【Scrapy】基于scrapy的豆瓣阅读top250爬虫

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已于 2025-06-15 12:55:50 修改

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文章标签： scrapy 爬虫 python

于 2024-07-08 18:38:55 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_39911464/article/details/140275875

Hello，这是我的第一篇博客，很久以前就开始学习爬虫了，不过处于反爬手段的策略，再加上之前的公司一直没有要求用scrapy，导致一直没有认真学习scrapy框架。现在有时间了，打算好好学一下这个框架。这篇博客是基于scrapy的豆瓣top250爬虫，以前是有写过top250电影的爬虫的。不过没用scrapy。。废话不多说，开始吧！！

工作流程：

这里简单的介绍一下scrapy的工作原理：

1.首先我们在爬虫文件中定义的start_urls会被引擎读取出来传输给spider，spider会将url一一封装成request请求对象，并将request对象通过引擎传送给scheduler调度器。

2.scheduler调度器会将依次将request请求通过引擎传送给downloader下载器，下载器会去请求数据，然后将相应数据封装成response对象传送给引擎。中途还可以设置download middleware中间件自定义下载的一些操作。

3.接下来引擎再次将response对象传送给spider，我们可以设置spider解析数据的流程，如果是数据项是url，则让引擎再次传送给scheduler调度队列，再次重复之前的操作。如果数据项是item，则通过引擎传输给pipline。

4.pipline管道拿到引擎传输过来的数据后，就可以进行其他处理保存了。

因此我们可以看出，在scrapy中，request对象和response对象是非常重要的，我们所做的操作基本都离不开他们，而在yeild返回的对象中，也只能接收request对象，item对象，或者dict字典和空值。

一、安装scrapy

这个很简单，直接pip install scrapy即可，建议大家使用清华源，会快很多，也可以直接用pycharm的interpreter安装。

二、生成scrapy项目结构

先在你想放爬虫的目录打开终端，输入scrapy startproject 项目名，这样就会自动生成scrapy项目结构。项目名任取，我这里取得是myspider

三、编写代码

这里直接附上我的代码，主要有三个地方需要自己编写，一个是在spider下面自己创建的爬虫文件，还有items，piplines。

爬虫文件

import scrapy
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

from ..items import MyspiderItem


class DoubanSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    name="douban"
    allowed_domains=['book.douban.com/top250']
    start_urls=['https://book.douban.com/top250']

    def parse(self, response, **kwargs):
        # beautifulsoup解析response的dom树
        bs=BeautifulSoup(response.text,"html.parser")
        # 根据tr标签找到每本书的信息
        tr_tag=bs.find_all("tr",class_="item")

        # 遍历每本书，读取书名，出版信息，热评
        for i in tr_tag:
            name=i.find_all("a")[1]["title"]
            info=i.find("p",class_="pl").text
            quote=i.find("span",class_="inq").text
            item=MyspiderItem()
            item["name"]=name
            item['info']=info
            item['quote']=quote

            # 返回给引擎
            yield item

items

# Define here the models for your scraped items
#
# See documentation in:
# https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/items.html

import scrapy


class MyspiderItem(scrapy.Item):
    # define the fields for your item here like:
    name = scrapy.Field()
    info = scrapy.Field()
    quote=scrapy.Field()

piplines

# Define your item pipelines here
#
# Don't forget to add your pipeline to the ITEM_PIPELINES setting
# See: https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html
import openpyxl
# useful for handling different item types with a single interface
from itemadapter import ItemAdapter


class MyspiderPipeline:

    def __init__(self):
        # 生成excel表
        self.workbook=openpyxl.Workbook()
        self.sheet=self.workbook.active
        self.sheet.append(["书名","介绍","热评"])


    def process_item(self, item, spider):
        # 将图书信息添加到excel表
        self.sheet.append([item["name"],item["info"],item['quote']])
        return item

    def close_spider(self,spider):
        self.workbook.save("book.xlsx")
        self.workbook.close()

四、修改相关配置

这一步主要关闭robots协议，还有启动piplines等

# Scrapy settings for myspider project
#
# For simplicity, this file contains only settings considered important or
# commonly used. You can find more settings consulting the documentation:
#
#     https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html
#     https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
#     https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html

BOT_NAME = "myspider"

SPIDER_MODULES = ["myspider.spiders"]
NEWSPIDER_MODULE = "myspider.spiders"


# Crawl responsibly by identifying yourself (and your website) on the user-agent
#USER_AGENT = "myspider (+http://www.yourdomain.com)"

# Obey robots.txt rules
ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False

# Configure maximum concurrent requests performed by Scrapy (default: 16)
#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 32

# Configure a delay for requests for the same website (default: 0)
# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html#download-delay
# See also autothrottle settings and docs
#DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 3
# The download delay setting will honor only one of:
#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN = 16
#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP = 16

# Disable cookies (enabled by default)
#COOKIES_ENABLED = False

# Disable Telnet Console (enabled by default)
#TELNETCONSOLE_ENABLED = False

# Override the default request headers:
DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = {
   "Accept": "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8",
   "Accept-Language": "en",
   "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/118.0.0.0 Safari/537.36 Edg/118.0.2088.76"}

# Enable or disable spider middlewares
# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
#SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = {
#    "myspider.middlewares.MyspiderSpiderMiddleware": 543,
#}

# Enable or disable downloader middlewares
# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
#DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
#    "myspider.middlewares.MyspiderDownloaderMiddleware": 543,
#}

# Enable or disable extensions
# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/extensions.html
#EXTENSIONS = {
#    "scrapy.extensions.telnet.TelnetConsole": None,
#}

# Configure item pipelines
# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html
ITEM_PIPELINES = {
   "myspider.pipelines.MyspiderPipeline": 300,
}

# Enable and configure the AutoThrottle extension (disabled by default)
# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/autothrottle.html
#AUTOTHROTTLE_ENABLED = True
# The initial download delay
#AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY = 5
# The maximum download delay to be set in case of high latencies
#AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY = 60
# The average number of requests Scrapy should be sending in parallel to
# each remote server
#AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY = 1.0
# Enable showing throttling stats for every response received:
#AUTOTHROTTLE_DEBUG = False

# Enable and configure HTTP caching (disabled by default)
# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html#httpcache-middleware-settings
#HTTPCACHE_ENABLED = True
#HTTPCACHE_EXPIRATION_SECS = 0
#HTTPCACHE_DIR = "httpcache"
#HTTPCACHE_IGNORE_HTTP_CODES = []
#HTTPCACHE_STORAGE = "scrapy.extensions.httpcache.FilesystemCacheStorage"

# Set settings whose default value is deprecated to a future-proof value
REQUEST_FINGERPRINTER_IMPLEMENTATION = "2.7"
TWISTED_REACTOR = "twisted.internet.asyncioreactor.AsyncioSelectorReactor"
FEED_EXPORT_ENCODING = "utf-8"

五、启动项目

这里可以直接在终端输入scrapy crawl 爬虫名来启动项目，不过我这里为了方便，引入了scrapy的cmdline，直接在py中调用cmd执行命令。直接在根目录下创建start.py

from scrapy import cmdline

cmdline.execute(["scrapy","crawl","douban"])

运行这个start.py就可以启动爬虫啦