CodeForces 246E Blood Cousins Return (树上启发式合并)

本文介绍了一个使用C++实现的复杂图遍历算法,通过深度优先搜索(DFS)进行树状结构的子树计数,并优化了查询过程。文章详细展示了如何在图中进行高效的数据查询,特别是在大规模数据集上的应用。通过对节点颜色的统计,提供了一种快速获取特定深度节点数量的方法。

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#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
#define debug puts("YES");
#define rep(x,y,z) for(int (x)=(y);(x)<(z);(x)++)
#define ll long long
#define lrt int l,int r,int rt
#define lson l,mid,rt<<1
#define rson mid+1,r,rt<<1|1
#define root l,r,rt
#define mst(a,b) memset((a),(b),sizeof(a))
#define pii pair<int,int>
#define fi first                                  
#define se second
#define mk(x,y) make_pair(x,y)
const int mod=1e9+7;
const int maxn=1e5+100;
const int ub=1e6;
const ll INF=1e18;
ll powmod(ll x,ll y){ll t; for(t=1;y;y>>=1,x=x*x%mod) if(y&1) t=t*x%mod; return t;}
ll gcd(ll x,ll y){
    if(y==0) return x;
    return gcd(y,x%y);
}

int n,m,tot=0,ret[maxn];
vector<int> g[maxn];
vector<pii> q[maxn];///存储询问
string col[maxn];
set<string> st[maxn<<1];
int son[maxn],sz[maxn],dep[maxn],flag=0;
void dfs(int u,int f){
    sz[u]=1,dep[u]=dep[f]+1;
    for(auto v:g[u]) if(v!=f){
        dfs(v,u);
        sz[u]+=sz[v];
        if(sz[v]>sz[son[u]]) son[u]=v;
    }
}
void count(int u,int f,int keep){
    if(keep==1) st[dep[u]].insert(col[u]);
    else st[dep[u]].clear();
    for(auto v:g[u]) if(v!=f&&v!=flag)
        count(v,u,keep);
}
void dfs(int u,int f,int keep){
    for(auto v:g[u]) if(v!=f&&v!=son[u])
        dfs(v,u,0);
    if(son[u]){
        dfs(son[u],u,1);
        flag=son[u];
    }
    count(u,f,1);
    rep(i,0,q[u].size())
        ret[q[u][i].se]=st[dep[u]+q[u][i].fi].size();
    if(!keep){
        flag=0;
        count(u,f,-1);
    }
}
int main(){
    ios::sync_with_stdio(false);/*
    freopen("d://in.txt","r",stdin);
    freopen("d://out.txt","w",stdout);*/
    cin>>n;
    rep(i,1,n+1){
        int y;
        cin>>col[i]>>y;
        g[i].push_back(y);
        g[y].push_back(i);
    }
    cin>>m;
    rep(i,0,m){
        int x,y;
        cin>>x>>y;
        q[x].push_back(mk(y,i));
    }
    dfs(0,0),dfs(0,0,0);
    rep(i,0,m) cout<<ret[i]<<"\n";
    return 0;
}

 

### Codeforces 887E Problem Solution and Discussion The problem **887E - The Great Game** on Codeforces involves a strategic game between two players who take turns to perform operations under specific rules. To tackle this challenge effectively, understanding both dynamic programming (DP) techniques and bitwise manipulation is crucial. #### Dynamic Programming Approach One effective method to approach this problem utilizes DP with memoization. By defining `dp[i][j]` as the optimal result when starting from state `(i,j)` where `i` represents current position and `j` indicates some status flag related to previous moves: ```cpp #include <bits/stdc++.h> using namespace std; const int MAXN = ...; // Define based on constraints int dp[MAXN][2]; // Function to calculate minimum steps using top-down DP int minSteps(int pos, bool prevMoveType) { if (pos >= N) return 0; if (dp[pos][prevMoveType] != -1) return dp[pos][prevMoveType]; int res = INT_MAX; // Try all possible next positions and update 'res' for (...) { /* Logic here */ } dp[pos][prevMoveType] = res; return res; } ``` This code snippet outlines how one might structure a solution involving recursive calls combined with caching results through an array named `dp`. #### Bitwise Operations Insight Another critical aspect lies within efficiently handling large integers via bitwise operators instead of arithmetic ones whenever applicable. This optimization can significantly reduce computation time especially given tight limits often found in competitive coding challenges like those hosted by platforms such as Codeforces[^1]. For detailed discussions about similar problems or more insights into solving strategies specifically tailored towards contest preparation, visiting forums dedicated to algorithmic contests would be beneficial. Websites associated directly with Codeforces offer rich resources including editorials written after each round which provide comprehensive explanations alongside alternative approaches taken by successful contestants during live events. --related questions-- 1. What are common pitfalls encountered while implementing dynamic programming solutions? 2. How does bit manipulation improve performance in algorithms dealing with integer values? 3. Can you recommend any online communities focused on discussing competitive programming tactics? 4. Are there particular patterns that frequently appear across different levels of difficulty within Codeforces contests?
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