Scrapy如何实现抓取动态网页

                                                                                                                                作者：张昌昌

         动态网页指几种可能：1）需要用户交互，如常见的登录操作；2）网页通过JS / AJAX动态生成，如一个html里有<div id="test"></div>，通过JS生成<divid="test"><span>aaa</span></div>；3）点击输入关键字后进行查询，而浏览器url地址不变

第一种方法:直接url法

 （1）认真分析页面结构，查看js响应的动作；

 （2）借助于firfox的firebug分析js点击动作所发出的请求url；

 （3）将此异步请求的url作为scrapy的start_url或yield request再次进行抓取。

第二种方法:借助于selenium

Selenium基于Javascript 并结合其WebDriver来模拟用户的真实操作，它有很好的处理Ajax的能力，并且支持多种浏览器（Safari，IE，Firefox，Chrome），可以运行在多种操作系统上面，Selenium可以调用浏览器的API接口，selenium 会打开一个浏览器，然后在新打开的浏览器中执行程序中模拟的动作。

以抓取国家药品食品监督管理网站的食品数据为例进行说明：首先将该网站作为start_url，通过selenium获取一级品类（食品）下的二级品类（120,145275419693611287728573704379），模拟该二级品类被点击，解析完后，获取翻页按钮不停点击下一页，直到不能点击为止，在点击过程需要等待一段时间，让相应的元素渲染完成为止。

#-*-coding:utf-8-*-

import codecs

import json

import sys

import time

from scrapy.crawler import CrawlerProcess

from scrapy.spiders import Spider

from scrapy.utils.project import get_project_settings

from scrapy.utils.response import get_base_url

from selenium import webdriver

from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

from selenium.webdriver.support.select import Select

from selenium.webdriver.support.wait import WebDriverWait

from etao.items import EtaoItem

from lib2to3.pgen2.tokenize import Ignore

reload(sys)

sys.setdefaultencoding('utf-8')

class ProductSpider(Spider):

    name ="product1_spider"

    allowed_domains =["gov.cn"]

    start_urls = [

                 "http://app1.sfda.gov.cn/datasearch/face3/base.jsp?tableId=120&tableName=TABLE120&title=%CA%B3%C6%B7%C9%FA%B2%FA%D0%ED%BF%C9%BB%F1%D6%A4%C6%F3%D2%B5%28SC%29&bcId=145275419693611287728573704379",

                 ]

    def __init__(self):

        self.file =codecs.open("webdata" + time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %X',time.localtime()).replace(':','-')+".json",'w',encoding='utf-8')

        self.driver =webdriver.Firefox()

    def parse(self, response):

            printget_base_url(response)

           self.driver.get(response.url)

            #获取二级select

            all_options =self.driver.find_element_by_id("s20").find_elements_by_tag_name("option")

            for option inall_options:

                print "Valueis: %s" % option.get_attribute("value")

               if(option.get_attribute("value") =="120,145275419693611287728573704379"):

                    option.click()

            #等3秒，让self.driver能够取到内容

#                    time.sleep(5)

                   self.get_item()

            #以下为取下一页的内容，直到所有页被取完为止

                    while True:

                        #获取下一页的按钮点击

                        tables =self.driver.find_elements_by_xpath("//div[@id='content']/table")

                        pagedown =(tables[3].find_elements_by_xpath("descendant::img"))[2]

                    #首先判断按钮是否失效，失效即当前已是最后一页，直接退出

                        ifpagedown.get_attribute("onclick") == None:

                            break

                        else:

                           pagedown.click()

#                            time.sleep(5)

                           self.get_item()

            self.driver.close()

    def close(self,spider):

        self.file.close()

    def get_item(self):

       WebDriverWait(self.driver,10).until(EC.presence_of_all_elements_located((By.XPATH,"//div[@id='content']/table"))) 

        tables =self.driver.find_elements_by_xpath("//div[@id='content']/table")

        aaa =tables[1].find_elements_by_xpath("descendant::a")

        for a in aaa:

            item = EtaoItem()

            item['name'] = a.text

            contents =a.get_attribute('href').split(",")

            item['url'] ="http://app1.sfda.gov.cn/datasearch/face3/"+contents[1]

#             printa.text,contents[1]

            line =json.dumps(dict(item), ensure_ascii=False) + "\n"

#             print line

            self.file.write(line)

#             yield item

if __name__ == '__main__':

    settings =get_project_settings()

    process =CrawlerProcess(settings)

    process.crawl(ProductSpider)

    process.start()

#（1）学习selenium取元素的方法；find_elements_by_xpath()、find_element_by_xpath()及get_attribute()；#(2)学习

WebDriverWait(self.driver,10).until(EC.presence_of_all_elements_located((By.XPATH,"//div[@id='content']/table")))的使用方法

（3）此方法的缺点是，需要打开浏览器，不适合大规模数据的抓取

第三种方法：scrapyjs

Splash是一个由 Scrapy 鼻祖 ScrapingHub 所创建的Javascript渲染服务。它是一个实现了HTTP API的轻量级浏览器，Splash是用Python实现的，同时使用Twisted和QT。Twisted（QT）用来让服务具有异步处理能力，以发挥webkit的并发能力，能够并行处理多个网页的轻量级网页浏览器，它可以执行自定义 JavaScript 代码并利用关闭图片或广告屏蔽的功能来提升渲染速度。

http://ae.yyuap.com/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=919763

https://docs.docker.com/engine/installation/linux/rhel/

scrapyjs相当于粘合剂的作用,可以将splash整合进scrapy中

Splash安装：

http://splash.readthedocs.org/en/stable/install.html

yum update

curl -fsSL https://get.docker.com/| sh

service docker start

启动splash

docker run -p5023:5023 -p 8050:8050 -p 8051:8051 scrapinghub/splash

（ports 8050 (http), 8051(https) and 5023 (telnet)）

docker run  -p 8050:8050  scrapinghub/splash

ScrapyJs安装：

pip install scrapyjs

以抓取国家药品食品监督管理网站的食品数据为例进行说明：

classSplashSpider(Spider):

   name = "splash_spider"

   allowed_domains = ["gov.cn"]

#    'http://www.ebay.com/sch/i.html?_odkw=books&_osacat=0&_trksid=p2045573.m570.l1313.TR0.TRC0.Xpython&_nkw=python&_sacat=0&_from=R40'

   start_urls = [

                  "http://app1.sfda.gov.cn/datasearch/face3/base.jsp?tableId=120&tableName=TABLE120&title=%CA%B3%C6%B7%C9%FA%B2%FA%D0%ED%BF%C9%BB%F1%D6%A4%C6%F3%D2%B5%28SC%29&bcId=145275419693611287728573704379",

                 ]

   def start_requests(self):

        script = """

               function main(splash)

                  splash:autoload("http://code.jquery.com/jquery-1.4.1.min.js")

                   splash:autoload([[

                        functionset_keyword_click(){

                           $('#keyword').val('山东');

                          $('#keyword').next().click()

                        }

                        function get_content(){

                           var content ='';

                           $('#content table tra').length;

                           $('#content table tra').each(function(){

                                vararray = $(this).attr('href').split(',');

                                content +=$(this).text() + array[1] + '  ';

                            });

                            return content

                        }

                    ]])

                  splash:go("http://app1.sfda.gov.cn/datasearch/face3/base.jsp?tableId=120&tableName=TABLE120&title=%CA%B3%C6%B7%C9%FA%B2%FA%D0%ED%BF%C9%BB%F1%D6%A4%C6%F3%D2%B5%28SC%29&bcId=145275419693611287728573704379")

                   splash:wait(0.5)

                   local title =splash:evaljs("document.title")

                   splash:evaljs("set_keyword_click()")

                   splash:wait(1)

                   local content =splash:evaljs("get_content()")

                   return content

                end

        """

        meta = {

                 'splash':{

                 'endpoint':'execute',

                 'args':{'lua_source':script}

                }

            }

        for url in self.start_urls:

            yield scrapy.Request(url,callback=self.parse,meta=meta)

   def parse(self,response):

            doc_title =response.body_as_unicode()

            print doc_title

if__name__ == '__main__':

   settings = get_project_settings()

   process = CrawlerProcess(settings)

   process.crawl(SplashSpider)

   process.start()