Linux 基础入门 08

最新推荐文章于 2024-04-25 11:11:24 发布

tan-1210

最新推荐文章于 2024-04-25 11:11:24 发布

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分类专栏： linux 基础入门文章标签： linux 运维服务器

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一、LVM（逻辑卷管理器）

逻辑卷管理器是Linux系统用于对硬盘分区进行管理的一种机制，理论性较强，其创建初衷是为了解决硬盘设备在创建分区后不易修改分区大小的缺陷。尽管对传统的硬盘分区进行强制扩容或缩容从理论上来讲是可行的，但是却可能造成数据的丢失。而LVM技术是在硬盘分区和文件系统之间添加了一个逻辑层，它提供了一个抽象的卷组，可以把多块硬盘进行卷组合并。这样一来，用户不必关心物理硬盘设备的底层架构和布局，就可以实现对硬盘分区的动态调整。

物理卷处于LVM中的最底层，可以将其理解为物理硬盘、硬盘分区或者RAID磁盘阵列，这都可以。卷组建立在物理卷之上，一个卷组可以包含多个物理卷，而且在卷组创建之后也可以继续向其中添加新的物理卷。逻辑卷是用卷组中空闲的资源建立的，并且逻辑卷在建立后可以动态地扩展或缩小空间。这就是LVM的核心理念。

二、部署逻辑卷

常用的LVM部署命令

功能/命令	物理卷管理	卷组管理	逻辑卷管理
扫描	pvscan	vgscan	lvscan
建立	pvcreate	vgcreate	lvcreate
显示	pvdisplay	vgdisplay	lvdisplay
删除	pvremove	vgremove	lvremove
扩展		vgextend	lvextend
缩小		vgreduce	lvreduce

我们在日常工作中，对卷组的管理是必须要掌握的

LVM（ logical volume manager ）是Linux环境下，对磁盘分区进行管理的一个机制，保证零停机前提下，对文件系统的大小进行调整，实现文件跨越不同的磁盘和分区，LVM提供了一个完美的解决方案

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PP：物理分区用来存储数据的块设备，可以是分区，可以是磁盘，RAID，SAN

PV：物理卷 LVM的基础逻辑块，但是和基本的物理介质（磁盘，分区）不同，包含了LVM的管理参数

VG：卷组：由一个或多个物理卷组成

LV：逻辑卷，LVM的逻辑卷类似于非LVM中的硬盘分区，LV就可以建立文件系统了，基于LV来建立文件系统文件系统，mkfs来格式化这个/dev/sda 最后变成一个个不同的文件系统

PE：每一个物理卷被划分为PE基本单元，是LVM最小的存储单元，具有唯一编号，PE大小可以手动制动，默认4MB

LE：逻辑卷也被划分成LE，可被寻址的基本单元，在同一个卷组中，PE和LE大小一定是相同的，而且要一一对应。说白了就是把PE一个一个映射成LE

三、逻辑卷管理实验

3.1 普通逻辑卷创建

首先在服务器上添加一块硬盘

#查看磁盘信息
[root@wentan ~]# lsblk
NAME          MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sr0            11:0    1  6.6G  0 rom  
nvme0n1       259:0    0   25G  0 disk 
├─nvme0n1p1   259:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
└─nvme0n1p2   259:2    0   24G  0 part 
  ├─rhel-root 253:0    0   22G  0 lvm  /
  └─rhel-swap 253:1    0    2G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
nvme0n2       259:3    0   20G  0 disk 
nvme0n3       259:4    0   20G  0 disk 

#接下来把硬盘分区 分成一个5G大小的物理分区
[root@wentan ~]# fdisk /dev/nvme0n2

Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.32.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Device does not contain a recognized partition table.
Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x0230473b.

Command (m for help): n
Partition type
   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
   e   extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1
First sector (2048-41943039, default 2048): 
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-41943039, default 41943039): +5G

Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 5 GiB.

Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/nvme0n2: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x0230473b

Device         Boot Start      End  Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/nvme0n2p1       2048 10487807 10485760   5G 83 Linux

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered.
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.

#接下来查看分区结构
[root@wentan ~]# lsblk 
NAME          MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sr0            11:0    1  6.6G  0 rom  
nvme0n1       259:0    0   25G  0 disk 
├─nvme0n1p1   259:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
└─nvme0n1p2   259:2    0   24G  0 part 
  ├─rhel-root 253:0    0   22G  0 lvm  /
  └─rhel-swap 253:1    0    2G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
nvme0n2       259:3    0   20G  0 disk 
└─nvme0n2p1   259:6    0    5G  0 part 
nvme0n3       259:4    0   20G  0 disk

#创建pv
[root@wentan ~]# pvcreate /dev/nvme0n2p1 
  Physical volume "/dev/nvme0n2p1" successfully created.

#查看详细信息
[root@wentan ~]# pvdisplay /dev/nvme0n2p1 
  "/dev/nvme0n2p1" is a new physical volume of "5.00 GiB"
  --- NEW Physical volume ---
  PV Name               /dev/nvme0n2p1
  VG Name               
  PV Size               5.00 GiB
  Allocatable           NO
  PE Size               0   
  Total PE              0
  Free PE               0
  Allocated PE          0
  PV UUID               9lWVmv-IwRw-OgXz-2Jed-je5e-nKiA-fRS0C3


#创建一个VG
[root@wentan ~]# vgcreate -s 4M testvg /dev/nvme0n2p1 
  Volume group "testvg" successfully created
[root@wentan ~]# vgdisplay testvg 
  --- Volume group ---
  VG Name               testvg
  System ID             
  Format                lvm2
  Metadata Areas        1
  Metadata Sequence No  1
  VG Access             read/write
  VG Status             resizable
  MAX LV                0
  Cur LV                0
  Open LV               0
  Max PV                0
  Cur PV                1
  Act PV                1
  VG Size               <5.00 GiB
  PE Size               4.00 MiB
  Total PE              1279
  Alloc PE / Size       0 / 0   
  Free  PE / Size       1279 / <5.00 GiB
  VG UUID               Ryu6s1-AglO-x4gY-UZL3-swFD-H07i-1Zw5Pb
  
#创建lv
[root@wentan ~]# lvcreate -l 1024 -n testlv testvg
  Logical volume "testlv" created.
[root@wentan ~]# lvdisplay /dev/testvg/testlv 
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/testvg/testlv
  LV Name                testlv
  VG Name                testvg
  LV UUID                dH7xlu-9cJa-eQ4P-Dui1-0RoL-02gY-lxeH1v
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time wentan, 2022-01-18 13:59:30 +0800
  LV Status              available
  # open                 0
  LV Size                4.00 GiB
  Current LE             1024
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     8192
  Block device           253:2
  
# 创建文件系统
[root@wentan ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/mapper/testvg-testlv 
mke2fs 1.44.3 (10-July-2018)
Creating filesystem with 1048576 4k blocks and 262144 inodes
Filesystem UUID: b8fe5156-37d8-4f31-9363-659d76ddd4da
Superblock backups stored on blocks: 
	32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736

Allocating group tables: done                            
Writing inode tables: done                            
Creating journal (16384 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done 

#挂载
[root@wentan ~]# mkdir /volume1
[root@wentan ~]# vim /etc/fstab 
#外加一行
/dev/mapper/testvg-testlv /volume1 	ext4 defaults 0 0
[root@wentan ~]# mount -a
[root@wentan ~]# df -hT
Filesystem                Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs                  devtmpfs  1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /dev
tmpfs                     tmpfs     1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                     tmpfs     1.9G  9.7M  1.9G   1% /run
tmpfs                     tmpfs     1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/rhel-root     xfs        22G  4.2G   18G  19% /
/dev/nvme0n1p1            xfs      1014M  169M  846M  17% /boot
tmpfs                     tmpfs     376M   16K  376M   1% /run/user/42
tmpfs                     tmpfs     376M  4.0K  376M   1% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/testvg-testlv ext4      3.9G   16M  3.7G   1% /volume1
#看到最后这个逻辑卷挂载成功即实验完成

3.2 逻辑卷扩容

注意点扩容大小限制是VG的大小限制，最多扩容不能超过VG的总大小

#扩容4.8G
[root@wentan ~]# lvextend -L 4.8G /dev/testvg/testlv 
  Rounding size to boundary between physical extents: 4.80 GiB.
  Size of logical volume testvg/testlv changed from 4.00 GiB (1024 extents) to 4.80 GiB (1229 extents).
  Logical volume testvg/testlv successfully resized.
  
#刷新挂载点
[root@wentan ~]# resize2fs /dev/testvg/testlv 
resize2fs 1.44.3 (10-July-2018)
Filesystem at /dev/testvg/testlv is mounted on /volume1; on-line resizing required
old_desc_blocks = 1, new_desc_blocks = 1
The filesystem on /dev/testvg/testlv is now 1258496 (4k) blocks long.

[root@wentan ~]# df -hT
Filesystem                Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs                  devtmpfs  1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /dev
tmpfs                     tmpfs     1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                     tmpfs     1.9G  9.7M  1.9G   1% /run
tmpfs                     tmpfs     1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/rhel-root     xfs        22G  4.2G   18G  19% /
/dev/nvme0n1p1            xfs      1014M  169M  846M  17% /boot
tmpfs                     tmpfs     376M   16K  376M   1% /run/user/42
tmpfs                     tmpfs     376M  4.0K  376M   1% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/testvg-testlv ext4      4.7G   16M  4.4G   1% /volume1

注意

扩展文件系统xfs类型的文件系统用xfs_growfs /volume1，后面接的是挂载点的位置
如果是ext文件系统刷新要用resize2fs /dev/testvg/testlv 后面接的是逻辑卷的位置

3.3 swap分区的创建

注意： swap分区不需要通过LVM来管理，物理分区完成后，可以直接做成swap类型

[root@wentan /]# fdisk /dev/nvme0n2
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.32.1).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Command (m for help): n
Partition type
   p   primary (2 primary, 0 extended, 2 free)
   e   extended (container for logical partitions)
Select (default p): p
Partition number (3,4, default 3): 3
First sector (20973568-41943039, default 20973568): 
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (20973568-41943039, default 41943039): +2G

Created a new partition 3 of type 'Linux' and of size 2 GiB.

Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/nvme0n2: 20 GiB, 21474836480 bytes, 41943040 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x0230473b

Device         Boot    Start      End  Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/nvme0n2p1          2048 10487807 10485760   5G 83 Linux
/dev/nvme0n2p2      10487808 20973567 10485760   5G 83 Linux
/dev/nvme0n2p3      20973568 25167871  4194304   2G 83 Linux

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered.
Syncing disks.

#直接做成swap
[root@wentan ~]# mkswap /dev/nvme0n2p3 
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 2 GiB (2147479552 bytes)
no label, UUID=47a1f300-73b6-464c-9d62-4f8527ff108e

#查看UUID
[root@wentan ~]# blkid /dev/nvme0n2p3
/dev/nvme0n2p3: UUID="47a1f300-73b6-464c-9d62-4f8527ff108e" TYPE="swap" PARTUUID="0230473b-03"

[root@wentan ~]# vim /etc/fstab
/dev/nvme0n2p3 swap swap defaults 0 0
#挂载所有swap
[root@wentan ~]# swapon -a
#查看所有swap
[root@wentan ~]# swapon -s
Filename				Type		Size	Used	Priority
/dev/dm-1                              	partition	2146300	0	-2
/dev/nvme0n2p3                         	partition	2097148	0	-3
#查看系统所有swap总大小
[root@wentan ~]# free
              total        used        free      shared  buff/cache   available
Mem:        3848776      726408     2574680       10096      547688     2859772
Swap:       4243448           0     4243448

3.4 VDO卷的创建

什么是VDO技术，这是RHEL8中特有的技术

红帽公司收购了一个公司叫 permabit ，VDO就是 permabit这个公司的技术

VDO也不是使用LVM来管理，是一个单独的技术。

VDO最大的作用就是节省硬盘空间，可以做到一个1TB的硬盘，直接存放3TB的数据甚至更多

VDO 是怎么实现这个功能的？

靠的就是删除和压缩解压缩技术重删就是把硬盘里相同的数据以前要存多份，现在会把多余的删掉，只留一份。，压缩算法来节省空间。

我们要使用VDO技术将一块20 GD的硬盘，直接做成60G，并且挂载到系统上直接使用

#安装两个软件
#安装时间较长，大约需要几分钟，安装完成以后需要重启设备 
[root@wentan ~]# yum install -y vdo kmod-kvdo
[root@wentan ~]# reboot

[root@wentan ~]# vdo create --name=testvdo --device=/dev/nvme0n3 --vdoLogicalSize=60G

Creating VDO testvdo
      The VDO volume can address 16 GB in 8 data slabs, each 2 GB.
      It can grow to address at most 16 TB of physical storage in 8192 slabs.
      If a larger maximum size might be needed, use bigger slabs.
Starting VDO testvdo
Starting compression on VDO testvdo
VDO instance 0 volume is ready at /dev/mapper/testvdo
[root@wentan ~]# lsblk
NAME          MAJ:MIN RM  SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sr0            11:0    1  6.6G  0 rom  
nvme0n1       259:0    0   25G  0 disk 
├─nvme0n1p1   259:1    0    1G  0 part /boot
└─nvme0n1p2   259:2    0   24G  0 part 
  ├─rhel-root 253:0    0   22G  0 lvm  /
  └─rhel-swap 253:1    0    2G  0 lvm  [SWAP]
nvme0n2       259:3    0   20G  0 disk 
└─testvdo     253:2    0   60G  0 vdo  

[root@wentan ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/mapper/testvdo 
meta-data=/dev/mapper/testvdo    isize=512    agcount=4, agsize=3932160 blks
         =                       sectsz=4096  attr=2, projid32bit=1
         =                       crc=1        finobt=1, sparse=1, rmapbt=0
         =                       reflink=1
data     =                       bsize=4096   blocks=15728640, imaxpct=25
         =                       sunit=0      swidth=0 blks
naming   =version 2              bsize=4096   ascii-ci=0, ftype=1
log      =internal log           bsize=4096   blocks=7680, version=2
         =                       sectsz=4096  sunit=1 blks, lazy-count=1
realtime =none                   extsz=4096   blocks=0, rtextents=0

[root@wentan ~]# mkdir /vdoblock
[root@wentan ~]# vim /etc/fstab
/dev/mapper/testvdo     /vdoblock               xfs     defaults,x-systemd.requires=vdo.service 0 0

[root@wentan ~]# mount -a
[root@wentan ~]# df -hT
Filesystem            Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs              devtmpfs  1.8G     0  1.8G   0% /dev
tmpfs                 tmpfs     1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                 tmpfs     1.9G  9.6M  1.9G   1% /run
tmpfs                 tmpfs     1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/rhel-root xfs        22G  4.5G   18G  21% /
/dev/nvme0n1p1        xfs      1014M  269M  746M  27% /boot
tmpfs                 tmpfs     371M   16K  371M   1% /run/user/42
tmpfs                 tmpfs     371M  4.0K  371M   1% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/testvdo   xfs        60G  461M   60G   1% /vdoblock

3.5 逻辑卷的缩小

#查看一下目前的大小
[root@wentan ~]# df -hT
Filesystem                Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs                  devtmpfs  1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /dev
tmpfs                     tmpfs     1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                     tmpfs     1.9G  9.7M  1.9G   1% /run
tmpfs                     tmpfs     1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/rhel-root     xfs        22G  4.2G   18G  19% /
/dev/nvme0n1p1            xfs      1014M  169M  846M  17% /boot
tmpfs                     tmpfs     376M   16K  376M   1% /run/user/42
/dev/mapper/testvg-testlv ext4      4.7G   16M  4.4G   1% /volume1
tmpfs                     tmpfs     376M  4.0K  376M   1% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/mvvg-mylv     xfs       4.0G   61M  4.0G   2% /new-volume

#在做磁盘裁剪的时候，首先必须要把文件系统给取消挂载
[root@wentan ~]# umount /dev/mapper/testvg-testlv 
[root@wentan ~]# df -hT
Filesystem            Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs              devtmpfs  1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /dev
tmpfs                 tmpfs     1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                 tmpfs     1.9G  9.7M  1.9G   1% /run
tmpfs                 tmpfs     1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/rhel-root xfs        22G  4.2G   18G  19% /
/dev/nvme0n1p1        xfs      1014M  169M  846M  17% /boot
tmpfs                 tmpfs     376M   16K  376M   1% /run/user/42
tmpfs                 tmpfs     376M  4.0K  376M   1% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/mvvg-mylv xfs       4.0G   61M  4.0G   2% /new-volume
#裁剪前必须要检测文件系统，避免把文件系统的错误扩大化导致文件系统奔溃
[root@wentan ~]# e2fsck -f /dev/testvg/testlv 
e2fsck 1.44.3 (10-July-2018)
Pass 1: Checking inodes, blocks, and sizes
Pass 2: Checking directory structure
Pass 3: Checking directory connectivity
Pass 4: Checking reference counts
Pass 5: Checking group summary information
/dev/testvg/testlv: 11/319488 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 40540/1258496 blocks
[root@wentan ~]# resize2fs /dev/testvg/testlv 2G
resize2fs 1.44.3 (10-July-2018)
Resizing the filesystem on /dev/testvg/testlv to 524288 (4k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/testvg/testlv is now 524288 (4k) blocks long.

[root@wentan ~]# lvreduce -L 2G /dev/testvg/testlv 
  WARNING: Reducing active logical volume to 2.00 GiB.
  THIS MAY DESTROY YOUR DATA (filesystem etc.)
Do you really want to reduce testvg/testlv? [y/n]: y
  Size of logical volume testvg/testlv changed from 4.80 GiB (1229 extents) to 2.00 GiB (512 extents).
  Logical volume testvg/testlv successfully resized.
[root@wentan ~]# mount -a
[root@wentan ~]# df -hT
Filesystem                Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs                  devtmpfs  1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /dev
tmpfs                     tmpfs     1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                     tmpfs     1.9G  9.7M  1.9G   1% /run
tmpfs                     tmpfs     1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/rhel-root     xfs        22G  4.2G   18G  19% /
/dev/nvme0n1p1            xfs      1014M  169M  846M  17% /boot
tmpfs                     tmpfs     376M   16K  376M   1% /run/user/42
tmpfs                     tmpfs     376M  4.0K  376M   1% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/mvvg-mylv     xfs       4.0G   61M  4.0G   2% /new-volume
/dev/mapper/testvg-testlv ext4      2.0G   12M  1.8G   1% /volume1

3.6 逻辑卷的删除

[root@wentan ~]# umount /dev/mapper/testvg-testlv 
[root@wentan ~]# vim /etc/fstab 
#删除含有/dev/mapper/testvg-testlv的一行
[root@wentan ~]# lvremove /dev/testvg/testlv 
Do you really want to remove active logical volume testvg/testlv? [y/n]: y
  Logical volume "testlv" successfully removed
[root@wentan ~]# vgremove testvg 
  Volume group "testvg" successfully removed
[root@wentan ~]# pvremove /dev/nvme0n2p1
  Labels on physical volume "/dev/nvme0n2p1" successfully wiped.
[root@wentan ~]# df -hT
Filesystem            Type      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
devtmpfs              devtmpfs  1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /dev
tmpfs                 tmpfs     1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /dev/shm
tmpfs                 tmpfs     1.9G  9.7M  1.9G   1% /run
tmpfs                 tmpfs     1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/mapper/rhel-root xfs        22G  4.2G   18G  19% /
/dev/nvme0n1p1        xfs      1014M  169M  846M  17% /boot
tmpfs                 tmpfs     376M   16K  376M   1% /run/user/42
tmpfs                 tmpfs     376M  4.0K  376M   1% /run/user/0
/dev/mapper/mvvg-mylv xfs       4.0G   61M  4.0G   2% /new-volume

3.7 逻辑卷快照技术

LVM还具备有“快照卷”功能，该功能类似于虚拟机软件的还原时间点功能。例如，可以对某一个逻辑卷设备做一次快照，如果日后发现数据被改错了，就可以利用之前做好的快照卷进行覆盖还原。LVM的快照卷功能有两个特点：

快照卷的容量必须等同于逻辑卷的容量；
快照卷仅一次有效，一旦执行还原操作后则会被立即自动删除。

[root@wentan ~]# vgdisplay 
  --- Volume group ---
  VG Name               mvvg
  System ID             
  Format                lvm2
  Metadata Areas        1
  Metadata Sequence No  3
  VG Access             read/write
  VG Status             resizable
  MAX LV                0
  Cur LV                1
  Open LV               1
  Max PV                0
  Cur PV                1
  Act PV                1
  VG Size               <5.00 GiB
  PE Size               4.00 MiB
  Total PE              1279
  Alloc PE / Size       1024 / 4.00 GiB
  Free  PE / Size       255 / 1020.00 MiB
  VG UUID               peXZzy-ldiM-hwer-d9Ih-Yfu4-F7dT-hWP1FB
   
  --- Volume group ---
  VG Name               rhel
  System ID             
  Format                lvm2
  Metadata Areas        1
  Metadata Sequence No  3
  VG Access             read/write
  VG Status             resizable
  MAX LV                0
  Cur LV                2
  Open LV               2
  Max PV                0
  Cur PV                1
  Act PV                1
  VG Size               <24.00 GiB
  PE Size               4.00 MiB
  Total PE              6143
  Alloc PE / Size       6143 / <24.00 GiB
  Free  PE / Size       0 / 0   
  VG UUID               tLKo9C-urRn-PQ4C-lFCK-NnxX-5uSF-g7oknF

#在还原时间点快照前写入一个文件，验证恢复快照不会丢失之前的文件 
[root@wentan ~]# echo "hello,world" > /new-volume/readme.txt
#检查刚刚写入的文件是否存在
[root@wentan ~]# ls -l /new-volume/
total 4
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 12 Jan 18 19:37 readme.txt
#给这个lv卷打一个快照
[root@wentan ~]# lvcreate -L 120M -s -n SNAP /dev/mvvg/mylv
  Logical volume "SNAP" created.

#查看lv所有卷组，会发现快照卷已经存在了
[root@wentan ~]# lvdisplay 
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/mvvg/mylv
  LV Name                mylv
  VG Name                mvvg
  LV UUID                mJoWZN-8lfH-lWTd-KEHZ-6eBs-bzl8-BAT8iw
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time wentan, 2022-01-18 19:23:25 +0800
  LV snapshot status     source of
                         SNAP [active]
  LV Status              available
  # open                 1
  LV Size                4.00 GiB
  Current LE             1024
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     8192
  Block device           253:3
   
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/mvvg/SNAP
  LV Name                SNAP
  VG Name                mvvg
  LV UUID                ZuO0eN-rEkX-9iYR-iDUu-Jrt2-w2wV-dE74rV
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time wentan, 2022-01-18 19:38:00 +0800
  LV snapshot status     active destination for mylv
  LV Status              available
  # open                 0
  LV Size                4.00 GiB
  Current LE             1024
  COW-table size         120.00 MiB
  COW-table LE           30
  Allocated to snapshot  0.02%
  Snapshot chunk size    4.00 KiB
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     256
  Block device           253:5
   
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/rhel/swap
  LV Name                swap
  VG Name                rhel
  LV UUID                88Em5N-b1ye-gxHz-cPZN-eY0O-1RR7-2ZI1A2
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time localhost, 2022-01-05 04:16:15 +0800
  LV Status              available
  # open                 2
  LV Size                <2.05 GiB
  Current LE             524
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     8192
  Block device           253:1
   
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/rhel/root
  LV Name                root
  VG Name                rhel
  LV UUID                wGxFLg-lFhu-cNG4-4TeI-DRxn-AnLu-HhfBQf
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time localhost, 2022-01-05 04:16:15 +0800
  LV Status              available
  # open                 1
  LV Size                <21.95 GiB
  Current LE             5619
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     8192
  Block device           253:0
  
#在逻辑卷所挂载的目录中创建一个100MB的垃圾文件，然后再查看快照卷的状态。可以发现存储空间占的用量上升了
[root@wentan ~]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/new-volume/files count=1 bs=100M
1+0 records in
1+0 records out
104857600 bytes (105 MB, 100 MiB) copied, 0.751014 s, 140 MB/s
[root@wentan ~]# lvdisplay 
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/mvvg/mylv
  LV Name                mylv
  VG Name                mvvg
  LV UUID                mJoWZN-8lfH-lWTd-KEHZ-6eBs-bzl8-BAT8iw
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time wentan, 2022-01-18 19:23:25 +0800
  LV snapshot status     source of
                         SNAP [active]
  LV Status              available
  # open                 1
  LV Size                4.00 GiB
  Current LE             1024
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     8192
  Block device           253:3
   
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/mvvg/SNAP
  LV Name                SNAP
  VG Name                mvvg
  LV UUID                ZuO0eN-rEkX-9iYR-iDUu-Jrt2-w2wV-dE74rV
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time wentan, 2022-01-18 19:38:00 +0800
  LV snapshot status     active destination for mylv
  LV Status              available
  # open                 0
  LV Size                4.00 GiB
  Current LE             1024
  COW-table size         120.00 MiB
  COW-table LE           30
  Allocated to snapshot  83.68%
  Snapshot chunk size    4.00 KiB
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     256
  Block device           253:5
   
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/rhel/swap
  LV Name                swap
  VG Name                rhel
  LV UUID                88Em5N-b1ye-gxHz-cPZN-eY0O-1RR7-2ZI1A2
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time localhost, 2022-01-05 04:16:15 +0800
  LV Status              available
  # open                 2
  LV Size                <2.05 GiB
  Current LE             524
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     8192
  Block device           253:1
   
  --- Logical volume ---
  LV Path                /dev/rhel/root
  LV Name                root
  VG Name                rhel
  LV UUID                wGxFLg-lFhu-cNG4-4TeI-DRxn-AnLu-HhfBQf
  LV Write Access        read/write
  LV Creation host, time localhost, 2022-01-05 04:16:15 +0800
  LV Status              available
  # open                 1
  LV Size                <21.95 GiB
  Current LE             5619
  Segments               1
  Allocation             inherit
  Read ahead sectors     auto
  - currently set to     8192
  Block device           253:0
  
#恢复快照之前必须要取消挂载
[root@rhel8-server /]# umount   /new-volume
#通过lvconvert --merge 来指定快照SNAP恢复
[root@wentan ~]# lvconvert --merge /dev/mvvg/SNAP 
  Merging of volume mvvg/SNAP started.
  mvvg/mylv: Merged: 28.05%
  mvvg/mylv: Merged: 100.00%        
#挂载所有卷组
[root@wentan ~]# mount -a
[root@wentan ~]# cd /new-volume/
#此时刚刚的100M垃圾随着快照技术已经删除了
[root@wentan new-volume]# ll
total 4
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 12 Jan 18 19:37 readme.txt