python 实现单例模式的四种方法

1、__new__

class Borg(object):
    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        if not hasattr(cls, '_instance'):
            ob = super(Borg, cls)
            cls._instance = ob.__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
        return cls._instance

class MyClass(Borg):
    def __init__(self):
        self.a = 1

if __name__ == '__main__':
    a1 = MyClass()
    a2 = MyClass()

    a1.a = 10
    print(a1.a)
    print(a2.a)
    print(a1.__dict__)

输出：

10
10
{'a': 10}

2、共享属性

class Borg2(object):
    _state = {}

    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        ob = super(Borg2, cls).__new__(cls, *args, **kwargs)
        ob.__dict__ = cls._state
        return ob

class MyClass(Borg2):
    def __init__(self):
        self.a = 1

if __name__ == '__main__':
    a1 = MyClass()
    a2 = MyClass()

    a1.a = 10
    print(a1.a)
    print(a2.a)
    print(a1.__dict__)

输出：

10
10
{'a': 10}

3、装饰器

def singleton(cls, *args, **kwargs):
    instances = {}

    def getinstance():
        if cls not in instances:
            instances[cls] = cls(*args, **kwargs)
        return instances[cls]

    return getinstance

@singleton
class MyClass(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.a = 1

if __name__ == '__main__':
    a1 = MyClass()
    a2 = MyClass()

    a1.a = 10
    print(a1.a)
    print(a2.a)
    print(a1.__dict__)

输出：

10
10
{'a': 10}

4、import方法

# mysingleton .py
class MyClass(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.a = 1

s_myclass = MyClass()

# to use
from mysingleton import s_myclass

s_myclass.a