MNIST入门——softmax回归

1. Softmax回归形式：
   $$y=softmax(Wx+b)$$
2. 交叉熵损失函数
   $$H_{y^{\prime }}(y)=-\sum _i{y}_i^{\prime }log(y_i)$$
3. 在这里，我们要利用softmax回归预测图中的数字
   $y$是我们预测的分布，$y^{\prime }$是实际的分布（在这里是我们输入的one-hot vector）

# 机器学习入门：MNIST【训练一个机器学习模型用于预测图片中的数字】
# 一个简单的数据模型：Softmax Regression【主要介绍如何使用Tensorflow】
# MNIST数据集包含60000行训练数据集和10000行测试数据集。
# 每个数据单元由两部分组成：一张手写数字的图片和一个对应的标签。每张图片是28*28像素
# 将二维数组展平，其实会丢失图片的二维结构信息，这里先忽略。 
# 通过softmax回归，得到给定图片代表每个数字的概率

# 下载数据
import input_data
mnist = input_data.read_data_sets('MNIST_data/', one_hot=True)

import tensorflow as tf

# x,y_是一个占位符，在Tensorflow运行计算时输入这个值。是真实的数据值。
# None表示此张量的第一个维度可以是任何长度的。第二个维度是每张图片的像素28*28
x = tf.placeholder('float', [None, 784])
y_ = tf.placeholder('float', [None, 10])

# 模型还需要权重和偏置，也可以使用占位符进行输入
# 但Tensorflow有一种更好的方式来表示它们：Variable
# 一个Variable代表一个可修改的张量，存在在Tensorflow的用于描述交互性操作的图中。
W = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([784, 10]))
b = tf.Variable(tf.zeros([10]))

# 模型
y = tf.nn.softmax(tf.matmul(x, W) + b)

# 策略：损失函数
# 一种常见的cost function就是交叉熵（cross-entropy）
# 交叉熵是用来衡量我们的预测用于描述真相的低效性, y是预测值。
cross_entropy = -tf.reduce_sum(y_*tf.log(y))

# 算法：优化过程
# 这里利用梯度下降算法，以0.01的学习率最小化交叉熵
train_step = tf.train.GradientDescentOptimizer(0.01).minimize(cross_entropy)

# TensorFlow在这里实际做的是，在后台给描述你的计算的那张图增加一系列新的计算操作单元，用于实现反向传播算法和梯度下降算法。
# 然后，它返回给你的只是一个单一的操作，当运行这个操作时，它用梯度下降算法训练你的模型，微调你的变量，不断减小cost

#在运行运算之前，需要添加一个操作来初始化我们创建的变量
init = tf.initialize_all_variables()

# 在一个Session里启动模型，并且初始化变量
sess = tf.Session()
sess.run(init)

# 开始训练模型
# 迭代的每个步骤中，随机抓取训练数据中的100个批处理数据点，然后用这些数据点作为参数代替之前的占位符来运行train_step
for i in range(1000):
    batch_xs, batch_ys = mnist.train.next_batch(100)
    sess.run(train_step, feed_dict={x: batch_xs, y_: batch_ys})

# 评估模型
correct_prediction = tf.equal(tf.argmax(y, 1), tf.argmax(y_, 1))
accuracy = tf.reduce_mean(tf.cast(correct_prediction, 'float'))

print(sess.run(accuracy, feed_dict={x: mnist.test.images, y_: mnist.test.labels}))


#输出结果
0.9132

附件：input_data.py的内容如下【用于下载MNIST数据集】：

# Copyright 2015 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
# ==============================================================================
"""Functions for downloading and reading MNIST data."""
from __future__ import absolute_import
from __future__ import division
from __future__ import print_function
import gzip
import os
import numpy
from six.moves import urllib
from six.moves import xrange  # pylint: disable=redefined-builtin
SOURCE_URL = 'http://yann.lecun.com/exdb/mnist/'
def maybe_download(filename, work_directory):
  """Download the data from Yann's website, unless it's already here."""
  if not os.path.exists(work_directory):
    os.mkdir(work_directory)
  filepath = os.path.join(work_directory, filename)
  if not os.path.exists(filepath):
    filepath, _ = urllib.request.urlretrieve(SOURCE_URL + filename, filepath)
    statinfo = os.stat(filepath)
    print('Successfully downloaded', filename, statinfo.st_size, 'bytes.')
  return filepath
def _read32(bytestream):
  dt = numpy.dtype(numpy.uint32).newbyteorder('>')
  return numpy.frombuffer(bytestream.read(4), dtype=dt)[0]#新增加 [0]
def extract_images(filename):
  """Extract the images into a 4D uint8 numpy array [index, y, x, depth]."""
  print('Extracting', filename)
  with gzip.open(filename) as bytestream:
    magic = _read32(bytestream)
    if magic != 2051:
      raise ValueError(
          'Invalid magic number %d in MNIST image file: %s' %
          (magic, filename))
    num_images = _read32(bytestream)
    rows = _read32(bytestream)
    cols = _read32(bytestream)
    buf = bytestream.read(rows * cols * num_images)
    data = numpy.frombuffer(buf, dtype=numpy.uint8)
    data = data.reshape(num_images, rows, cols, 1)
    return data
def dense_to_one_hot(labels_dense, num_classes=10):
  """Convert class labels from scalars to one-hot vectors."""
  num_labels = labels_dense.shape[0]
  index_offset = numpy.arange(num_labels) * num_classes
  labels_one_hot = numpy.zeros((num_labels, num_classes))
  labels_one_hot.flat[index_offset + labels_dense.ravel()] = 1
  return labels_one_hot
def extract_labels(filename, one_hot=False):
  """Extract the labels into a 1D uint8 numpy array [index]."""
  print('Extracting', filename)
  with gzip.open(filename) as bytestream:
    magic = _read32(bytestream)
    if magic != 2049:
      raise ValueError(
          'Invalid magic number %d in MNIST label file: %s' %
          (magic, filename))
    num_items = _read32(bytestream)
    buf = bytestream.read(num_items)
    labels = numpy.frombuffer(buf, dtype=numpy.uint8)
    if one_hot:
      return dense_to_one_hot(labels)
    return labels
class DataSet(object):
  def __init__(self, images, labels, fake_data=False):
    if fake_data:
      self._num_examples = 10000
    else:
      assert images.shape[0] == labels.shape[0], (
          "images.shape: %s labels.shape: %s" % (images.shape,
                                                 labels.shape))
      self._num_examples = images.shape[0]
      # Convert shape from [num examples, rows, columns, depth]
      # to [num examples, rows*columns] (assuming depth == 1)
      assert images.shape[3] == 1
      images = images.reshape(images.shape[0],
                              images.shape[1] * images.shape[2])
      # Convert from [0, 255] -> [0.0, 1.0].
      images = images.astype(numpy.float32)
      images = numpy.multiply(images, 1.0 / 255.0)
    self._images = images
    self._labels = labels
    self._epochs_completed = 0
    self._index_in_epoch = 0
  @property
  def images(self):
    return self._images
  @property
  def labels(self):
    return self._labels
  @property
  def num_examples(self):
    return self._num_examples
  @property
  def epochs_completed(self):
    return self._epochs_completed
  def next_batch(self, batch_size, fake_data=False):
    """Return the next `batch_size` examples from this data set."""
    if fake_data:
      fake_image = [1.0 for _ in xrange(784)]
      fake_label = 0
      return [fake_image for _ in xrange(batch_size)], [
          fake_label for _ in xrange(batch_size)]
    start = self._index_in_epoch
    self._index_in_epoch += batch_size
    if self._index_in_epoch > self._num_examples:
      # Finished epoch
      self._epochs_completed += 1
      # Shuffle the data
      perm = numpy.arange(self._num_examples)
      numpy.random.shuffle(perm)
      self._images = self._images[perm]
      self._labels = self._labels[perm]
      # Start next epoch
      start = 0
      self._index_in_epoch = batch_size
      assert batch_size <= self._num_examples
    end = self._index_in_epoch
    return self._images[start:end], self._labels[start:end]
def read_data_sets(train_dir, fake_data=False, one_hot=False):
  class DataSets(object):
    pass
  data_sets = DataSets()
  if fake_data:
    data_sets.train = DataSet([], [], fake_data=True)
    data_sets.validation = DataSet([], [], fake_data=True)
    data_sets.test = DataSet([], [], fake_data=True)
    return data_sets
  TRAIN_IMAGES = 'train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz'
  TRAIN_LABELS = 'train-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz'
  TEST_IMAGES = 't10k-images-idx3-ubyte.gz'
  TEST_LABELS = 't10k-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz'
  VALIDATION_SIZE = 5000
  local_file = maybe_download(TRAIN_IMAGES, train_dir)
  train_images = extract_images(local_file)
  local_file = maybe_download(TRAIN_LABELS, train_dir)
  train_labels = extract_labels(local_file, one_hot=one_hot)
  local_file = maybe_download(TEST_IMAGES, train_dir)
  test_images = extract_images(local_file)
  local_file = maybe_download(TEST_LABELS, train_dir)
  test_labels = extract_labels(local_file, one_hot=one_hot)
  validation_images = train_images[:VALIDATION_SIZE]
  validation_labels = train_labels[:VALIDATION_SIZE]
  train_images = train_images[VALIDATION_SIZE:]
  train_labels = train_labels[VALIDATION_SIZE:]
  data_sets.train = DataSet(train_images, train_labels)
  data_sets.validation = DataSet(validation_images, validation_labels)
  data_sets.test = DataSet(test_images, test_labels)
  return data_sets