2.4线程并发工具-Callable、Future和FutureTask原理+源码解析

本文深入解析了Callable、Future和FutureTask的概念与使用，对比了Callable与Runnable的差异，详细介绍了FutureTask的工作原理，包括状态转换、构造函数、run方法、set方法和get方法的实现细节。

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一、Callable、Future和FutureTask概述

1、Callable和Runnable的区别

Executor框架使用Runnable作为其基本的任务表示形式。Runnable是一种局限性很大的抽象，它没有返回值并且不能抛出异常

@FunctionalInterface
public interface Runnable {
    /**
     * When an object implementing interface <code>Runnable</code> is used
     * to create a thread, starting the thread causes the object's
     * <code>run</code> method to be called in that separately executing
     * thread.
     * <p>
     * The general contract of the method <code>run</code> is that it may
     * take any action whatsoever.
     *
     * @see     java.lang.Thread#run()
     */
    public abstract void run();
}

许多任务实际上都是存在延迟的计算，对于这些任务，Callable是一种更好的抽象：它会返回一个值，并可能抛出一个异常

@FunctionalInterface
public interface Callable<V> {
    /**
     * Computes a result, or throws an exception if unable to do so.
     *
     * @return computed result
     * @throws Exception if unable to compute a result
     */
    V call() throws Exception;
}

2、Future

Future表示一个任务的生命周期，并提供了方法来判断是否已经完成或取消，以及获取任务的结果和取消任务等

public interface Future<V> {
    boolean cancel(boolean mayInterruptIfRunning);
 
    boolean isCancelled();
 
    boolean isDone();
 
    V get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException;
 
    V get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
        throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException, TimeoutException;
}

cancel方法用于取消任务，取消成功返回true，取消失败返回false。mayInterruptIfRunning参数含义是是否允许取消正在运行的任务。

isCancelled方法用于判断任务是否被取消成功，在任务正常结束之前被取消成功则会返回true。

isDone方法用于判断任务是否已经完成

get用于获取任务的返回值

get(long timeout, TimeUnit unit) 用来获取执行结果，如果在指定时间内，还没获取到结果，就直接返回null。

综上所述Future提供了三种功能
1、判断任务是否完成
2、中断任务
3、获取结果

3、FutureTask

Future只是一个接口，无法直接创建对象，因此需要借助FutureTask来使用

public class FutureTask<V> implements RunnableFuture<V> {}

FutureTask实现了RunnableFuture接口

public interface RunnableFuture<V> extends Runnable, Future<V> {
    /**
     * Sets this Future to the result of its computation
     * unless it has been cancelled.
     */
    void run();
}

RunnableFuture继承自Runnable和Future
一个FutureTask 可以用来包装一个 Callable 或是一个Runnable对象。因为FurtureTask实现了Runnable方法，所以一个 FutureTask可以提交(submit)给一个Excutor执行(excution). 它同时实现了Callable, 所以也可以作为Future得到Callable的返回值。

FutureTask有两个很重要的属性分别是state和runner

/**
     * The run state of this task, initially NEW.  The run state
     * transitions to a terminal state only in methods set,
     * setException, and cancel.  During completion, state may take on
     * transient values of COMPLETING (while outcome is being set) or
     * INTERRUPTING (only while interrupting the runner to satisfy a
     * cancel(true)). Transitions from these intermediate to final
     * states use cheaper ordered/lazy writes because values are unique
     * and cannot be further modified.
     *
     * Possible state transitions:
     * NEW -> COMPLETING -> NORMAL
     * NEW -> COMPLETING -> EXCEPTIONAL
     * NEW -> CANCELLED
     * NEW -> INTERRUPTING -> INTERRUPTED
     */
    private volatile int state;
    //线程初始状态
    private static final int NEW          = 0;
    //运行中
    private static final int COMPLETING   = 1;
    //正常运行完成
    private static final int NORMAL       = 2;
    //异常
    private static final int EXCEPTIONAL  = 3;
    //被取消
    private static final int CANCELLED    = 4;
    //被中断的中间态
    private static final int INTERRUPTING = 5;
    //被中断的终态
    private static final int INTERRUPTED  = 6;

这几种状态的转换可能为

NEW -> COMPLETING -> NORMAL（正常结束）
NEW -> COMPLETING -> EXCEPTIONAL（异常结束）
NEW -> CANCELLED（取消执行）
NEW-INTERRUPTING-INTERRUPTED(被中断)

通过几种成员方法讲述下状态的转换
1、构造函数

/**
     * Creates a {@code FutureTask} that will, upon running, execute the
     * given {@code Callable}.
     *
     * @param  callable the callable task
     * @throws NullPointerException if the callable is null
     */
    public FutureTask(Callable<V> callable) {
        if (callable == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        this.callable = callable;
        this.state = NEW;       // ensure visibility of callable
    }

    /**
     * Creates a {@code FutureTask} that will, upon running, execute the
     * given {@code Runnable}, and arrange that {@code get} will return the
     * given result on successful completion.
     *
     * @param runnable the runnable task
     * @param result the result to return on successful completion. If
     * you don't need a particular result, consider using
     * constructions of the form:
     * {@code Future<?> f = new FutureTask<Void>(runnable, null)}
     * @throws NullPointerException if the runnable is null
     */
    public FutureTask(Runnable runnable, V result) {
        this.callable = Executors.callable(runnable, result);
        this.state = NEW;       // ensure visibility of callable
    }

可以看到任务被创建时的初始状态是NEW，构造函数有2种重载函数，一种接收Runnable，一种接收Callable，接收Runnable的时候会进行将Runnable转为Callable。如下

/**
     * Returns a {@link Callable} object that, when
     * called, runs the given task and returns the given result.  This
     * can be useful when applying methods requiring a
     * {@code Callable} to an otherwise resultless action.
     * @param task the task to run
     * @param result the result to return
     * @param <T> the type of the result
     * @return a callable object
     * @throws NullPointerException if task null
     */
    public static <T> Callable<T> callable(Runnable task, T result) {
        if (task == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        return new RunnableAdapter<T>(task, result);
    }

/**
     * A callable that runs given task and returns given result
     */
    static final class RunnableAdapter<T> implements Callable<T> {
        final Runnable task;
        final T result;
        RunnableAdapter(Runnable task, T result) {
            this.task = task;
            this.result = result;
        }
        public T call() {
            task.run();
            return result;
        }
    }

可以看到就是让传入的参数作为call的返回值。使用call方法来调用run方法即可。把传入的 T result 作为callable的返回结果

启动任务
当创建完一个Task通常会提交给Executors来执行，当然也可以使用Thread来执行，Thread的start()方法会调用Task的run()方法。看下FutureTask的run()方法的实现：

public void run() {
        if (state != NEW ||
            !UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(this, runnerOffset,
                                         null, Thread.currentThread()))
            return;
        try {
            Callable<V> c = callable;
            if (c != null && state == NEW) {
                V result;
                boolean ran;
                try {
                    result = c.call();
                    ran = true;
                } catch (Throwable ex) {
                    result = null;
                    ran = false;
                    setException(ex);
                }
                if (ran)
                    set(result);
            }
        } finally {
            // runner must be non-null until state is settled to
            // prevent concurrent calls to run()
            runner = null;
            // state must be re-read after nulling runner to prevent
            // leaked interrupts
            int s = state;
            if (s >= INTERRUPTING)
                handlePossibleCancellationInterrupt(s);
        }
    }

首先判断任务是否处于NEW的状态，如果不是则直接返回。因为任务在初始化完成之前可能就直接被cancel，这时任务已经不处于NEW状态，可能处于Interrupting状态，这也是任务没完全启动，取消时任务一直得不到启动的原因。

如果是处于NEW状态，则判断task的线程是否为null，如果不为null，说明已经有线程在运行了，直接返回。如果为null，则将当前线程赋值给task的线程。此处使用CAS是为了保证对work Thread的赋值是原子性操作。保证多个线程对task进行提交的时候，run只被调用一次。

接下来任务不为null，并且任务处于NEW状态就启动。正常执行就set结果，否则就setException。最后把work Thread设置为null。

set方法

/**
     * Sets the result of this future to the given value unless
     * this future has already been set or has been cancelled.
     *
     * <p>This method is invoked internally by the {@link #run} method
     * upon successful completion of the computation.
     *
     * @param v the value
     */
    protected void set(V v) {
        if (UNSAFE.compareAndSwapInt(this, stateOffset, NEW, COMPLETING)) {
            outcome = v;
            UNSAFE.putOrderedInt(this, stateOffset, NORMAL); // final state
            finishCompletion();
        }
    }

可以看到，如果task处于NEW，则付值为COMPLETING，再将结果设置到outcome中，再将任务设置成NORMAL状态。
整个状态的流转就是上面提到的：- NEW -> COMPLETING -> NORMAL（正常结束）

最后调用finishCompletion（）方法

/**
     * Removes and signals all waiting threads, invokes done(), and
     * nulls out callable.
     */
    private void finishCompletion() {
        // assert state > COMPLETING;
        for (WaitNode q; (q = waiters) != null;) {
            if (UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(this, waitersOffset, q, null)) {
                for (;;) {
                    Thread t = q.thread;
                    if (t != null) {
                        q.thread = null;
                        LockSupport.unpark(t);
                    }
                    WaitNode next = q.next;
                    if (next == null)
                        break;
                    q.next = null; // unlink to help gc
                    q = next;
                }
                break;
            }
        }

        done();

        callable = null;        // to reduce footprint
    }

```java
可以看到主要任务是唤醒等待在task上的所有线程，WaitNode存放的是所有调用get方法阻塞在该task上的线程。
调用done方法；将task的任务设置成null。至此结束整个run的流程。

接下来看下get方法

```java
/**
     * @throws CancellationException {@inheritDoc}
     */
    public V get() throws InterruptedException, ExecutionException {
        int s = state;
        if (s <= COMPLETING)
            s = awaitDone(false, 0L);
        return report(s);
    }

可以看到，第一步是判断任务的状态是否是完成状态，如果是完成状态，则调用report方法

/**
     * Returns result or throws exception for completed task.
     *
     * @param s completed state value
     */
    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    private V report(int s) throws ExecutionException {
        Object x = outcome;
        if (s == NORMAL)
            return (V)x;
        if (s >= CANCELLED)
            throw new CancellationException();
        throw new ExecutionException((Throwable)x);
    }

如果任务状态NORMAL，则表示任务正常结束，已经设置了返回值，直接返回。如果任务是取消或者中断则表示任务异常，则抛出异常。

如果get时,FutureTask的状态为未完成状态，则调用awaitDone方法进行阻塞。awaitDone():

/**
     * Awaits completion or aborts on interrupt or timeout.
     *
     * @param timed true if use timed waits
     * @param nanos time to wait, if timed
     * @return state upon completion
     */
    private int awaitDone(boolean timed, long nanos)
        throws InterruptedException {
        final long deadline = timed ? System.nanoTime() + nanos : 0L;
        WaitNode q = null;
        boolean queued = false;
        for (;;) {
            if (Thread.interrupted()) {
                removeWaiter(q);
                throw new InterruptedException();
            }

            int s = state;
            if (s > COMPLETING) {
                if (q != null)
                    q.thread = null;
                return s;
            }
            else if (s == COMPLETING) // cannot time out yet
                Thread.yield();
            else if (q == null)
                q = new WaitNode();
            else if (!queued)
                queued = UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(this, waitersOffset,
                                                     q.next = waiters, q);
            else if (timed) {
                nanos = deadline - System.nanoTime();
                if (nanos <= 0L) {
                    removeWaiter(q);
                    return state;
                }
                LockSupport.parkNanos(this, nanos);
            }
            else
                LockSupport.park(this);
        }
    }

awaitDone可以看作是轮询查询status的变化，在get阻塞的期间
1、如果调用get的线程被中断，则移除所有阻塞在等待队列上的线程，并抛出InterruptedException异常。
2、如果status表示任务已经完成（正常完成、被取消）直接返回任务状态
3、如果任务正在执行，证明此时正在set结果，让线程等待下。
4、如果线程是NEW状态，将该线程加入到等待队列当中
5、如果get未设置超时时间，则让线程继续阻塞
6、设置了超时时间检查时间是否已到，到了的话移除所有的等待线程，并返回当前的任务status，没到的话继续等待。

四、举例说明Callable、Future和FutureTask框架的使用

package cn.enjoy.controller.thread;

import cn.enjoy.controller.thread.DBPOLL.SleepTools;

import java.util.Random;
import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
import java.util.concurrent.FutureTask;

/**
 * @author：wangle
 * @description：
 * @version:V1.0
 * @date：2020-03-23 21:55
 **/
public class CallableFutureFutureTask {

    private static class UseCallable implements Callable<Integer> {
        @Override
        public Integer call()throws Exception{
            Integer i =0;
            System.out.println("Callable开始计算");
            for( i=0;i<100000;i++){
                System.out.println("run");
                System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted());
                if(Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted()){
                    System.out.println("线程被中断");
                    break;
                }
            }
            System.out.println("线程done");
            return i;
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception{

        UseCallable useCallable = new UseCallable();
        FutureTask<Integer> futureTask = new FutureTask<Integer>(useCallable);
        Thread testThread = new Thread(futureTask);
        testThread.start();
        Thread.sleep(1000);
        futureTask.cancel(true);
        System.out.println(futureTask.get());
        SleepTools.second(2);
    }
}