
   ....:         "C": np.random.randn(8),
   ....:         "D": np.random.randn(8),
   ....:     }
   ....: )
   ....: 

In [88]: df
Out[88]: 
     A      B         C         D
0  foo    one  1.346061 -1.577585
1  bar    one  1.511763  0.396823
2  foo    two  1.627081 -0.105381
3  bar  three -0.990582 -0.532532
4  foo    two -0.441652  1.453749
5  bar    two  1.211526  1.208843
6  foo    one  0.268520 -0.080952
7  foo  three  0.024580 -0.264610

按列标签分组，选择列标签，然后将DataFrameGroupBy.sum（）函数应用于结果组：

In [89]: df.groupby("A")[["C", "D"]].sum()
Out[89]: 
            C         D
A                      
bar  1.732707  1.073134
foo  2.824590 -0.574779

按多列分组标签形成MultiIndex。

In [90]: df.groupby(["A", "B"]).sum()
Out[90]: 
                  C         D
A   B                        
bar one    1.511763  0.396823
    three -0.990582 -0.532532
    two    1.211526  1.208843
foo one    1.614581 -1.658537
    three  0.024580 -0.264610
    two    1.185429  1.348368