MySQL-查询数据

MySQL查询数据

SELECT基本查询

SELECT语句的功能

SELECT 语句从数据库中返回信息。使用一个 SELECT 语句，可以做下面的事：

• 列选择：能够使用 SELECT 语句的列选择功能选择表中的列，这些列是想要用查询返回的。当查询时，能够返回列中的数据。
• 行选择：能够使用 SELECT 语句的行选择功能选择表中的行，这些行是想要用查询返回的。能够使用不同的标准限制看见的行。
• 行连接：能够使用 SELECT 语句的连接功能来集合数据，这些数据被存储在不同的表中，在它们之间可以创建连接，查询出我们所关心的数据。

SELECT基本语法

基本 SELECT 语句

在最简单的形式中，SELECT 语句必须包含下面的内容：

• 一个 SELECT 子句，指定被显示的列
• 一个 FROM 子句，指定表，该表包含 SELECT 子句中的字段列表

在语法中：

添加测试数据

将data.sql文件通过Navicat导入到MySQL中一个数据库中。该文件包含了课程中所使用的案例表。

data.sql文件内容：

SET NAMES utf8mb4;
SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 0;

-- ----------------------------
-- Table structure for countries
-- ----------------------------
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `countries`;
CREATE TABLE `countries`  (
  `COUNTRY_ID` char(2) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci NOT NULL COMMENT 'Primary key of countries table.',
  `COUNTRY_NAME` varchar(40) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci NULL DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'Country name',
  `REGION_ID` int NULL DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'Region ID for the country. Foreign key to region_id column in the departments table.',
  PRIMARY KEY (`COUNTRY_ID`) USING BTREE,
  INDEX `COUNTR_REG_FK`(`REGION_ID`) USING BTREE,
  CONSTRAINT `COUNTR_REG_FK` FOREIGN KEY (`REGION_ID`) REFERENCES `regions` (`REGION_ID`) ON DELETE RESTRICT ON UPDATE RESTRICT
) ENGINE = InnoDB CHARACTER SET = utf8 COLLATE = utf8_general_ci COMMENT = 'country table. Contains 25 rows. References with locations table.' ROW_FORMAT = Dynamic;

-- ----------------------------
-- Records of countries
-- ----------------------------
INSERT INTO `countries` VALUES ('AR', 'Argentina', 2.000000000000000000000000000000);
INSERT INTO `countries` VALUES ('AU', 'Australia', 3.000000000000000000000000000000);
INSERT INTO `countries` VALUES ('BE', 'Belgium', 1.000000000000000000000000000000);
INSERT INTO `countries` VALUES ('BR', 'Brazil', 2.000000000000000000000000000000);
INSERT INTO `countries` VALUES ('CA', 'Canada', 2.000000000000000000000000000000);
INSERT INTO `countries` VALUES ('CH', 'Switzerland', 1.000000000000000000000000000000);
INSERT INTO `countries` VALUES ('CN', 'China', 3.000000000000000000000000000000);
INSERT INTO `countries` VALUES ('DE', 'Germany', 1.000000000000000000000000000000);
INSERT INTO `countries` VALUES ('DK', 'Denmark', 1.000000000000000000000000000000);
INSERT INTO `countries` VALUES ('EG', 'Egypt', 4.000000000000000000000000000000);
INSERT INTO `countries` VALUES ('FR', 'France', 1.000000000000000000000000000000);
INSERT INTO `countries` VALUES ('IL', 'Israel', 4.000000000000000000000000000000);
INSERT INTO `countries` VALUES ('IN', 'India', 3.000000000000000000000000000000);
INSERT INTO `countries` VALUES ('IT', 'Italy', 1.000000000000000000000000000000);
INSERT INTO `countries` VALUES ('JP', 'Japan', 3.000000000000000000000000000000);
INSERT INTO `countries` VALUES ('KW', 'Kuwait', 4.000000000000000000000000000000);
INSERT INTO `countries` VALUES ('ML', 'Malaysia', 3.000000000000000000000000000000);
INSERT INTO `countries` VALUES ('MX', 'Mexico', 2.000000000000000000000000000000);
INSERT INTO `countries` VALUES ('NG', 'Nigeria', 4.000000000000000000000000000000);
INSERT INTO `countries` VALUES ('NL', 'Netherlands', 1.000000000000000000000000000000);
INSERT INTO `countries` VALUES ('SG', 'Singapore', 3.000000000000000000000000000000);
INSERT INTO `countries` VALUES ('UK', 'United Kingdom', 1.000000000000000000000000000000);
INSERT INTO `countries` VALUES ('US', 'United States of America', 2.000000000000000000000000000000);
INSERT INTO `countries` VALUES ('ZM', 'Zambia', 4.000000000000000000000000000000);
INSERT INTO `countries` VALUES ('ZW', 'Zimbabwe', 4.000000000000000000000000000000);

-- ----------------------------
-- Table structure for departments
-- ----------------------------
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `departments`;
CREATE TABLE `departments`  (
  `DEPARTMENT_ID` int NOT NULL COMMENT 'Primary key column of departments table.',
  `DEPARTMENT_NAME` varchar(30) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci NOT NULL COMMENT 'A not null column that shows name of a department. Administration,\nMarketing, Purchasing, Human Resources, Shipping, IT, Executive, Public\nRelations, Sales, Finance, and Accounting. ',
  `MANAGER_ID` int NULL DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'Manager_id of a department. Foreign key to employee_id column of employees table. The manager_id column of the employee table references this column.',
  `LOCATION_ID` int NULL DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'Location id where a department is located. Foreign key to location_id column of locations table.',
  PRIMARY KEY (`DEPARTMENT_ID`) USING BTREE,
  INDEX `DEPT_LOCATION_IX`(`LOCATION_ID`) USING BTREE,
  INDEX `DEPT_MGR_FK`(`MANAGER_ID`) USING BTREE,
  CONSTRAINT `DEPT_LOC_FK` FOREIGN KEY (`LOCATION_ID`) REFERENCES `locations` (`LOCATION_ID`) ON DELETE RESTRICT ON UPDATE RESTRICT,
  CONSTRAINT `DEPT_MGR_FK` FOREIGN KEY (`MANAGER_ID`) REFERENCES `employees` (`EMPLOYEE_ID`) ON DELETE RESTRICT ON UPDATE RESTRICT
) ENGINE = InnoDB CHARACTER SET = utf8 COLLATE = utf8_general_ci COMMENT = 'Departments table that shows details of departments where employees\nwork. Contains 27 rows; references with locations, employees, and job_history tables.' ROW_FORMAT = Dynamic;

-- ----------------------------
-- Records of departments
-- ----------------------------
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (10, 'Administration', 200, 1700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (20, 'Marketing', 201, 1800);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (30, 'Purchasing', 114, 1700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (40, 'Human Resources', 203, 2400);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (50, 'Shipping', 121, 1500);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (60, 'IT', 103, 1400);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (70, 'Public Relations', 204, 2700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (80, 'Sales', 145, 2500);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (90, 'Executive', 100, 1700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (100, 'Finance', 108, 1700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (110, 'Accounting', 205, 1700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (120, 'Treasury', NULL, 1700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (130, 'Corporate Tax', NULL, 1700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (140, 'Control And Credit', NULL, 1700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (150, 'Shareholder Services', NULL, 1700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (160, 'Benefits', NULL, 1700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (170, 'Manufacturing', NULL, 1700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (180, 'Construction', NULL, 1700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (190, 'Contracting', NULL, 1700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (200, 'Operations', NULL, 1700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (210, 'IT Support', NULL, 1700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (220, 'NOC', NULL, 1700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (230, 'IT Helpdesk', NULL, 1700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (240, 'Government Sales', NULL, 1700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (250, 'Retail Sales', NULL, 1700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (260, 'Recruiting', NULL, 1700);
INSERT INTO `departments` VALUES (270, 'Payroll', NULL, 1700);

-- ----------------------------
-- Table structure for employees
-- ----------------------------
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `employees`;
CREATE TABLE `employees`  (
  `EMPLOYEE_ID` int NOT NULL COMMENT 'Primary key of employees table.',
  `FIRST_NAME` varchar(20) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci NULL DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'First name of the employee. A not null column.',
  `LAST_NAME` varchar(25) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci NOT NULL COMMENT 'Last name of the employee. A not null column.',
  `EMAIL` varchar(25) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci NOT NULL COMMENT 'Email id of the employee',
  `PHONE_NUMBER` varchar(20) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci NULL DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'Phone number of the employee; includes country code and area code',
  `HIRE_DATE` datetime NOT NULL COMMENT 'Date when the employee started on this job. A not null column.',
  `JOB_ID` varchar(10) CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci NOT NULL COMMENT 'Current job of the employee; foreign key to job_id column of the\njobs table. A not null column.',
  `SALARY` float(8, 2) NULL DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'Monthly salary of the employee. Must be greater\nthan zero (enforced by constraint emp_salary_min)',
  `COMMISSION_PCT` int NULL DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'Commission percentage of the employee; Only employees in sales\ndepartment elgible for commission percentage',
  `MANAGER_ID` int NULL DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'Manager id of the employee; has same domain as manager_id in\ndepartments table. Foreign key to employee_id column of employees table.\n(useful for reflexive joins and CONNECT BY query)',
  `DEPARTMENT_ID` int NULL DEFAULT NULL COMMENT 'Department id where employee works; foreign key to department_id\ncolumn of the departments table',
  PRIMARY KEY (`EMPLOYEE_ID`) USING BTREE,
  INDEX `EMP_DEPARTMENT_IX`