多线程详解
1.进程和线程
-
进程:说起进程就要说起程序。程序是指令和数据的有序集合,本身是一个静态概念。而进程则是执行程序的一次执行过程,是一个动态概念。是系统资源分配的单位。
-
线程:独立执行的路径。通常在一个进程中可以包含多个线程,当然一个进程中至少有一个线程,不然没有存在的意义。线程是cpu调度和执行的单位。
真正的多线程是多核的(多个cpu),很多多线程是模拟出来的,只不过切换速度很快,我们感觉不出来而已。线程开启不一定立即执行,由cpu调度执行。
2.进程的实现
三种创建方式
1.继承Thread类(重点)(不推荐使用,避免OOP单继承局限性)
- 继承Thread类(线程类)
- 重写run方法(线程体)
- 执行线程(start()方法)
package com.company;
public class TestThread01 extends Thread {
@Override
public void run() {
// 重写run线程
for (int i = 0;i<20;i++){
System.out.println("我在看代码"+i);
}
}
//主线程
public static void main(String[] args) {
//创建一个对象调用线程
TestThread01 testThread01 = new TestThread01();
testThread01.start();
//main线程
for (int i =0;i<2000;i++){
System.out.println("我在学习多线程"+i);
}
}
}
2.实现Runnable接口(重点)(避免单继承局限性,灵活方便,方便同一个对象被多个线程使用)
- 实现runnable接口
- 重写run方法
- 执行线程需要丢入runnable接口实现类,调用start方法
package com.company;
public class TestThread03 implements Runnable{
@Override
public void run() {
// 重写run线程
for (int i = 0;i<20;i++){
System.out.println("我在看代码"+i);
}
}
//主线程
public static void main(String[] args) {
//创建runnable接口的实现类对象
TestThread03 testThread03 = new TestThread03();
//创建线程对象,通过线程对象来开启我们的线程,代理
Thread thread = new Thread(testThread03);
thread.start();
//main线程
for (int i =0;i<2000;i++){
System.out.println("我在学习多线程"+i);
}
}
}
实现Callable接口(了解)
并发:多个线程同时操作一个对象的时候会出现高并发的问题
3.静态代理模式
1.真实对象和代理对象都要实现同一个接口
2.代理对象要代理真实角色
好处:代理对象可以做好多真实对象做不了的事情,真实对象专注做自己的事情
4.Lambda表达式
目的:避免匿名内部类定义过多,其实质属于函数式编程的概念
函数式接口:任何接口,如果只包含一个抽象方法,那么它就是一个函数式接口。
对于函数式接口,我们可以用lambda表达式来创建该接口的对象。
//匿名内部类
public class TestLambda02 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Ilove ilove = new Ilove() {
@Override
public void love(int a) {
System.out.println("I love you-->"+a);
}
};
ilove.love(2);
}
}
interface Ilove{
void love(int a);
}
package com.chen;
//匿名内部类
public class TestLambda02 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Ilove ilove = (int a) -> {
System.out.println("I love you-->" + a);
};
ilove.love(2);
}
}
interface Ilove {
void love(int a);
}
5.线程的5个状态
1.测试stop
package com.chen;
//测试stop
//1.建议线程正常停止--->利用次数,不建议死循环
//2.建议使用标志位--->设置一个标志位
//3.不要使用stop或者destroy等或者jdk不介意使用的方法
public class TestStop implements Runnable{
//1.设置标识位
private boolean flag = true;
@Override
public void run() {
int i=0;
while (flag){
System.out.println("run...Thread"+i++);
}
}
//设置一个公开的方法停止线程,转换标志位
public void stop(){
this.flag = false;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
TestStop testStop = new TestStop();
new Thread(testStop).start();
for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
System.out.println("main"+i);
if (i==900){
//调用stop方法切换标志位,让线程停止
testStop.stop();
System.out.println("线程停止了");
}
}
}
}
2.线程休眠:
每个对象都有一把锁,sleep不会释放这把锁
package com.chen;
//模拟倒计时
public class TestSheep {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
tenDown();
}
catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public static void tenDown() throws InterruptedException {
int num = 10;
while (true){
Thread.sleep(1000);
System.out.println(num--);
if (num<=0){
break;
}
}
}
}
3.线程礼让:
- 礼让线程,让当前正在执行的线程暂停,但不阻塞
- 让线程从运行状态转为就绪状态
- 让CPU重新调度,礼让不一定成功
就是正在运行的A进程退出来和其他进程重新竞争,是否礼让成功看cpu
package com.chen;
//测试礼让线程
//礼让不一定成功,看cpu心情
public class TestYield {
public static void main(String[] args) {
MyYeild myYeild = new MyYeild();
new Thread(myYeild,"A").start();
new Thread(myYeild,"B").start();
}
}
class MyYeild implements Runnable{
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"线程开始执行");
Thread.yield();//礼让
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"线程结束");
}
}
线程强制执行,即插队的过程,直到走完了,被插队的线程才能走
package com.chen;
//测试join方法,插队
public class TestJoin implements Runnable {
@Override
public void run() {
for (int i =0;i<100;i++){
System.out.println("线程vip来了"+i);
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
//启动我们的线程
TestJoin testJoin = new TestJoin();
Thread thread = new Thread(testJoin);
thread.start();
//主线程
for (int i =0;i<1000;i++){
if (i==200){
thread.join();//插队
}
System.out.println("main"+i);
}
}
}
观测线程状态Thread.State
package com.chen;
//观测线程的状态
public class TestState implements Runnable{
@Override
public void run() {
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
Thread thread = new Thread(()->{
for (int i = 0;i<5;i++){
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println("/");
}
}); //Lambda
//观测状态
Thread.State state = thread.getState();
System.out.println(state); //NEW
//观察启动后
thread.start();//
state = thread.getState();
System.out.println(state);//Run
while (state != Thread.State.TERMINATED){//只要线程不中止,就一直输出状态
Thread.sleep(100);
state = thread.getState();
System.out.println(state);
}
}
}
6.线程的优先级
- getPriority
- setPriority(int xxx)
package com.chen;
public class TestPriority {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//主线程的默认优先级
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"-->"+Thread.currentThread().getPriority());
Mypriority mypriority = new Mypriority();
Thread t1 = new Thread(mypriority);
Thread t2 = new Thread(mypriority);
Thread t3 = new Thread(mypriority);
Thread t4 = new Thread(mypriority);
Thread t5 = new Thread(mypriority);
Thread t6 = new Thread(mypriority);
//先设置优先级,再启动
t1.start();
t2.setPriority(1);
t2.start();
t3.setPriority(4);
t3.start();
t4.setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY);
t4.start();
}
}
class Mypriority implements Runnable{
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+"-->"+Thread.currentThread().getPriority());
}
}
优先级低只是意味着获得调度的概率低,并不是优先级就不会被调用了,这都是看cpu的调度。
7.守护线程
线程分为用户线程和守护线程:
虚拟机必须确保用户线程执行完毕;
虚拟机不用等待守护线程执行完毕;(gc垃圾回收机制)
package com.test;
import org.omg.PortableServer.THREAD_POLICY_ID;
//测试守护线程
//上帝守护你
public class TestDaemon {
public static void main(String[] args) {
God god = new God();
You you =new You();
Thread thread = new Thread(god);
thread.setDaemon(true);//默认是false,表示是用户线程,正常的线程都是用户线程
thread.start();//上帝守护线程启动
new Thread(you).start();//用户线程启动
}
}
//上帝
class God implements Runnable{
@Override
public void run() {
while (true){
System.out.println("上帝保佑着你");
}
}
}
//你
class You implements Runnable{
@Override
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < 36500; i++) {
System.out.println("你一生都开心的活着");
}
System.out.println("-====goodbye!world"); //hello,world!
}
}
8.线程同步(重难点)
并发:一个对象被多个线程同时操作
上万人同时抢票,两个银行都是取钱,所以一定要排队,所以我们需要线程同步,就是形成一种等待机制。
线程同步的形成条件:队列+锁,解决安全性问题
锁带来的问题:
1.会引起效率降低
2.当优先级高的线程等待优先级低的线程,会导致性能倒置问题
9.三大不安全实例
不安全的买票实例:会出现负数的情况:
package com.syn;
//不安全的买票
public class UnsafeBuyTicket {
public static void main(String[] args) {
BuyTicket station = new BuyTicket();
new Thread(station,"顺才").start();
new Thread(station,"吴琦").start();
new Thread(station,"聪聪").start();
}
}
class BuyTicket implements Runnable {
private int ticketnums = 10;
private boolean flag = true;
@Override
public void run() {
//买票
while (flag) {
try {
buy();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
private void buy() throws InterruptedException {
//判断是否有票
if (ticketnums <= 0) {
flag = false;
return;
}
//模拟延时
Thread.sleep(100);
//买票
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "拿到了" + ticketnums-- + "张票");
}
}
银行取钱
package com.syn;
import sun.misc.PostVMInitHook;
import javax.management.remote.rmi._RMIConnection_Stub;
public class UnsafeBank {
public static void main(String[] args) {
BankAccount acco = new BankAccount(100, "基金");
Bank you = new Bank(acco, 30, "你");
Bank girlFriend = new Bank(acco, 30, "女朋友");
you.start();
girlFriend.start();
}
}
//银行账户
class BankAccount {
int money;//余额
String name;//卡名
public BankAccount(int money, String name) {
this.money = money;
this.name = name;
}
public int getMoney() {
return money;
}
public void setMoney(int money) {
this.money = money;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
}
//银行取款
class Bank extends Thread {
private BankAccount account; //银行账户
//取了多少钱
int drawingMoney;
//现在手里有多少钱
int nowMoney;
public BankAccount getAccount() {
return account;
}
public void setAccount(BankAccount account) {
this.account = account;
}
public int getDrawingMoney() {
return drawingMoney;
}
public void setDrawingMoney(int drawingMoney) {
this.drawingMoney = drawingMoney;
}
public int getNowMoney() {
return nowMoney;
}
public void setNowMoney(int nowMoney) {
this.nowMoney = nowMoney;
}
public Bank(BankAccount account, int drawingMoney, String name) {
super();
this.account = account;
this.drawingMoney = drawingMoney;
}
//取钱
@Override
public void run() {
//判断有没有钱
if (account.getMoney() - drawingMoney < 0) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "钱不够,取不了");
return;
}
//银行卡里的钱减少
account.money = account.money - drawingMoney;
nowMoney = nowMoney + drawingMoney;
System.out.println(account.getName() + "余额为:" + account.getMoney());
System.out.println(this.getName() + "手里的钱:" + nowMoney);
}
}
线程不安全的集合list,在多线程进行添加的时候会产生覆盖,输出的结果可能不为10000.
package com.syn;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
//线程不安全的集合
public class UnsafeList {
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
List<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();
for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++) {
new Thread(()->{
list.add(Thread.currentThread().getName());
}).start();
}
Thread.sleep(3000);
System.out.println(list.size());
}
}
10.同步方法及同步块
只需要在方法上加上synchronized关键词即可给该方法上锁
package com.syn;
//安全的买票
public class UnsafeBuyTicket {
public static void main(String[] args) {
BuyTicket station = new BuyTicket();
new Thread(station,"顺才").start();
new Thread(station,"吴琦").start();
new Thread(station,"聪聪").start();
}
}
class BuyTicket implements Runnable {
private int ticketnums = 10;
private boolean flag = true;
@Override
public void run() {
//买票
while (flag) {
try {
buy();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
//同步方法,锁的是this
private synchronized void buy() throws InterruptedException {
//判断是否有票
if (ticketnums <= 0) {
flag = false;
return;
}
//模拟延时
Thread.sleep(100);
//买票
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "拿到了" + ticketnums-- + "张票");
}
}
synchronized锁的是this,所以我们经常使用同步块,锁的对象应该是需要增删改的对象
11.死锁
死锁:多个线程互相抱着对方持有的资源,然后形成僵持
例如:
package com.thread;
//死锁:多个线程互相抱着对方持有的资源,然后形成僵持
public class DeadLock {
public static void main(String[] args) {
MakeUp g1 = new MakeUp(0,"灰姑娘");
MakeUp g2 = new MakeUp(1,"白雪公主");
g1.start();
g2.start();
}
}
//口红
class Lipstick{
}
//镜子
class Mirror{
}
//化妆
class MakeUp extends Thread{
//需要的资源只有一份,用static保证
static Lipstick lipstick = new Lipstick();
static Mirror mirror = new Mirror();
int choice;//选择
String girlName; //使用化妆品的人
MakeUp(int choice,String girlName){
this.choice = choice;
this.girlName = girlName;
}
@Override
public void run() {
//化妆
try {
makeup();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
//化妆,互相持有对方的锁,就是需要拿到对方的资源
private void makeup() throws InterruptedException {
if (choice==0){
synchronized (lipstick){
System.out.println(this.girlName + "获得口红的锁");
Thread.sleep(1000);
//一秒钟之后获得镜子的锁
synchronized (mirror){
System.out.println(this.girlName + "获得镜子的锁");
}
}
}else {
synchronized (mirror){
System.out.println(this.girlName + "获得镜子的锁");
Thread.sleep(2000);
//一秒钟之后获得口红
synchronized (lipstick){
System.out.println(this.girlName + "获得口红的锁");
}
};
}
}
}
死锁如何避免:四个必要条件
package com.thread;
//死锁:多个线程互相抱着对方持有的资源,然后形成僵持
public class DeadLock {
public static void main(String[] args) {
MakeUp g1 = new MakeUp(0,"灰姑娘");
MakeUp g2 = new MakeUp(1,"白雪公主");
g1.start();
g2.start();
}
}
//口红
class Lipstick{
}
//镜子
class Mirror{
}
//化妆
class MakeUp extends Thread{
//需要的资源只有一份,用static保证
static Lipstick lipstick = new Lipstick();
static Mirror mirror = new Mirror();
int choice;//选择
String girlName; //使用化妆品的人
MakeUp(int choice,String girlName){
this.choice = choice;
this.girlName = girlName;
}
@Override
public void run() {
//化妆
try {
makeup();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
//化妆,互相持有对方的锁,就是需要拿到对方的资源
private void makeup() throws InterruptedException {
if (choice==0){
synchronized (lipstick){
System.out.println(this.girlName + "获得口红的锁");
Thread.sleep(1000);
}
synchronized (mirror){
System.out.println(this.girlName + "获得口红的锁");
}}else {
synchronized (mirror){
System.out.println(this.girlName + "获得镜子的锁");
Thread.sleep(2000);
};
synchronized (lipstick){
System.out.println(this.girlName + "获得口红的锁");
}
}
}
}
12.Lock锁
ReentranLock类实现了Lock,它拥有与synchronized相同的并发性和内存语义,在实现线程安全的控制中,比较常用的是ReentranLock,可以显示加锁。
利用lock锁,进行加锁和解锁的过程
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
//测试我们的Lock锁
public class TestLock {
public static void main(String[] args) {
TestLock2 testLock2 = new TestLock2();
new Thread(testLock2, "顺才").start();
new Thread(testLock2, "吴锜").start();
new Thread(testLock2, "聪聪").start();
}
}
class TestLock2 implements Runnable {
int ticketNums = 10;
//定义Lock锁
private final ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
@Override
public void run() {
while (true) {
try {
lock.lock(); //加锁
if (ticketNums > 0) {
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "拿到了" + ticketNums--);
} else {
break;
}
} finally {
//解锁
lock.unlock();
}
}
}
}
-
优先使用顺序
Lock>同步代码块>同步方法
13.生产者消费者问题——线程协作
具体问题看操作系统,需要用到Java中的wait()和notify()方法。生产者生产,消费者消费,两个进程之间需要通信。
解决生产者-消费者问题有如下几种方式:
1.管程法:
package com.gaoji;
import java.awt.*;
import java.security.PublicKey;
//测试生产者,消费者模型 -->利用缓冲区解决:管程法
//生产者,消费者,产品,缓冲区
public class TestPc {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SynContainer container = new SynContainer();
new Productor(container).start();
new Customer(container).start();
}
}
//生产者
class Productor extends Thread {
SynContainer container;
public Productor(SynContainer container) {
this.container = container;
}
//生产
@Override
public void run() {
for (int i = 1; i <= 100; i++) {
container.push(new Chicken(i));
System.out.println("生产了" + i + "只鸡");
}
}
}
//消费者
class Customer extends Thread {
SynContainer container;
public Customer(SynContainer container) {
this.container = container;
}
//消费
@Override
public void run() {
for (int i = 1; i <= 100; i++) {
System.out.println("消费了--->" + container.pop().id + "只鸡");
}
}
}
//产品
class Chicken {
int id;//产品编号
public Chicken(int id) {
this.id = id;
}
}
//缓冲区
class SynContainer {
//需要一个容器大小,缓冲区大小
Chicken[] chickens = new Chicken[10];
int count = 0; //
//生产者放入产品,需要上锁
public synchronized void push(Chicken chicken) {
if(count==chickens.length){
try {
this.wait();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
chickens[count] = chicken;
count++;
this.notifyAll();
}
//消费者消费产品
public synchronized Chicken pop() {
//判断能否消费
if (count == 0) {
try {
this.wait();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
count--;
Chicken chicken = chickens[count];
this.notifyAll();
return chicken;
}
}
2.信号灯法:
package com.gaoji;
//测试生产者消费者问题2:信号灯法,标志位解决
public class TestPc2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
TV tv = new TV();
new Player(tv).start();
new watcher(tv).start();
}
}
//生产者-->演员
class Player extends Thread {
TV tv = new TV();
public Player(TV tv) {
this.tv = tv;
}
@Override
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
if (i % 2 == 0) {
this.tv.play("快乐大本营播放中");
} else {
this.tv.play("抖音:记录美好生活");
}
}
}
}
//消费者-->观众
class watcher extends Thread {
TV tv = new TV();
public watcher(TV tv) {
this.tv = tv;
}
@Override
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
tv.watch();
}
}
}
//产品-->节目
class TV {
//演员表演,观众等待,T
//观众观看的时候,演员等待,F
String voice;//节目
boolean flag = true;
//演员表演
public synchronized void play(String voice) {
if (!flag) {
try {
this.wait();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
System.out.println("演员表演了" + voice);
//通知观众观看
this.notifyAll(); //通知唤醒
this.voice = voice;
this.flag = !this.flag;
}
//观众观看
public synchronized void watch() {
if (flag) {
try {
this.wait();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
System.out.println("观看了:" + voice);
//通知演员表演
this.notifyAll();
this.flag = !this.flag;
}
}
14.线程池
package com.gaoji;
import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
//测试线程池
public class TestPool {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//1.创建服务,创建线程池
ExecutorService service = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);//线程池大小为10
//执行
service.execute(new MyThread());
service.execute(new MyThread());
service.execute(new MyThread());
service.execute(new MyThread());
//关闭连接
service.shutdown();
}
}
class MyThread implements Runnable{
@Override
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < 1; i++) {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName()+i);
}
}
}