API 请求失败时的处理方法

原创于 2025-04-08 15:37:35 发布 · 947 阅读

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#爬虫 #python #java

在使用 Python 爬虫调用 API 时，请求失败是一个常见的问题。这可能是由于网络问题、API 限制、服务器错误或其他原因导致的。为了确保爬虫的稳定性和可靠性，我们需要合理地处理这些失败的请求。以下是一些有效的处理方法：

1. 捕获异常

使用 try-except 语句捕获可能的异常，可以防止程序因异常而崩溃，并提供适当的错误处理。常见的异常类型包括：

网络错误（如 ConnectionError）：通常表示网络连接问题。
HTTP 错误（如 HTTPError）：表示 HTTP 请求返回的状态码不是 200。
解析错误（如 ValueError）：通常发生在解析 HTML 或 JSON 数据时。

示例代码：

Python

import requests
from requests.exceptions import HTTPError, ConnectionError, Timeout

url = "http://example.com/api/data"

try:
    response = requests.get(url, timeout=10)
    response.raise_for_status()  # 如果响应状态码不是200，抛出HTTPError
    data = response.json()
except HTTPError as http_err:
    print(f"HTTP error occurred: {http_err}")
except ConnectionError as conn_err:
    print(f"Connection error occurred: {conn_err}")
except Timeout as timeout_err:
    print(f"Timeout error occurred: {timeout_err}")
except Exception as err:
    print(f"An error occurred: {err}")

2. 重试机制

在请求失败时，可以设置重试机制，让爬虫重新尝试获取数据。可以通过以下方法实现：

使用 retrying 库：提供简单的重试机制。
自定义重试逻辑：在捕获到特定异常后，设置最大重试次数和重试间隔时间。

使用 `retrying` 库的示例：

Python

from retrying import retry
import requests

@retry(stop_max_attempt_number=3, wait_fixed=2000)
def fetch_url(url):
    response = requests.get(url)
    response.raise_for_status()
    return response.text

url = "http://example.com/api/data"
try:
    data = fetch_url(url)
    print(f"Successfully fetched {url}")
except Exception as err:
    print(f"Failed to fetch {url}: {err}")

自定义重试逻辑的示例：

Python

import time
import requests

def fetch_url(url, max_retries=3, wait_time=2):
    for attempt in range(max_retries):
        try:
            response = requests.get(url)
            response.raise_for_status()
            return response.text
        except requests.exceptions.RequestException as req_err:
            print(f"Attempt {attempt + 1} failed: {req_err}")
            time.sleep(wait_time)
    raise Exception(f"Failed to fetch {url} after {max_retries} attempts")

url = "http://example.com/api/data"
try:
    data = fetch_url(url)
    print(f"Successfully fetched {url}")
except Exception as err:
    print(f"Failed to fetch {url}: {err}")

3. 指数退避

当 API 返回“429 Too Many Requests”状态码时，表示请求过于频繁。此时可以使用指数退避策略，即在每次重试之间增加等待时间。这有助于避免因请求频率过高而被限制。

示例代码：

Python

import time
import requests

def fetch_url_with_backoff(url, max_retries=5):
    retry_count = 0
    while retry_count < max_retries:
        try:
            response = requests.get(url)
            response.raise_for_status()
            return response.text
        except requests.exceptions.HTTPError as http_err:
            if http_err.response.status_code == 429:
                retry_after = int(http_err.response.headers.get('Retry-After', 1))
                print(f"Rate limit exceeded. Retrying in {retry_after} seconds...")
                time.sleep(retry_after)
                retry_count += 1
            else:
                raise
        except requests.exceptions.RequestException as req_err:
            print(f"Request failed: {req_err}")
            break
    raise Exception(f"Failed to fetch {url} after {max_retries} attempts")

url = "http://example.com/api/data"
try:
    data = fetch_url_with_backoff(url)
    print(f"Successfully fetched {url}")
except Exception as err:
    print(f"Failed to fetch {url}: {err}")

4. 日志记录

在异常处理中，及时记录异常信息是非常重要的。可以使用 Python 内置的 logging 模块或第三方库（如 loguru）来记录异常日志。这有助于快速定位问题并进行修复。

示例代码：

Python

import logging
import requests

logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO, format='%(asctime)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')

url = "http://example.com/api/data"

try:
    response = requests.get(url)
    response.raise_for_status()
    data = response.json()
except requests.exceptions.RequestException as req_err:
    logging.error(f"Request failed: {req_err}")

5. 优化请求

缓存结果：对于不需要频繁更新的数据，可以将 API 调用的结果缓存起来，减少不必要的请求。
批量请求：尽量合并多个单独的请求为一个批量请求，以减少总的调用次数。
合理安排请求频率：避免短时间内频繁发送请求。

6. 使用代理

如果请求被限制或被封禁，可以使用代理服务器来隐藏真实的 IP 地址。这有助于避免因 IP 被封禁而导致的请求失败。

示例代码：

Python

import requests

proxies = {
    "http": "http://your-proxy-ip:port",
    "https": "http://your-proxy-ip:port"
}

url = "http://example.com/api/data"
try:
    response = requests.get(url, proxies=proxies)
    response.raise_for_status()
    data = response.json()
except requests.exceptions.RequestException as req_err:
    print(f"Request failed: {req_err}")