母函数_知道母函数,特征多项式如何求-CSDN博客

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/tata_d2/article/details/79442748

本文介绍了母函数的一般形式及其在求解线性常系数齐次递推关系中的应用，包括普通型和指数型母函数，并通过实例展示了如何利用母函数解决具体的数学问题。

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母函数的一般形式

1.普通型：

G (x) = 1 + a 1 x 1 + a 2 x 2 + . . . + a n x n + . . .

$G(x) = 1 + a_1x^1 + a_2x^2 +...+ a_nx^n +...$

2.指数型：

G (x) = 1 + x 1 1 ! + x 2 2 ! + . . . + x n n ! + . . .

$G(x) = 1 + \dfrac{x^1}{1!} + \dfrac{x^2}{2!} +...+ \dfrac{x^n}{n!} +...$

一些常用的Taylor展开式

1 普通型：

1 1 - x = \sum k = 0 \infty x k

$\dfrac{1}{1-x} = \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} x^k$

既

(1 - a x) - 1 = \sum k = 0 \infty a k x k

$(1-ax)^{-1} = \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} a^kx^k$

2 指数型：
1)

e x = \sum k = 0 \infty x k k !

$e^x = \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \dfrac{x^k}{k!}$

e - x = \sum k = 0 \infty (- 1) x * x k k !

$e^{-x} = \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} (-1)^x * \dfrac{x^k}{k!}$

1 2 (e x - e - x) = \sum k = 0 \infty x 2 k + 1 ( 2 k + 1 ) !

$\dfrac{1}{2}(e^x - e^{-x}) = \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \dfrac{x^{2k+1}}{(2k+1)!}$

1 2 (e x + e - x) = \sum k = 0 \infty x 2 k ( 2 k ) !

$\dfrac{1}{2}(e^x + e^{-x}) = \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \dfrac{x^{2k}}{(2k)!}$

例：求n位十进制数出现偶数个5的数的个数

设

a_{n}

$a_n$ 为出现偶数个5的数的个数，

bnbn $b_n$ 为出现奇数个5的数的个数

an=9an−1+bn−1an=9an−1+bn−1 $a_n = 9a_{n-1} + b_{n-1}$

bn=9bn−1=an−1bn=9bn−1=an−1 $b_n = 9b_{n-1} = a_{n-1}$

a1=8,b1=1a1=8,b1=1 $a_1 = 8, b_1 = 1$

设母函数
$G_a(x) = a_1 + a_2x + a_3x^2 +...$
$G_b(x) = b_1 + b_2x + b_3x^2 +...$

$x : a_2 = 9a_1 + b_1$
$x^2 : a_3 = 9a_2 +b_2$
$x^3 : a_4 = 9a_3 + b_3$
$...$
求和得
$G_a(x) - a_1 = 9xG_a(x) + xG_b(x)$
整理得
$(1-9x)G_a(x) - xG_b(x) = a_1 = 8$
同理可得
$(1-9x)G_b(x) - xG_a(x) = b_1 = 1$
解方程可得
$G_a(x) = \dfrac{-71x + 8}{(1 - 8x)(1 - 10x)}$
分解成部分分式，
设 $A, B$ 使得 $\dfrac{A}{1-8x} + \dfrac{B}{1-10x} = G_a(x)$ 成立
解得 $A = \dfrac{7}{2}, b = \dfrac{9}{2}$

$\therefore G_a(x) = \dfrac{1}{2}(\dfrac{7}{1-8x} + \dfrac{9}{1-10x})$
taylor展开

$(1 - a x) - 1 = \sum k = 0 \infty a k x k$ $(1-ax)^{-1} = \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} a^kx^k$

$G_a(x) = \dfrac{1}{2} \sum_{k=0}^{\infty}(7*8^k + 9*10^k)x^k$
$\therefore a_n = \dfrac{7}{2}*8^n + \dfrac{9}{2} * 10^k$

线性常系数齐次递推关系

递推关系：

a n + c 1 a n - 1 + c 2 a n - 2 + . . . + c k a n - k = 0

$a_{n} + c_{1}a_{n-1} + c_{2}a_{n-2} +...+ c_{k}a_{n-k} = 0$

设母函数为

G (x) = a 0 x 0 + a 1 x 1 + a 2 x 2 + . . . + a n x n + . . .

$G(x) = a_0x^0 +a_1x^1 + a_2x^2 +...+ a_nx^n +...$

可得

x k (a k + c 1 a k - 1 + . . . + c k a 0) = 0

$x^k(a_k + c_1a_{k-1} +...+ c_ka^0) = 0$

其中第 i 项的和为

c i x i (G (x) - \sum j = 0 k - i - 1 a i x i)

$c_ix_i(G(x) - \sum_{j=0}^{k-i-1} a_ix^i)$

总和为

\sum i = 0 k (c i x i (G (x) - \sum j = 0 k - i - 1 a i x i)) = 0

$\sum_{i=0}^k(c_ix_i(G(x) - \sum_{j=0}^{k-i-1} a_ix^i) ) = 0$

整理得

G (x) = \sum k i = 0 ( c i x i \sum k - i - 1 j = 0 a i x i ) \sum k i = 0 c i x i

$G(x) = \dfrac{\sum_{i=0}^k(c_ix_i \sum_{j=0}^{k-i-1} a_ix^i )}{\sum_{i=0}^{k} c_ix^i}$

设分子 $\sum_{i=0}^k(c_ix_i \sum_{j=0}^{k-i-1} a_ix^i ) = P(x)$

G (x) = P ( x ) \sum k i = 0 c i x i

$G(x) = \dfrac{P(x)}{\sum_{i=0}^{k} c_ix^i}$

单独看分母，提取 $x^k$ ，设 $m = x^{-1}$ ，得

x k (m k + c 1 m k - 1 + . . . + c k - 1 m 1 + c k)

$x^k(m^k + c_1m^{k-1} +...+ c_{k-1}m^1 + c_k)$

既特征多项式（可直接通过递推关系写出）：

C (x) = x k + c 1 x k - 1 + . . . + c k - 1 x + c k

$C(x) = x^k + c_{1}x^{k-1} +...+ c_{k-1}x + c_{k}$

特征多项式可进行因式分解

C (x) = (x - a 1) (x - a 2) . . . (x - a k)

$C(x) = (x-a_1)(x-a_2)...(x-a_k)$

分母得

x k (1 - a 1 x - 1) (1 - a 2 x - 1) . . . (1 - a k x - 1)

${x^k(1-a_1x^{-1})(1-a_2x^{-1})...(1-a_kx^{-1})}$

原式得

G (x) = P ( x ) ( 1 - a 1 x ) ( 1 - a 2 x ) . . . ( 1 - a k x )

$G(x) = \dfrac{P(x)}{(1-a_1x)(1-a_2x)...(1-a_kx)}$

分类讨论：
1)无重根

待定系数 $A_1, A_2 ... A_k$

G (x) = \sum i = 1 k A i 1 - a i x

$G(x) = \sum_{i=1}^{k} \dfrac{A_i}{1-a_ix}$

利用下式taylor展开可得

$(1 - a x) - 1 = \sum k = 0 \infty a k x k$ $(1-ax)^{-1} = \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} a^kx^k$

a n = \sum i = 1 k A i a n i

$a_n = \sum_{i=1}^{k} A_ia_i^n$

$A_1, A_2...A_k$ 可通过初始值列线性方程组求解

2)有重根
设 $β$ 为 $C(x)$ 的重根，可得

G (x) = \sum i = 1 k A i ( 1 - β x ) i

$G(x) = \sum_{i=1}^k \dfrac{A_i}{(1-βx)^i}$

利用二项式定理可得

$(a + b) n = C 0 n a n + C 1 n a n - 1 b + . . . + C n n b n$ $(a+b)^n = C_n^0a^n + C_n^1a^{n-1}_b+...+C^n_nb^n$

a n = \sum i = 1 k A j C n n + i - 1 β n

$a_n = \sum_{i=1}^k A_jC^n_{n+i-1}β^n$

a n = (\sum i = 1 k A i n i - 1) β n

$a_n = (\sum_{i=1}^k A_in^{i-1}) \beta^n$

例：求

Sn=∑nk=0k2Sn=∑k=0nk2 $S_n = \sum_{k=0}^{n}k^2$

解：

S_{n} = 1^{2} + 2^{2} + . . . + n^{2}

$S_n = 1^2 + 2^2 +...+ n^2$
可得
1)

Sn−Sn−1=n2Sn−Sn−1=n2 $S_n - S_{n-1} = n^2$
2)

Sn−1−Sn−2=(n−1)2Sn−1−Sn−2=(n−1)2 $S_{n-1} - S_{n-2} = (n-1)^2$
3)

Sn−2−Sn−3=(n−2)2Sn−2−Sn−3=(n−2)2 $S_{n-2} - S_{n-3} = (n-2)^2$
4)

Sn−3−Sn−4=(n−3)2Sn−3−Sn−4=(n−3)2 $S_{n-3} - S_{n-4} = (n-3)^2$

1) - 2)得
$S_n - 2S_{n-1} +S_{n-2} = 2n-1$
2) - 3)得
$S_{n-1} - 2S_{n-2} + S_{n-3} = 2n-3$

可得
$S_n - 3S_{n-1} + 3S_{n-2} - S_{n-3} = 2$
同理可得
$S_{n-1} - 3S_{n-2} + 3S_{n-3} - S_{n-4} = 2$

$\therefore S_n - 4S_{n-1} + 6S_{n-2} - 4S_{n-3} +S_{n-4} = 0$
$S_0 = 0, S_1 = 1, S_2 = 5, S_4 = 14$
至此，可用母函数特征多项式求出各项。