C/C++ 碎片整理

sprintf

• //int sprintf( char *buffer, const char *format [argument]， … );
  //类似 printf，不过是把打印去向变为 内存中的字符串
  // buffer : 缓冲区 format : 格式化字符串
  // argument: 实参 parament：形参
• char array[30] = { 0 };
  //sprintf(array, “%d”, 123);
  //sprintf(array, “%-4d%4d%4x”, 123, 123, 123); // 重写，原来数据清除
  //打印格式要求 与 printf 完全一致
  // %-8x: x(16进制) -(左对齐) 8(宽度为8，不足补空格)
  sprintf(array, “%5d”, 123); //上位（左边）不足补‘0’
  sprintf(array, “%-10.3f”, 3.1415626); // 产生："3.142 "
• //“% m.ns”中，m表示占用宽度（字符串长度不足时补空格，超出了则按照实际宽度打印）
  //n才表示从相应的字符串中最多取用的字符数
• //sprintf 采用“* ”来占用一个本来需要一个指定宽度或精度的常数数字的位置，
  //同样，而实际的宽度或精度就可以 和其它被打印的变量一样被提供出来
  //sprintf(array, “%*.*f”, 10, 2, 3.1415926); // 产生" 3.14″

Time

• // C 的风格------------->>>>>>>>>>
  // tm 是结构体，内部有 int tm_year, int tm_mon等成员，精确到秒，从1900.1.1开始计时
  // 要输出真实的日期，需要tm_year+1900, tm_mon+1

#include <ctime>
	#include <iostream>
	#include <sstream>
	
	int main(void) {
		time_t now = time(NULL);
		tm* tm_t = localtime(&now);
		std::stringstream ss;
		ss << "year:" << tm_t->tm_year + 1900 << " month:" << tm_t->tm_mon + 1 << " day:" << tm_t->tm_mday << " hour:" << tm_t->tm_hour << " minute:" << tm_t->tm_min << " second:" << tm_t->tm_sec;	
		std::cout << ss.str();
		return 0; // 打印当前时间
}

• //:
  // clock_t: Alias of a fundamental arithmetic type capable of representing clock tick counts.
  // time_t: an integral value representing the number of seconds since 1970_1_1
  //
  // time(): Get the current calendar time as a value of type time_t.
  // 当参数为 NULL ，返回值有效，否则将当前时间传给参数
  // time_t timer;
  // time(&timer); 或者 timer = time(NULL);
  //
  // struct tm * localtime (const time_t * timer);
  // Use the value pointed by timer to fill a tm structure
  // with the values that represent the corresponding time
  //
  // char* asctime (const struct tm * timeptr);
  // converts contents of the tm structure to a C-string
  // containing a human-readable version of the corresponding date and time
  // 打印形式：Wed Feb 13 15:46:11 2013
  //
  // char* ctime (const time_t * timer);
  // converts contents of the tm structure to a C-string
  // 打印形式：Wed Feb 13 15:46:11 2013
• // C++11 的风格------------->>>>>>>>>>
  // chrono:
  // chrono is the name of a header, but also of a sub-namespace:
  // All the elements in this header (except for the common_type specializations)
  // are defined under the ！！！std::chrono namespace.！！！
  //
  // template <class Rep, class Period = ratio<1> >
  // class duration; 类模板
  // expresses a time span by means of a count and a period.
  // 例：std::chrono::duration MyChrono;
  //
  // typedef duration <Rep, ratio<3600,1>> hours;
  // typedef duration <Rep, ratio<60, 1>> minutes;
  // typedef duration <Rep, ratio<1, 1>> seconds;
  // typedef duration <Rep, ratio<1, 1000>> milliseconds; //毫秒
  // typedef duration <Rep, ratio<1, 1000000>> microseconds; //微秒
  // typedef duration <Rep, ratio<1, 1000000000>> nanoseconds; //纳秒
  //
  // hours Myhour(24); // constructor—>>> 24h
  // Myhour.count(); // 获得 Rep
  // duration类 重载了各类 operator 函数
  //
  // template <class Clock, class Duration = typename Clock::duration>
  // class time_point;
  // A time_point object expresses a point in time relative to a clock’s epoch
  //
  // 注：epoch 指1970.1.1新纪元
  // system_clock:
  // Clock classes provide access to the current time_point.
  //
  // system_clock::now()
  // Returns the current time_point in the frame of the system_clock.
  //
  // time_t system_clock::to_time_t (const time_point& tp)
  // Converts tp into its equivalent of type time_t
  //
  // system_clock::time_point和system_clock::duration间可以进行算术运算
  //
  // std::chrono::duration_cast<const duration&>(exp)
  // 例：std::chrono::milliseconds ms
  // = std::chrono::duration_caststd::chrono::milliseconds (s); 秒到毫秒
  //

#include<chrono>
#include<ratio>
#include<iostream>
#include<ctime>
using namespace std;

int main() {
	cout << chrono::milliseconds::period::num << " / "
		<< chrono::milliseconds::period::den;
	return 0;
}

杂绪

• // VPN：（virtual private network）虚拟专用网络
  // 利用公用网络架设专用网络， 实现远程访问内网
  // SSL VPN 利用 SSL（Secure Sockets Layer 安全套接层协议）
  // Web VPN 基于Web （万维网）
  // 内网 == 局域网
  // WiFi：
  // wireless network protocols which are commonly used for local area networking of devices and Internet access,
  // allowing nearby digital devices to exchange data by radio waves.
• // ratio: 类模板（分数）
  // template <intmax_t N, intmax_t D = 1> class ratio;
  // numerator 分子 denominator 分母