python中的shallow copy 和 deep copy

• Python中的对象之间赋值时是按引用传递的，如果需要拷贝对象，需要使用标准库中的copy模块。
• 1.copy.copy 浅拷贝 只拷贝父对象
• 2.copy.deepcopy 深拷贝 拷贝父对象及其子对象

• 3.例子解读:

  >>>x=5
  >>>y=x
  >>>id(x)==id(y)
  True
  
  #刚开始y和x是相同的地址，现在对y赋值
  
  >>>y=10
  >>>id(x)==id(y)
  False
  
  #赋值后y将会有新的地址
  
  
  #若是
  
  >>>x=y#结果就又不一样了

  所以，python默认的是拷贝是对变量的引用，要实现真正的拷贝需要调用copy模块

  列表的拷贝

  >>> colours1 = ["red", "blue"]
  >>> colours2 = colours1
  >>> print(colours1)
  ['red', 'blue']
  >>> print(colours2)
  ['red', 'blue']
  >>> print(id(colours1),id(colours2))
  43444416 43444416
  >>> colours2 = ["rouge", "vert"]
  >>> print(colours1)
  ['red', 'blue']
  >>> print(colours2)
  ['rouge', 'vert']
  >>> print(id(colours1),id(colours2))
  43444416 43444200
  >>> 

  整体改变列表的时候，给引用变量生成了新的地址,再来看改变其中一个元素时，

  >>> colours1 = ["red", "blue"]
  >>> colours2 = colours1
  >>> print(id(colours1),id(colours2))
  14603760 14603760
  >>> colours2[1] = "green"
  >>> print(id(colours1),id(colours2))
  14603760 14603760
  >>> print(colours1)
  ['red', 'green']
  >>> print(colours2)
  ['red', 'green']
  >>> 

  改变引用时，原来变量的值也被改变。可以使用切片运算来进行列表的浅拷贝克服这个问题，

  >>> list1 = ['a','b','c','d']
  >>> list2 = list1[:]
  >>> id(list1)==id(list2)
  False
  >>> list2[1] = 'x'
  >>> print(list2)
  ['a', 'x', 'c', 'd']
  >>> print(list1)
  ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
  >>> 

  但是使用切片方法，在列表中包含子列表的时候，新的问题就又出现了，

  >>> lst1 = ['a','b',['ab','ba']]
  >>> lst2 = lst1[:]
  >>> id(lst1)==id(lst1)
  False
  >>> lst2[0] = 'c'
  >>> print(lst1)
  ['a', 'b', ['ab', 'ba']]
  >>> print(lst2)
  ['c', 'b', ['ab', 'ba']]
  
  #但是，若对list2中子列表中值进行修改，list1将还是会受到影响
  
  >>>lst2[2][1]='d'
  >>>print(lst2)
  ['c','b',['ab','d']]
  >>>print(lst1)
  ['a','b',['ab','d']]

  浅拷贝只对父列表进行了拷贝，没有对子列表进行拷贝。如图，
  

  

  为了解决这个问题，实现列表的完全拷贝，考虑使用copy模块的deepcopy函数，

  >>> from copy import deepcopy
  >>> 
  >>> lst1 = ['a','b',['ab','ba']]
  >>> 
  >>> lst2 = deepcopy(lst1)
  >>> 
  >>> lst1
  ['a', 'b', ['ab', 'ba']]
  >>> lst2
  ['a', 'b', ['ab', 'ba']]
  >>> id(lst1)==id(lst2)
  False
  >>>id(lst1[2][0])==id(lst2[2][0])
  False
  >>> lst2[2][1] = "d"
  >>> lst2[0] = "c"
  >>> print(lst1)
  ['a', 'b', ['ab', 'ba']]
  >>> print(lst2)
  ['c', 'b', ['ab', 'd']]
  >>> 

  其存储示意图如下：

  

  测验:

  >>> import copy
  >>> a = [1,2,3,4,['a','b']]  #原始对象
  >>> b = a  #赋值，传对象的引用
  >>> c = copy.copy(a)
  >>> d = copy.deepcopy(a)
  >>> e = a[:]
  >>> a.append(5)
  >>> a[4].append('c')
  >>> print 'a=',a
  a= [1, 2, 3, 4, ['a', 'b', 'c'], 5]
  >>> print 'b=',b
  b= [1, 2, 3, 4, ['a', 'b', 'c'], 5] #引用
  >>> print 'c=',c
  c= [1, 2, 3, 4, ['a', 'b', 'c']]  #浅拷贝
  >>> print 'd=',d
  d= [1, 2, 3, 4, ['a', 'b']]      #深拷贝
  >>> print 'e'=,e
  e= [1, 2, 3, 4, ['a', 'b', 'c']]  #浅拷贝

• refer

[1] https://www.python-course.eu/python3_deep_copy.php

[2] https://stackoverflow.com/questions/17873384/deep-copy-a-list-in-python