【C++】C++标准库的数学函数（math）

C++ Math库函数介绍与使用示例

C++标准库中的<cmath>头文件提供了许多常用的数学函数。这些函数主要用于执行基本数学运算、三角函数、指数和对数运算等。

1. 基本数学运算函数

abs() - 绝对值

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>

int main() {
    int x = -5;
    double y = -3.14;
    
    std::cout << "abs(" << x << ") = " << abs(x) << std::endl;
    std::cout << "abs(" << y << ") = " << abs(y) << std::endl;
    
    return 0;
}

fabs() - 浮点数绝对值

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>

int main() {
    double x = -7.25;
    
    std::cout << "fabs(" << x << ") = " << fabs(x) << std::endl;
    
    return 0;
}

fmod() - 浮点数取模

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>

int main() {
    double x = 10.5;
    double y = 3.2;
    
    std::cout << "fmod(" << x << ", " << y << ") = " << fmod(x, y) << std::endl;
    
    return 0;
}

remainder() - 带符号的余数

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>

int main() {
    double x = 10.5;
    double y = 3.2;
    
    std::cout << "remainder(" << x << ", " << y << ") = " << remainder(x, y) << std::endl;
    
    return 0;
}

2. 幂函数与对数函数

pow() - 幂运算

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>

int main() {
    double base = 2.0;
    double exponent = 3.0;
    
    std::cout << base << " raised to the power of " << exponent << " is " << pow(base, exponent) << std::endl;
    
    return 0;
}

sqrt() - 平方根

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>

int main() {
    double x = 25.0;
    
    std::cout << "Square root of " << x << " is " << sqrt(x) << std::endl;
    
    return 0;
}

cbrt() - 立方根

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>

int main() {
    double x = 27.0;
    
    std::cout << "Cube root of " << x << " is " << cbrt(x) << std::endl;
    
    return 0;
}

exp() - 自然指数函数

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>

int main() {
    double x = 1.0;
    
    std::cout << "exp(" << x << ") = " << exp(x) << std::endl;
    
    return 0;
}

log() - 自然对数

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>

int main() {
    double x = 2.71828;
    
    std::cout << "log(" << x << ") = " << log(x) << std::endl;
    
    return 0;
}

log10() - 常用对数(以10为底)

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>

int main() {
    double x = 100.0;
    
    std::cout << "log10(" << x << ") = " << log10(x) << std::endl;
    
    return 0;
}

3. 三角函数

sin(), cos(), tan() - 正弦、余弦、正切

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>

int main() {
    double angle = 45.0; // 角度
    double radians = angle * M_PI / 180.0; // 转换为弧度
    
    std::cout << "sin(" << angle << "°) = " << sin(radians) << std::endl;
    std::cout << "cos(" << angle << "°) = " << cos(radians) << std::endl;
    std::cout << "tan(" << angle << "°) = " << tan(radians) << std::endl;
    
    return 0;
}

asin(), acos(), atan() - 反正弦、反余弦、反正切

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>

int main() {
    double value = 0.5;
    
    std::cout << "asin(" << value << ") = " << asin(value) * 180.0 / M_PI << "°" << std::endl;
    std::cout << "acos(" << value << ") = " << acos(value) * 180.0 / M_PI << "°" << std::endl;
    std::cout << "atan(" << value << ") = " << atan(value) * 180.0 / M_PI << "°" << std::endl;
    
    return 0;
}

atan2() - 两个参数的反正切

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>

int main() {
    double y = 1.0;
    double x = 1.0;
    
    std::cout << "atan2(" << y << ", " << x << ") = " << atan2(y, x) * 180.0 / M_PI << "°" << std::endl;
    
    return 0;
}

4. 双曲函数

sinh(), cosh(), tanh() - 双曲正弦、双曲余弦、双曲正切

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>

int main() {
    double x = 1.0;
    
    std::cout << "sinh(" << x << ") = " << sinh(x) << std::endl;
    std::cout << "cosh(" << x << ") = " << cosh(x) << std::endl;
    std::cout << "tanh(" << x << ") = " << tanh(x) << std::endl;
    
    return 0;
}

5. 舍入与取整函数

ceil() - 向上取整

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>

int main() {
    double x = 2.3;
    
    std::cout << "ceil(" << x << ") = " << ceil(x) << std::endl;
    
    return 0;
}

floor() - 向下取整

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>

int main() {
    double x = 2.7;
    
    std::cout << "floor(" << x << ") = " << floor(x) << std::endl;
    
    return 0;
}

round() - 四舍五入

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>

int main() {
    double x1 = 2.3;
    double x2 = 2.7;
    
    std::cout << "round(" << x1 << ") = " << round(x1) << std::endl;
    std::cout << "round(" << x2 << ") = " << round(x2) << std::endl;
    
    return 0;
}

trunc() - 截断小数部分

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>

int main() {
    double x = 3.7;
    
    std::cout << "trunc(" << x << ") = " << trunc(x) << std::endl;
    
    return 0;
}

6. 其他函数

hypot() - 计算直角三角形的斜边

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>

int main() {
    double x = 3.0;
    double y = 4.0;
    
    std::cout << "hypot(" << x << ", " << y << ") = " << hypot(x, y) << std::endl;
    
    return 0;
}

copysign() - 复制符号位

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>

int main() {
    double x = 5.0;
    double y = -2.0;
    
    std::cout << "copysign(" << x << ", " << y << ") = " << copysign(x, y) << std::endl;
    
    return 0;
}

nextafter() - 获取下一个可表示的值

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
#include <iomanip>

int main() {
    double from = 1.0;
    double to = 2.0;
    
    std::cout << std::setprecision(20);
    std::cout << "nextafter(" << from << ", " << to << ") = " << nextafter(from, to) << std::endl;
    
    return 0;
}

注意事项

1. 大多数数学函数都有针对float和long double的版本，如sinf(), sinl()等。
2. 使用三角函数时，注意参数是以弧度为单位，不是角度。
3. 某些函数在特定输入下可能返回NaN(非数字)或无穷大，使用时应注意错误处理。
4. 对于整数运算，C++还提供了<cstdlib>中的abs()函数，专门用于整数类型。