KVM虚拟化

1. 虚拟化介绍

虚拟化是云计算的基础。简单的说，虚拟化使得在一台物理的服务器上可以跑多台虚拟机，虚拟机共享物理机的 CPU、内存、IO 硬件资源，但逻辑上虚拟机之间是相互隔离的。

物理机我们一般称为宿主机（Host），宿主机上面的虚拟机称为客户机（Guest）。

那么 Host 是如何将自己的硬件资源虚拟化，并提供给 Guest 使用的呢？
这个主要是通过一个叫做 Hypervisor 的程序实现的。

根据 Hypervisor 的实现方式和所处的位置，虚拟化又分为两种：

• 全虚拟化
• 半虚拟化

全虚拟化：
Hypervisor 直接安装在物理机上，多个虚拟机在 Hypervisor 上运行。Hypervisor 实现方式一般是一个特殊定制的 Linux 系统。Xen 和 VMWare 的 ESXi 都属于这个类型

半虚拟化：
物理机上首先安装常规的操作系统，比如 Redhat、Ubuntu 和 Windows。Hypervisor 作为 OS 上的一个程序模块运行，并对管理虚拟机进行管理。KVM、VirtualBox 和 VMWare Workstation 都属于这个类型

理论上讲：
全虚拟化一般对硬件虚拟化功能进行了特别优化，性能上比半虚拟化要高；
半虚拟化因为基于普通的操作系统，会比较灵活，比如支持虚拟机嵌套。嵌套意味着可以在KVM虚拟机中再运行KVM。

2. kvm介绍

kVM 全称是 Kernel-Based Virtual Machine。也就是说 KVM 是基于 Linux 内核实现的。
KVM有一个内核模块叫 kvm.ko，只用于管理虚拟 CPU 和内存。

那 IO 的虚拟化，比如存储和网络设备则是由 Linux 内核与Qemu来实现。

作为一个 Hypervisor，KVM 本身只关注虚拟机调度和内存管理这两个方面。IO 外设的任务交给 Linux 内核和 Qemu。

大家在网上看 KVM 相关文章的时候肯定经常会看到 Libvirt 这个东西。

Libvirt 就是 KVM 的管理工具。

其实，Libvirt 除了能管理 KVM 这种 Hypervisor，还能管理 Xen，VirtualBox 等。

Libvirt 包含 3 个东西：后台 daemon 程序 libvirtd、API 库和命令行工具 virsh

• libvirtd是服务程序，接收和处理 API 请求；
• API 库使得其他人可以开发基于 Libvirt 的高级工具，比如 virt-manager，这是个图形化的 KVM 管理工具；
• virsh 是我们经常要用的 KVM 命令行工具

3. kvm部署

环境说明：

3.1 kvm安装

部署前请确保你的CPU虚拟化功能已开启。分为两种情况：

• 虚拟机要关机设置CPU虚拟化
• 物理机要在BIOS里开启CPU虚拟化

//关闭防火墙与SELINUX
[root@kvm ~]# systemctl disable --now firewalld
[root@kvm ~]# systemctl status firewalld
● firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; disabled; vendor preset: enabled)

[root@kvm ~]# setenforce 0
[root@kvm ~]# sed -ri 's/^(SELINUX=).*/\1disabled/g' /etc/selinux/config
[root@kvm ~]# reboot

//配置网络源
[root@kvm yum.repos.d]# sed -i -e '/mirrors.cloud.aliyuncs.com/d' -e '/mirrors.aliyuncs.com/d' /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo

[root@kvm yum.repos.d]# yum clean all
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Cleaning repos: base extras updates
Cleaning up list of fastest mirrors
[root@kvm yum.repos.d]# yum makecache

[root@kvm ~]# yum -y install epel-release vim wget net-tools unzip zip gcc gcc-c++
安装过程略.....

//验证CPU是否支持KVM；如果结果中有vmx（Intel）或svm(AMD)字样，就说明CPU的支持的
[root@localhost ~]# egrep -o 'vmx|svm' /proc/cpuinfo
vmx
vmx

//kvm安装
[root@kvm ~]# yum -y install qemu-kvm qemu-kvm-tools qemu-img virt-manager libvirt libvirt-python libvirt-client virt-install virt-viewer bridge-utils libguestfs-tools
安装过程略......


//因为虚拟机中网络，我们一般都是和公司的其他服务器是同一个网段，所以我们需要把 \
KVM服务器的网卡配置成桥接模式。这样的话KVM的虚拟机就可以通过该桥接网卡和公司内部 \
其他服务器处于同一网段
//此处我的网卡是ens33，所以用br0来桥接ens33网卡
[root@kvm ~]# cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
[root@kvm network-scripts]# ls
ifcfg-ens33  ifdown-isdn      ifup          ifup-plip      ifup-tunnel
ifcfg-lo     ifdown-post      ifup-aliases  ifup-plusb     
.....此处内容省略
[root@kvm network-scripts]# cp ifcfg-ens33 ifcfg-br0
[root@kvm network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-br0
TYPE=Bridge
DEVICE=br0
NM_CONTROLLED=no
BOOTPROTO=static
NAME=br0
ONBOOT=yes
IPADDR=192.168.229.179
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
GATEWAY=192.168.229.2
DNS1=114.114.114.114

[root@kvm network-scripts]# cat ifcfg-ens33
TYPE=Ethernet
BOOTPROTO=static
NAME=ens33
DEVICE=ens33
ONBOOT=yes
BRIDGE=br0
NM_CONTROLLED=no

//重启网络
[root@kvm network-scripts]# systemctl restart network
[root@kvm network-scripts]# ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast master br0 state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:aa:39:10 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:feaa:3910/64 scope link
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: br0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:0c:29:aa:39:10 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.229.179/24 brd 192.168.229.255 scope global br0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:feaa:3910/64 scope link
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
       

//启动服务
[root@kvm ~]# systemctl enable --now libvirtd
[root@kvm ~]# systemctl status libvirtd
● libvirtd.service - Virtualization daemon
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/libvirtd.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
   Active: active (running) since Sat 2022-08-20 14:45:13 CST; 10s ago


//验证安装结果
[root@kvm ~]# lsmod | grep kvm
kvm_intel             188740  0
kvm                   637515  1 kvm_intel
irqbypass              13503  1 kvm


//测试并验证安装结果
[root@kvm ~]# virsh -c qemu:///system list
 Id    Name                           State
----------------------------------------------------
[root@kvm ~]# virsh --version
4.5.0

[root@kvm ~]# virt-install --version
1.5.0

[root@kvm ~]# ln -s /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm /usr/bin/qemu-kvm
[root@kvm ~]# ll /usr/bin/qemu-kvm
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 21 Aug 20 14:47 /usr/bin/qemu-kvm -> /usr/libexec/qemu-kvm

[root@kvm ~]#  lsmod |grep kvm
kvm_intel             188740  0
kvm                   637515  1 kvm_intel
irqbypass              13503  1 kvm


//查看网桥信息
[root@kvm ~]# brctl show
bridge name	bridge id		    STP  enabled	   interfaces
br0		    8000.000c29aa3910	no		        ens33
virbr0		8000.525400243397	yes		        virbr0-nic

3.2 kvm web管理界面安装

kvm 的 web 管理界面是由 webvirtmgr 程序提供的。

//安装依赖包
[root@kvm ~]# yum -y install git python-pip libvirt-python libxml2-python python-websockify supervisor nginx python-devel

//从github上下载webvirtmgr代码
[root@kvm ~]# cd /usr/local/src/
[root@kvm src]# git clone https://github.com/retspen/webvirtmgr.git
Cloning into 'webvirtmgr'...
remote: Enumerating objects: 5614, done.
remote: Total 5614 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 5614
Receiving objects: 100% (5614/5614), 2.97 MiB | 92.00 KiB/s, done.
Resolving deltas: 100% (3606/3606), done.
[root@kvm src]# ls
webvirtmgr

//安装webvirtmgr
[root@kvm src]# cd webvirtmgr/
[root@kvm webvirtmgr]# pip install -r requirements.txt
Collecting django==1.5.5 (from -r requirements.txt (line 1))
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/38/49/93511c5d3367b6b21fc2995a0e53399721afc15e4cd6eb57be879ae13ad4/Django-1.5.5.tar.gz (8.1MB)
    24% |████████                        | 2.0MB 53kB/s eta 0:01:54

.....此处省略安装步骤

//检查sqlite3是否安装
[root@kvm webvirtmgr]# python
Python 2.7.5 (default, Jun 28 2022, 15:30:04)
[GCC 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-44)] on linux2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import sqlite3
>>> exit()


//初始化帐号信息
[root@kvm webvirtmgr]# python manage.py syncdb
WARNING:root:No local_settings file found.
Creating tables ...
Creating table auth_permission
Creating table auth_group_permissions
Creating table auth_group
Creating table auth_user_groups
Creating table auth_user_user_permissions
Creating table auth_user
Creating table django_content_type
Creating table django_session
Creating table django_site
Creating table servers_compute
Creating table instance_instance
Creating table create_flavor

You just installed Django's auth system, which means you don't have any superusers defined.
Would you like to create one now? (yes/no): yes   //问你是否创建超级管理员帐号
Username (leave blank to use 'root'): admin  //指定超级管理员帐号用户名，默认留空为root
Email address: agan@163.com  //设置超级管理员邮箱
Password:        //设置超级管理员密码
Password (again):    //再次输入超级管理员密码
Superuser created successfully.
Installing custom SQL ...
Installing indexes ...
Installed 6 object(s) from 1 fixture(s)



//拷贝web网页至指定目录
[root@kvm webvirtmgr]# mkdir /var/www
[root@kvm webvirtmgr]# cp -r /usr/local/src/webvirtmgr /var/www/
[root@kvm webvirtmgr]# chown -R nginx.nginx /var/www/webvirtmgr/

//生成密钥
[root@kvm ~]# ssh-keygen -t rsa
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/root/.ssh/id_rsa):
Created directory '/root/.ssh'.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:VeZ0H7dj5n/Z39WoLZoPnda65ma2AT02WDbyOoqMqu0 root@kvm
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 2048]----+
|            + ...|
|           = . .+|
|          o =  =.|
|         . B .+ .|
|        S o *  . |
|           = = .=|
|          + = o.*|
| .   o . . =*=  =|
|.oE.. o . oOB+. o|
+----[SHA256]-----+
//由于这里webvirtmgr和kvm服务部署在同一台机器，所以这里本地信任。如果kvm部署在其他机器，那么这个是它的ip
[root@kvm ~]# ssh-copy-id 192.168.229.179
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"
The authenticity of host '192.168.229.179 (192.168.229.179)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is SHA256:vwcRokB8aXuI89eqtuqZQm6tv2QwSqc3nZgWfqcog5E.
ECDSA key fingerprint is MD5:4f:00:bf:6d:6e:d2:1b:a5:f7:00:22:72:95:bc:5c:8f.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/usr/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
root@192.168.229.179's password:

Number of key(s) added: 1

Now try logging into the machine, with:   "ssh '192.168.229.179'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.

[root@kvm ~]# ss -antl
State      Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port               Peer Address:Port
LISTEN     0      5      192.168.122.1:53                         *:*
LISTEN     0      128            *:22                         *:*
LISTEN     0      100    127.0.0.1:25                         *:*
LISTEN     0      128         [::]:22                      [::]:*
LISTEN     0      100        [::1]:25                      [::]:*


//配置端口转发
[root@kvm ~]# ssh 192.168.229.179 -L localhost:8000:localhost:8000 -L localhost:6080:localhost:60
Last login: Sat Aug 20 13:37:07 2022 from 192.168.229.1

[root@kvm ~]# ss -antl
State      Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port               Peer Address:Port
LISTEN     0      5      192.168.122.1:53                         *:*
LISTEN     0      128            *:22                         *:*
LISTEN     0      100    127.0.0.1:25                         *:*
LISTEN     0      128    127.0.0.1:6080                       *:*
LISTEN     0      128    127.0.0.1:8000                       *:*
LISTEN     0      128         [::]:22                      [::]:*
LISTEN     0      100        [::1]:25                      [::]:*
LISTEN     0      128        [::1]:6080                    [::]:*
LISTEN     0      128        [::1]:8000                    [::]:*




//配置nginx
[root@kvm ~]# vim /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
user nginx;
worker_processes auto;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
pid /run/nginx.pid;

include /usr/share/nginx/modules/*.conf;

events {
    worker_connections 1024;
}

http {
    log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
                      '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                      '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    access_log  /var/log/nginx/access.log  main;

    sendfile            on;
    tcp_nopush          on;
    tcp_nodelay         on;
    keepalive_timeout   65;
    types_hash_max_size 2048;

    include             /etc/nginx/mime.types;
    default_type        application/octet-stream;

    include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;

    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;

        include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf;

        location / {
            root html;
            index index.html index.htm;
        }

        error_page 404 /404.html;
            location = /40x.html {
        }

        error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
            location = /50x.html {
        }
    }
}


[root@kvm ~]# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/webvirtmgr.conf
server {
    listen 80 default_server;

    server_name $hostname;
    #access_log /var/log/nginx/webvirtmgr_access_log;

    location /static/ {
        root /var/www/webvirtmgr/webvirtmgr;
        expires max;
    }

    location / {
        proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8000;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-for $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
        proxy_set_header Host $host:$server_port;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $remote_addr;
        proxy_connect_timeout 600;
        proxy_read_timeout 600;
        proxy_send_timeout 600;
        client_max_body_size 1024M;
    }
}

//确保bind绑定的是本机的8000端口
[root@kvm ~]# vim /var/www/webvirtmgr/conf/gunicorn.conf.py
.....此处省略N行
bind = '0.0.0.0:8000'     //确保此处绑定的是本机的8000端口，这个在nginx配置中定义了，被代理的端口
backlog = 2048
.....此处省略N行

//开机自启，并启动nginx
[root@kvm ~]# systemctl enable --now nginx
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/nginx.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service.
[root@kvm ~]# systemctl status nginx
● nginx.service - The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Sat 2022-08-20 15:24:03 CST; 1s ago
  Process: 15723 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/nginx (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
  Process: 15720 ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/nginx -t (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
  Process: 15718 ExecStartPre=/usr/bin/rm -f /run/nginx.pid (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)

[root@kvm ~]# ss -antl
State      Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port               Peer Address:Port
LISTEN     0      128            *:80                         *:*
LISTEN     0      5      192.168.122.1:53                         *:*
LISTEN     0      128            *:22                         *:*
LISTEN     0      100    127.0.0.1:25                         *:*
LISTEN     0      128    127.0.0.1:6080                       *:*
LISTEN     0      128    127.0.0.1:8000                       *:*
LISTEN     0      128         [::]:22                      [::]:*
LISTEN     0      100        [::1]:25                      [::]:*
LISTEN     0      128        [::1]:6080                    [::]:*
LISTEN     0      128        [::1]:8000                    [::]:*
[root@kvm ~]#



//设置supervisor
[root@kvm ~]# vim /etc/supervisord.conf
.....此处省略上面的内容，在文件最后加上以下内容
[program:webvirtmgr]
command=/usr/bin/python2 /var/www/webvirtmgr/manage.py run_gunicorn -c /var/www/webvirtmgr/conf/gunicorn.conf.py
directory=/var/www/webvirtmgr
autostart=true
autorestart=true
logfile=/var/log/supervisor/webvirtmgr.log
log_stderr=true
user=nginx

[program:webvirtmgr-console]
command=/usr/bin/python2 /var/www/webvirtmgr/console/webvirtmgr-console
directory=/var/www/webvirtmgr
autostart=true
autorestart=true
stdout_logfile=/var/log/supervisor/webvirtmgr-console.log
redirect_stderr=true
user=nginx



//启动supervisor并设置开机自启
[root@kvm ~]# systemctl enable --now supervisord
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/supervisord.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/supervisord.service.
[root@kvm ~]# systemctl status supervisord
● supervisord.service - Process Monitoring and Control Daemon
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/supervisord.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Sat 2022-08-20 15:27:01 CST; 13s ago

[root@kvm ~]# ss -antl
State       Recv-Q Send-Q       Local Address:Port                      Peer Address:Port
LISTEN      0      128                      *:80                                   *:*
LISTEN      0      5            192.168.122.1:53                                   *:*
LISTEN      0      128                      *:22                                   *:*
LISTEN      0      100              127.0.0.1:25                                   *:*
LISTEN      0      128              127.0.0.1:6080                                 *:*
LISTEN      0      128              127.0.0.1:8000                                 *:*
LISTEN      0      128                   [::]:22                                [::]:*
LISTEN      0      100                  [::1]:25                                [::]:*
LISTEN      0      128                  [::1]:6080                              [::]:*
LISTEN      0      128                  [::1]:8000                              [::]:*


//配置nginx用户
[root@kvm ~]# su - nginx -s /bin/bash
-bash-4.2$ ssh-keygen -t rsa
Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/var/lib/nginx/.ssh/id_rsa):
Created directory '/var/lib/nginx/.ssh'.
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in /var/lib/nginx/.ssh/id_rsa.
Your public key has been saved in /var/lib/nginx/.ssh/id_rsa.pub.
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:tbf30RwIjBDxRLiSR4udL9qFsBdG0k3MH1+/jbUDJ70 nginx@kvm
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 2048]----+
|      .+X+       |
|     . =++o.   . |
|      B +oooo o .|
|     = O . o.+.oo|
|      * S . ..++=|
|     . + o . ..E+|
|      + o   . ..+|
|     . .     . ..|
|                .|
+----[SHA256]-----+
-bash-4.2$ touch ~/.ssh/config && echo -e "StrictHostKeyChecking=no\nUserKnownHostsFile=/dev/null" >> ~/.ssh/config
-bash-4.2$ chmod 0600 ~/.ssh/config
-bash-4.2$ cat  ~/.ssh/config
StrictHostKeyChecking=no  ## 登录网页时不用输入yes
UserKnownHostsFile=/dev/null  ## 这是把连接的公钥信息丢掉。也就是这个文件known_hosts


-bash-4.2$ ssh-copy-id root@192.168.229.179
/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/var/lib/nginx/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"
/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed

/bin/ssh-copy-id: ERROR: Bad owner or permissions on /var/lib/nginx/.ssh/config

-bash-4.2$ chmod 0600 ~/.ssh/config
-bash-4.2$ ssh-copy-id root@192.168.229.179
/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: Source of key(s) to be installed: "/var/lib/nginx/.ssh/id_rsa.pub"
/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: attempting to log in with the new key(s), to filter out any that are already installed
/bin/ssh-copy-id: INFO: 1 key(s) remain to be installed -- if you are prompted now it is to install the new keys
Warning: Permanently added '192.168.229.179' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
root@192.168.229.179's password:

Number of key(s) added: 1

Now try logging into the machine, with:   "ssh 'root@192.168.229.179'"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.


-bash-4.2$ exit
logout

[root@kvm ~]# vim /etc/polkit-1/localauthority/50-local.d/50-libvirt-remote-access.pkla
[Remote libvirt SSH access]
Identity=unix-user:root
Action=org.libvirt.unix.manage
ResultAny=yes
ResultInactive=yes
ResultActive=yes

[root@kvm ~]# chown -R root.root /etc/polkit-1/localauthority/50-local.d/50-libvirt-remote-access.pkla
[root@kvm ~]# systemctl restart nginx
[root@kvm ~]# systemctl restart libvirtd

3.3 kvm web界面管理

通过ip地址在浏览器上访问kvm，例如我这里就是：http://192.168.229.179/login

3.3.1 kvm连接管理

创建SSH连接：

3.3.2 kvm存储管理

创建存储：

进入存储：

通过xftp远程连接软件上传ISO镜像文件至存储目录/var/lib/libvirt/images/

[root@kvm ~]# cd /var/lib/libvirt/images/
[root@kvm images]# ls
[root@kvm images]#
[root@localhost images]# ls
rhel-8.5-x86_64-dvd.iso   ## 上传 redhat8的镜像

在 web 界面查看ISO镜像是否存在

创建系统安装镜像

添加成功如下图所示

3.3.3 kvm网络管理

添加桥接网络

3.3.4 实例管理

实例(虚拟机)创建

虚拟机插入光盘

设置在 web 上访问虚拟机的密码

启动虚拟机

虚拟机安装

设置时区

设置为最小化安装

第三步

设置网络

设置root密码

最后点击确定

4.故障案例

4.1 案例1

web界面配置完成后可能会出现以下错误界面

解决方法是安装novnc并通过novnc_server启动一个vnc

[root@localhost ~]# ll /etc/rc.local
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 Aug 19 15:44 /etc/rc.local -> rc.d/rc.local
[root@localhost ~]# ll /etc/rc.d/rc.local
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 473 Jan 14  2022 /etc/rc.d/rc.local
[root@localhost ~]# chmod +x /etc/rc.d/rc.local
[root@localhost ~]# ll /etc/rc.d/rc.local
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 473 Jan 14  2022 /etc/rc.d/rc.local

[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/rc.d/rc.local
......此处省略N行
# that this script will be executed during boot.

touch /var/lock/subsys/local
nohup novnc_server 172.16.12.128:5920 &

[root@localhost ~]# . /etc/rc.d/rc.local

做完以上操作后再次访问即可正常访问

4.2 案例2

第一次通过web访问kvm时可能会一直访问不了，一直转圈，而命令行界面一直报错(too many open files)

此时需要对nginx进行配置

[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
....此处省略N行
user nginx;
worker_processes auto;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
pid /run/nginx.pid;
worker_rlimit_nofile 655350;    //添加此行配置

# Load dynamic modules. See /usr/share/nginx/README.dynamic.
....此处省略N行

[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart nginx

然后对系统参数进行设置

[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/security/limits.conf
....此处省略N行
# End of file
* soft nofile 655350
* hard nofile 655350

到此问题即可解决