Java并发集合之CopyOnWriteArraySet使用与原理

最新推荐文章于 2025-06-09 09:54:35 发布

原创最新推荐文章于 2025-06-09 09:54:35 发布 · 983 阅读

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#java #jvm #数据结构

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CopyOnWriteArraySet是一个线程安全的Set实现，基于CopyOnWriteArrayList。适合读多写少的并发场景，其添加和删除操作成本较高，因为涉及数组复制。迭代器只支持读取，不支持修改，且在迭代过程中不受其他线程写入影响，避免并发问题。对比实验显示，相比HashSet，CopyOnWriteArraySet在多线程环境下能避免并发修改异常。

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CopyOnWriteArraySet 简介

CopyOnWriteArraySet是线程安全的Set集合，相当于线程安全的HashSet。
注意：HashSet的实现是通过散列表HashMap实现的，但是CopyOnWriteArraySet是通过动态数组CopyOnWriteArrayList实现的

CopyOnWriteArraySet 的特性

适用于数据量较小且读多写少的场景
它是线程安全的
新增和删除等修改数据的操作开销很大，涉及到数组复制后续源码解析会详解
迭代器只支持读取不支持变更，并且在迭代过程中其他线程写入集合不会发生并发冲突
迭代器的数据来源于迭代时的快照数据

CopyOnWriteArraySet的数据结构

CopyOnWriteArraySet的底层数据结构是CopyOnWriteArrayList实现的线程安全的可变数组

public class CopyOnWriteArraySet<E> extends AbstractSet<E>
        implements java.io.Serializable {
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 5457747651344034263L;

    private final CopyOnWriteArrayList<E> al;

CopyOnWriteArraySet的部分源码解析

构造方法

无参构造方法，构造一个空的CopyOnWriteArrayList

public CopyOnWriteArraySet() {
        al = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<E>();
    }

通过Collection构造

public CopyOnWriteArraySet(Collection<? extends E> c) {
		// 如果是CopyOnWriteArraySet类型，则获取到底层的CopyOnWriteArrayList对象创建新的CopyOnWriteArrayList对象
        if (c.getClass() == CopyOnWriteArraySet.class) {
            @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") CopyOnWriteArraySet<E> cc =
                (CopyOnWriteArraySet<E>)c;
            al = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<E>(cc.al);
        }
        else {
            al = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<E>();
            al.addAllAbsent(c);
        }
    }

变更数据方法

add方法，直接调用CopyOnWriteArrayList的addIfAbsent方法实现不重复的插入数据

public boolean add(E e) {
        return al.addIfAbsent(e);
    }

remove方法，直接调用CopyOnWriteArrayList的remove方法实现删除数据

public boolean remove(Object o) {
        return al.remove(o);
    }

CopyOnWriteArraySet变更数据总结：
CopyOnWriteArraySet完全依赖于内部的CopyOnWriteArrayList的方法来实现，逻辑也很简单，具体逻辑可以参考上一篇的CopyOnWriteArrayList的文章

迭代器方法

iterator方法，同样也是直接调用CopyOnWriteArrayList的迭代器方法

public Iterator<E> iterator() {
        return al.iterator();
    }

一个实例对比CopyOnWriteArraySet和HashSet

公共类

private static void printAll(Set<String> set) {
        System.out.println(set);
    }

    static class SetRunnable implements Runnable {

        private final Set<String> set;

        SetRunnable(Set<String> set) {
            this.set = set;
        }

        @Override
        public void run() {
            for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
                set.add(Thread.currentThread().getName() + "-" + i);
                printAll(set);
            }
        }
    }

多线程操作HashSet

@Test
    public void notUseJuc() throws InterruptedException {
        Set<String> set = new HashSet<>();
        final Thread th1 = new Thread(new SetRunnable(set));
        final Thread th2 = new Thread(new SetRunnable(set));

        th1.start();
        th2.start();
        th2.join();
    }

执行过程中有概率报错：

D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\bin\java.exe -ea -Didea.test.cyclic.buffer.size=1048576 "-javaagent:D:\mysoft\JetBrains\IntelliJ IDEA 2022.2.3\lib\idea_rt.jar=56700:D:\mysoft\JetBrains\IntelliJ IDEA 2022.2.3\bin" -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8 -classpath "D:\mysoft\JetBrains\IntelliJ IDEA 2022.2.3\lib\idea_rt.jar;D:\mysoft\JetBrains\IntelliJ IDEA 2022.2.3\plugins\junit\lib\junit5-rt.jar;D:\mysoft\JetBrains\IntelliJ IDEA 2022.2.3\plugins\junit\lib\junit-rt.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\charsets.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\deploy.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\ext\access-bridge-64.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\ext\cldrdata.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\ext\dnsns.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\ext\jaccess.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\ext\jfxrt.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\ext\localedata.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\ext\nashorn.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\ext\sunec.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\ext\sunjce_provider.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\ext\sunmscapi.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\ext\sunpkcs11.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\ext\zipfs.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\javaws.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\jce.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\jfr.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\jfxswt.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\jsse.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\management-agent.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\plugin.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\resources.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\rt.jar;D:\workspace\myself\mycsdn-demo\target\test-classes;D:\mavenRepository\junit\junit\4.13.2\junit-4.13.2.jar;D:\mavenRepository\org\hamcrest\hamcrest-core\1.3\hamcrest-core-1.3.jar" com.intellij.rt.junit.JUnitStarter -ideVersion5 -junit4 com.bufan.juc.JucSetTest,notUseJuc
[Thread-0-0, Thread-1-0]
[Thread-1-1, Thread-0-0, Thread-1-0]
[Thread-1-1, Thread-1-2, Thread-0-0, Thread-1-0]
[Thread-1-3, Thread-1-1, Thread-1-2, Thread-0-0, Thread-1-0]
[Thread-1-3, Thread-1-4, Thread-1-1, Thread-1-2, Thread-0-0, Thread-1-0]
[Thread-1-5, Thread-1-3, Thread-1-4, Thread-1-1, Thread-1-2, Thread-0-0, Thread-1-0]
[Thread-1-5, Thread-1-6, Thread-1-3, Thread-1-4, Thread-1-1, Thread-1-2, Thread-0-0, Thread-1-0]
[Thread-1-7, Thread-1-5, Thread-1-6, Thread-1-3, Thread-1-4, Thread-1-1, Thread-1-2, Thread-0-0, Thread-1-0]
[Thread-1-7, Thread-1-8, Thread-1-5, Thread-1-6, Thread-1-3, Thread-1-4, Thread-1-1, Thread-1-2, Thread-0-0, Thread-1-0]
[Thread-1-9, Thread-1-7, Thread-1-8, Thread-1-5, Thread-1-6, Thread-1-3, Thread-1-4, Thread-1-1, Thread-1-2, Thread-0-0, Thread-1-0]
Exception in thread "Thread-0" java.util.ConcurrentModificationException
	at java.util.HashMap$HashIterator.nextNode(HashMap.java:1445)
	at java.util.HashMap$KeyIterator.next(HashMap.java:1469)
	at java.util.AbstractCollection.toString(AbstractCollection.java:461)
	at java.lang.String.valueOf(String.java:2994)
	at java.io.PrintStream.println(PrintStream.java:821)
	at com.bufan.juc.JucSetTest.printAll(JucSetTest.java:40)
	at com.bufan.juc.JucSetTest.access$000(JucSetTest.java:15)
	at com.bufan.juc.JucSetTest$SetRunnable.run(JucSetTest.java:55)
	at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:748)

Process finished with exit code 0

多线程操作CopyOnWriteArraySet

@Test
    public void useJuc() throws InterruptedException {
        Set<String> list = new CopyOnWriteArraySet<>();
        final Thread th1 = new Thread(new SetRunnable(list));
        final Thread th2 = new Thread(new SetRunnable(list));

        th1.start();
        th2.start();
        th2.join();
    }

执行过程不会报并发异常

D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\bin\java.exe -ea -Didea.test.cyclic.buffer.size=1048576 "-javaagent:D:\mysoft\JetBrains\IntelliJ IDEA 2022.2.3\lib\idea_rt.jar=56769:D:\mysoft\JetBrains\IntelliJ IDEA 2022.2.3\bin" -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8 -classpath "D:\mysoft\JetBrains\IntelliJ IDEA 2022.2.3\lib\idea_rt.jar;D:\mysoft\JetBrains\IntelliJ IDEA 2022.2.3\plugins\junit\lib\junit5-rt.jar;D:\mysoft\JetBrains\IntelliJ IDEA 2022.2.3\plugins\junit\lib\junit-rt.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\charsets.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\deploy.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\ext\access-bridge-64.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\ext\cldrdata.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\ext\dnsns.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\ext\jaccess.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\ext\jfxrt.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\ext\localedata.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\ext\nashorn.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\ext\sunec.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\ext\sunjce_provider.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\ext\sunmscapi.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\ext\sunpkcs11.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\ext\zipfs.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\javaws.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\jce.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\jfr.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\jfxswt.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\jsse.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\management-agent.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\plugin.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\resources.jar;D:\mysoft\jdk-8u271\jre\lib\rt.jar;D:\workspace\myself\mycsdn-demo\target\test-classes;D:\mavenRepository\junit\junit\4.13.2\junit-4.13.2.jar;D:\mavenRepository\org\hamcrest\hamcrest-core\1.3\hamcrest-core-1.3.jar" com.intellij.rt.junit.JUnitStarter -ideVersion5 -junit4 com.bufan.juc.JucSetTest,useJuc
[Thread-0-0, Thread-1-0]
[Thread-0-0, Thread-1-0]
[Thread-0-0, Thread-1-0, Thread-0-1]
[Thread-0-0, Thread-1-0, Thread-0-1, Thread-1-1]
[Thread-0-0, Thread-1-0, Thread-0-1, Thread-1-1, Thread-0-2]
[Thread-0-0, Thread-1-0, Thread-0-1, Thread-1-1, Thread-0-2, Thread-1-2]
[Thread-0-0, Thread-1-0, Thread-0-1, Thread-1-1, Thread-0-2, Thread-1-2, Thread-0-3]
[Thread-0-0, Thread-1-0, Thread-0-1, Thread-1-1, Thread-0-2, Thread-1-2, Thread-0-3, Thread-1-3]
[Thread-0-0, Thread-1-0, Thread-0-1, Thread-1-1, Thread-0-2, Thread-1-2, Thread-0-3, Thread-1-3, Thread-0-4]
[Thread-0-0, Thread-1-0, Thread-0-1, Thread-1-1, Thread-0-2, Thread-1-2, Thread-0-3, Thread-1-3, Thread-0-4, Thread-1-4]
[Thread-0-0, Thread-1-0, Thread-0-1, Thread-1-1, Thread-0-2, Thread-1-2, Thread-0-3, Thread-1-3, Thread-0-4, Thread-1-4, Thread-0-5]
[Thread-0-0, Thread-1-0, Thread-0-1, Thread-1-1, Thread-0-2, Thread-1-2, Thread-0-3, Thread-1-3, Thread-0-4, Thread-1-4, Thread-0-5, Thread-1-5]
[Thread-0-0, Thread-1-0, Thread-0-1, Thread-1-1, Thread-0-2, Thread-1-2, Thread-0-3, Thread-1-3, Thread-0-4, Thread-1-4, Thread-0-5, Thread-1-5, Thread-0-6]
[Thread-0-0, Thread-1-0, Thread-0-1, Thread-1-1, Thread-0-2, Thread-1-2, Thread-0-3, Thread-1-3, Thread-0-4, Thread-1-4, Thread-0-5, Thread-1-5, Thread-0-6, Thread-1-6]
[Thread-0-0, Thread-1-0, Thread-0-1, Thread-1-1, Thread-0-2, Thread-1-2, Thread-0-3, Thread-1-3, Thread-0-4, Thread-1-4, Thread-0-5, Thread-1-5, Thread-0-6, Thread-1-6, Thread-0-7]
[Thread-0-0, Thread-1-0, Thread-0-1, Thread-1-1, Thread-0-2, Thread-1-2, Thread-0-3, Thread-1-3, Thread-0-4, Thread-1-4, Thread-0-5, Thread-1-5, Thread-0-6, Thread-1-6, Thread-0-7, Thread-1-7]
[Thread-0-0, Thread-1-0, Thread-0-1, Thread-1-1, Thread-0-2, Thread-1-2, Thread-0-3, Thread-1-3, Thread-0-4, Thread-1-4, Thread-0-5, Thread-1-5, Thread-0-6, Thread-1-6, Thread-0-7, Thread-1-7, Thread-0-8]
[Thread-0-0, Thread-1-0, Thread-0-1, Thread-1-1, Thread-0-2, Thread-1-2, Thread-0-3, Thread-1-3, Thread-0-4, Thread-1-4, Thread-0-5, Thread-1-5, Thread-0-6, Thread-1-6, Thread-0-7, Thread-1-7, Thread-0-8, Thread-1-8]
[Thread-0-0, Thread-1-0, Thread-0-1, Thread-1-1, Thread-0-2, Thread-1-2, Thread-0-3, Thread-1-3, Thread-0-4, Thread-1-4, Thread-0-5, Thread-1-5, Thread-0-6, Thread-1-6, Thread-0-7, Thread-1-7, Thread-0-8, Thread-1-8, Thread-0-9]
[Thread-0-0, Thread-1-0, Thread-0-1, Thread-1-1, Thread-0-2, Thread-1-2, Thread-0-3, Thread-1-3, Thread-0-4, Thread-1-4, Thread-0-5, Thread-1-5, Thread-0-6, Thread-1-6, Thread-0-7, Thread-1-7, Thread-0-8, Thread-1-8, Thread-0-9, Thread-1-9]

Process finished with exit code 0