Semaphore管理对资源的访问许可数量

java.util.concurrent.Semaphore 是一个用于控制对一组资源的访问的同步辅助类。它可以看作是一个计数器，用于管理对资源的访问许可数量。下面是一个简单的例子，展示了如何使用 Semaphore 来控制对一组资源的访问。假设我们有一个资源池，比如一个包含 5 个资源（比如 5 台打印机）的系统，我们希望限制同时访问这些资源的线程数量。我们可以使用 Semaphore 来实现这一点。

Semaphore 事例


import java.util.concurrent.Semaphore;

public class SemaphoreTemp {
    private final int numberOfResources;
    private final Semaphore semaphore;

    public SemaphoreTemp(int numberOfResources) {
        this.numberOfResources = numberOfResources;
        this.semaphore = new Semaphore(numberOfResources);
    }

    public void accessResource(String threadName) {
        try {
            // 请求一个许可
            semaphore.acquire();
            System.out.println(threadName + " has acquired a resource.");

            // 模拟资源使用
            Thread.sleep((int) (Math.random() * 1000));

            System.out.println(threadName + " is releasing the resource.");
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
            System.err.println(threadName + " was interrupted while waiting for a resource.");
        } finally {
            // 释放许可
            semaphore.release();
        }
    }

    public  void 打印机(String threadName) {

        try {
            // 请求一个许可
            semaphore.acquire();
            System.out.println(threadName + " has acquired a 打印机.");

            // 模拟资源使用
            Thread.sleep((int) (Math.random() * 1000));

            System.out.println(threadName + " is releasing the 打印机.");
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
            System.err.println(threadName + " was interrupted while waiting for a 打印机.");
        } finally {
            // 释放许可
            semaphore.release();
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int numberOfResources = 5;
        SemaphoreTemp resourcePool = new SemaphoreTemp(numberOfResources);

        // 创建并启动多个线程来访问资源
        for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
            int threadNumber = i + 1;
            if(i%2==0){
                new Thread(() -> resourcePool.accessResource("Thread-" + threadNumber)).start();
            }
            else {
                new Thread(() -> resourcePool.打印机("Thread-" + threadNumber)).start();
            }
        }
    }
}

解释

ResourcePool 类:
- numberOfResources 变量表示资源池中资源的数量。
- semaphore 是一个 Semaphore 实例，初始化为 numberOfResources。这意味着最多可以有 numberOfResources 个线程同时获取许可并访问资源。
accessResource 方法:
- 使用 semaphore.acquire() 方法请求一个许可。如果当前没有可用的许可，线程将被阻塞，直到有许可可用。
- 模拟资源使用，通过 Thread.sleep 方法让线程暂停一段时间。
- 使用 semaphore.release() 方法释放许可，以便其他线程可以获取许可并访问资源。

打印机 方法                
同accessResource 方法一致，共有5个资源

main 方法:
- 创建一个 ResourcePool 实例，资源数量为 5。
- 启动 10 个线程，每个线程都尝试访问资源。由于资源池只有 5 个资源，最多只能有 5 个线程同时访问资源，其他线程将被阻塞，直到有资源可用。

运行结果

运行这个程序，你会看到类似以下的输出（输出顺序可能会有所不同）：

Thread-5 has acquired a resource.
Thread-7 has acquired a resource.
Thread-6 has acquired a 打印机.
Thread-4 has acquired a 打印机.
Thread-10 has acquired a 打印机.
Thread-7 is releasing the resource.
Thread-1 has acquired a resource.
Thread-6 is releasing the 打印机.
Thread-2 has acquired a 打印机.
Thread-2 is releasing the 打印机.
Thread-3 has acquired a resource.
Thread-5 is releasing the resource.
Thread-9 has acquired a resource.
Thread-4 is releasing the 打印机.
Thread-8 has acquired a 打印机.
Thread-8 is releasing the 打印机.
Thread-3 is releasing the resource.
Thread-10 is releasing the 打印机.
Thread-1 is releasing the resource.
Thread-9 is releasing the resource.

通过这种方式，Semaphore 确保在任何时候，最多只有 numberOfResources=5个线程可以访问资源。