quick Django

创建project named mysite  
django-admin startproject mysite

命令行进入项目目录

运行服务器
python manage.py runserver

创建APP named polls
 python manage.py startapp polls

Let’s write the first view. Open the file polls/views.py and put the following Python code in it:

polls/views.py

from django.http import HttpResponse
def index(request):
    return HttpResponse("Hello, world. You're at the polls index.")

 create a file called urls.py in polls

polls/urls.py

from django.urls import path

from . import views

urlpatterns = [
    path('', views.index, name='index'),
]

在project里指向APP polls

In mysite/urls.py

from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import include, path

urlpatterns = [
    path('polls/', include('polls.urls')),
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
]

editing mysite/settings.py

TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai'

Some of INSTALLED_APPS make use of at least one database table, though, so we need to create the tables in the database before we can use them. To do that, run the following command:

python manage.py migrate

The migrate command looks at the INSTALLED_APPS setting and creates any necessary database tables according to the database settings in your mysite/settings.py file and the database migrations shipped with the app

migrations are entirely derived from your models file, and are essentially just a history that Django can roll through to update your database schema to match your current models.

 

Edit the polls/models.py

 

from django.db import models

class Question(models.Model):
    question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
    pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published')

class Choice(models.Model):
    question = models.ForeignKey(Question, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    choice_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
    votes = models.IntegerField(default=0)

 

To include the app in our project, we need to add a reference to its configuration class in the INSTALLED_APPSsetting. The PollsConfig class is in the polls/apps.py file, so its dotted path is 'polls.apps.PollsConfig'. Edit the mysite/settings.py file and add that dotted path to the INSTALLED_APPS setting. It’ll look like this:

mysite/settings.py

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'polls.apps.PollsConfig',
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
]

 

Migrations are how Django stores changes to your models (and thus your database schema) - they’re just files on disk

Migrations are very powerful and let you change your models over time, as you develop your project, without the need to delete your database or tables and make new ones - it specializes in upgrading your database live, without losing data.

remember the three-step guide to making model changes:

• Change your models (in models.py).
• Run python manage.py makemigrations to create migrations for those changes
• Run python manage.py migrate to apply those changes to the database.

合并python manage.py makemigrations&python manage.py migrate

The reason that there are separate commands to make and apply migrations is because you’ll commit migrations to your version control system and ship them with your app; they not only make your development easier, they’re also usable by other developers and in production.只要向服务器commit migrations，然后python manage.py migrate就可以upgrading your database live

命令行操作数据库

$ python manage.py shell

>>> from polls.models import Choice, Question  # Import the model classes we just wrote.

# No questions are in the system yet.
>>> Question.objects.all()
<QuerySet []>

# Create a new Question.
# Support for time zones is enabled in the default settings file, so
# Django expects a datetime with tzinfo for pub_date. Use timezone.now()
# instead of datetime.datetime.now() and it will do the right thing.
>>> from django.utils import timezone
>>> q = Question(question_text="What's new?", pub_date=timezone.now())

# Save the object into the database. You have to call save() explicitly.
>>> q.save()

# Now it has an ID.
>>> q.id
1

# Access model field values via Python attributes.
>>> q.question_text
"What's new?"
>>> q.pub_date
datetime.datetime(2012, 2, 26, 13, 0, 0, 775217, tzinfo=<UTC>)

# Change values by changing the attributes, then calling save().
>>> q.question_text = "What's up?"
>>> q.save()

# objects.all() displays all the questions in the database.
>>> Question.objects.all()
<QuerySet [<Question: Question object (1)>]>

 

Creating an admin user

python manage.py createsuperuser

python manage.py runserver

http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin/

 

we need to tell the admin that Question objects have an admin interface. To do this, open the polls/admin.py file, and edit it to look like this:

polls/admin.py

from django.contrib import admin

from .models import Question

admin.site.register(Question)