Aufstieg UND Niedergang DER Römischen Welt
Aufstieg UND Niedergang DER Römischen Welt
(ANRW)
WOLFGANG HAASE
UND / AND
HILDEGARD TEMPORINI
W
DE
G
(ANRW)
BAND 36:
6. TEILBAND:
PHILOSOPHIE
(DOXOGRAPHICA [FORTS.])
HERAUSGEGEBEN
VON
WOLFGANG HAASE
W
DE
G
Barnes, J. (Oxford)
Diogenes Laertius IX 61-116: The Philosophy of Pyrrho
nism 4241-4301
Gigante, M. (Neapel)
Das zehnte Buch des Diogenes Laertios: Epikur und der
Epikureismus 4302-4307
VI INHALT
Vorwort V-VII
Historische Einleitung
Platonismus
Moreschini, C. (Pisa)
Attico: una figura singolare del medioplatonismo 477 — 491
Blumenthal, H. J. (Liverpool)
Plotinus in the Light of Twenty Years' Scholarship, 1951 -
1971 528-570
Corrigan, К. (Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada) - O'Clei-
righ, P. (Guelph, Ontario, Canada)
The Course of Plotinian Scholarship from 1971 to 1986 . . 571 - 623
Hadot, P. (Paris)
Structure et thèmes du Traité 38 (VI, 7) de Plotin 624-676
Schroeder, F. M. (Kingston, Ontario, Canada)
Synousia, Synaisthaesis and Synesis: Presence and Depen
dence in the Plotinian Philosophy of Consciousness 677 - 699
Bussanich, J. (Albuquerque, New Mexico)
Mystical Elements in Plotinus' Thought
[Hinweis auf den Nachtrag in Bd. II. 36.7] 700
Dombrowski, D. A. (Omaha, Nebraska)
Asceticism as Athletic Training in Plotinus 701-712
VIII INHALT
Band IL 36.2:
Platonismus [Forts.]
Smith, A. (Dublin)
Porphyrian Studies since 1913 717 — 773
Dombrowski, D. A. (Omaha, Nebraska)
Porphyry and Vegetarianism: A Contemporary Philosophical
Approach 774-791
Brisson, L. (Paris)
Amélius: Sa vie, son œuvre, sa doctrine, son style 793 - 860
Dillon, J. (Dublin)
Iamblichus of Chalcis (c. 240 - 325 A. D.) 862 - 909
Aristotelismus
Gottschalk, H. B. (Leeds)
Aristotelian Philosophy in the Roman World from the Time
of Cicero to the End of the Second Century AD 1079 - 1 174
INHALT IX
Sharples, R. W. (London)
Alexander of Aphrodisias: Scholasticism and Innovation . . 1176 — 1243
Donini, P. L. (Torino)
1l 'De fato' di Alessandro. Questioni di coerenza 1244— 1259
Madigan, A., S. J. (Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts)
Alexander of Aphrodisias: the Book of Ethical Problems . . 1260- 1279
Philosophie (Stoizismus)
Most, G. W. (Innsbruck)
Cornutus and Stoic Allegoresis: A Preliminary Report . . . 2014 - 2065
Laurenti, R. (Napoli)
Musonio, maestro di Epitteto 2105 - 2146
Band П. 36.4:
Vorwort V
Ferguson, J. f (Birmingham)
Epicureanism under the Roman Empire (revised and supple
mented by J. P. Hershbell [Minneapolis, Minnesota]) . . . 2257 - 2327
Dorandi, T. (Napoli)
Filodemo: gli orientamenti della ricerca attuale 2328 - 2368
Asmis, E. (Chicago, Illinois)
Philodemus' Epicureanism 2369-2406
XII INHALT
DoRanDi, T. (Napoli)
Filodemo storico del pensiero antico 2407 — 2423
Isnardi Parente, M. (Roma)
Diogeniano, gli epicurei e la тuxr| 2424 — 2445
Clay, D. (Baltimore, Maryland)
The Philosophical Inscription of Diogenes of Oenoanda:
New Discoveries 1969-1983 2446-2559
[Index of Diogenes fragments discussed: infra, pp. 3231 —
3232]
Stückelberger, A. (Bern)
Die Atomistik in römischer Zeit: Rezeption und Verdrän
gung 2561-2580
Brisson, L. (Paris)
Orphée et I'Orphisme à l'époque impériale. Témoignages et
interprétations philosophiques, de Plutarque à Jamblique . 2867-2931
Mansfeld, J. (Utrecht)
Doxography and Dialectic. The Sitz im Leben of the 'Placita' 3056 — 3229
Vorwort V-VI
Varia zu: Plinius d. À., Dion von Prusa, Plutarch, Lukian, Galen
Brancacci, A. (Roma)
Struttura compositiva e fonti della terza orazione 'Sulla
regalità' di Dione Crisostomo: Dione e T'Archelao' di Antis-
tene 3308-3334
Donini, P. L. (Torino)
Galeno e la filosofia 3484-3504
Hankinson, R. J. (Austin, Texas)
Galen's Philosophical Eclecticism 3505-3522
Hülser, К. (Konstanz)
Galen und die Logik 3523 - 3554
MeIer, J. (Copenhagen)
Diogenes Laertius and the Transmission of Greek Philoso
phy 3556-3602
Giannantoni, G. (Roma)
Il secondo libro delle 'Vite' di Diogene Laerzio 3603 — 3618
Brisson, L. (Paris)
Diogène Laërce, 'Vies et doctrines des philosophes illustres',
Livre III: Structure et contenu 3619-3760
[Indices pp. 2* - 25*]
Dorandi, T. (Napoli)
Il quarto libro delle 'Vite' di Diogene Laerzio: l'Academia
da Speusippo a Clitomaco 3761-3792
Brisson, L. (Paris)
Diogène Laërce, 'Vies et doctrines des philosophes illustres',
Livre III: Structure et contenu (ci-dessus, pp. 3619 — 3760)
Indices 2* -25*
Systematische Themen
Ioppolo, A. M. (Roma)
Il concetto di causa nella filosofia dell'età ellenistica e roma
na
CiTrOni Marchetti, S. (Siena)
II 'sapiens' in pericolo. Psicologia del rapporto con gli altri,
da Cicerone a Marco Aurelio
Gill, C. (Exeter, G. B.)
Peace of Mind and Being Yourself: Panaetius to Plutarch
Spanneut, M. (Lille)
Apatheia. De la philosophie ancienne à la pensée chrétien
ne I. Philosophie ancienne
Mrrsis, P. (Ithaca, New York)
Natural Law and Natural Rights in Post-Aristotelian Philos
ophy. The Stoics and their Critics
Vander Waerdt, P. A. (Durham, North Carolina)
Philosophical Influence on Roman Jurisprudence? The Case
of Stoicism and Natural Law
Schall, J. V. (Washington, D. C.)
Post-Aristotelian Political Philosophy and Modernity
Dumont, J.-P. (Lille)
Sensation et perception dans la philosophie d'époque hellénis
tique et impériale
Watson, G. (Mainooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland)
The Concept of 'Phantasia' from the Late Hellenistic Period
to Early Neoplatonism
Donini, P. (Torino)
Testi e commenti, manuali e insegnamento: l'orizzonte sco
lastico della filosofia
Moreschini, C. (Pisa)
Aspetti della cultura filosofica negli ambienti della Seconda
Sofistica
Ducos, M. (Dijon)
Philosophie, droit et littérature à Rome sous le Principat
Becchi, F. (Firenze)
Aspasio, commentatore di Aristotele
PHILOSOPHIE
(DOXOGRAPHICA [FORTS.])
DIOGENES LAERTIUS (FORTS.), HIPPOLYTUS
The Lives of the Peripatetics:
An Analysis of the Contents and Structure of Diogenes
Laertius' 'Vitae philosophorum' Book 5
Contents
I.Introduction 3793
II.The Place of the Peripatos among the Other Schools of Philosophy 3794
III.Diogenes' Choice of Peripatetics 3798
IV. The Content of the Laertian Bioç 3800
1. 'Biography Proper' 3804
a) Origin: Homeland and Genealogy 3804
b) Education 3805
c) Foundation of or Succession to the Headship of the School 3809
d) Physical Appearance and Personal Qualities 3813
e) Political Activities 3816
f) Disciples and Pupils 3826
g) Other Important Events 3829
h) Anecdotes 3832
i) Apophthegms 3839
j) Chronological Information 3842
k) Death 3845
2. Writings 3849
3. Doctrines 3855
4. Personal Documents: Wills 3859
5. Homonyms 3877
V. Conclusion 3878
/. Introduction
//. The Place of the Peripatos among the Other Schools of Philosophy
1 P. Herc. 1021 (and 164) and 1018 respectively, edited by S. Mekler, Academicorum
Philosophorum Index Herculanensis (Berlin, 1902), henceforth Index Acad., which should
be read in conjunction with W. Cronert, Die Ueberlieferung des Index Academicorum,
Hermes 38 (1903) p. 357-405, and A. Traversa, Index Stoicorum Herculanensis. Isti-
tuto di filologia classica 1 (Genoa, 1952).
2 V. Wf.hri.i, Die Schule des Aristoteles. Texte und Kommentare, 2nd ed. vol. 1—2 (Basel,
1967), vol. 3- 10 (Basel, 1969), suppl. vol. 1 (Basel, 1974), and suppl. vol. 2 (Basel, 1978),
henceforth referred to as SA. The fragments of Theophrastus, not included by Wehrli,
are being prepared by a team of scholars headed by W. Fortenbaugh in a series of
volumes which is scheduled to appear soon.
1 I. During, Aristotle in the Ancient Biographical Tradition. Studia Graeca et Latina
Gothoburgensis 5 (Goteborg, 1957), henceforth AABT.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS' BOOK 5 3795
4 Diogenes is at pains to stress this distinction between crocpoi and cpiXóaocpoi. In fact, it
was one of the three general themes of his book, the other two being to show that
philosophy was a specifically Greek development and to illustrate the systematic succes
sions of philosophers. See J. MeIer, Diogenes Laertius and His Hellenistic Background.
Hermes Einzelschriften 40 (Wiesbaden, 1978) p. 51, henceforth DLHB, O. Gigon, Das
Prooemium des Diogenes Laertius: Struktur und Probleme. Horizonte der Humanitas.
Eine Freundesgabe für Prof. Dr. Walter Wili zu seinem 60. Geburtstag, ed. by G. Luck
(Bern, 1960) p. 39, henceforth 'Das Prooemium', and R. Hope, The Book of Diogenes
Laertius: Its Spirit and Its Method (New York, 1930) p. 109-12.
5 In F. Überweg, Grundriß der Geschichte der Philosophie. Teil I: Die Philosophie des
Altertums. 12th ed. by К. Praechter (Darmstadt, 1961) p. 18, it is said that these
successions were modelled on the precedent established by the successors of Alexander
the Great. There may be an older precedent. See Aristotle, Soph. El. 1.34 183b29-33.
Moreover, these successions are something like doxographical groups, similar to Aris
totle's marshalling of earlier philosophers according to their views on various principles,
e.g. Met. A.3 983b20ff. and A.5 987al0ff. Plato, too, seems to hint at this in Soph.
242D. See further, J. MeIer, DLHB p. 63, cf. Id., Diogenes Laertius and the Transmission
of Greek Philosophy, ANRW II 36,5, ed. W. Haase (Berlin - New York, 1992) p. 3560 ff.,
B. Snell, Die Nachrichten über die Lehren des Thales und die Anfänge der griechischen
Philosophiegeschichte, Philologus 44 (1944) p. 170 ff., W. von Kienle, Die Berichte über
die Sukzessionen der Philosophen in der hellenistischen und spätantiken Literatur (Diss.
Berlin, 1961) p. 9-11 and 97-100, J. Bollack, Vom System der Geschichte zur Ge
schichte der Systeme, Geschichte - Ereignis und Erklärung. Poetik und Hermeneutik 5,
ed. by R. Kosellek and W. Stempel (Munich, 1973) p. 24-6, and F. Decleva Caizzi,
II libro IX delle 'Vite dei filosofi* di Diogene Laerzio, below in this same volume (ANRW
II 36,6) p. 421 8 ff.
6 See O. Gigon, Das Prooemium p. 57.
3796 MICHAEL G. SOLLENBERGER
successions: Books Two through Seven deal with the Ionic or eastern line and
Books Eight through Ten with the Italian or western succession.
Nevertheless, there are several striking discrepancies and inconsistencies
between the convenient scheme so methodically laid out in the prologue and
Diogenes' actual treatment of sects in the body of his work.8 For present
purposes the representation of the Peripatetic branch is particularly notewor
thy. In the prologue Theophrastus terminates this branch,9 but when we turn
to Book Five, we find the succession extended beyond Theophrastus to include
his successors Strato and Lyco. While there are also the lives of Demetrius
and Heraclides in Book Five, it is clear that they should not appear in the list
of successions since neither was head of the school. But why do Strato and
7 I have bracketed the names of Thales and Pherecydes in this chart, since according to
Diogenes they belong strictly to the seven aocpoi whom he has just delimited from the
cpiXôoocpoi. Thus they lie outside the historical development of philosophy. See J. Meier,
DLHB p. 68, and O. Gigon, Das Prooemium p. 38-9 and 52-7.
8 These have been discussed by several scholars including H. Usener, Die Unterlage des
Laertios Diogenes, SB Berlin, phil.-hist. Kl. 49 (1892) p. 1024 - 34, A. Gercke, De
quibusdam Laertii Diogenis auctoribus. Wissenschaftl. Beilage z. Vorlesungsverzeichnis
d. Univ. Greifswald (Greifswald, 1899) p. 46-54, K. Brink, Peripatos, RE suppl. vol. 7
(1940) col. 908-11, henceforth Peripatos, O. Gigon, Das Prooemium passim, W. von
Kienle, op. cit. (note 5) p. 28-31 and 79-91, J. Meier, DLHB p. 60-81, and J. Bol-
lack, op. cit. (note 5) p. 24-6.
» D.L. 1.14: KaxaXT|yei 8è f| uev eiç KXeuouaxov Kai XpuainTtov Kai ©eocppaaxov [f|
'Icovikti]. Rather than assume that the text is corrupt and that the names of Theophrastus'
successors have simply fallen out in the manuscripts, it should be observed that he is
named as the terminator two additional times, 1.15: eiç ©eôcppaaxov oûxoç- rRaxcuvoç
'ApiaxoxéXT|ç, oô ©eôcppaaxoç.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS' BOOK 5 3797
Lyco not appear in this list? Scholars have sought to solve this glaring omission
by suggesting that Diogenes was following a different source in each case —
one source in the prologue and another source in Book Five.10 In the prologue
his main source is alleged to have been Sotion's Aia5oxai.11 In view of the
many obvious and important correspondences between Sotion's arrangement
of philosophical sects in his book and the arrangement of Diogenes,12 the
argument that his work was Diogenes' source for his prologue and the overall
order of his work seems persuasive. Even if it is objected that Diogenes extends
the succession of Academic scholarchs to include Clitomachus, both in the
prologue and in the body of his work, who was head of the Academy fifty
or more years after Sotion had compiled his work,13 Sotion does not have to
be ruled out altogether. Diogenes could have added Clitomachus to the list
himself, or, as others have suggested, Diogenes was not using Sotion's work
itself, but the epitome of it made by Heraclides Lembus,14 who could himself
have added Clitomachus. In any case, it is clear that Diogenes' arrangement
of sects and philosophers within them is strikingly like that of Sotion. But the
question of why Diogenes ends the Peripatetic succession with Theophrastus
still remains unanswered. H. Usener made the suggestion that Sotion disap
proved of Theophrastus' successors for some reason and so neglected them
in his list of successions.15 This may be true, but an alternate explanation is
possible. It is that the list of successions in Diogenes' prologue primarily
concerns ethical philosophers. This seems to be the case at least for the post-
Socratic section of the lists. For when Socrates comes to be listed, Diogenes
tells us that his contribution to philosophy was the introduction of ethics.16
It should be noticed that the four branches in which both the eastern and
western lines of succession terminate, although each end point lies at a different
time, correspond to the four major ethical sects of the Hellenistic age: the
Stoics, Academics, Peripatetics, and Epicureans. While this may seem coinci
dental or even contrived, in the case of the Peripatetics, at any rate, it is clear
that we are dealing with an ethical succession. For Theophrastus' immediate
successor Strato was notorious for having abandoned ethical or moral philoso
phy in favor of physics or natural science and thus redirecting the research
interests of the members and the reputation of the school.17 In fact, so great
was Strato's devotion to physics that it earned for him the epithet ó cpuaiKoç.18
And, of course, as a physicist or natural scientist Strato finds no appropriate
place in a list of ethical successions; the Peripatetic branch accordingly is made
to end with Theophrastus. This seems to be a more likely explanation of the
omission of Theophrastus' successors in Diogenes' prologue than the imputa
tion to Sotion of some grudge against Strato and Lyco.
In the body of his work, with few exceptions,19 Diogenes proceeds to
follow the scheme laid out in his prologue. After the early Milesian philoso
phers, Socrates and the lesser Socratics in Book Two, he arranges in order
Plato and the Academics in Books Three and Four, the Peripatetics who stem
from Plato in Book Five, and the other two sects which derive from another
of Socrates' followers, Antisthenes, i. e. the Cynics and the Stoics in Books
Six and Seven. Books Eight, Nine, and Ten then deal with the other line of
succession, the Italian or western system.
Diogenes' survey of the early Peripatos covers the first century of the
school's existence. One naturally wonders why Diogenes selected this limited
gallery of portraits and included only these six men's lives. Why did he leave
off with Lyco and not continue on with succeeding scholarchs? The school
continued to exist without a break in its succession for many more years, at
least until the middle of the first century B. C., if not later.20 Further, Diogenes'
17 See Cicero, De fin. 5.13 = Strato, fr. 12 Wehrli, and Acad. post. 1.33 = fr. 13 Wehrli.
ls D. L. 5.58 = Strato, fr. 1 Wehrli, 5.61 = fr. 10, Polybius 12.25c.3 = fr. 16, Cicero, De
fin. 5.13 = fr. 12, Plutarch, De tranq. animi 13 472B = fr. 8, and Suda s.v. Expcrrcov
(no. 1185, part 4, p. 442.7 - 8 Adler) = fr. 2.
" E. g., Aristippus and the Cyrenaics appear in Book Two (2.65 ff.), but not in the prologue,
and the "Sporadics" in Books Eight and Nine do not appear in the Italian succession as
they might.
;n Although much of the information is based on plausible conjecture, see the list of
scholarchs in K. G. Zumpt, Ueber den Bestand der philosophischen Schulen in Athen
und die Succession der Scholarchen, Abh. d. kgl. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin, 1844, p. 27-
119. For more accurate but less detailed information see J. Lynch, Aristotle's School: A
DIOGENES LAERTIUS' BOOK 5 3799
account of the Academy extends for more than two and a half centuries, from
its foundation by Plato in the fourth century through the scholarchate of
Clitomachus near the end of the second century B. C. Likewise, the lives of
the Stoics in Book Seven, although they break off in extant manuscripts with
the life of Chrysippus, originally may have included philosophers down to the
time of Cornutus in the first century of our own era.21
The simplest answer to why Diogenes left off with Lyco is that his sources
left off with him. This theory assumes that these sources were written shortly
after Lyco's scholarchate, which ended with his death around 225 B. C.22 This
particular point of discontinuation in Diogenes' account of the Peripatos is a
major point in the thesis of P. Moraux, who asserted that Diogenes' main
source for the lives of the Peripatetic scholarchs was the history of the Peripatos
composed by Lyco's immediate successor as head of the Lyceum, Ariston of
Ceos.23 This controversial thesis will be discussed at greater length below.
The other two men whose lives appear in Book Five, Demetrius of
Phalerum and Heraclides of Pontus, were most likely included not only because
each was famous in his own right, but also because they serve to represent
and illustrate the openness of the Peripatos and the widely different types
which the school attracted, accepted, and accommodated.24 On the one hand,
Demetrius was an Athenian citizen25 and served in Athens for ten years as
the regent of the Macedonian monarch Cassander.26 Though reportedly not
of noble birth, Demetrius became an eminent man of practical and political
affairs, a very prolific author on a wide range of topics, as well as an
outstanding orator. Heraclides, on the other hand, is portrayed as a very
strange and even enigmatic character, whose stately solemness and dignified
manner coupled with his corpulence and elegant clothing encouraged sarcastic
Athenians to alter his ethnic name IIovxikôç to the sardonic but revealing
nouniKôç.27
It is easy to understand why Diogenes chose the first four heads of the
Peripatos as candidates for inclusion in Book Five of his work. It is, however,
less clear why he opted for Demetrius and Heraclides as other, representative
members of the school, except for the very loose and tentative reasons given
above. He might have chosen any of a number of other Peripatetics, e.g.
Eudemus of Rhodes, Aristoxenus of Tarentum, Clearchus, Dicaearchus, etc.
A host of possible explanations for his selection can be mustered: perhaps
none of his sources mentioned those other Peripatetics, or mentioned little
about them; perhaps Diogenes was more familiar with Demetrius and Heracli
des and their works and had a personal preference for these two, thinking the
others of less stature or importance. Whatever the case, it seems that it was
a matter of personal, deliberate choice on the part of Diogenes that we have
these six, and only these six philosophers' lives.
27 D. L. 5.86. See the section on Physical Appearance and Personal Qualities below.
2* This term seems to have been introduced by A. Delatte, La vie de Pythagore chez
Diogène Laërce (Brussels, 1922) p. 54, henceforth 'Pythagore'.
29 Similar categories are listed by others, including A. Delatte, Pythagore p. 54-5, P. Mo
raux, La composition de la 'Vie d'Aristote', Revue des Etudes Grecques 68 (1955) p. 153,
henceforth 'La composition', and A. Frenkian, Analecta Laertiana, Studii Clasice 3
(1961) p. 401-2.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS' BOOK 5 3801
in his sources.30 Nevertheless, despite their varying order from life to life,
these classes of information do recur, and with such regularity that the
sorts of material which Diogenes considered appropriate for inclusion in or
exclusion from his biographies of the philosophers seems clear. In view of the
vast wealth of information which Diogenes provides for the lives of the
Peripatetics and also the often confusing mix of rubrics and their order which
he adopts in the different lives, it seems helpful to present in a more graphic
manner the occurrence or non-occurrence of each of these fifteen categories
of information in each of the Peripatetic lives as follows on p. 380331.
It will be noticed from the chart that of the six Peripatetics' lives, only
Aristotle's includes all fifteen categories and for that reason can be said to be
the most fully developed portrait among them. The relative completeness or
inclusiveness of Aristotle's life is due largely to the fact that Diogenes, accord
ing to his custom, reports the philosophical views of only the originator of a
school and not those of individual members. Therefore only Aristotle receives
a doxographical section. Readers of Diogenes' lives are thereby led to assume,
although wrongly, that his successors upheld his views. Only three rubrics are
common to all six lives: 1) the details of origin, which, by the way, are found
first in each life, 2) physical appearance and/or personal qualities, and 3)
accounts of the deaths of the philosophers, together with Diogenes' own
inevitable epigram. While two of the men do not have any apophthegms
attributed to them in Diogenes' accounts, of the four who do, Aristotle's and
Demetrius' appear in an isolated section, forming a discrete unit, much in the
manner of an appendix (5.17-21 and 5.82 — 3). On the other hand, Lyco's
sayings are woven tightly into the fabric of his biography, and thus constitute
no easily detached unit. Then again, the sayings of Theophrastus are arranged
in yet another manner. Three of them occur as a distinct unit (5.39 - 40), but
his dying words occur oddly after the first notice of his death (5.40), yet seem
to be intended as an integral part of the biographical narrative.
As mentioned earlier, the order of rubrics varies greatly from life to life
and very often the general effect is that of a jumble of quite unrelated items -
a series of miscellaneous notes thrown together with little or no attempt made
at any logical organization. Nor do we find any real trace of a chronological
scheme of exposition,32 although a man's origins is regularly given first and
the circumstances of death appear last in the truly biographical section of the
life. But within this extremely broad framework, if it can be called that, the
30 P. Moraux, La composition p. 153 - 5. See also his article: Diogène Laërce et le Peripatos,
Diogene Laerzio storico del pensiero antico. Elenchos 7 (Naples, 1986) p. 252 - 4, hence
forth 'D. L. et le Peripatos'.
31 A similar table is provided by P. Moraux, La composition p. 154.
32 See F. Leo, Die griechisch-römische Biographie nach ihrer litterarischen Form (Leipzig,
1901), who delineated the two major types of ancient biography distinguished by the
scheme of exposition, either chronological (historical) or systematic (literary). See also
A. Momigliano, The Development of Greek Biography (Cambridge, MA, 1971) p. 13
and 18-20.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS' BOOK 5 3803
(A
3
leophrast
metrius :raclides
istotle
o
o
0
H w X
< Q
1. Origin X X X X X X
2. Education X X X X X
3. Foundation/Succession X X X X
4. Appearance/Qualities X X X X X X
5. Political Activities X X X X X
6. Students/Disciples X X X
8. Anecdotes X X X X X
9. Apophthegms X X X X
12. Writings X X X X X
13. Doctrines X
15. Homonyms X X X X X
1. 'Biography Proper'
M Dittenberger, Sylloge inscriptionum Graecarum (Leipzig, 1889) no. 461 = Lyco, fr.
14 Wfhrli, suggested Alexandria in the Troad as Lyco's place of origin, but this is only
his guess to fill up a lacuna in the inscription.
" See W. Jaeger, Aristotle: Fundamentals of the History of His Development. TV. R. Robin
son (Oxford, 1948) p. 316, henceforth 'Aristotle', K. Brink, Peripatos col. 914 ff., and
J. Lynch, Aristotle's School p. 91 ff.
* That they were all, strictly speaking, metics is not entirely certain, but Aristotle and
Theophrastus were. See D. Whitehead, Aristotle the Metic, Proc. Cambr. Philol. Soc.
21 (1975) p. 94-9.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS' BOOK 5 3805
b) Education
In most lives, after the origin of a philosopher, we learn something about
the education of the man. Diogenes tells us who his teacher was, or if he had
more than one teacher, who they were. What Diogenes actually reports is that a
person was a "student" or "pupil" (uaGTixf|ç), an "acquaintance" or "associate"
(yvcbpiuoç), "listener" or "auditor" (àKouaxf|ç) of some teacher, or else he uses
verb forms to indicate that "he heard" or "listened to" (fjKouoe or Sif|Kouoe)
a particular teacher.42 I take all these variants to amount to the same thing;
each indicates that the subject was somehow familiar or associated with a
teacher and thus, in some sense, learned from or was educated by him.
Again, we get the most information concerning Aristotle. He is said to
have been "the most authentic (or genuine) of Plato's students" (yvnoicoxaxoç
xcav nXaxcovoc, uaGr|xrâv, 5.1), "went to" (TtapaRaXeîv) Plato at the age of
seventeen (5.6 and 9), and "spent" (Sicixpùyai) twenty years with him (5.9).
Despite his model Platonism, Aristotle seceded from Plato while the latter was
still alive (5.2, supported by the similar statement from Apollodorus in 5.9).
To this Diogenes adds Plato's scornful statement:
"Aristotle kicks out at us just as young colts which, when satiated, (kick)
out against their mother."4J
For the other Peripatetics we get much less information under this
heading. Theophrastus first studied (fjKouaev) under a fellow Eresian by the
name of Alcippus, then became a student (àKouaaç) of Plato, and lastly went
over (uexeatt|) to Aristotle (5.36). Nothing further is known about Alcippus,
but there is no good reason to doubt that Theophrastus received instruction
from this man before arriving in Athens.44 Concerning Theophrastus' Platonic
period, some scholars have been sceptical,45 although he is also listed as a
42 Other variants are TtapaBdXXeiv (5.86) and UeGio-tT|ui (5.36). See L. Tarân, Speusippus
of Athens: A Critical Study with a Collection of the Related Texts and Commentary.
Philosophia Antiqua 39 (Leiden, 1981) p. 222.
4' The same story is told by Aelian, Varia Historia 4.9, in explaining Plato's nickname of
Iloakoç for Aristotle. I. During, AABT p. 57, rightly observes: "vewr|dévxa gives no
sense; alone it cannot mean 'newly born', as the commentators suggest." He accordingly
corrects Diogenes' text from Aelian and writes KopecrGévxa, "satiated", which is a marked
improvement.
44 This man's name is transmitted variously in the manuscripts. One of them even has
AeuiaTtnou, which is clearly wrong, if the famous originator of the atomic theory is meant.
See my article: Diogenes Laertius 5.36-57: The Vita Theophrasti, in: Theophrastus of
Eresus: On His Life and Work. Rutgers University Studies in Classical Humanities vol. 2,
ed. by W. Fortenbaugh, P. Huby, and A. Long (New Brunswick, NJ and Oxford, 1985)
p. 44.
45 E. Zeller, op. cit. (note 38) vol. 2.2 (1879) p. 806 n. 3, O. Regenbogen, Theophrastos,
no. 3, RE suppl. vol.7 (1940) col. 1358, and K. Gaiser, Theophrast in Assos: Zur
Entwicklung der Naturwissenschaft zwischen Akademie und Peripatos. Abh. d. Heidel-
berger Akad. d. Wissensch., phil.-hist. Kl. 3 (Heidelberg, 1985) p. 24-6, accept the
tradition of Theophrastus' studies with Plato. Moreover, E. Bignone, L'Aristotele perduto
e la formazione filosofica di Epicuro, 2nd ed. Pensiero filosofico 7,2 (Firenze, 1973)
vol. 1 p. 22-3, not only supports a Platonic period for the young Theophrastus, but
even claims to have discovered in the fragments of his writings, much as in the early
works of Aristotle, the profession of Plato's theory of ideas. W. Jaeger, Aristotle p. 115
DIOGENES LAERTIUS' BOOK 5 3807
student of Plato in the latter's life (3. 46). 46 It is very possible, however, that
Theophrastus sailed to Athens at the age of seventeen or eighteen around 355
B. C.47 and was admitted as a member of the Academy. After all, as previously
mentioned, Aristotle had been only seventeen when he first entered Plato's
school, and Plato did not die until 348/7 B. C. There was, then, a period of
time, perhaps seven years, during which the young Theophrastus could have
entered upon studies with Plato. After he had studied with Plato and, presum
ably, after Plato died, he attached himself to Aristotle.48
While it seems likely that Strato studied under Theophrastus, his prede
cessor as head of the Lyceum, Diogenes nowhere records this;49 he says nothing
about any of Strato's teachers or even if he had any.
The report about Lyco's only named teacher, Panthoides the dialectician,50
is placed strangely by Diogenes; this notice awkwardly interrupts the surround
ing narrative. After saying that Lyco was head of the school for forty-
four years, Diogenes inserts "not but what he also heard Panthoides the
fragmentary remains of his writings.59 While he may have not been a student
of the Pythagoreans, he surely seems to have been influenced by them. And
in view of both his and Speusippus' marked interests in Pythagoreanism,60
there is nothing wholly improbable in what Diogenes has reported. As for his
association with Aristotle, since there is a good possibility that Heraclides left
Athens after his defeat by Xenocrates for headship of the Academy in 339/8
B. C.,61 and Aristotle did not return to Athens until at least 335/4 B. C.,62 if
Heraclides was ever Aristotle's student, it could only have been while both of
them were still members of Plato's Academy before Plato's death in 348/7
B. C. At any rate, Sotion and Aetius regarded Heraclides as a younger contem
porary of Aristotle, a classmate of Theophrastus, and so a Peripatetic.63 Even
so, when one looks at Heraclides' originality, his blending and melding of
various elements from different philosophical systems, his peculiar atomic
theory, his extraordinary breadth of interests, one gets the impression that
Heraclides tended to follow his own path and seems to have been held by
allegiance to no particular school or sect.64
originator of the Peripatetic sect and its intellectual and spiritual, if not legal
founder. What Diogenes does tell us, basing his information on the authority
of Hermippus, is that when Aristotle returned to Athens in 335/4 B. C. and
saw the Academy being led by Xenocrates,
"he chose a walkway in the Lyceum and walked up and down doing
philosophy with his students until anointing time."67
Aristotle's departure for Chalcis and subsequent death are dated more accu
rately to the third year of the 114th Olympiad ( = 322/1 B. C.) by Apollodorus,
according to Diogenes.73 All other sources unanimously agree that with
Aristotle gone, Theophrastus assumed the leadership of the sect. The statement
that Theophrastus took over the leadership of Aristotle's school (axoXf|v) is,
of course, technically inaccurate, for the reasons already adduced concerning
Aristotle's foundation of a school. More important, however, is the absence
of any mention of the method by which Theophrastus was selected for this
position; Diogenes simply writes aùxôç SieSéÇaxo. But the Suda and pseudo-
67 D. L. 5.2: bXtaQui nepiTtaxov tôv èv Aukeio> kcù uéxpt uèv aXeiuuaxoç avaKduTtxovxa
xoîç ua9r|xcnç ouu<ptXoaocpeïv = Hermippus, fr. 45 Wehrli.
68 D. L. 5.2: ô9ev nepiTtaxilnKov (sic codd.: TtepiTiaxr|nKoùç Reiske) npoaayopeuÔfjvai.
69 D. L. 1.17: ànô auunxcDuàxcov.
70 A. Busse, Peripatos und Peripatetiker, Hermes 61 (1926) 335-42, K. Brink, Peripatos,
col. 899-904, I. During, AABT p. 404- 11, and J. Lynch, Aristotle's School p. 74-5.
It should accordingly be listed together with the Academy and the Stoa, which Diogenes
says took their names from localities (ànà xôiicov, 1.17).
If Diogenes has recorded his information faithfully, Hermippus may have been the first
to use the word. It also appears to have been used by Antigonus of Carystus in Athenaeus,
Deipnos. 12.547D = Lyco, fr. 7 Wehrli, and Colotes in Plutarch, Adv. Colot. 14. 1115B
= Strato, fr. 35 Wehrli. See I. During, AABT p. 58 and J. Lynch, Aristotle's School
p. 75.
72 D. L. 5.36: KdKeivou fApiaxoxéXouç) tiq XaX<\6a ûnoxcopf|aavxoç, aùxôç (©eôq>paaxoç)
SieSé^uxo xfiv axo/.fiv 'OXuuniuSi xexàpxr| Kai SeKdxi] kcù eK<rxoaxfj. For other reports
on Aristotle's departure and death see I. During, AABT p. 250-5 and 345-8.
D.L. 5.10 = Apollodorus, FGrH 244 F 38a.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS' BOOK 5 3811
~* pseudo-Galen, Historia philosopha 3 (Doxogr. Gr. p. 600.21 - 601.1 Diels) and Suda,
s. v. 'ApicriôÇsvoç (no. 3927, part 1 p. 357.10- 11 Adlf.r). On the latter, see T. Reinach,
Aristoxène, Aristote et Théophraste, in: Festschrift Theodor Gomperz dargebracht zum
siebzigsten Geburtstag am 29. Marz 1902, von Schulern, Freunden, Collegen (Vienna,
1902) p. 75-9.
75 A. Gellius, Noctes Atticae 13.5.1 - 12.
76 By I. During, AABT p. 346, and K. Brink, Peripatos col. 926.
77 D. L. 5.57: SicÔÊÇaxo 8' aùxoù xf)v axoXf)v Expaxcov. This notice actually appears at the
end of Theophrastus' life, as I have explained in an article: A Note on the Lives of
Theophrastus and Strato in Diogenes Laertius 5.57-58, Classical Philology 82 (1987)
p. 228-30.
78 D.L. 5.58: axoXapxeîv Sé, KaGâ cpr|aiv 'AnoXXôScopoç èv XpoviKoîç, fjpÇaxo xfj xpurj
Kai eiKoaxfj Kai ÊKaxoo-tf| "OXuuTiià8i, xf|ç axoXfjç 6xrj oKxcoKaiSeKa = Apollodorus,
FGrH 244 F 40 = Strato," fr. 1 Wehrli.
75 The reference to the members of the school as cpiXoi is striking and indicates relaxed
relations among the members. Its use will probably have strengthened or fostered 'school
spirit', and encouraged a solidarity not based on any rigid adherence to orthodox
principles or rules. J. Lynch, Aristotle's School p. 87, points out that Aristotle conceived
of the relation among members of his philosophical community as one of friendship,
too. See EN 9.1 1164b3-4 and 9.12 1 171b29 - 1 172a9. Note also that in his will,
Theophrastus not only calls the members of the Peripatetic community friends, but urges
them to use the school property "in a familiar and friendly manner" (oiKelcoç Kai
cpiXiKôç, 5.53). Moreover, Plato, Epist. 7 347E and the Suda, s. v. 'AKa8r|ueia (no. 775,
part 1 p. 73.28 Adi.er), calls the Academy "the school of friends" (Ti xcov cpiXcov 8i<rtpiBr|).
For further details concerning the organizational principles of philosophical schools see
C. Natai.i, Aspetti organizzativi di alcune scuole filosofiche ateniesi, Hermes 111 (1983)
p. 52-69.
3812 MICHAEL G. SOLLENBERGER
that this is so from Strato's bequest of the School to Lyco (5.61), who
thereupon became the next scholarch. But not only did Theophrastus leave
the school to a group, but he further specified that the inheritors were not to
alienate it and no one of them was to appropriate it for his own private use.80
Clearly, however, this collegiate principle of ownership was violated by Strato
when he bequeathed the school to Lyco. But how did the school come to be
Strato's private property? One possible explanation is that when Strato was
elected scholarch by the other members, as seems to have been the case,81 the
common partners vested their shares of the ownership in him. This would
have had the administrative advantage of control by one person without
destroying the collective responsibility of the whole group, thereby effectively
circumventing, but without nullifying Theophrastus' testamentary provision
that the property be inalienable.82
We know how Lyco came to be head of the school: Strato bequeathed
the property to him and he became sole owner and thus scholarch. Strato
makes it plain in his will that he has selected Lyco as his heir and successor
because "of the others, some are too old and others too busy."83 Yet he does
ask other members to assist Lyco in "organizing the school" (auyKaxacrKeuâÇov-
xeÇ x0ûxÛ), 5.62).
As fourth scholarch of the Peripatos Lyco
"led the school for forty-four years after Strato had left it to him in his
will in the 127th Olympiad (= 272-69 B.C.)."84
This means that Lyco was scholarch until 228—4 B.C., at which time,
writing his will from his death bed, he returned to Theophrastus' principle of
collegiality and bequeathed the school to ten members whom he enjoined to
"appoint as leader whomever they think will persevere in the task and
can best help the school to grow."85
90 I.e., by Censorinus, De die natali 14. See the section on Death below.
91 Yet Athenaeus, Deipnos. 1.21 A, cites Hermippus (fr. 51 Wehrli) for the vivid description
of Theophrastus: "Theophrastus used to arrive punctually at the Peripatos, looking
splendid and all decked out. Then sitting down, he used to present his lecture, refraining
from no movement and no gesture. And once, while imitating a gourmet, having stuck
out his tongue, he repeatedly licked his lips." One wonders why Diogenes did not include
this portrait from Hermippus.
91 D.L. 5.36: ô 8è ©ecxppaCTxoç yéyovev àvr|p CTuvexcaxaxoç Kcù cpiXoTtovcbxaxoç .... fiXXcaç
xe Kai eùepycxtKôç Kai cpiXôXoyoç. On the text of this passage, see my comments in the
article cited above (note 44), p. 44-5.
93 See K. Janâcek, Zur Würdigung des Diogenes Laertios, Helikon 8 (1968) p. 448 - 51.
94 He uses the word eight other times: 2.60, 4.1, 4.16, 4.59, 4.62, 5.34, 7.168, and 9.36: cf.
also TtoviKcinaxoC,, 7.180. The superlative is used elsewhete only of Aristotle (5.34). On
Theophrastus as a 'workaholic', see the section on Death below.
95 D. L. 5.60: xoùxôv cpaaiv oùxco yevéCTGai Xsiixov ûç àvaiaGf|xcoç zeXsozf\aai = Strato, fr.
11 Wehrli.
96 Diogenes attempts a weak pun on ô cpuaiKôç by using the verb 6cpuaev.
9" D.L. 5.60 = Anth. Pal. 7.111.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS' BOOK 5 3815
Again, from what source Diogenes drew these further remarks, if they are not
just his own enlargements, is unknown.
We are better provided with both the physical and personal characteristics
of Lyco. Diogenes starts by saying that Lyco was
"an eloquent man and extremely earnest about the education of boys."98
Then Lyco's remarkable powers of speech are illustrated at some length.99
Lyco was quite impeccable in his attire, according to Hermippus, and wore
clothes that were unexcelled in softness. 100 Over against this apparent effemi
nacy, Diogenes adds a description of the athletic stature of the man:
"He was very gymnastic and in good shape, displaying an overall athletic
condition, with cauliflower ears and covered with dirt, according to
Antigonus of Carystus. On this account, too, it is said that he wrestled and
even played the game of ball which they play in his Trojan homeland."101
While Lyco is perhaps not portrayed as we might expect a philosopher to be,
there is no denying that he begins to come to life in this description. We get
a similar description of Lyco in a large excerpt from Antigonus' biography of
Lyco preserved by Athenaeus, which Diogenes has strangely omitted from his
account.102 There Lyco is also shown to have been a fun-loving, hard-drinking
man of the world, which appears nowhere in Diogenes' account.
All of the descriptions of Demetrius' physical appearance in Diogenes'
work concern his eyes. He cites Didymus for the statement that a certain
courtesan used to call Demetrius "the one with the eyelids of the Graces"
(XapuoRXécpapov) and also "shining eyes" (Aaunixco, 5.76). 103 Having men
tioned these two nicknames which Demetrius earned because of his eyes,
Diogenes is led by association104 to recount a third item which also concerns
w D. L. 5.65: cppaanKôç àvfip Kai nepi nai8cov àyayr\v thcpcoç ctuvxexoyuevoç (or auvxexaué-
voç, Richards) = Lyco, fr. 22 Wehrli.
" D. L. 5.65-6 = Lyco, fr. 22-5 and 27 Wehrli. On the illustration of his powers of
speech see the section on Anecdotes below.
100 D. L. 5.67: f|v Sè Kai KaGapcoxaxoÇ xfiv axoXtiv, coç àvuTtepp7.r|up xpfjaGai uaXaKonrii
luaricov, Ka9d cpr|aiv "Epuinnoç = Hermippus, fr. 57 Wehrli = Lyco, fr. 8.
101 D. L. 5.67: àXXà Kai yuuvaoTiKoKaxoç èyévexo Kai eùékxt|ç xô aûua xfiv xe nàaav ctxéctiv
a9Xr|xiKr|v eTttcpaivcov, coxo9Xa8iaç Kai èuTiivT|ç ûv, KaGâ <pr|aiv "Avxiyovoç ô Kapùauoç
= Lyco, fr. 8 Wehrli. Antigonus was a contemporary of Lyco; his description may thus
be an eyewitness report. See U. von Wilamowitz, Antigonos von Karystos. Philol.
Untersuchungen 4 (Berlin, 1881) p. 85, henceforth 'Antigonos', and F. Wehrli, SA vol. 6,
p. 22.
,"- Athenaeus, Deipnos. 12.547Dff. = Lyco, fr. 7 Wehrli. See also Wilamowitz, Antigonos
p. 78-83.
The same nicknames of Demetrius are found in the Suda, s. v. Ar|uf|xpioç (no. 429, part 2
p. 40.24-5 Adler) = Demetrius, fr. 36 Wehrli, and Athenaeus, Deipnos. 13.593F =
fr. 37 Wehrli.
,04 Composition by association or chaining together of similar notions is a method frequently
employed by Diogenes. See P. Moraux, La composition p. 156 -7 and Idem, D. L. et le
Peripatos p. 258.
3816 MICHAEL G. SOLLENBERGER
his eyes: he is said to have lost his sight in Alexandria and recovered it again
from the god Sarapis (of Canopus) and thus wrote paeans to him which were
still being sung in Diogenes' (?) day. 105 This is all that Diogenes includes with
reference to Demetrius' physical appearance; we can, however, supplement it
from more extensive descriptions of his stature, his hair, and his rather
feminine affectations. 106
Heraclides, like both Aristotle and Lyco, "wore soft clothes".107 But
unlike either of them he was "obese" or "excessively large" (CmépoyKoç f|v xo
ctcoua, 5.87). His attire and size gave rise to a play on his name, for the
Athenians called him "not Heraclides of Pontus, but Heraclides the Pom
pous".108 In a seeming attempt to tone down this taunting mockery, Diogenes
tacks on the statements that Heraclides was "gentle in his aspect (lit. 'gaze')
and dignified."109 No other characteristics of Heraclides' appearance or quali
ties are specified, but Diogenes does intimate elsewhere by the inclusion of
two curious anecdotes that the man was quite a trickster and inordinately
vain.110
e) Political Activities
Since they were foreigners in Athens, the Peripatetics had little opportu
nity for involvement in Athenian politics, although they were, in turn, often
the objects of Athenian political maneuvers and intrigues. But all of them
seem, at one time or another, to have been associated with the governments
and rulers of other cities and lands.
Aristotle, of course, was associated with the Macedonian court from the
very start, since his father was the physician and friend of King Amyntas
III.111 But when Diogenes later cites Hermippus, a source regularly favorable
to Aristotle, for the surprising statement that
"while Aristotle was serving on a legation of the Athenians to Philip,
Xenocrates became scholarch in the Academy",112
105 D. L. 5.76 = Demetrius, fr. 68 Wehri.i; as his fr. 200 of Demetrius Wehrli lists a work
entitled 'Paeans', which is not found in Diogenes' catalogue of Demetrius' works. See
F. Wehrli, SA vol. 4, p. 87.
106 E.g., from Duris in Athenaeus, Deipnos. 12.542B-D = Demetrius, fr. 34 Wehrli.
"r D. L. 5.86: oûxoç boQf\zi xe uaXaKfj eXpr|xo = Heraclides, fr. 3 Wehrli; cf. also D. L.
5.1 and 5.67.
108 D. L. 5.86: coox' aùxôv ûnô xcov 'Axxikûv ur| IIovxikov àXXà rIountKôv KaXeîaGai =
Heraclides, fr. 3 Wehrli.
IOT D. L. 5.86: npçôç x' fiv xô BXéuua Kai aeuvôç = Heraclides, fr. 3 Wehrli. BUuua is
Cobet's correction of BàGuoua, 'abyss' or 'chasm', which is found in the manuscripts
of Diogenes' work. H. Long, Diogenis Laertii Vitae Philosophorum (Oxford, 1964)
vol. 1, p. 242.12, writes BdSiaua, 'walk' or 'gait'.
1,0 On these two tales see the sections on Anecdotes and Death below.
D. L. 5.1; see the section on Origin above.
112 D.L. 5.2: TtpeoBeùovxoç aùxoù npô; cDiXinTtov ûTtèp 'AGnvauov axoXupxTiç èyévexo xfjç
èv 'AKaSnueia axoXr\q EevoKpaxr|ç = Hermippus, fr. 45 Wehrli. This statement is the
DIOGENES LAERTIUS' BOOK 5 3817
some difficult problems are raised. Xenocrates was elected scholarch in 340/
39 B. C. and at that time Aristotle is reported to have been in Macedon
tutoring Alexander. 113 So far so good. But one has to wonder about Aristotle
"serving on a legation of the Athenians to Philip". How could a Macedonian
represent Athens as ambassador in Macedonia? This has been plausibly
explained as an "apologetic fiction" invented by Hermippus, who wished to
glorify Aristotle.114 But it has aptly been pointed out by O. Gigon that we do
not, in fact, know exactly what Aristotle's status or position in Athens was
between the time of Plato's death in 348/7 B. C. and his own death in 322/1
B. C.115 Moreover, Hermippus' statement seems to be at variance with Apollo-
dorus' information; he has Aristotle going to Assos after Plato's death, then
three years later to Mytilene (which is wholly absent in Hermippus' account),
and after three more years to Philip's court, where he stayed for seven years
before returning to Athens in 335/4 B. C. It appears that unless we can
harmonize the chronology and movements of Aristotle according to both
Hermippus and Apollodorus, certitude in this matter of Aristotle's diplomatic
mission does not seem possible.116
The famous Hermias episode which Diogenes relates117 has been the
subject of a number of studies.118 The tale contains many items which are
clearly inconsistent with other items in Diogenes' life of Aristotle and also
with information available in other sources.119 Generally, Diogenes' story is
really only a series of reports from his sources. He partakes of both traditions
concerning Aristotle, the favorable and the unfavorable,120 and in this attempt
he utterly confuses matters. We are told that after Plato's death,121 Aristotle
went off to the court of Hermias the eunuch, tyrant of Atarneus. Then follows
beginning of the tradition of the unfriendly relations of Aristotle and Xenocrates. See
further I. During, AABT p. 58 and 314, O. Gigon, Interpretationen p. 158 ff., and
F. Wehrli, SA suppl. vol. 1, p. 73-4.
113 See the section on Chronological Information below.
114 I. During, AABT p. 58 and O. Gigon, Interpretationen p. 162.
1,5 O. Gigon, Interpretationen p. 164.
11* Of course it is not only the harmonizing of these two that is called for, but this would
seem to be a good place to start in ascertaining the facts about Aristotle's mission. See
O. Gigon, Interpretationen p. 166.
117 D.L. 5.3-4.
Ils Among them are C. Mulvany, Notes on the Legend of Aristotle, Classical Quarterly 20
(1926) p. 155-67, D. Wormell, The Literary Tradition Concerning Hermias of Atar
neus, Yale Classical Studies 5 (1935) p. 57-92, J. Bidez, Hermias d'Atarnée, Bull, de la
Classe des Lettres de l'Académie Royale de Belgique 29 (1943) p. 133-46, W. Jaeger,
Aristotle p. 110- 19, P. Moraux, La composition p. 137 - 40, 1. During, AABT p. 272-
83, O. Gigon, Interpretationen p. 171 -4, C. Pavese, Aristotle e i filosofi ad Asso, Parola
del Passato 77 (1961) p. 113- 19, A. Chroust, Aristotle's Sojourn in Assos, Historia 21
(1972) p. 170-6, and K. Gaiser, op. cit. (note 45) p. 9-27.
"» 1. During has collected these in AABT p. 272-83.
120 On this method of composition see O. Gigon, Interpretationen p. 147-9 and P. Moraux,
La composition p. 155-6.
121 It is assumed that it was after Plato's death. Diogenes' resumptive 6»teixa uévxoi here is,
if not misleading, at best ambiguous. See O. Gigon, Interpretationen p. 171.
3818 MICHAEL G. SOLLENBERGER
land, it was quite easy to show him drawing up a code of laws for his
compatriots.130 These last two items, then, appear to be wholesale fabrications
by a source favorable to Aristotle, and that source may be Hermippus.
Without citing sources, Diogenes proceeds to tell the well-known story
of Callisthenes and Alexander.131 Aristotle decided to return to Athens when
he thought that he had stayed with Alexander long enough, but not before
he introduced his nephew Callisthenes to Alexander. But Callisthenes, who
was too free in his speech toward Alexander and did not obey him, was soon
implicated in Hermolaus' plot to kill Alexander, was imprisoned for a time,
and then thrown to a lion and died.132 This digression, barren of details as it
is, seems to have little if any connection with Aristotle. There is a connection,
but we have to wait some time before we find out what it is. The denouement
of the Callisthenes episode comes in 5.9, after Apollodorus' detailed chrono
logy of Aristotle's life. Diogenes writes:
"It is said that on account of his introduction of Callisthenes to Alexander
Aristotle offended the king and that Alexander, for the purpose of causing
Aristotle grief, honored Anaximenes (of Lampsacus?)133 and sent gifts to
Xenocrates."134
Clearly this passage has somehow come to be displaced from its original
position in the earlier recitation of the Callisthenes affair.135
Brief mention must be made of the indictment of Aristotle for impiety
by Eurymedon the hierophant (or, according to Favorinus, by Demophilus).136
For this provides an instructive example of how the charge of àaepeiaç ypcupr|
could be trumped up as a screen for a political conflict. It was a standard
means for effectively removing various individuals considered detrimental to
the state. The legal grounds for the charge accordingly seem to have been
quite vague and elastic.137 The ostensive grounds for the accusation of Aristotle
were his hymn in honor of Hermias and the poetic inscription which he
130 D. L. 5.4: oïç (ixayeipixaiç) kcù vôuouç Geîvai. See P. Moraux, La composition p. 140.
131 D. L. 5.4-5. The demise of Callisthenes is also told by Plutarch, Vita Alexandri 53-5,
Arrian, Anab. 4.9.10 and 14.1, Tatian, Adv. Graecos 2, Themistius, Orat. 10 130a,
Valerius Maximus, Res gestae 8.2.11, and the Suda, s. v. KaXXiaGévr|ç (no. 240, part 3
p. 20.23-32 Adler).
"2 For other details found in other reports see I. During, AABT p. 294-6.
133 In the short list of homonyms given for Anaximenes (2.3) is found an Anaximenes of
Lampsacus, a rhetorician who wrote about the deeds of Alexander, perhaps to be
identified with the author of the Rhetorica ad Alexandrum and the recipient of honors
from Alexander.
134 D. L. 5.10. On the monetary gifts of Alexander to Xenocrates cf. 4.8.
135 See P. Moraux, La composition p. 149.
136 D. L. 5.56 = Favorinus, fr. 36 Mensching; cf. also Hermippus in Athenaeus, Deipnos.
15.696Aff. = Hermippus, fr. 48 Wehrli. On the trials of philosophers for impiety see
Derenne, Les procès d'impiété intentés aux philosophes à Athènes au Vme et au
IVme siècle avant J.-C. Bibl. de la fac. de philos, et lettres de l'Univ. de Liège 45 (Liège,
1930) in general and especially p. 190.
1,7 See M. Wellmann, 'AaeBeiaç ypa<pfi, RE 2.2 (1896) col. 1529-31.
3820 MICHAEL G. SOLLENBERGER
These grounds, although they hardly seem legitimate as a cause for the charge of
impiety, were probably a screen for the vindictiveness of anti-Macedonian Athenians. See
P. Moraux, La composition p. 142, I. During, AABT p. 205 and 344, and O. Gigon,
Interpretationen p. 178 — 9.
See W.S.Ferguson, Hellenistic Athens: An Historical Essay (London, 1911) p. 36 and
A. Chroust, Aristotle's Flight from Athens in the Year 323 B.C., Historia 15 (1966)
p. 185-91 and Idem, Aristotle and the Foreign Policy of Macedonia, Review of Politics
34 (1972) p. 367-94.
140 D. L. 5.9 = Favorinus, fr. 37 Mensching.
141 See P. Moraux, La composition p. 141-2, I. During, AABT p. 342, and E. Mensching,
Favorin von Arelate: Der erste Teil der Fragmente. Memorabilien und Omnigena Histo
ria. Texte und Kommentare 3 (Berlin, 1963) p. 122-4. See also the section on Death
below.
142 D. L. 5.37: xoaoùxov 8' anoSoxTiç TiÇioÙxo nap' 'A9nvaioiç oax' 'AyvcoviSrtç xoXufiaaç
àoepeiuç uùxôv ypà\yaCT9ai.
141 D. L. 5.37: uucpoù Kai TipoaùxpXev. Theophrastus himself is the source of our knowledge
concerning this penalty. In his treatise nepi voucov a' (5.47) he explained that if an
accuser lost his case without obtaining a minimum of one-fifth of the votes of the court,
he was fined 1,000 drachmas (schol. in Demosth. Adv. Androt. 3, in: Baiter and Sauppe,
Oratores Attici vol. 1 [Zurich, 1839] p. 104bl6 - 105a3).
DIOGENES LAERTIUS' BOOK 5 3821
144 Polybius 12. 13.9 ff., Athenaeus, Deipnos. 11.508F, Alexis in Athenaeus, Deipnos. 13.610E
= Alexis, fr. 94 (CAF vol. 2.1, p. 327 Kock), and Pollux, Onomasticon 9.42. See further
F. Hoffman, De lege contra philosophos imprimis Theophrastum, auctore Sophocle,
Amphiclidae filio, Athenis lata (Karlsruhe, 1842), Wilamowitz, Antigonos p. 187-97
and 270 - 4, W. S. Ferguson, op. cit. (note 139) p. 95-108, O. Regenbogen, Theo-
phrastos no. 3, RE suppl. vol. 7 (1940) col. 1360, henceforth 'Theophrastos', and
J. Lynch, Aristotle's School p. 103-21.
145 Diodorus Siculus 20.45.1 ff., and Plutarch, Vita Demetrii 9-10.
146 Dinarchus, a student of Demetrius, aware of the impending danger, fled before he could
be arrested (Dionysius of Halicarnassus, De Dinarcho 2-3, pseudo-Plutarch, Vitae
decem oratorum 850D and Photius, Bibliotheca 267, 494b23 - 9). Menander, an Athenian
citizen, was almost brought to trial simply because he was known to be an acquaintance
of Demetrius of Phalerum (D. L. 5.79 = Demetrius, fr. 57 Wehrli).
252 ANRW II 36.6
3822 MICHAEL G. SOLLENBERGER
gime.147 This committee heard Sophocles' proposal that none of the philoso
phers be allowed to be in charge of a school without the permission of the
council and the people. Failure to comply would be punishable by death. The
vouoGéxai approved the proposal and issued a decree which made the accession
of any philosopher to the leadership of a school dependent upon governmental
consent. As a result, all the philosophers, including Theophrastus, declared
their solidarity in opposition to this state intervention in their freedom of
teaching, and withdrew from Athens.
Some months later, in the spring of 306 B. C., Philo, a member of the
Peripatos and a citizen of Athens, thereby having the legal right to appear in
court as a prosecutor, accused Sophocles of having proposed an illegal measure.
His prosecution was successful and Sophocles was ordered to pay a fine of
five talents. Diogenes explains that then the people of Athens rescinded the
law of Sophocles and voted for the return of the philosophers.
There are, to be sure, many problems in this episode omitted in this
general summary.148 But what is striking is Diogenes' conclusion. He says
that the ultimate purpose in bringing back the philosophers was so that
Theophrastus, too, might return and be in the same circumstances as before.
But this was surely not the real purpose of the vote, but only the rationalization
of Diogenes or his source, either of whom was eager to provide an illustration
of the high esteem in which Theophrastus was held in Athens. The loss of
the philosophers from the city certainly must have brought with it a concurrent
loss of prestige, for it was a serious blow to the cultural life of the city. There
was also definite material loss involved in their absence, for the schools
attracted students from all parts of the world, who contributed to the general
economic welfare of the city. Further, it is likely that with the victory of the
democratic party and the removal of Macedonian overlordship there was an
eventual subsidence of vindictiveness toward philo-Macedonians. These, and
not only widespread popular desire to have Theophrastus back in Athens,
seem to have been the real reasons for voting the return of the philosophers
to the city.
Diogenes includes one more item which concerns Theophrastus' political
activity:
"It is said that he even came into possession of his own garden after the
death of Aristotle, since Demetrius of Phalerum, who was also his pupil
(yvcopiuoc,), helped him to obtain it." (5.39)
H* Although this privilege was originally reserved for special groups of foreigners, e.g.
TipôÇevoi or iaoxeXeîç, it was often awarded honorifically to metics as well as other
resident aliens from the end of the fourth century B. C. See J. Pecircka, The Formulae
for the Grant of Enktêsis in Attic Inscriptions. Acta Univ. Carolinae Philosophica et
Historica, Monographia 15 (Diss. Univ. Karlova: Prague, 1966), and T. Thalheim,
lyKzr\aiq, RE 5.2 (1905) col. 2584-5, and A.Harrison, The Law of Athens, Vol. 1:
The Family and Property (Oxford, 1968) p. 236 - 8.
150 See above (note 65) and the section on Personal Documents below.
ul It is assumed that Strato tutored Ptolemy II Philadelphus before he became head of the
Lyceum ca. 287/6 B. C.
1,2 An inscription from ca. 232/1 B.C. (Dittenbf.rger, Sylloge inscriptionum Graecarum
[Leipzig, 1898], no. 491 = Lyco, fr. 13 Wehrli) shows that Lyco gave money (200
drachmas) to the state. Another inscription, perhaps from the decade 254/44 B. C. (no.
461 = Lyco, fr. 14 Wehrli) records that Lyco received special honors for his eûvoia
and cpiXoxiuia toward Delphi and the state religious cult. See also W. Capelle, Lykon,
no. 14, RE 13.2 (1927) col. 2304 - 5, henceforth 'Lykon'.
H2-
3824 MICHAEL G. SOLLENBERGER
because he was from the Troad, Lyco received the favor of the kings Eumenes
and Attalus. They are said to have regarded him more highly than any other
philosopher (5.67) and one presumes that they supplied him with funds.153.
Moreover, they most likely admired Lyco because he had refused the invitation
of their common enemy, Antiochus II, monarch of Syria (5.67).
Demetrius of Phalerum was an eminent politician and nothing makes this
clearer than the fact that he was Cassander's regent in Athens for ten years.154
According to Demetrius of Magnesia, he entered politics when Harpalus, who
was fleeing Alexander, came to Athens, i.e. 324 B.C. (5.75). Diogenes only
tells us that Demetrius "was leader of (èÇr|yf|aaxo) the city for ten years"
(5.75) and makes no mention of his regency under Cassander or what years
he led the state. These details can be supplied from other sources.155 To show
how greatly Demetrius was esteemed, Diogenes records that he was honored
by 360 bronze statues, many of which depicted him riding a horse, driving a
chariot or a team of horses (5.75). Not only that, says Diogenes, but the
statues were completed in less than 300 days.156 In return, he
"increased (or enriched) the city by means of public revenues and struc
tures" (5.75).
Diogenes moves along quickly; we must bear in mind that he is only attempting
to characterize the man, not detail his achievements. For those, we must turn
to other sources.
Then comes the account of Demetrius' fall from power. While others
attribute Demetrius' eclipse to the capture of Athens from Cassander by
Demetrius Poliorcetes,157 Diogenes attributes it to "all-consuming envy" (Cmo
xoO xù navxa Siea9iovxoç cp9ôvou, 5.76). He was accused of a capital charge,
presumably treasonous activity against the state; he fled and let judgment
go by default (5.77). Elsewhere we learn that Demetrius fled to Thebes,
where he stayed for at least ten years.158 Diogenes makes no mention of this.
He is more interested in telling us how the Athenians, frustrated at being
unable to lay hands on Demetrius, desecrated many of his statues, selling
,M W. Capelle, Lykon, col. 2304 and E. Hansen, The Attalids of Pergamum. 2nd ed.
Cornell Studies in Classical Philology 36 (Ithaca, NY, 1971) p. 396-7. It is noteworthy
that other philosophers were at the Pergamene court, e. g. Lacydes (D. L. 4.60), Arcesilaus
(4.38), and Lysimachus (Hermippus in Athenaeus, Deipnos. 6.252C = Hermippus, fr. 56
Wehrli).
I54 D. L. 5.75 = Demetrius, fr. 24 Wehrli.
155 E.g., Nepos, Vita Phocionis 3, Diodorus Siculus 20.45.1 ff., Plutarch, Vita Demetrii 9-
10 and various inscriptional evidence; see Demetrius, fr. 11 —32, 35, and 42 — 52 Wehrli.
is6 See Demetrius, fr. 21-4 Wehrli. In his commentary on these fragments, F. Wehrli
thinks this mention of the time it took to complete the statues is „spielerische Erfindung"
(SA vol. 4, p. 51).
157 Demetrius, fr. 46-51 Wehrli.
1,8 See Demetrius, fr. 50-1 and 69c. At this time he probably associated with Crates the
Cynic; cf. D. L. 6.90 = Demetrius, fr. 58a and Sosicrates in Athenaeus, Deipnos. 10.422C
= fr. 58b.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS' BOOK 5 3825
some, tossing others into the sea, and breaking up others for use as chamber
pots (5.77). Then, in what looks remarkably like "author's remarks", Dio
genes adds:
"Only one (statue) is preserved on the acropolis."159
He immediately cites Favorinus for two further footnotes: 1) the statues were
pulled down on the orders of Demetrius Poliorcetes and 2) the year in which
Demetrius was archon was set down as "(the year of) lawlessness."160
In a later section of his life (5.79), we learn that when Demetrius was
being viciously prosecuted (èauKocpavxeïxo), Menander the comic poet was
nearly hauled into court simply because he was Demetrius' friend. Telesphorus,
Demetrius' nephew, intervened and saved him from this fate. 161 This notice
actually appears outside Demetrius' 'biography proper'. It belongs more prop
erly earlier in the life, most likely in the account of Demetrius' dethronement,
and specifically in conjunction with Demetrius' own accusation on a capital
charge (5.76). Diogenes indicates here that this is an addition which he himself
is making, for he says:
"I have learned this too" (uavGâvco yap Kai xoOxo).162
Diogenes passes over in silence the events of the next nine or ten years
(307/6-298/7 B.C.), for the next thing he tells us, on the authority of
Hermippus, is that when Cassander died (in 298/7 B. C.), fearing Antigonus,
Demetrius fled to Ptolemy in Egypt (5.78). 163 He spent a long time there,
serving as Ptolemy's advisor. Diogenes reports one piece of advice which the
Phalerean offered to the monarch: Ptolemy should confer the royal power on
his children by Eurydice.164 Ptolemy ignored this and instead gave the power
to his son by Berenice, i.e. Ptolemy II Philadelphus. When this Ptolemy
1W D. L. 5.77: nia 8è uôvt| acbÇexai èv àKponôXei. On such 'author's remarks' see J. Meier,
DLHBp.53-4.
160 D. L. 5.77 = Favorinus, fr. 38 and 54 Mensching. Demetrius was archon in 309/8 B. C.
(fr. 18- 19 Wehrli). This form of damnatio looks to be quite unique; see E. Mensching,
op. cit. (note 141) p. 146 and E. Bayer, Demetrios Phalereus der Athener. Tubinger
Beitrage zur Altertumswiss. 36 (Tubingen, 1942) p. 87.
161 Demetrius, fr. 57 Wehrli = Menander, T8 Kôrte and Thierfelder. In his comments
on this passage F. Wehrli suggests that they had become friends while both were in the
Peripatos under Theophrastus (SA vol. 4, p. 54).
This is another example of 'author's remarks'; see note 159 above and M. Gigante, op.
cit. (note 12) p. 74.
IU D. L. 5.78 = Hermippus, fr. 58 Wehrli. Elsewhere we read that he first fled to Thebes
and then, later, to Egypt; see note 158 above.
,M D. L. 5.77 = Demetrius, fr. 69 Wehrli. Eurydice was Antipater's daughter, the aunt of
Berenice and the mother of Ptolemy Ceraunus. Berenike was the step-sister of Ptolemy I,
whom she married after her aunt, and the mother of Ptolemy II Philadelphus and Arsinoe
II. See A. Bouché-Le Clerq, Histoire des Lagides, vol. 1: Les cinq premiers Ptolémées
(323- 181 avant J.-C.) (Paris, 1903) p. 94ff., F. Heichelheim, Berenice no. 1, Oxford
Classical Dictionary, 2nd ed. (1970) p. 165, and the same with P. Fraser, Ptolemy p. 896.
3826 MICHAEL G. SOLLENBERGER
l<ks Ptolemy I Soter made his son Philadelphus joint ruler with him in 285 B. C. and died in
283/2, whereby his son became sole ruler. See F. Heichelheim and P. Fraser, op. cit.
(note 164) p. 896.
D. L. 5.79 = Sotion, fr. 18 Wehrli.
See p Moraux, D. L. et le Peripatos p. 258 - 9.
168 Cf. Diodorus Siculus 16.36.3. Note that later (9.65) Diogenes again cites Demetrius of
Magnesia for the erroneous information that Pyrrho murdered Cotys. See further
Daebritz, Herakleides no. 45, RE 8.1 (1912) col. 473, henceforth Herakleides, F. Wehrli,
SA vol. 7, p. 62, and J. Me|er, op. cit. (note 123) p. 463.
l<., E.g., Socrates (2.47), Aristippus (2.86), Stilpo (2.113-14), Plato (3.46-7), Diogenes
(6.84), Metrocles (6.95), Zeno (7.36-8), Timon (9.115-16), and Epicurus (10.22-6).
170 See the earlier section on Political Activities.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS' BOOK 5 3827
"There are many pupils of the Stagirite, but most excellent was Theo-
phrastus, concerning whom we must now speak" (5.35).
There are other references to Aristotle's students, but no others are named.171
As mentioned earlier, Diogenes quotes Hermippus for the information that
when Aristotle first began to teach upon his return to Athens in 335/4 B. C.,
"he would walk up and down (in the Lycean peripatos), doing philosophy
with his students until anointing time" (5.2).
After a brief digression on the derivation of the name Peripatetic, Diogenes
resumes, presumably from the same source (Hermippus), saying:
"When there were more (students), he also sat down, saying, 'It would
be shameful to remain silent and let Xenocrates speak'" (5.3). 172
The use of èKâfhaev seems deliberately chosen here. It indicates that unlike
the practice of walking while philosophizing (neputaxetv), which presumably
could only involve a limited number of companions, sitting down to teach
(KaGiÇeiv) is more magisterial (ex cathedra) and perhaps more appropriate
with larger audiences.17' Finally with regard to Aristotle's students, we find
mention that Aristotle
"exercised his students in discussing theses and at the same time trained
them in rhetoric" (5.3). 174
In four different places we learn that Theophrastus' students included
Menander, the comic playwright (5.36), Nicomachus, the son of Aristotle
(5.39), Demetrius of Phalerum (5.39), and Erasistratus the physician (5.57). 175
These are the only students of Theophrastus who are named in his life.176
171 Outside of Book Five, Diogenes names as Aristotle's student only a man named Plato
(3.109), although in 5.35 he states that he had many pupils.
r2 This phrase is a parody of a verse from Euripides' Philoctetes (fr. 796 Nauck2). On the
question of whether one should retain the manuscript offering of EevoKpaxnv or insert
"IaoKpàxnv instead, see C. Mulvany, op. cit. (note 118) p. 155 ff., I. During, AABT
p. 58, 299, and 303, and O. Gigon, Interpretationen p. 166.
|7J On the implications that the opposition between xepinaxetv and KaGiÇeiv indicates the
ècoGivoi versus the ÔetXivoi nepinaxoi see I. During, AABT p. 50 and 299 ff., and
O. Gigon, Interpretationen p. 168-9.
174 On itpôç Géaiv cf. 4.40. Perhaps what is hinted at is Aristotle's style of discussion referred
to by Cicero (Orator 46, De oratore 3.141, and De finibus 5.10). See O. Gigon,
Interpretationen p. 169-71.
175 The notice that Erasistratus was Theophrastus' student is added apparently as an
afterthought at the end of Theophrastus' life. That he was Theophrastus' student finds
some support in the statement of Galen, An in arteriis natura sanguis contineatur
7.2 (vol. 4 p. 729 Kuhn) that Erasistratus "associated with Theophrastus". However,
J. Scarborough, argues persuasively that he was not Theophrastus' student but the
student of Chrysippus of Cnidus (Erasistratus: Student of Theophrastus, Bull, of the
Hist, of Medicine 59 [1985] p. 515-17).
176 Outside of Book Five Diogenes mentions the following students of Theophrastus:
Arcesilaus (4.22, 29, and 30), Bion of Borysthenes (4.52), Metrocles (6.94), Metrodorus
(2.113), and Timagoras of Gela (2.113).
3828 MICHAEL G. SOLLENBERGER
Among those who think it reflects the number of students over his whole career are
C. A. Brandis, Handbuch der Geschichte der griechisch-römischen Philosophie, vol. 3.1
(Berlin, 1860) p. 251, E. Zeller, op. cit. (note 38) vol. 2.2 (Leipzig, 1879) p. 807 n. 4,
0. Regenbogen, Theophrastos col. 1358, and J. Indemans, Studiën over Theophrastus,
vooral met betrekking van zijn Bios theoretikos en zijn Zedeprenten, Diss. (Nijmegen,
1953) p. 23 and 100 n. 31. For a simultaneous attendance argue H. von Arnim, Leben
und Werke des Dio von Prusa, mit einer Einleitung: Sophistik, Rhetorik, Philosophie in
ihrem Kampf um die Jugendbildung (Berlin, 1898) p. 82, E. Bignone, op. cit. (note 45)
vol. 1, p. 108-9, К. Brink, Peripatos col. 929, J. Lynch, Aristotle's School p. 912, and
R. Wycherley, Peripatos: The Athenian Philosophical Scene II, Greece & Rome, ser. 2,
vol. 9 (1962) p. 10-11.
On the large attendance at Theophrastus' lectures cf. the statement of Zeno quoted by
Plutarch (Quomodo quis suos in virtute sentiat profectus 6 78D = SVF 1.280, repeated
in: De se ipsum citra invidiam laudando 17 545F): "Zeno, seeing that Theophrastus
was admired for having many pupils, said, 'His chorus is larger, but mine is more
harmonious'."
Strato, fr. 1 Wehrli. See W.Capelle, Straton col. 278-9 and F. Wehrli, SA vol.5,
p. 47-8.
I. e., in 287/6 B. C. See the earlier section on Foundation of/Succession to the Headship
of the School and the section on Chronological Information below.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS' BOOK 5 3829
181 Diogenes only says Heraclides, not Heraclides of Pontus, was Dionysius' teacher. On
the suggestion that Heraclides opened his own school in Heraclea after his defeat by
Xenocrates for headship of the Academy in 339/8 B. C. see F. Wehrli, SA vol. 7, p. 62,
and H. Gottschalk, op. cit. (note 59) p. 2.
182 Cf. D.L. 5.2, 5.12, and 5.39.
183 Cf. D.L. 5.12-13. On the scholarly debate over the status of Herpyllis, whether she
was Aristotle's wife or concubine and the subsequent question of Nicomachus' legitimacy,
see, among many others, C. Mulvany, op. cit. (note 118) p. 156-9, I. Düring, AABT
p. 266 - 70, O. Gigon, Interpretationen p. 154-6, and two articles of A. Chroust,
Aristotle's Last Will and Testament, and Idem, The Genealogy and Family of Aristotle,
reprinted in an extended form in his: Aristotle: New Light on his Life and on Some of
his Lost Works, vol. 1 (London, 1973) p. 81-2, 203-4, and 207-12.
184 D.L. 5.13- 14; see the section on Personal Documents below.
185 Not only would one think that she would have been left in charge of the children, but
her bones are mentioned in 5.16.
,8* On this scandal sheet see p. 3818, note 127 above.
187 This is repeated by the Suda, s.v. ©eоcppaатoç (no. 199, part 2, p. 701.27-8 Adler).
Theophrastus is said to have reared Nicomachus in his own house after Aristotle died
by Aristocles in Eusebius, Praeparatio evangelica 15.2.15 = Aristocles, fr. 2 Heiland.
188 She was later (?) the èxaipa of Demetrius Poliorcetes, according to Plutarch, Vita Demetrii
16. See F. Wehrli, SA vol. 4, p. 53.
18, E.g., Athenaeus 12.542Bff. = Demetrius, fr. 34-5 Wehrli.
3830 MICHAEL G. SOLLENBERGER
The love affairs of Strato, Lyco, and Heraclides, if they had any, are not
mentioned in Diogenes' work.
After the text of Aristotle's will and therefore outside of the 'biography
proper', Diogenes curiously adds, without any transition, a few miscellaneous
comments, all of which are drawn from sources hostile to Aristotle. First, "it
is said that many plates of his were found" (5.16). It may be that the mention
of Aristotle's china is a natural follow-up to his will, where various other
legacies are enumerated. Further, it seems to attest to Aristotle's wealth. But we
find a similar reference to dishes owned by Aristotle in Eusebius' 'Praeparatio
evangelica'. 190 There, Lyco the Pythagorean, one of Aristotle's notorious
defamers, is cited by Aristocles as recording that the tax collectors found
seventy-five bronze dishes in the boat which Aristotle was preparing to take
to Chalcis. Moreover, in several authors Aristotle is represented as a glutton,
a gourmand, and the like.191 This notice of the philosopher's abundant china,
then, looks to be a part of the arsenal drawn upon by his disparagers.
Interestingly enough, while Diogenes does not cite Lyco for the matter
of Aristotle's dishes, he goes on to cite him as saying that Aristotle "washed
in a tub of warm oil and (then) sold the oil" (5.16). This same information
is also paralleled in the above-mentioned place in Eusebius where Lyco is cited
by Aristocles. Diogenes seems to have taken both items from Lyco and only
cited him for the second one.192 The wealthy Aristotle is depicted as bathing
in self-indulgent luxury. But then it is said that after bathing, he sold the oil,
showing him to be also miserly and quite avaricious, just as one would expect
to find in a hostile source.
This mention of oil leads by association to yet another mention of
Aristotle's use of oil:
"Some people say that Aristotle put a little skin of warm oil on his
stomach-" (5.16).
This information probably does not come from Lyco, for Diogenes cites evioi
and we do not find it in the passage in Eusebius. This seems to be part of the
inimical tradition showing Aristotle as ailing and sickly, suffering from stom
ach problems.193
Finally, Diogenes relates, probably from the same source (evioi):
"And when he went to sleep, a bronze ball was placed in his hand and
a pan placed below in order that, when the ball fell out into the pan, he
would be awakened by the noise" (5.16).
190 Eusebius, Praeparatio evangelica 15.2.52; actually the source is Lyco the Pythagorean
who was cited by Aristocles in his work on Aristotle, from which Eusebius has excerpted
a long portion.
1.1 I. Düring, AABT p. 373-81, has collected all of these passages.
1.2 Note that Diogenes presents these two items in the reverse order in which they are found
in Lyco's attack.
1.3 See the section on Physical Appearance and Personal Qualities above.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS' BOOK 5 3831
to deny that Aristotle instituted the rule of electing a new symposiarch every
ten days.
One further item in Book Five of Diogenes' work which does not quite
fit into the other categories of information is the report taken from Favorinus
that Demetrius of Phalerum "was from the household of (i. e. a servant of)
Conon" (5.76). 199 Aelian likewise reports the servitude of Demetrius and
makes him the servant not only of Conon, but of Timotheus, too.200 We saw
earlier that Demetrius was said to have been "not of noble birth".201 But he
was probably not a slave. It was thought that Demetrius' father Phanostratus
was or had been a slave. This was based on the article on Demetrius found
in the Suda,202 where the alternate name of Phanostratus is recorded as Phanos,
which may have been a slave name. F. Wehrli has shown that it was the
name of a free person.203 Perhaps there were slaves in Demetrius' ancestral
background, but the statement that he was a slave looks to be part of the
vindictive gossip which circulated about him during the time that he was
predominant in Athens as Cassander's minister.
h) Anecdotes
Brief stories, often humorous or in some way interesting, are, of course,
standard features of biographies and one of the more entertaining parts of
reading them. They do not always have to be relevant to the context, but can
often be told just for the sake of the stories themselves. Diogenes has a
penchant for such tales and would have subscribed to the view of Plutarch:
"For we are not writing history, but lives. And in the most outstanding
deeds there is not always a revelation of virtue or vice, but often a little
thing, a phrase or some joke reflects character more than battles in which
tens of thousands die, and the greatest marshalling of forces, and sieges
of cities."204
Thus, an amusing story, even if inappropriate, was considered a welcome
alternative to a dreary recitation of facts.
The main purpose of both anecdotes and apophthegms was to reveal
something about the subject's character, his fjGoç. If, thrown into the bargain,
we stand to learn something about the man'a achievements, so much the
better. It has been pointed out that ancient biographers were willing victims
of the attraction of a spicy story or racy episode concerning famous or
remarkable persons. Diogenes is no different in this respect, for his work is
filled with anecdotal scenes and, indeed, if one were to take out all of them,
there would be little information left.205
Much of the information concerning the Peripatetics is expressed in
anecdotal form. Many of these episodes have been dealt with already under
other rubrics, e.g., the Callisthenes tale in Aristotle's life (5.4-5), Theo-
phrastus' legal battles with Agnonides and with Sophocles (5.37 and 38),
Demetrius' temporary blindness (5.76), his fall from power and flight from
Athens (5.76 — 7), and the Athenians' sarcastic re-dubbing of Heraclides as "the
Pompous" (5.86). I have reserved a few anecdotes told about the Peripatetics by
Diogenes, since they are typical of this tradition and will bear recounting.
In the life of Theophrastus we read:
"He was called Tyrtamus, but Aristotle changed his name to Theophrastus
on account of the divine character of his speech"(5.38).
Diogenes cites no source for this information, but the popularity of the
anecdote and the wide acceptance of it in antiquity can be seen from the
repeated occurrences of it from the time of Strabo and Cicero onward.206
Etymological analysis of a name often suggested some outstanding characteris
tic of its bearer.207 Since Theophrastus had a reputation for animated and
effective lecturing,208 his name could be interpreted as signifying this. If
analyzed according to its two components, Geo(ç) and cppaaxoç, his name
would mean something like "he who expresses himself like a god". According
to this, he could only have received the name after he had shown how
expressive his speech was, and must have been given a different name at birth.
Thus, we are told that his original name was Tyrtamus, which has been
explained as meaning "Fourth".209 This name, quite colorless and unexpres-
sive, may have been chosen because he was the fourth child born to Melantas
and his wife,210 or because he was born on the fourth day of the month or
the fourth day of a particular festival.211
It should also be observed that in the anecdote Aristotle is the bestower
of Tyrtamus' new name. It may be that Aristotle was cited as the re-baptizer
since he was both famous in his own right and also as Theophrastus' teacher,
colleague and friend. Note, too, that Strabo, who also has a version of the
name-change tale, concludes it with
"Aristotle made all of his students eloquent, and Theophrastus most
eloquent."212
Although the tale seems to have been believed in antiquity, in modern
times its authenticity has been doubted and dismissed as a fabrication by
several scholars.213 Yet such name changes and nicknames were not at all
unheard of in ancient times and recognition of this lends some validity to
the Tyrtamus-Theophrastus anecdote.214 Nevertheless, the name Theo
phrastus does not appear to have been a nickname at all, for it is well-
represented in Athenian inscriptions of the fifth, fourth, and third centuries
B. C., which indicates that it was a common name.215 Speculative analysis
and fanciful etymologizing of names in order to derive some special quality
or qualities of their bearers is claimed for the Alexandrians, who indulged
in this practice to show how an individual was worthy of having his name.216
In view of the distinct possibility that the Tyrtamus-Theophrastus name
change may be fictitious, an Alexandrian invention, the suggestion that
Jacoby (loc. cit.) and A. Fick, Vorgriechische Ortsnamen als Quelle fur die Vorgeschichte
Griechenlands verwertet (Gôttingen, 1905) p. 106.
2,0 On the practice of giving numerical names to children, see A. Lesky, Die Datierung der
Hiketiden und der Tragiker Mesatos, Hermes 82 (1954) p. 10.
211 On such birthday or calendar names see E. Fraenkel, Namenswesen, RE 16.2 (1935)
col. 1642. The etymology of Tyrtamus which E. Maass, Psaphon und Sappho, Rhein.
Mus. 75 (1926) 353-4, suggests, 'cheese-slicer', i.e. xùp(oç) 'cheese' + xduoç (xôuoç)
'slicer', is dismissed as absurd by O. Regenbogen, Theophrastos col. 1357.
212 Strabo, Geog. 13.2.4.
213 Among those who think the name change is an invention are C. A. Brandis, op. cit.
(note 177) p. 251 -2, W. Kroll, Namenaberglaube bei Griechen und Rômern, Mitteil.
d. schles. Gesellschaft f. Volkskunde 16 (1914) 183-4, J. A. Notopoulos, op. cit. (note
207), and B. Einarson, ed., Theophrastus, De causis plantarum I — II. LCL (Cambridge,
MA, 1976) p. xxiii - xxiv. O. Regenbogen, Theophrastos col. 1357, is hesitant to dismiss
it entirely.
2H J. Indemans, op. cit. (note 177) p. 1-6, has several arguments in favor of believing the
report, partly because Diogenes, Cicero, and Strabo seem to have believed it, partly
because of the common invention of nicknames in antiquity.
2,s See J. Kirchner, Prosopographia Attica, vol. 1 (Berlin, 1901) p. 459-61, no. 7163 - 77.
216 J. A. Notopoulos, op. cit. (note 207). On Alexandrian predilections for such etymologiz
ing anecdotes see also R. Hope, The Book of Diogenes Laertius: Its Spirit and Its Method
(New York, 1930) p. 147-8 and D. Stuart, Epochs of Greek and Roman Biography.
Sather Classical Lecture 4 (Berkeley, CA, 1928) p. 156 ff.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS' BOOK 5 3835
Hermippus may well have been the originator of this anecdote is an attractive
one.217
Later in Theophrastus' life Diogenes includes the following anecdote:
"It is related that Aristotle said the same thing about him (Theophrastus)
and Callisthenes which they say Plato said, as was stated previously,
about Xenocrates and Aristotle himself. For since Theophrastus inter
preted every thought with excessive quickness and the other one (Callis
thenes) was naturally sluggish, (Aristotle) said that the one (Theo
phrastus) needed a bridle and the other (Callisthenes) a spur" (5.39).
Diogenes' reference here to the earlier passage is to the life of Xenocrates
(4.6), where Plato is reported to have used the same metaphor of his students
Aristotle (the exuberant one) and Xenocrates (the sluggish one). The same
comparison is credited to Isocrates, who applied it to his students Theopompus
(the exuberant one) and Ephorus (the sluggish one).218 The comparison has
been rejected as "a well-worn and worthless anecdote".219 While anecdotes
and apophthegms often became "floating" items,220 the same saying or anec
dote being attributed to several different philosophers, there seems to be no
compelling reason to jettison it completely. It may have been a favorite
metaphorical comparison used by teachers of the fourth century B. C. to
compare the talents of their students and, in so doing, give some idea of their
own educational criteria and methods.
Diogenes described Lyco as "an eloquent man", praising his "ornateness
and sonority of expression" (5.65) and seeking to prove it with something
which Lyco once said. He continues:
"Wherefore they also say that Antigonus said this about him (i.e. Lyco),
that 'It is not possible to transfer the apple's fragrance and charm
anywhere else, but each of the utterances must be contemplated in the
man himself, just as (the apples) in the tree" (5.65).
The speaker is probably Antigonus II Gonatas, king of Macedonia from
284/3 until 239 B. C., and thus one of Lyco's contemporaries and perhaps
acquaintances.221 The point of the apple comparison seems to be that, in order
to experience Lyco's eloquence properly and to the full, one had to hear Lyco
himself speak, and not just read what he said or have someone repeat what
he said. Diogenes gives his own explanation of the comparison:
"This was because in speaking Lyco was very sweet (yXuKûxaxoç). And
because of this some people even added a gamma to his name (i.e.
TMkcov)" (5.66). 222
This is another instance of name-changing in order to capture a salient
characteristic of a person. But this alternation of Lyco to Glyco is somewhat
different than in the case of Theophrastus' name change described earlier.
Here it is clearly a nickname, not a new name supplanting the former name.
Although Antigonus praised Lyco in glowing words of admiration,
another anecdote which Diogenes relates about Lyco sheds a different light
on their relations. It concerns the animosity which Lyco bore toward his
fellow Peripatetic Hieronymus of Rhodes:
"Lyco was so hostile to Hieronymus the Peripatetic that only he (Lyco)
did not go to meet him (Hieronymus) on the anniversary which we talked
about in the life of Arcesilaus" (5.68).
The corresponding passage to which Diogenes refers, 4.41, contains informa
tion about this anniversary celebration. It was the birthday of Prince Hal-
cyoneus, the son of Antigonus Gonatas.223 The alleged feud between the two
Peripatetics may be a reflection of some scholarly disagreement or a doctrinal
opposition224 or simply a matter of a personality conflict. But there may also
be a political difference lurking in the background here, for it would seem
that while Hieronymus attended the celebration for the Macedonian prince
(in Macedonia?) and so was probably pro-Macedonian, Lyco did not attend
the affair, perhaps indicating his opposition to Macedonia.225
Finally, in the life of Heraclides occur two groups of anecdeotes which
deserve discussion. Both concern the dishonest and deceitful scheming of
Heraclides. The first group generally deals with literary disputes which Hera
clides had with others; the second group involves the shady circumstances
surrounding Heraclides' death.
A separate section near the end of Heraclides' biography (5.92-3) con
tains four interesting items. Three of them concern plagiarism and the fourth
is the report of Epicurean criticism of one of Heraclides' works. Aristoxenus
accused Heraclides of writing tragedies and then ascribing them to Thespis.226
m Note that in Plutarch, De exilio 14 604B = Lyco, fr. 1 Wehrli, the manuscripts record
his name as TXuKcov. Further, Stobaeus, Anth. 4.40.4 (vol. 5 p. 736.9 - 10 Hense), borrows
this passage from Plutarch and has the name as TXauKMv.
223 See F. Wehrli, SA vol. 6, p. 23 and vol. 10, p. 29, and W. W. Tarn, Antigonus Gonatas
(Oxford, 1913) p. 332 - 5; cf. also the discussion of M. Gigante, op. cit. (note 12) p. 62 -
3.
F. Wehrli, loc. cit. (note 223), Daebritz, Hieronymos no. 12, RE 8.2 (1913) col. 1561,
and W. Capelle, Lykon col. 2307.
225 This is a possibility suggested by F. Wehrli, SA vol. 6, p. 23.
226 D.L. 5.92 = Heraclides, fr. 181 Wehrli = Aristoxenus, fr. 114 Wehrli. Might
Heraclides have forged such plays in order to draw on them as evidence for the
development of tragedy in his works on literary history, such as his rIepi TtoiT|xtKfjç kcù
kbv Ttoir|xov a' (D. L. 5.88)?
DIOGENES LAERTIUS' BOOK 5 3837
-7 D. L. 5.92 = Heraclides, fr. 176 Wehrli = Chamaeleon, fr. 23 and 46 Wehrli. See also
G. Scorza, Il peripatetico Cameleonte, Rivista Indo-Greco-Italica di Filologia-Lingua-
Antichità 18 (1934) 1 -48, esp. 1-4 and 7, and F. Wehrli, Herakleides, no. 45, RE
suppl. vol. 11 (1968) col. 684. Note that Heraclides is credited with a work rIepi xfjç
'Ouf|pou Kai 'Haiô8ou f|XtKiaç a' p" (D.L. 5.87) and with another work Auaeoav 'Our|-
piKcov a' p' (5.88).
228 D.L. 5.92 = Heraclides, fr. 13a Wehrli = SVF 1.425. XTttvGapoç may have been
Dionysius' nickname (hence R. Hicks, Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers.
LCL 184 [Cambridge, MA, 1925] vol. 1, p. 547 translates "or, as some people call him,
the 'Spark" ") or it may be another person altogether, i. e. Spintharos, the tragic poet
from Heraclea. But due to chronological difficulties with the playwright, it was most
likely Diogenes' nickname. See Diehl, Spintharos no. 1, RE 3A.2 (1918) col. 1813.
m He is credited with works entitled rlepi zàv nap" EùpiTUÔTj Kai EocpoKXeî a' p' y' (D. L.
5.87) and rlepi xg>v xpiôv xpaycpSoTtoicov a' (5.88).
2W A. "An old monkey is not caught by a trap."
B. "He's caught, in time he's caught." (D.L. 5.93)
In Zenobius, Paroem., cent. 2.90, the monkey is replaced by a fox. On the verses see
the comments of W. Crônert, Kolotes und Menedemos. Texte und Untersuchungen zur
Philosophen- und Literaturgeschichte. Studien zur Palaeographie und Papyruskunde 6
(Leipzig, 1906) p. 10 n. 39, and F. Wehrli, SA vol. 7, p. 62-3.
2" Perhaps part of his shame was due to the fact that Dionysius was once, perhaps, his
student. Cf. D.L. 7.166 and the section on Disciples and Pupils above (p. 3828 f.).
Hi ANRW II 36.6
3838 MICHAEL G. SOLLF.NBERGKR
1,2 Heraclides, fr. 16 Wehrli. See J. Meier, op. cit. (note 123) p. 463.
2" Hermippus, fr. 20 Wehrli.
1U Heraclides, fr. 89 Wehrli.
See the comments of F. Wehrli, SA vol. 7, p. 63 - 4, 84 - 6, and 89 - 90, and H. Gott-
schalk, op. cit. (note 59) p. 2-3 and 115ff.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS' BOOK 5 3839
went down into the shrine, settled down, and was bitten by one of the
snakes and immediately expired" (5. 91). 236
Are we really supposed to believe this tale? Or should we believe Deme
trius of Magnesia's version of Heraclides' death and the circumstances sur
rounding it? Or should we believe neither? J. Meier makes the apt observation
that there are three items which are common to both anecdotes: 1) Heraclides
died in his homeland of Heraclea, 2) he tried to swindle his countrymen and
was exposed as a fraud, and 3) a snake is somehow involved.237 It may be
added that in both anecdotes Heraclides is depicted as seeking superhuman,
heroic, or semi-divine honors. Nevertheless, F. Wehrli assigns both tales to
the realm of fiction and fable and, indeed, although both are very entertaining,
neither is really very credible.238
i) Apophthegms
I have adopted the rubric Apophthegms to cover all the sayings of the
philosophers which Diogenes includes in their lives. Diogenes himself appears
not to have followed a strict classification of sayings into yvcouai, ànocpGéyuaxa,
xpeîai, àTtouvnuoveûuaxa, etc.239 All sorts of utterances are introduced into
these lives: brief proverbial generalizations, apt quotations from poets and
playwrights, dying words, witty retorts, definitions, moral maxims, etc. Much
like anecdotes, with which they are quite often found, the things that a
philosopher said in given circumstances or situations serve to illustrate his
character, and it is this which concerns Diogenes. Often, however, their
efficacy as delineators of character is greatly reduced by the manner in which
Diogenes presents the sayings. In some instances the context in which a
particular utterance was made is provided, but in other instances he gives us
one saying after another without background information. The apophthegms
sometimes occupy discrete sections of lives and are easily detachable. This
leads one to believe that Diogenes may have lifted the apophthegms from the
various collections of them, gnomologies, anthologies, and the like, which
existed.240 Moreover, there are serious problems with the attribution of many
of the sayings. Unless we can find a man's saying in one of his works we have
little chance of determining whether it is correctly attributed to him. A single
saying can be found attributed to many different philosophers and sometimes
23* Heraclides, fr. 14a Wehrli = Hermippus, fr. 42 Wehrli. The tale is also told in the
Index Acad. col. IX.2-X.11 (p. 24-7 Mekler = Heraclides, fr. 14b Wehrli), but the
text is badly preserved.
237 J. Meier, op. cit. (note 123) p. 463.
238 F. Wehrli, SA vol. 7, p. 63.
A good discussion of the various types of sayings and their terminological differences
in Diogenes' work and in general is available in J. E Kindstrand, Diogenes Laertius
and the 'Chriae' Tradition, Diogene Laerzio storico del pensiero antico. Elenchos 7
(Naples, 1986) p. 221 -33. See also K. Horna and K. von Fritz, Gnome, Gnomendich-
tung, Gnomologie, RE suppl. vol. 6 (1935) col. 74-89.
240 See J. F. Kindstrand, op. cit. (note 239) p. 233 - 8.
3840 MICHAEL G. SOLLENBERGER
the same saying reappears in an only slightly changed form in the life of
the same man. In view of the 'floating' nature of apophthegms, their easy
transferability from one person to another, it seems best to regard their
attribution to a particular individual with a great deal of caution.241
The apophthegms which Diogenes includes for Aristotle appear in a
separate section of his life, forming a detachable unit, much like an appendix
(5.17 — 21). They are introduced with the words:
"Attributed to him also are these very beautiful apophthegms" (5.17)242
and concluded with:
"And these are (the apophthegms) attributed to him" (5.21). 243
Within this well-circumscribed collection there are twenty-seven items of
all sorts. There are definitions of abstractions like hope, beauty, gratitude,
education, there are philosophical messages clothed in elegant metaphors and
similes, clever answers to captious questions, advice, and other things which
Aristotle is reported to have said. But, of course, in view of the caveat given
earlier, one must admit that any one of these sayings could as easily be
attributed to almost any other philosopher. There is not one which leaps out
as particularly or characteristically 'Aristotelian'.244
Into his narrative of Theophrastus' life Diogenes inserts three pointed
sayings attributed to the man. As in the case of Aristotle's sayings, he
introduces them by saying:
"The following useful apophthegms are also reported to be his" (5. 39). 245
The three sayings, however, are made to bear little, if any relation to the rest
of Diogenes' account of Theophrastus' life nor are they specifically referred
to any of his writings. The first is a piece of general advice, expressed in the
form of a comparison concerning well-organized speech.246 The second is a
241 See especially J. Fairweather, op. cit. (note 220) p. 266 ff., and F. Wehrli, Gnome,
Anekdote und Biographie, Mus. Helv. 30 (1973) p. 193-208.
242 Note the explicit use of the word ànotp&tyytaza here and also in the life of Theophrastus
(5.39), although the sayings which follow in each case do not all qualify strictly as
apophthegms.
241 In his concluding remarks on the doxographical section Diogenes adds: "For many
other writings and apophthegms, 'bull's-eyes' when it comes to unwritten utterance
(àTiocpGéyuaxa, àypàcpou qxovfjç euaxoxfiuaxa) are attributed to him" (5.34).
244 I.e., none of them corresponds to anything in the corpus Aristotelicum which is uniquely
Aristotle's. The definition of friendship as "A single soul living in two bodies" (5.20) is
paralleled at EN 9.8 1 168b6 - 8 and EE 7.6 1240b9 - 10, but is found earlier in Euripides,
Orestes 1046.
24s Here the phraseology is striking, for Diogenes calls them àTtocpGéyuina xpeicoSr|, which
blends the two separate types of saying. See J. Kindstrand, op. cit. (note 239) p. 225.
246 The evaluative comparison or ôuokaua is a common feature of such apt sayings.
Here an unbridled horse is likened to undisciplined speech. See A. Elter, Gnomica
Homoeomata des Socrates, Plutarch, Demophilus, Demonax, Aristonymus u. a., Progr. 4
(Bonn, 1900-02) and K. Horna and K. von Fritz, op. cit. (note 239) col. 76.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS' BOOK 5 3841
witty comment to someone who kept silent at a symposium. The last saying
is an ancient version of 'Time is money'.
It is striking that among the Peripatetics Diogenes records the dying
words of none except Theophrastus (5.40 — 41). These last words are reported
as a response to a question from his students, so that Theophrastus therefore
makes his final speech in the role of teacher. He refrains from issuing any
specific orders and instead imparts some general advice on life and death, the
requirements and rewards of the philosophical and scholarly life, and finally
relinquishes his authority as leader of the school. Although the tone of his
last words is generally pessimistic, they are not entirely devoid of hope.
Diogenes concludes with:
"Saying this, they say, he expired" (5.41). 247
The sayings of Lyco are integrated into his 'biography proper' and
form no detachable section. Diogenes presents five different sayings of Lyco,
ostensibly to prove the man's sweetness of expression. Wilamowitz's judg
ment of the language of Lyco's sayings was: „Es ist eine Blumenlese asianischer,
d. h. barocker Floskeln."248 Most scholars have agreed with this appraisal of
Lyco's style, as evinced by these sayings.249 In addition to his highly-mannered
style it is noticeable that all of the sayings contain an element of instruction
about personal behavior, i. e. popular ethics. We get no definitions of abstract
matters, no stinging repartee or shrewd responses to questions. When we
combine this pedagogical or preceptive attitude with Diogenes' statement that
Lyco's talents in writing were wholly dissimilar to his rhetorical gifts,250 we
begin to see Lyco not as a scholar or philosopher, but as a teacher and
counselor. The themes of his sayings are quite traditional: regret for one's
neglectfulness and laziness, cleverness and caution in the conduct of one's life,
the causes and results of lack of foresight, etc. But the manner in which these
common themes are treated, as brief as these treatments are, is different from
other treatments and, as mentioned above, they are expressed in very eloquent
language.
Demetrius' sayings are placed by Diogenes in much the same way as
those of Aristotle are, i.e. they appear in a separable section of the life.
Diogenes concludes the selection of eight apophthegms with the formula:
"So many (apophthegms) seem to be credited to him" (5.83).
247 In regard to the problematic character of Theophrastus' dying words, see W. Forten-
baugh, Studien zur Ethik Theophrasts. Studien zur antiken Philosophie 12 (Amsterdam,
1984) p. 237 - 40. Theophrastus' complaint about the brevity of human life appears in
somewhat altered form in Cicero, Tusc. disp. 3.69, and also in Arabic sources. See
D. Gutas, The Life, Works, and Sayings of Theophrastus in the Arabic Tradition,
Theophrastus of Eresus: On His Life and Works. Rutgers University Studies in Classical
Humanities vol. 2, ed. by W. Fortenbaugh, P. Huby, and A. A. Long (New Brunswick,
NJ and London, 1985) p. 92-3.
248 Wilamowitz, Antigonos p. 79.
249 E.g., W. Capelle, Lykon col. 2305 - 6, K. Brink, Peripatos col. 933, and F. Wehrli, SA
vol. 6, p. 24 — 5.
250 D. L. 5.66: èv Sè тф ypácpeiv àvôuotoç avx&.
3842 MICHAEL G. SOLLENBERGER
j) Chronological Information
We are fortunate in having information which allows us to fix the dates
of important events in all the Peripatetics' lives in Book Five except for
Heraclides'. Most of this information found in Diogenes' accounts is reliable
and consistent with similar chronological reports in other sources.
In Aristotle's life we receive the most precise data, due to a very detailed
curriculum vitae of the philosopher drawn up by Apollodorus.254 Because
Apollodorus is thought to have dated by archons of the year rather than by
Olympiads and in Diogenes' excerpt dating is done by both systems, Diogenes
probably was not using Apollodorus directly.255 In the following summary of
251 F. Wehrli, SA vol. 4, p. 70, and Idem, Demetrios von Phaleron, RE suppl. vol. 11 (1968)
col. 519.
2.2 Stobaeus, Ed. 3.1.72 = Demetrius, fr. 114 Wehrli; see F. Wehrli's comments in SA
vol. 4, p. 69.
1.3 SA vol. 5 and 7 respectively.
"< D.L. 5.9-10 = Apollodorus, FGrH 244 F 38a.
2" See F. Jacoby, Apollodors Chronik: Eine Sammlung der Fragmente. Philologische Unter
suchungen 16 (Berlin, 1902) p. 39-51, and J. Me|er, DLHB p. 34.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS' BOOK 5 3843
256 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Epist. ad Ammaeum 5; see F. Jacoby, op. cit. (note Z55)
p. 316-21.
257 Apollodorus, FGrH 244 F 40 = Strato, fr. 1 Wehrli.
3844 MICHAEL G. SOLLENBERGER
coupled with the dates reckoned for Theophrastus, we can conclude that
Strato died in either 270/69 or 269/8 B. C. There is no indication given by
Diogenes of Strato's date of birth. W. Capelle guessed that Strato was in his
forties when he became the head of the school, which, if correct, would put
his date of birth no later than 328 B. C.258
Lyco died at the age of seventy-four (5.68). Since he is also said to have
served as head of the Lyceum for forty-four years (5.68) and took over at
the young age of thirty in 270/69 or 269/8 B. C., the date of his death falls
in the two-year period between 226/5 and 225/4. From these indications it
is easy to compute Lyco's birth as having occurred in either 300/299 or 299/
8 B.C.
For Demetrius we have no firm indications from Diogenes of dates except
that he tells us that Demetrius entered politics when Harpalus, fleeing from
Alexander, came to Athens, i. e. in 324 B. C. (5.75). 259 If we allow that eighteen
was the earliest age at which one could enter political life in Athens,260 then
Demetrius will have been born no later than 342 B. C. But since Demetrius
took part in a legation after the battle of Crannon in 322 and began to rule
Athens for Cassander in 317, positions which most likely would have de
manded more age and experience, it seems better to suggest that he was born
somewhat earlier, perhaps around 350 B. C.261 Since he was imprisoned by
Ptolemy II Philadelphus and died from the effects of a snake bite (5.78), we
can figure that he did not die before 285, when Ptolemy was made joint ruler
with his father, and that he probably did not die in fact until after Philadelphus
ascended the throne as sole monarch in 283/2 B. C.262
One searches Diogenes' life of Heraclides for dates in vain. His relations
with Dionysius the Renegade (5.92 — 3 and 7.166) are inconclusive, since the
dates of Dionysius are not precisely known. Since he is reported to have been
a student of Plato (3.46), and to have stood in for Plato as head of the
Academy while Plato was in Sicily,263 we can estimate that he was probably
born no earlier than 380. Plutarch (De Iside et Osiride 361E) mentions
Heraclides in connection with the official establishment of the cult of Sarapis
and Pluto; F. Wehrli notes that this establishes a terminus post quem of 322
B. C. for Heraclides' death.264 But there is no mention of any of these things
in Diogenes' life of Heraclides.
k) Death
Under this final rubric within 'biography proper' it is not the date of the
death of a philosopher which is concerned but the manner of his death. The
dates of death of the six Peripatetics have been discussed in the preceding
section on Chronological Information.
The death of a famous person, and especially the way in which that
person met his end, was a topic of great fascination for ancient biographers.
While an account of death is, of course, expected in any biography, amazing
and incredible description of a person's death became firmly established as a
distinct xôtioç in Hellenistic biography and historiography.265
The archetypal death of a philosopher seems to have been the description
of Socrates' death drawn by Plato in the 'Phaedo'. Socrates' tranquil, yet
suicidal death by poisoning in the company of his friends and followers
provided a model which was often followed by writers depicting deaths of
other philosophers.266 Thus it comes as no surprise that as we read about the
deaths of various philosophers in Diogenes' work we see patterns recurring.
So many philosophers' deaths turn out to be fitting or ironic ends, somehow
symbolic or exemplary of the lives they led. For instance, what could be a
more appropriate death for Diogenes the Cynic than to die of a dog bite?
(6.77). 267 Or is it not uncanny that Heraclitus, who asserts that "For souls it
is death to become water", should die of dropsy? (9. 3). 268 Therefore we ought
to be wary of descriptions of deaths of philosophers which appear to be too
apt, too ironic, or too Socratic, and consider these as further examples of the
curious interests and inventive methodologies of ancient biographers.
Regularly, although not always, Diogenes includes his own epigram
immediately after recounting the manner of a philosopher's death. Usually
these poems are epitaph-like and pick up something mentioned in the death
scene. Sometimes, too, Diogenes sees fit to add an irreverent and bad joke.
These brief poems will also be mentioned in the discussion of the deaths of
the Peripatetics which follows.
2*5 On death as a xônoç in ancient biography see R. Hope, op. cit. (note 216) p. 163 ff.,
A. Delatte, Pythagore p. 37-8, A. Ronconi, Exitus illustrium virorum, Reallexicon
fur Antike und Christentum: Sachwôrterbuch zur Auseinandersetzung des Christentums
mit der antiken Welt, ed. T. Klauser et al., vol.6 (Stuttgart, 1966) p. 1258 - 64, J. Fair-
weather, op. cit. (note 220) p. 269-73, and with special regard to Hermippus' interest
in the deaths of famous men, F. Wehrli, SA suppl. vol. 1, p. 105-6, and J. Meier,
DLHB p. 32.
2** A. Ronconi, op. cit. (note 265) p. 1258 - 9; on Socrates as a model for biographies of
philosophers in general, see A. Dihle, Studien zur griechischen Biographie. Abh. d.
Akad. d. Wiss. in Gôttingen, phil.-hist. Kl., no. 37 (Gôttingen, 1970) esp. p. 13 — 34.
2*7 D. L. 6.77: âXXoi cpaai noWmouv kuoï auuuepiaaaGai BouXôuevov oùxco ST|xGfjvai xoù
Tio8ôç xôv xévovxa kcù Kcrtacrtpéi)/ai. There are other reports that he died from eating a
raw octopus (6.76) and from holding his breath (6.76 and 77).
268 Clement of Alexandria, Strom. 6.17.2 = Heraclitus, FVS 22 B 36: V|/uxfjCTiv 9àvaxoç
ùScop yevéaGai ....
3846 MICHAEL G. SOLLENBERGER
9 The two not mentioned by Diogenes are: 1) Aristotle, contemplating the rise and fall of
the tides in the Euripus River in Euboea, is unable to solve their sequences and in despair
kills himself. Sources in I. During, AABT p. 347 - 8; 2) a rather "Socratic" death tale,
in which Aristotle, while speaking to his students, holds an apple and sniffs its fragrance.
When he finishes his talk, the apple falls from his hand and he dies. This version is
from the 'Liber de pomo' (Latin edition by M. Plezia, Warsaw, 1960). See O. Gigon,
Interpretationen p. 181. Note the similar tale of how Democritus staved off death for
three days by sniffing warm bread (Hermippus in D. L. 9.43 = Hermippus, fr. 37
Wehrli).
'" As his authority for this Diogenes probably availed himself of Apollodorus' chronological
information which he offers in 5.9—10.
', Perhaps Eumelus was eager to glorify Aristotle by making him "Socratic".
7 Diogenes attempts a weak pun on àKóvixov with axovm, "without a struggle".
' See the section on Political Activities above.
4 Censorinus, De die natali 14: ferunt (sc. Aristotelem) naturalem stomacht infirmitatem
crebrasque morbidi corporis offensiones adeo virtute animi diu sustentasse, ut magis
minim sit ad annos LX1I1 eum vitam pertulisse quam ultra non protulisse. I. During,
AABT p. 350, suggests that the stomach disease was a gastric ulcer or cancer. Cf. also
the section on Anecdotes above.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS' BOOK 5 3847
writer.275 In the fifth century of the Christian era St. Jerome claimed that
Theophrastus lived to be 107 years old.276 This is likewise scarcely credible
and is most likely a mistake for some other ancient personage reputed to have
lived to such an extreme age, for example, Gorgias or Isocrates.277
No specific cause is assigned to Theophrastus' death, so that one is
inclined to think that he simply died of old age. That he died a cripple is later
alluded to in a detail supplied from Favorinus that Theophrastus had to be
transported in a litter when he had grown old (5.41). 278 This was presumably,
but not certainly because he was unable to walk well, and not because he was
indolent and fond of luxurious living.279 One might reasonably suppose
that Theophrastus was handicapped by arthritis or some related disease
symptomatic of old age. But the cause of his death was probably not this
crippling affliction, although it may have been a contributing factor. It is more
likely that he died at eighty-five of old age.
Diogenes' epigram on Theophrastus, which immediately follows the
report of his age at death (5.40), does not contain any substantially new
information which cannot be found elsewhere in the biography. In the second
275 See R. Ussher, The Characters of Theophrastus (London, 1960) p. xi, O. Regenbogen,
Theophrastos col. 1357 and 1503, and W. Fortenbaugh, op. cit. (note 247) p. 238.
17* Hieronymus, Epist. 52.3 ad Nepotianum.
277 Cicero, De senectute 13 - 14; D. L. 9.43 records Democritus' death at the age of 109.
278 Favorinus, fr. 53 Mensching. Here a quite remarkable series of sources is listed by
Diogenes. Favorinus, who is cited only here in the life of Theophrastus, is said to have
received his information from Hermippus (fr. 53 Wehrli), who got his information in
turn from Arcesilaus. It looks like it is an admission by Diogenes that he is not using
Hermippus directly. See O. Regenbogen, Theophrastos, col. 1356, E. Mensching, op.
cit. (note 141) p. 145-6, F. Wehrli, SA suppl. vol. 1, p. 78, and J. Meier, DLHB p. 33.
While it may be true that Diogenes did not use Hermippus as his source in this particular
instance, it is probably not true that he never used him directly. Elsewhere he explicitly
cites Hermippus' Ilspi 0eocppdoxou (2.55 = Hermippus, fr. 52 Wehrli). Moreover,
Arcesilaus of Pitane, cited as the ultimate source for the information here, is said to
have included it in his remarks to Lacydes of Cyrene; ëcpaaKe indicates it was not in
any written work of Arcesilaus. Indeed, Diogenes reports a tradition that Arcesilaus
never wrote a book (4.42; see H. von Arnim, Arkesilaos no. 19, RE 2.1 [1896] col.
1167- 8). Arcesilaus had been a student of Theophrastus for a time (4.29) and so would
have known him personally, probably in his old age, since Arcesilaus was almost fifty
years his junior (born ca. 315 B. C.), and had seen him carried around in a litter. He
mentioned this to Lacydes, his successor as head of the Academy (4.59). Perhaps Lacydes
derived the information from one of Arcesilaus' lectures; since Hermippus and Lacydes
were contemporaries, perhaps Hermippus read this notice in one of Lacydes' dialogues
(see W. Capelle, Lakydes, RE 12.1 [1925] col. 534), or perhaps heard it in one of his
lectures (see F. Leo, op. cit. [note 32] p. 127) and not from Arcesilaus himself.
2T* On the customary use of litters or sedan chairs by those ailing and in feeble condition,
see Plutarch, Vita Eumenis 14.3, Vita Pyrrhi 18.5, and Vita Periclis 27.3, Polybius 30.25.18,
and D. L. 10.7 as well as the remarks of J. F. Kindstrand, Bion of Borysthenes: A
Collection of the Fragments with Introd. and Comm. Acta Univ. Upsaliensis. Studia
Graeca Upsaliensia 11 (Uppsala, 1976), p. 148. On their use in the life of luxury, see
Plutarch, Vita Pelopidae 30.6, Seneca, Epist. 80.8, and D. L. 4.54 and 6.51.
3848 MICHAEL G. SOLLENBERGER
couplet he enlarges upon the notion that Theophrastus died a cripple (Tnjpo-
This text does not seem to support the suggestion that Demetrius' death was
Ptolemy's doing, but looks more like a case of suicide. This, of course, fits
quite well with the àGuuia-death motif, which is mentioned by Diogenes
(àGuuôxepov, 5.78). 287 In his epigram on Demetrius Diogenes mentions his
death from the snake-bite, alluding again to Diogenes' eyes, for the snake
"took him off, ... not flashing light from its eyes, but black death" (5.79). 288
It was seen earlier in the discussion of anecdotes that there are two
versions of Heraclides' death, one by natural causes (?), and one by a stroke
(5.89 — 90 and 91). While a stroke (ànônXr\Kxoq èyévexo) seems to be an
acceptable cause of Heraclides' death in the context of the one episode, it may
be too fitting and derive from Hermippus, who is often cited for amazing
death stories.289 Diogenes himself seems to favor the notion that Heraclides
died from natural causes, for in his epigram he versifies the anecdote concern
ing his death as related by Demetrius of Magnesia (5.90).
2. Writings
2X7 On the àGuuia motif in death scenes, cf. D. L. 1.95, 2.112, 2.142 = Hermippus, fr. 38
Wehru, 4.3, 5.78 = Hermippus, fr. 58, and 6.99 = Hermippus fr. 39, and the comments
of W. Cronert, op. cit. (note 230) p. 2-3.
-s* See the section on Physical Appearance and Personal Qualities above.
2!" See p. 3845, note 265 above.
2*> Diogenes himself explains that writings can reveal a man's character: 2.56, 2.63, 3.23,
3.34, 6.14, 7.180, 7.185, 9.1, and 9.38. See in general, D.Stuart, Authors' Lives as
Revealed in their Works: A Critical Resume, in: Classical Studies in Honor of J. C.
Rolfe, ed. G. Hadzsits (Philadelphia, PA, 1931) p. 285-304, J. Fairweather, op. cit.
(note 220) p. 232-42, and J. Meier, DLHB p. 3.
3850 MICHAEL G. SOLLENBERGER
not letters. Further, although the mention in his will of xàuà p\RXia xà
àveyvcoouéva and xà àvéKÔoxa (5.73) clearly attests to some literary activity on
the part of Lyco, the few scanty fragments which have survived291 coupled
with Cicero's general judgment of his writings as oratione locuples, rebus ipsis
ieiunior (De finibus 5.13) corroborate Diogenes' low estimate. There is still
the alternative that the basis for the omission of a book list for Lyco is simply
that none was available or, at the time that Diogenes' source(s) were being
compiled, Lyco's writings had "not been sorted out" (àvéKÔoxa).
The catalogues are arranged according to different principles and, overall,
there is a great lack of uniformity among them, which would seem to point
to different sources. All of the lists, moreover, are unsatisfactory or imperfect
for several reasons: for each of the philosophers we can point to titles of
works cited by other trustworthy ancient sources which do not appear in
Diogenes' lists, many titles are repeated or duplicated in a single catalogue,
there are variant titles for the same work listed separately, instances of melding
and blending the other lists and later supplements, the separate listing of
individual books of larger, collective works as well as the listing of the
collective work, restorations, clear misattributions, and other contaminations
and corruptions.292 All of the lists present almost insurmountable difficulties
for interpretation and analysis and the final conclusive word on them has yet
to be spoken and may never be. Even if there were space and time to do so,
I cannot discuss each item in each list here, but shall limit discussion to a
presentation of some of the general characteristics of each list.
The catalogues of Aristotle (5.21 -7) and Strato (5.59-60) are most like
one another, which is evidence that they derive from the same source. They
are ordered along similar lines in a sensible, matter-of-fact manner. Dialogues
or exoteric works appear first, listed according to the diminishing number of
books included for individual titles. Esoteric works take up the next section,
within which various scientific treatises are grouped according to subject
matter. Next, collections of different sorts are found, e.g. TtpoRXr|uaxa and
ûitouvf|uaxa, and each list concludes with personal papers and letters.293 Of
course in both lists there are titles which are found in each of the sections
which do not fit them, but overall one can see this general pattern of
arrangement.
One remarkable difference between these two catalogues is that in Strato's
only the first five titles and the next to last title have the number of books,
volumes, or rolls specified. If we are to take this at face value and assume the
2,1 F. Wehrli, SA vol. 6, places twelve fragments under Schriften, but of these two are very
general reports from Cicero on Lyco's style and six are sayings of Lyco taken from
Diogenes' biography of the man.
:n Diogenes does not seem to have been totally oblivious to problems of trustworthiness
in the book lists which he transmits. At the end of his entry for Aristotle, he writes:
"For Aristotle was in all things most industrious and most inventive, as is obvious from
the writings listed before, which come near in number to 400, at least all those that are
undisputed" (5.34).
"< See I. During, AABT p. 67-9 and P. Moraux, Listes p. 27 ff. and 246 - 7.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS' BOOK 5 3851
2,4 F. Jacoby, commentary to FGrH 222 T 1 in vol. IIb, p. 643. See also F. Wehrli, SA
vol. 4, p. 56.
2" The titles in these two sections of the catalogue are very similar, both including works
on literary history.
2,6 Thrasyl(l)us also worked on the arrangement of Plato's books, i.e. organizing them into
groups of four or tetralogies (3.45), although elsewhere (3.56) Plato is said to have
published them in groups of four. Cf. L. Brisson, Diogène Laërce, 'Vies et doctrines des
philosophes illustres', Livre III: Structure et contenu, ANRW II 36.5, ed. W. Haase
(Berlin -New York, 1992) p.3700ff. and 3709 ff.
197 Actually, all except the fifth title (Ilepi vôucov a') are multi-volume works.
3852 MICHAEL G. SOLLENBERGER
29!i See H. Gottschalk, op. cit. (note 59) p. 6 n. 20, and F. Wehrli, SA vol. 7, p. 65.
199 The alphabetical order does not extend beyond the first letter of the most important
word. Note, too, that prepositions and articles are disregarded for the purposes of
alphabetization.
3(10 Galen, De plac. Hipp, et Plat. 8.2 (vol.5, p. 655-6 Kuhn); see T. Birt, Das antike
Buchwesen in seinem Verhàltniss zur Literatur. Mit Beitragen zur Textgeschichte des
Theokrit, Catull, Properz und anderer Autoren (Berlin, 1882) p. 204 - 5, 214, and 286,
K. Ohi.y, Stichometrische Untersuchungen. Zbl. fùr Bibliothekswesen, Beiheft 61 (Leip
zig, 1928) p. 4-22, and R.Blum, Kallimachos und die Literaturverzeichnung bei den
Griechen: Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der Biobibliographie. Archiv fur Geschichte
des Buchwesens 18 (Frankfurt a. M., 1977) p. 124 n. 291 and 238 ff.
W1 D.L. 5.27, 5.50, and 5.60 respectively.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS' BOOK 5 3853
contained in all the works in each catalogue, there is some great disproportion.
There are 146 titles in Aristotle's list which comprise over 550 individual
books. His total number of o-tixoi is almost twice that of Theophrastus, and
yet the latter is credited with more titles (224) and almost as many individual
books (495). Further, Strato's catalogue has only 47 titles302 which comprise
only 58 individual books, yet his number of crtixoi is nearly half again as
many as the number given for Theophrastus. If some rough calculations are
made and the number of crtixoi is divided by the number of individual books,
we arrive at some surprising average lengths of individual books. For Strato
the average length of a book is 5,732 verses, for Aristotle 809, and for
Theophrastus 470. These figures are so incommensurate that, unless we want
to assume that Strato composed tremendously long books, over twelve times
as long as those written by Theophrastus, we will have to reject them as
accurate measurements of the total length of the works listed in Diogenes'
catalogues.303
Diogenes nowhere names his source(s) for the catalogues of Peripatetic
writings, but the stichometric notices in the first three, although their accuracy
is to be rejected, may provide some clue about the provenance of the lists.
Such a reckoning system points, as mentioned earlier, to an Alexandrian
source.304 Book catalogues were compiled in Alexandria during the third
m In all three cases the number of titles could be greater or fewer, since in some instances
what is listed as one title may in fact be two. One example of this should suffice:
5.59 rlepi xcov uExaXXiKcov ui)xavT|uaxcov may be two titles Iiepi tcov uexakAiKcov and
Mr|xavnudxcov.
J03 I. During, AABT p. 77, writes: "Moraux counted 550 books; a simple calculation (sc.
Listes p. 192) shows that his figure tallies well with the number of lines at the end of
the catalogue. Taking as standard an average page of a Greek text in the Loeb library
with 30 lines of 40 letters in each line, Aristotle's literary output according to Hermippus'
catalogue, in which most of the great pragmaties are missing, would correspond to
about 12,000 printed pages." The calculations for Aristotle are not disproportionate as
far as I. During and P. Moraux are concerned, but since Strato's numbers are so
incommensurate, perhaps all such numbers should be suspected of error. It is also
interesting to note that Demetrius of Phalerum is reported to have surpassed all Peripate
tics in the number of lines written (5.80). However, Demetrius' total is not given by
Diogenes; his list of works is nowhere near as long as Theophrastus' or Aristotle's.
304 In addition to the studies of T. Birt, R. Blum, and K. Ohly (note 300 above), see
F. Ritschl, Die Stichometrie der Alten, in: Id., Die Alexandrinischen Bibliotheken unter
den ersten Ptolemaern und die Sammlung der Homerischen Gedichte durch Pisistratus
(Breslau, 1838, Reprint: Amsterdam, 1970) p. 91 and 103 ff. = Id., Opuscula Philologica
vol. 1 (Leipzig, 1886) p. 74 and 84 ff., E. Howald, Die Schriftenverzeichnisse des Aristote-
les und des Theophrast, Hermes 55 (1920) p. 204, F. Schmidt, Die Pinakes des Kallima-
chos. Klassisch-Philologische Studien 1 (Berlin, 1922) p. 68 ff., Weinberger, Stichome
trie, RE 3A,2 (1929) col. 2487-8, P. Moraux, Listes p. 214 n. 17 and 246, I. During,
Ariston or Hermippus?, Classica et Mediaevalia 17 (1956) p. 19, and L. Daly, Contribu
tions to the History of Alphabetization. Coll. Latomus 90 (Brussels, 1967) p. 92. While
stichometric notices are given for the sum of the writings of both Speusippus (4.5) and
Xenocrates (4.14), elsewhere totals are given in ëirr|, e.g., 1.34, 9.20 and 9.111. Totals
for individual writings are also given, e.g., 1.61, 68, 79, 85, 89, 97, 101, and 8.77.
254 ANRW II 36.6
3854 MICHAEL G. SOLLENBERGER
Several different purposes were achieved by stichometric notices. They served to indicate
the extent of a work or corpus of works, to determine the pay of the copyist, to
determine the price or value of a work or corpus of works, to ascertain the integrity of
a work or corpus as well as its authenticity. Moreover, stichometry facilitated the citation
of individual passages in a work, for just as line numbers are often used in modern
books, consecutive numbers of verses were often placed at regular intervals in the
margins of a work. See the citations of line numbers by Diogenes at 7.33 and 7.187-
8 and the remarks of M. Schanz, Zur Stichometrie, Hermes 16 (1881) p. 309-14,
K. Wachsmuth, Stichometrie und kein Ende, Rhein. Mus. 34 (1879) p. 481-4, and
K. Ohly, op. cit. (note 300) p. 74 f.
,ns The full title of the work is recorded as nivaKeç xcov èv Ttào~rj naiSeiq SiaXauyàvKov,
<ai &v auvévpaiyav èv Bip7.ioiç k' kcù p' in the Suda, s. v. KakAiuaxoç (no. 227, part 3,
p. 19.27-9 Adler).
306 See O. Regenbogen, nivac,, RE 20.2 (1950) col. 1419-20, and R. Blum, op. cit. (note
300) p. 224 ff., for much of the older literature on Callimachus' bibliographical work.
107 On the reconstruction of Callimachus' work see R. Pfeiffer, Callimachus, 2nd ed.
(Oxford 1965), fr. 429, 435, 438, and 452 - 3, R. Blum, op. cit. (note 300) p. 231, and
F. Schmidt, op. cit. (note 304) p. 58 ff.
m H. Usener, Analecta Theophrastea (Diss. Bonn; Leipzig, 1858) p. 22-4, rpt. in: Idem,
Kleine Schriften, ed. L. Rademacher, vol. 1 (Leipzig, 1912). For a succinct summary of
Usener's argument, see O. Regenbogen, Theophrastos col. 1366-9.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS' BOOK 5 3855
3. Doctrines
Since Diogenes' primary concern is the lives of the philosophers and not
their philosophical personalities, their doctrines and views, he accordingly
gives doxographical resumes only of major schools or philosophical systems,
not the different opinions of individuals within them.314 Because of this bias,
he regularly furnishes us with a selection of the doctrines of the founder or
originator of a school or system, ignoring those of its individual members.
Because he holds to the SiaSoxai-principle, the succession of teacher - student
relationships, Diogenes' practice of giving doxographies only for originators
w For a review of the scholarly battles on the sources of these lists and the various
proponents see P. Moraux, Listes p. 15-21, 211-16, and 221-37, and Idem, Der
Aristotelismus bei den Griechen von Andronikos bis Alexander von Aphrodisias I. Die
Renaissance des Aristotelismus im 1. Jh. v. Chr. Peripatoi 5 (Berlin -New York, 1973)
p. 4 n. 2, and C. Lord, The Early History of the Aristotelian Corpus, Amer. Journal of
Philol. 107 (1986) p. 137-61.
310 P. Moraux, Listes p. 243 ff., and more recently with a bit of hesitation, Idem, D. L. et
le Peripatos p. 251— 2. That Ariston was Diogenes' source was first suggested by
A. Gercke, Ariston no. 52, RE 2.1 (1896) col. 953 ff.
J. Keaney, Two Notes on the Tradition of Aristotle's Writings, Amer. Journal of Philol.
84 (1963) p. 58-63.
,12 P. Moraux, Listes p. 220-1 and 246-7, F. Wf.hrli, SA vol. 7, p. 64-5, and H. Gorr-
schalk, op. cit. (note 59) p. 6 n. 20.
The most recent treatment of this problem is that of C. Lord, op. cit. (note 309) where
much of the relevant secondary literature will be found listed.
314 See J. Meier, DLHB p. 50-1.
3856 MICHAEL G. SOLLENBERGER
315 There are a few exceptions, e.g., the Cyrenaic philosophers (2.85 ff.), the later Stoics
(7.160 ff.) are the two most noteworthy. One should, however, notice that Diogenes is
emphatic in saying: "It seemed to me best to speak generally about all of the Stoic
doctrines in the life of Zeno, because of the fact that he was the founder of the school
And his doctrines are generally as follows." Cf. D. E. Hahm, Diogenes Laertius VII: On
the Stoics, below in this same volume (ANRW II 36,6), p.4145ff.
3.6 P. Moraux, L'exposé de la philosophie d'Aristote chez Diogène Laërce (V, 28-34), La
Revue philosophique de Louvain 47 (1949) p. 5-43, henceforth 'L'exposé', and with
some revisions and enlargements, Idem, D. L. et le Peripatos p. 263 - 90.
.17 D. L. 5.28: Kai xoaaùxa uèv aùx<p Ttenpcryuàxeuxai BipXîa. podXexai 8è èv aùxoîç xà8e-
318 D. L. 5.32: Kai xt)v vujc^v 8è aacbuaxov, èvxeXéxeiav oùaav xr|v npà>zr\v acouaxoç yàp
cpuoiKoù, to which Diogenes adds (from 412b5) Kai ôpyaviKoù Suvàuei Çcor|v êxovxoç.
I" P. Moraux, D. L. et le Peripatos p. 268 calls it « une banale formule de transition ».
320 P. Moraux, D. L. et le Peripatos p. 290, reports thirty citations from Aristotle in Dio
genes' work. It should be observed that many references are to works no longer extant,
e.g., the dialogues, other exoteric works, and various collections. See also J. Meier,
DLHBp.35-6.
321 E.g., Menedemus (2.135), Plato (3.9, 17, 80 and 109), Antisthenes (6.12-13), Pythagoras
(8.24, 34, and 36), Eudoxus (8.88), and Pyrrho (9.106), etc.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS' BOOK 5 3857
m Aristotle divides philosophy into three parts - practical, theoretical, and poetic - in
Top. 6.6 145al5- 18 and 8.1 157al0-ll, and Met. E.1 1025b25-8 and K.7 1063b36ff.;
cf. also EN 1.1 1094a1-7, EE 1.5 1216bl1-20. However, in Met. a.1 993b20-1 a
bipartite division is found.
323 These include matters of state (xà ncpi TtoXiv) and matters of household management
(xà Ttepi oIkov). But this subdivision of practical philosophy is not to be found in the
EN or Pol.
"« See Aristotle, Met. E.1 1026al3ff.
«s P. Moraux, L'exposé p. 9, and 1. During, AABT p. 70- 1; cf. D.L. 7.39 ff.
126 E.g., Top. 8.14 163bl1. See I. Mueller, Stoic and Peripatetic Logic, Archiv f. Geschichte
der Philosophie 51 (1969) p. 173 - 87, esp. 184-5.
,2~ Diogenes mentions the 'Topics', 'Methodics' (not extant, but listed in 8 books at 5.23),
and the 'Posterior Analytics', but omits mention of 'De interpretatione', 'Categories',
Prior Analytics', 'Sophistici Elenchi', 'Rhetoric', and 'Poetics', where all these operations
receive treatment.
ll* For the Stoic terminology cf. D. L. 7.54. There are also admixtures of Epicurean doctrine
and terms; cf. D. L. 10.31 -4. See P. Moraux, L'exposé p. 14-15, and I. During, AABT
p. 72.
,29 P. Moraux, L'exposé p. 13-15 and 17.
3858 MICHAEL G. SOLLKNBERGER
330 See J. Bollack, op. cit. (note 5) p. 14 - 20, J. Meier, DLHB p. 83, and P. Moraux, D. L.
et le Peripatos p. 273. It is also clearly the pattern of the doxography given in the case
of Aristippus (2.86-92) and part of the Stoic doctrines (7.84- 131).
," Cf. EN 1.7; Diogenes adds the remark that the wise man would be unhappy in pain,
poverty, and similar circumstances.
,,2 On the interdependence of the virtues see P. Moraux, L'exposé p. 23-5, and Idem,
D. L. et le Peripatos p. 278. I. During, AABT p. 73, notes that Uexpioitu9r|ç is not
Aristotle's word (he uses UeaôxT|ç, e.g. EN 2.4 1105b28) and judges this to be a Stoic
interpretation of Aristotle's doctrine.
D. L. 5.34: noXXà 8è Kai fiXXa nepi koX)js>v àTtecpr|vaxo, ÛTtep uaxpôv fiv eïTi Kaxapt9ueî-
aGai.
<" I. During, AABT p. 73-4, and P. Moraux, D.L. et le Peripatos p. 280.
335 These works are noticeably scarce in Aristotle's catalogue.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS' BOOK 5 3859
its unique circular motion are then mentioned. Diogenes moves deftly to the
final topic of Aristotle's psychology. As mentioned earlier, he gives a literal
quotation from the 'De anima' for Aristotle's definition of the soul. Since this
definition is very condensed, Diogenes proceeds to give a word-by-word
explanation of the terms employed in it. This explanation occupies the remain
der of the doxographical survey. While Aristotle's definition of the soul is no
simple matter to understand, Diogenes' snarl of explanatory information
makes it impossible to understand. Not only are there numerous errors in this
exposition,336 but there is clear evidence of textual corruption in the form of
transposition and interpolation.337 Scholars have tried to sort out the confusion
and have arrived at some satisfactory conclusions.338 But, again, several
essential Aristotelian concepts are missing from this account of his physics and
psychology: there is no mention of Aristotle's rejection of Platonic principles,
nothing on the immortality of the soul or the eternity of the world, etc.339
When the text is revamped, it appears that the author was on the right track
concerning the definition of the soul, but the presence of so many omissions
from Aristotle's works as we know them as well as the occurrence of Stoic
terminology in this account has led to the supposition that the section of the
doxography on physics, and thus the entire doxography has been derived by
Diogenes from some pre-Andronican, Stoic(izing) source.340
The most striking feature of Book Five of Diogenes' work is the inclusion
of the wills of the first four Peripatetic scholarchs. These unquestionably
valuable and precious documents preserve for us in concise form what amounts
to a summary of personal and professional relationships of the philosophers
themselves. Since these wills were doubtless important as proof of the legal
basis for the existence of the school, they furnish us with some material by
which we can come to a better understanding of the organization and character
of the Peripatos during the first century of its existence. And, much like diaries
and journals, the wills often reveal to us the human sides of their authors.
There is little reason to doubt the authenticity of these four wills. The
evidence that they are indeed genuine is of a cumulative nature. Each of them
simply presents an overabundance of detailed information: precise details
"* These have been rooted out and explained in great detail by P. Moraux, L'exposé p. 31 -
9.
"7 See especially P. Moraux, D. L. et le Peripatos p. 282-5.
,,s See I. During, AABT p. 76, and P. Moraux, D. L. et le Peripatos p. 282-7.
m The topics discussed in the physics section concern cosmology and psychology; the
contents of Aristotle's physical, meteorological, and zoological works go unmentioned.
W) For a more detailed conclusion see P. Moraux, L'exposé p. 39-43. Whether the presence
of Stoic terms and doctrines in this survey is due to a "harmonizing tendency" in
Diogenes' source or not, I am not qualified to judge. Nevertheless, they are there and
do indicate that Diogenes' source, if not actually Stoic, was influenced by Stoic thought.
3860 MICHAEL G. SOLLENBERGER
<47 See Ariston, fr. 28-32 Wehrli. P. Moraux, Listes p. 243-5, remarks that it would be
quite odd if the wills were transmitted by themselves and not as parts of biographical
accounts. This is not necessarily so. See the comments below.
148 D.L. 5.1 = Hermippus, fr. 44 Wehrli; cf. also fr. 47a, 48-9.
D.L. 2.55 = Hermippus, fr. 52 Wehrli.
"o See J. Meier, DLHB p. 32.
151 K. Brink, Peripatos col. 912, suggests that Ariston may have written biographies of the
first four scholarchs using Hermippus as his primary source and later added the wills.
,« See J. Meier, DLHB p. 54.
J" These are available in English translation in I. During, AABT p. 193-241.
154 See I. During, AABT p. 62, and A. Chroust, Aristotle's Last Will and Testament, in:
Id., Aristotle: New Light on His Life and On Some of His Lost Works (London, 1973)
vol. 1, p. 183.
3862 MICHAEL G. SOLLENBERGER
nou) in making their dispositions.355 Others have seen in the absence of the
mention of the school and its environs some proof that Aristotle did not in
fact found the Peripatetic school in the concrete, institutional sense, for had
he done so, it is thought, he would have mentioned it in his will.356 This topic
has already been dealt with in the section on Foundation of or Succession to
the Headship of the School above (p. 3809 ff.). Before passing over to some of
the details in the wills, it may be further remarked that it has been suggested
that Aristotle may have considered the school lost and so wished to avoid
embarrassing Theophrastus and the others of his following by association
with his name.357 Nevertheless, the Peripatos did continue to exist and, in
fact, to flourish, as the wills of the later scholarchs in part attest, although that
flourishing seems to have been largely dependent on Macedonian supremacy.358
Aristotle's will is much like that of Plato (3.41 —3), in that it is concerned
almost exclusively with the disposition of his personal property and his
concerns for the well-being of the members of his family and household.
Antipater, regent of Macedonia, is made the general trustee or chief executor
of Aristotle's will. All legatees and heirs would have had to make their claims
against Aristotle's estate to Antipater. While the appointment of Antipater by
Aristotle as executor-in-charge may attest to the close friendship between the
two men, it should be recognized that by putting his estate under the personal
protection of this powerful man Aristotle may have been attempting to
forestall any legal complications which might arise had he appointed someone
with less authority.359 Five executors are named: Aristomenes, Timarchus,
Hipparchus, Dioteles, and (with qualifications that he be willing) Theo
phrastus (5. 12). 360 While we learn from the other versions of the will that
Aristotle's son Nicomachus was, in fact, universal heir of Aristotle's estate,
he was obviously too young at the time of the writing of the will to perform
the duties of this position. Instead, Aristotle appointed his sister's son, Nicanor,
as interim heir, i.e. until Nicomachus became of age.361 Nicanor is arranged
to marry Aristotle's daughter, Pythias (5.12). In another precautionary clause
Aristotle provided that, if anything should happen to Nicanor, Theophrastus
355 D. L. 5.51, 5.61, and 5.69. I. During, AABT p. 63, thinks that the introductory words
in Aristotle's will are a paraphrase by Diogenes or Favorinus.
J* K. Brink, Peripatos col. 905, I. During, AABT p. 346, 361, and 460-1, and Idem,
Aristoteles, RE suppl. vol. 1 1 (1968) col. 163, A. Chroust, op. cit. (note 354) p. 48 - 9 and
n. 27-8, 219 and n. 117, J. Lynch, Aristotle's School p. 96, 106-7, and H. Gottschalk,
Notes p. 329. See also the section on Foundation of/Succession to the Headship of the
School above.
"7 Cf. the remarks of H. Gottschalk, Notes p. 328.
See the section on Political Activities above.
,5» See E. Zeller, op. cit. (note 38) vol. 2.2 (Leipzig, 1879) p. 41 -2 n. 3, A. Hug, op. cit.
(note 82) p. 12, W.Jaeger, Aristotle p. 313-14, and A. Chroust, op. cit. (note 354)
p. 194-5.
160 These men may include Aristotle's relatives, as I. During, AABT p. 62-3, suggests.
Theophrastus clearly had a special place with Aristotle, for he makes special provisions
and conditions for him.
See C. Mui.vany, op. cit. (note 118) p. 159, and H. Gottschalk, Notes p. 322.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS' BOOK 5 3863
will take his place in these matters (5.13). As it turned out, Nicanor died,
perhaps soon, for Aristotle's daughter Pythias is reported to have re-married
and Theophrastus to have reared Aristotle's son Nicomachus.362
Having set forth the duties and obligations of the executors and heirs of
his estate, Aristotle commences with his numerous bequests of his property.
Judging from these bequests, Aristotle was a very wealthy man. A number of
servants in his household are mentioned, as bequests to others, as themselves
recipients of other slaves and large sums of money, or as receiving special
attention and the promise of future freedom (5.13-15). Herpyllis is singled
out for special mention and special bequests, because, as Aristotle says, "she
was good to me" (aттоuSша nepi èuè èyévexo, 5.13). Besides giving her several
slaves and a talent of silver, he permits her to take up residence in one of his
houses, either the one in Chalcis, or the one in Stagira. Wherever she chooses
to live, she is to have whatever furniture the executors think fitting for her
(5.14).
Aristotle next enjoins the executors to see to it that the statues and busts
of the members of his family are completed and erected (5.15 — 16). 363 Aristotle
makes no provision for his own burial or funeral as do the other three
testators, and perhaps did not know where he would be buried. But, in a
telling phrase he tells his executors:
"Wherever they may place (my) grave, picking up the bones of Pythias,
place them there, too, just as she herself has enjoined" (5.16).
Then, in the final precautionary sentence, he orders a life-size statue of
Nicanor, if he returns safely, to be set up in Stagira to the Saviors Zeus and
Athena (5.16).
From his will we see that Aristotle was a quite wealthy man, but also
generous and magnanimous to his family, friends, and servants. He was
obviously a thoughtful and loving husband and father. However, besides the
portrait of a man who was equitable, liberal, and perhaps noble, there is a
pervasive sense of pessimistic foreboding and loneliness as both H. Gott-
Sextus Empiricus, Adv. Math. 1.258, says she was married three times: first to Nicanor,
who died ca. 314 B.C. (?), then to Procles, with whom she had two children, Procles
and Demaratus, students of Theophrastus, and finally to Metrodorus the physician. She
was married to Metrodorus at the time Theophrastus drafted his will, for their son
Aristotle is given special allowance to study philosophy and share in the life of the
school (5.53). See also H. Schmitt, Pythias no. 2, RE 24.1 (1963) col. 548 - 9. Aristocles is
our source for Theophrastus' rearing of the orphan Nicomachus (in Eusebius, Praeparatio
evangelica 15.2.15 = Aristocles, fr. 2 Heiland).
eiKôveç of the following persons are listed: Nicanor, who is also to be honored with a
life-size statue in thanks for his salvation, Proxenus, who was Aristotle's guardian after
his father died, Nicanor's mother, i. e. Aristotle's sister Arimneste, Aristotle's brother
Arimnestus, who had died earlier, and Aristotle's mother Phaestis. On the problems
concerning the placement of Aristotle's mother's statue, see C. Mulvany, op. cit. (note
118) p. 156-7. In his will Theophrastus orders statues of Aristotle and Nicomachus
(life-size) to be erected (5.51). Lyco orders the placement of a statue of himself (5.71)!
3864 MICHAEL G. SOLLENBERGER
schalk and W. Jaeger have noticed.364 If Aristotle wrote his will after
Alexander's death, sick and in exile in Chalcis, as seems likely,365 he was
certainly aware of the serious dangers posed to his family and friends by the
upsurge of social and political turmoil which arose in the wake of Alexander's
death. We read the careful and detailed provisions for his children and other
family members, friends, and dependents not only in the case of his own
death, but also if Nicanor should die; his worries about Nicanor's safe return
are voiced three times in his will. These personal confessions of his anxious
fears and sensitive concern for the care and well-being of those near and dear
to him certainly reveal to us a side of Aristotle's personality which we are
not accustomed to see in scientific and philosophical writings of the man.
Theophrastus' will (5.51 —7) is the most juridical, technical, and thorough
of the four. It is crammed full with detailed information concerning his
personal possessions and substantial wealth and their disposition to designated
individuals after his death. Theophrastus' explicit orders for the rebuilding,
refurbishing, and general maintenance of the school buildings and grounds
gives us a rare glimpse of the school in its physical setting in the early third
century B. C.366 His will, moreover, is the only one of the four which mentions
copies as having been made and placed in safekeeping (5.57). 367 Overall, it is
evident that Theophrastus crafted his will with great care; he tried to foresee
any and all contingencies and eventualities and thereby expressed his deep
concern for the school and its continuance and, at the same time, set an
example which Strato and Lyco each attempt to follow in their own wills.
There are no philosophical ideas or thoughts contained in his will but
an abundance of personal and biographical details. Theophrastus' considerable
wealth is revealed in his specific bequests of properties in Eresus, Stagira, and
Athens, gifts of large amounts of money to his relatives and individual friends
and associates and the mention of a dozen slaves. Many personal touches in
the will show us the kind, considerate, and prudent nature of the man. In
addition to the many bequests, his provisions for statues of Aristotle and
Nicomachus (5.51-2), philosophical education of Aristotle's grandson (5.53),
his generous reward to his servants Pompylus and Threpte in gratitude for
their good services (5.54), his eagerness to alleviate tension between his
financial administrator Hipparchus and his chief heirs Melantes and Pancreon
(5.55-6), and the emancipation of several slaves (5.55) all indicate a magnan
imous and benevolent character and, indeed, serve to substantiate his being
called eúepyeтucôç (5.37). Further, in regard to the school, he names his
executors, lists the particular tasks he wishes them to accomplish and provides
for the endowment and continuation of the philosophic enterprise. Although
he singles out no successor as leader of the school, he passes on ownership
of the school grounds and buildings to a group of ten members and common
partners (5.52-3). From the many details in the will we are able to perceive
Theophrastus as both a private individual and as a professional administrator
of affairs.
One infers that Theophrastus remained unmarried and had no legitimate
offspring, for he leaves his family property in Eresus to the sons of his brother,
Melantes and Pancreon (5.51). 368 These two appear later among the ten
partners who inherit the school (5.53), but are not among the executors of
Theophrastus' will (5.56). 369 It is to be observed that the disposition of
personal property is shown by the use of the verb SiScoui, while requests and
orders concerning items under Theophrastus' care or supervision are shown
by the use respectively of ßoûXouai and jussive subjunctives.370 By observing
his employment of these verbs and verbal forms, we can determine what was
exactly Theophrastus' private property and what was not.
Hipparchus (named at 5.51, 53, 54, 55, and 56) seems to have acted as
the financial manager or trustee not only for Theophrastus himself, but also
for the school.371 He may also be the same man appointed as an executor of
Aristotle's will (5. 12). 372 Out of the funds at his disposal he is instructed to
pay for the various repairs and improvements to the school property (5.51 -
2) which Theophrastus wishes (BouA.ou.ai, 5.51) to be done, for the costs of
Theophrastus' funeral and burial (5.54), the various cash bequests in the will
(5.54, 55, and 56), and all other liabilities against the estate of Theophrastus
(5.56). Theophrastus had originally considered appointing his nephews Melan
tes and Pancreon along with Hipparchus as executors, but decided to appoint
Hipparchus alone (5.55 — 6). Evidently Hipparchus' personal finances were in
distress, for he is said to have been "shipwrecked in his personal affairs"
(5.55). 373 He also says that he decided against a joint appointment because he
had seen that relations betwen Hipparchus and his nephews were somewhat
strained (5.56). To obviate any squabbles or disputes which might arise during
their joint handling of his estate and funds, Theophrastus chose to appoint
Hipparchus alone. As compensation to his nephews he orders Hipparchus to
give them each one talent (5.56). 374
Theophrastus requests (pouXouai) the execution of a number of matters
concerning the buildings and structures used by the members of the school
(5.51 — 2). All the requests in this section (all infinitives dependent on BouXouai)
are connected with the public buildings and structures associated with the
Lyceum. Included are a sanctuary of the muses, statues of the goddesses, a
shrine, probably within the sanctuary, a small stoa and another, lower stoa,
where maps were to be kept, and an altar. None of these things are objects
of Theophrastus' bequests and so are not his property. Rather, they are public
property — state possessions used by the school. No particular agreement is
known according to which the school was permitted to operate within the
confines of public property, but it is obvious that Theophrastus, as leader of
the school, felt obliged to repair and rebuild the buildings and fixtures which
had been damaged or had fallen into disrepair.375
372 See Daebritz, Hipparchos no. 17, RE 8,2 (1913) col. 1666.
173 Èv xoîç iSioiç \iàXa vevauayT|Kôxa. Evidently Hipparchus' personal finances were in
distress; perhaps he lost money due to poor investments of some sort. Note that
Theophrastus mentions that Hipparchus formerly helped him and his nephews. That
help may have been financial. Moreover, in 5.56 it seems that Hipparchus had made
contracts in Theophrastus' name.
174 The reason for this compensatory legacy to his nephews is not entirely clear, but perhaps
the task of financial adminstrator offered some financial benefits and Theophrastus felt
that the two might take offense at losing these. It is possible that any funds remaining
after all debts, expenses, legacies and other liabilities were taken care of belonged to
Hipparchus. See A. Hug, op. cit. (note 82) p. 5-7.
m In 5.51 -2 Theophrastus requests the execution of a number of matters concerning the
buildings and structures used by the members of the school. The buildings must have
suffered some damage, for Theophrastus' requests for repair and rebuilding are not to
be understood as simply general maintenance. In fact, in two passages he requests that
matters be restored as they were 'formerly' (Ttpoxepov). The second siege of Athens by
Demetrius Poliorcetes in 296 - 4 B. C. may have been the cause of damages. See Plutarch,
Vita Demetrii 33-4, and Pausanias 1.25.8. Closer to the time of Theophrastus' death
in 287/6 B. C. Athens, under the leadership of the demagogue Lachares, revolted from
DIOGENES LAERTIUS' BOOK 5 3867
The central feature of the Lyceum complex and the Peripatetic school
was the museum (5.51). Wilamowitz's assertion that the presence of a
sanctuary of the muses indicates that the school was organized on religious
lines as a Giaaoç xcov uouocov is to be rejected.376 There is no proof that the
school was organized as a brotherhood or common cult worshipping the
muses. Rather, as J. Lynch suggests, the museum was a figurative seat of the
muses and served to symbolize their patronage of learning and education.377
Theophrastus gives (SiScoui, 5.52) his garden, walk, and all the living
quarters next to the garden to those of his friends who wish to use them at
any time for the purposes of study and philosophy. The garden was acquired
with the aid of Demetrius of Phalerum (5.39). 378 The peripatos and the houses
may have been acquired or added at the same time or shortly thereafter. By
means of this bequest Theophrastus ensures the continuance of the Peripatetic
school, which he had established in the institutional sense, giving it a per
manent and privately-owned place of residence and operation. This property
is given to no individual, but to the members of the school as a whole. The
actual legatees are ten common partners (koivmvoùvxeç, 5.53), who are to hold
the property jointly for the use and benefit of all the members of the Peripatetic
community.379 They are: Hipparchus, Neleus, Strato, Callinus, Demotimus,
Demaratus, Callisthenes, Melantes, Pancreon, and Melantes. If the property
had been left to a particular individual, this would most likely have been
regarded as Theophrastus' personal appointment of a successor, as can be
seen from Strato's bequest of the school to Lyco, who thereupon became the
next scholarch (5.61). 380 It is explained that the property is given to a select
few rather than to all the members of the community, "since it is not possible
for all men to be always in residence" (5.53). This seems to support the
statement made earlier that most of the Peripatetics were non-Athenians.381
Only a few members of the school were permanent residents in Athens and
no doubt lived on the grounds of the school, in the residences adjoining the
garden. It is to these men to whom Theophrastus ostensibly leaves the school
property.382
the control of Macedon and Demetrius (289-7 B.C.), as a result of which there were
serious upheavals and much destruction in and around the city. See Plutarch, Vita
Demetrii 46, Pausanias, 1.25.2 and 1.26.1 ff., and the remarks of J. Lynch, Aristotle's
School p. 104-5.
r6 Wilamowitz's arguments, Antigonos p. 262 - 9, have been decisively refuted by J. Lynch,
Aristotle's School p. 108 - 16.
,77 See Muller-Graupa, Mouaeiov, RE 16.1 (1935) col. 801, and J. Lynch, Aristotle's
School p. 116.
rs See the section on Foundation of or Succession to the Headship of the School above.
,79 They are also referred to as cplXoi (5.52). See p. 3811, note 79 above.
380 $ee tne section on Foundation of or Succession to the Headship of the school above.
3*I See the section on Origin above.
W2 Since the others might not be present at the school at a given time, they could not be
expected to attend properly to the smooth operation of the affairs of the school and so
do not warrant a share in the ownership. We know that shortly after Theophrastus'
3868 MICHAEL G. SOLLENBERGER
death and the election of Strato as his successor Neleus left Athens and perhaps took
with him the books he had received from Theophrastus (5.52), so that although he is
one of the ten common partners in the ownership of the school he did not continue to
reside in Athens. Further, it is possible that Callinus moved to Stagira to take up
residence on the estate bequeathed to him by Theophrastus (5.52) and that Melantes
and Pancreon soon returned to Eresus to claim their inheritance there (5.51; see note
368 above). Theophrastus may have foreseen the possibility that Callinus, Melantes and
Pancreon would move away from Athens, but perhaps he relied on the principle of joint
ownership, which specified that control and ownership belong to those who are present.
Such a principle seems to be reflected in the statement of Seneca the Elder, Controv.
4.7.7: an quotiens duobus communia esset, potestas eins tota fieret qui praesens esset.
See further A. Biscardi, Sul regime della comproprietá in diritto attico, in: Studi in
onore di Ugo Enrico Paoli. Pubbl. della Univ. degli Studi di Firenze. Fac. di Lettere e
Filosofia. Ser. IV, vol.1 (Florence, 1956) p. 125-6, A.Harrison, op. cit. (note 80)
p. 240-1, and H. Gottschalk, Notes p. 332.
383 See C. Mulvany, op. cit. (note 118) p. 159, I.Düring, AABT p. 266, and H. Gott-
schalk, Notes p. 324.
384 This is the opinion of J. Lynch, Aristotle's School p. 101. Yet the absence of the estate
in Aristotle's will suggests rather that Nicomachus did inherit it from his father. A will
was only made in order to bequeath property to persons other than natural heirs: Isaeus,
Or. 6.28, says, "No one ever enters in his will a gift of anything to his natural sons,
because the law itself gives the father's estate to the son ..." See further A. Harrison,
op. cit. (note 80) p. 130 and n. 4.
385 This is the view taken by W. Jaeger, Aristotle p. 116 no. 1, and O. Regenbogen,
Theophrastos col. 1357. While this is certainly possible, it is unlikely for several reasons.
There is no conclusive proof that Theophrastus did, in fact, accompany Aristotle during
this period. Even though it is very likely that he did accompany him, there is no evidence
that Aristotle stayed in Stagira for any length of time. The mention of plants known to
people of Stagira in Theophrastus' Historia plantarum 3.11.1 and 4.16.3 does not
necessarily indicate an extended visit to the town by Theophrastus; he may have learned
these things during a brief stay there, or, what seems more likely, derived them from
Aristotle's knowledge of the area. See also H. Gottschalk, Notes p. 324 n. 5.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS* BOOK 5 3869
the library of Speusippus, which Aristotle had purchased for three talents,
according to two sources.386 While many of these books may have been
autograph copies of Theophrastus' and Aristotle's writings, they were certainly
not the only copies.387
By this request it is suggested that Theophrastus, who nowhere names a
successor as head of the school, showed his preference for Neleus.388 Neverthe
less, Strato was elected the new leader and Neleus, probably disappointed at
not being elected himself, returned home to Scepsis, taking his inheritance
along with him.389 With this begins the mysterious tale of the disappearance
of the writings of Aristotle and Theophrastus and their unavailability for two
centuries mentioned before. But again, discussion and analysis of this tale is
a separate issue from the life and will of Theophrastus and cannot be
undertaken here.
Theophrastus' will shows him to have been exceedingly wealthy and, like
his friend and predecessor Aristotle, liberal with his fortune. But one of his
major testamentary concerns was to see to it that the Peripatetic school was
substantially endowed and would have a continuance after his demise. He
took pains to see that it would be properly adminstered and managed by a
group of individuals and, as well, urged the other members to foster the
school's continuance. Since the legal status of the school needed to be firmly
established, he ensured that copies of his will be drawn up and deposited with
proper authorities (5.57). Overall, he seems to have attempted to make the
school a lasting institution and that control of it would be restricted to those
who had an interest in the school, the enjoyment of its facilities, and its
continuation.
Strato's will (5.61 -4) is the shortest of the four. In it we are confronted
with numerous minor legacies which attest to the considerable affluence of
Strato. He leaves his estate in Lampsacus to two men who are probably his
relatives, Lampyrion and Arcesilaus.390 These two are also among the nine
executors of the will whom Strato appoints to carry out his bequests and
requests. As the executors of Theophrastus' will, Strato's are enjoined to
Favorinus in D. L. 4.5 = Favorinus, fr. 9 Mensching, and Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae
3.17. See the remarks of L. Taran, op. cit. (note 43) p. 199 - 200, I. Düring, AABT
p. 337-8, and O. Gigon, Interpretationen p. 161 n. 23.
If he had taken everything, then we would not find evidence of the use of Aristotle's
and Theophrastus's books during the Hellenistic period, but in fact we do find such
evidence. See now C. Lord, op. cit. (note 309) p. 140 n. 7. We do not know, however,
what Neleus took with him to Scepsis. This particular topic has fascinated scholars for
centuries and has lured many into wild conjectures. See H. Gottschalk, Notes p. 335 ff.
for many of the details.
H. von Arnim, Neleus von Skepsis, Hermes 63 (1928) p. 105, and J. Lynch, Aristotle's
School p. 60 n. 33, 81, 101-2, and 200-1.
Strabo, Geog. 13.1.54. See Wilamowitz, Antigonos p. 286, O. Regenbogen, Theo
phrastos col. 1363 and 1370 and, in general, note 387 above.
They were probably Strato's nephews, for Arcesilaus bears the name of Strato's father.
See A. Hug, op. cit. (note 82) p. 7-9, and H. Gottschalk, Notes p. 318 n. 2.
255 ANRW II 36.6
3870 MICHAEL G. SOLLENBERGER
provide for his funeral and burial (5.61) and presumably to ensure that the
emancipation of the slaves which Strato specifies is carried out.
But in this will we find no enumeration of the members of the school
(unless we assume the executors are the members) as we do in the wills of
Theophrastus and Lyco, nor does Strato provide many details about the school
buildings and properties. But one of the most interesting features of his
testament is that unlike Theophrastus, who left the school to a Koivcovia of
ten members (5.52), Strato expressly names Lyco as his successor as head of
the school by making him owner of the school property (5.62). In fact, he
does not specify that he leaves to Lyco the garden, the walk, the peripatos,
etc. as does Theophrastus, but simply says that he leaves the "school" (Sia-
xpipf|v) to him. He gives as his reasons for choosing Lyco that "of the others,
some are too old, and others are too busy" (5.62). He also leaves all of his
books to Lyco, all of them, that is, "except those which we ourselves have
written" (5.62). Two questions arise here: what books did Lyco receive from
Strato? and what became of Strato's own writings? There is no further mention
of these books, but it can be guessed that Lyco received Strato's library, in
which may have been included copies of the writings of Aristotle and Theo
phrastus as well as of others. But as to what became of Strato's writings,
there seem to be at least two possibilities: either 1) they were part of the
residual estate inherited by Arcesilaus (5.64), 391 or 2) they became part of the
school's permanent library.392 In his own will (5.73) Lyco makes mention of
only his own writings, and there is simply no further mention of the books
of Strato.
Lyco's will is the longest (5.69-74) of the four and perhaps the most
personal, but it is also the least polished or finished and shows many signs
of carelessness. There are duplications of requests concerning his burial ar
rangements (5.69 and 71; cf. 5.74) and he does not always specify who is to
be responsible for what or from what source funds are to be taken for the
execution or performance of his request.
Lyco appears to have written his last will and testament from his death
bed (5.69). He gives his estate in the Troad to his brothers, Astyanax and
Lyco (5.69). 393 From the proceeds of this estate, it seems, various expenses are
'91 D.L. 5.64: xô 8è nepiôv àpyùpiov Kouiaàa9co 'ApKecriXaoç nap' 'CM.ûuTtixou, nTiSèv
èvoxÂ.ûv aùxôv Kaxà xoùç Kaipoùç kcù xoùç xpôvouç. Olympichus was the chief executor
of Strato's will. See H. Gottschalk, Notes p. 319.
w This is the suggestion of H. Gottschalk, Notes p. 319.
"3 They may, of course, have been his half-brothers, as H. Gottschalk, Notes p. 318 n. 1,
proposes, but it is more complicated. Among the men who are to become common
partners in the ownership of the school (5.70) Astyanax is not named, but two men
named Lyco are. One of these is called 'nephew' (Aûkcovi xcp àSeXcpiÔà>). Thus one
wonders if the brothers Astyanax and Lyco are, in fact, Lyco the testator's brothers, or
his nephews; all that is specified is that he leaves the estate in the Troad "to the brothers
Astyanax and Lyco"; he does not say 'my brothers'. Hence, that these two were nephews
of Lyco is a distinct possibility. See C. Bruns, op. cit. (note 80) p. 43, R. Dareste, op.
cit. (note 343) p. 17, A. Hug, op. cit. (note 82) p. 9 - 11 and 14 n. 1.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS' BOOK 5 3871
to be defrayed including the cost of Lyco's funeral and burial (5.69 and 71)
and payment of the two physicians, Pasithemis and Medias, who have attended
to him (5.72). There are many minor bequests of various and sundry items —
cups and other vessels, carpets, rugs, sofa covers and cushions, beds, and so
forth, as well as cash gifts. Like his predecessors, he emancipates or gives
promise of emancipation to many servants. Lyco also mentions his property
in town (i. e., Athens) and on Aegina. He leaves these to his nephew Lyco,394
specifying that this is because they share the same name and because he has
lived with his nephew for a long time and has come to regard him as a son
(5.70) . From the Aegina estate the nephew is enjoined to provide the oil from
the olive trees there for the use of the young men in remembrance of him
(5.71) .
What is most noteworthy in Lyco's will is that in dealing with the
school property of which he was the sole owner as scholarch, he resorted to
Theophrastus' egalitarian (or non-committal?) measure of bequeathing the
school, here simply called the Peripatos (5.70), to a committee of ten members,
Moreover, we learn something about the election of scholarchs and the criteria
for selection from Lyco's will. He enjoins then ten committee-members to
"put in charge someone who they think will persevere in the task and be
especially capable of extending the Peripatos" (5.70).
Perhaps the generally disorganized and imprecise character of Lyco's will
tells us something about his character.395 But Diogenes, after giving the text
of Lyco's will comments:
"Thus, while all things were done intelligently by him both in education
and in all his utterances, no less also quite carefully and in an orderly
manner in some ways did he manage affairs in his will, so that in this,
too, one must emulate him" (5.74).
Diogenes' admiration of Lyco is apparent and, although later ages branded
him as vain, worldly and shallow, blaming him in large measure for the decline
of the Peripatos during his leadership,396 one cannot help but wonder what
favorable qualities he possessed to urge Strato to appoint him as successor.
He was the youngest scholarch of the Peripatos, taking over from Strato at
the young age of thirty. Our sources represent him as immoderate, even
m The mention that this man is to receive the lion's share of Lyco's estate, "because he
bears the same name with me and has lived with me for a long time quite satisfactorily,
as was right for one regarded as a son", seems to have induced H. Gottschalk to
propose that he was Lyco's half-brother. See note 393 above.
"s See A. Hug, op. cit. (note 82) p. 22, and H. Gottschalk, Notes p. 321. On Lyco's
character see the section on Physical Appearance and Personal Qualities above.
m See Wilamowitz, Antigonos p. 83, and W. Capelle, Lykon col. 2306 - 7, who express
their discouragement in Lyco. See, on the other hand, the remarks of K. Brink, Peripatos
col. 932 ff., who explains how the decline of the school began before Lyco's time as
scholarch.
3872 MICHAEL G. SOLLENBERGER
licentious in his behavior, a two-fisted drinker and lover of wild parties, and,
unlike most other philosophers (except for a few Cynics) a great devotee of
gymnastics, being particularly fond of boxing, wrestling and ball-playing.397
One would expect that his character and antics would have been decisive in
dissuading the more upright and serious youths from joining the school. But
it must be said in Lyco's favor that, although he seems not to have been a
bookish man, he appears to have been a popular figure, a crowd-pleaser, and
attempted to distinguish the Peripatos externally, aiming the school's sights
at the world in general. We have seen that Lyco was cbç oùk âXXoq a good
friend of the kings Eumenes, Attalus, and Antiochus, from whom he received
support (5.67), and an active participant in Athenian civic life as both advisor
and benefactor (5.66). 398 It seems unlikely that he alone was responsible for
the Peripatos' "two-hundred-years-long sleep of death",399 and that his forty-
four year term of leadership needs to be reconsidered and reassessed.
The final item to be discussed under this rubric of Personal Documents
is the pesonal correspondence, the letters of the philosophers. Letters, although
mostly apocryphal or forged, are employed by Diogenes for biographical and
doxographical purposes. Most notable in this regard is the extensive citation
and reproduction of letters of the wise men to other wise men and to rulers
and tyrants in Book One of Diogenes' work and of the three letters in
which Epicurus' doctrines are set forth and explained in Book Ten. For the
Peripatetics Diogenes lists collections of letters in the book lists of Aristotle
(5.27), Theophrastus (5.46 and 50), Strato (5.60), and Demetrius (5.81). 400 But
he does not quote from any of these letters except in one instance, when he
provides an excerpt from a letter of Theophrastus to Phanias, a fellow-
Peripatetic and likewise from Eresus. Since this excerpt tells us something about
Peripatetic educational and teaching practices, it requires some discussion.
Diogenes reports:
"In the letter to Phanias the Peripatetic Theophrastus discussed, among
other things, matters concerning the lecture-hall (SeiKxnpiou) as follow:
'Not only is it not easy to get a public assembly (Ttavf|yupiv), but even a
small company of listeners (auveSpiov) such as one would like. Public
readings (àvayvcbaeiç) lead to revisions (èTtavopGuKreiç). The present gen
eration (ai f|XiKiai) no longer tolerates the deferring of everything and
lack of care'. In this letter he used the term 'scholastic'" (5.37).
197 See the section on Physical Appearance and Personal Qualities above.
m See the section on Political Activities above.
m Wilamowitz, Antigonos p. 83: „dass mit ihm (Lyco) der zwei jahrhundert lange toten-
schlaf der aristotelischen philosophie beginnt."
400 A number of letters and fragments of letters purporting to be Aristotle's have been
preserved and are edited by M. Plezia, Aristotelis Privatorum Scriptorum Fragmenta
(Leipzig, 1977). Since Diogenes adds the incipits of Strato's letters as Sxpaxcov 'Apaivori
eù Ttpàxxeiv, the listing is of a collection of his letters sent to Alexandria. See F. Wehrli,
SA vol. 5, p. 85. Not only did Demetrius write letters, but he may have been an epistolary
theorist, for F. Wehrli lists, although in the section of dubious and spurious attributions,
a work entitled xùnoi èiiicrioXiKoi (fr. 200; see SA vol. 4, p. 88).
DIOGENES LAERTIUS' BOOK 5 3873
m P. Boyancé, Le Culte des Muses chez les Philosophes Grecs. Études d'histoire et de
psychologie religieuses. Bibl. des écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome 141 (Paris, 1936)
p. 312-13.
402 For this meaning of SeiKxfipiov see the 'Etymologicum Magnum', s. v. p. 261.9 Gaisford,
where it is explained that this was originally the name which was given to the place in
Samos where Athena reputedly exhibited the representation of the head of the Gorgon;
in P. Petr. 142 v. 27, the 8eiKxr|piov is the room where the Spàua uuaxiKôv is represented
(probably the rites of Adonis in Alexandria, as G. Glotz, Les Fêtes d'Adonis sous
Ptolémée II, Revue des Études Grecques 33 [1920] p. 202, suggested); finally, Basil of
Seleucia, archbishop of Isauria, although a late writer (ca. A.D. 458), provides us with
the following definition of the SeiKxf|piov in his De vita ac miraculis S. Theclae virginis
martyris Iconiensis 2.29 (PG vol. 85 col. 612D-613A): "This (8eiKxT|ptov) is the name
for the place where speakers make a presentation (èniSeìKvuvxai), that is, the pulpit (ô
fiupcov) or the lecture-hall (xô àKpoaxT|piov).'' For further details see M. Galiano,
Observaciones textuales sobre prosa tardia griega, Euphrosyne n. s. 2 (1967 - 8) p. 163 -
5.
« Cf. its use by Aeschines, Or. 1.91, 2.70, 3.58, and 3.89, Athenaeus, Deipnos. 5.192A,
Demosthenes, Or. 18.22 and 58.8, Herodotus 8.56 and 8.75, Plato, Prot. 317D, Polybius
2.39.1, and Xenophon, Hell. 1.1.31 and 7.1.39, and the remarks of O. Regenbogen,
Theophrastos col. 1359-61.
** O. Regenbogen, Theophrastos col. 1359-60, and F. Wehrli, SA vol. 9, p. 27.
3874 MICHAEL G. SOLLENBERGER
questionable. The translation "generation" is much more natural for the plural
of the noun. And this is how both O. Apelt and R. Hicks understand the
word. 403 Both scholars see Theophrastus' words as a complaint against the
critical attitude of audiences. The discriminating responses of those who
attend recitations force one to rework and revise one's writings. This is the
reason why the audiences which one would like to have, i.e. uncriticial
audiences, who will not delay publication by forcing continual revisions with
their criticisms, are not easy to obtain. This last interpretation seems to be
the most likely.
Immediately after quoting this passage from Theophrastus' letter Dio
genes adds:
"In this letter he used the term 'scholastic' " (èv xouxtj xfj enicrioXfj
'oXoXaaxiKôv' cbvóuaKev, 5.37).
This has created some controversy among scholars. If what Diogenes reports
is true, Theophrastus will have been the first to use the word axoXacfxiKôç.406
What has exercised the minds of scholars, however, is how and why he
employed the term. G. Ménage believed that something had fallen out of the
text, viz. between axoXaaxiKÔv and cbvóuotKev and accordingly proposed the
insertion of mVtôv.407 This emendation has been approved by a host of
scholars;408 Theophrastus will have used the term in referring to himself.
Other alternatives have been suggested. R. Hicks translates "he has called
someone a pedant", understanding nva without inserting it into the text.409
405 O. Apelt, Diogenes Leben und Meinungen berühmter Philosophen. 2nd ed. by K. Reich
and H. Zekl, Philosophische Bibliothek 51/2 (Hamburg, 1967) p. 261 -2: „die zunehmen
den Jünglingsjahre" . In their notes to Apelt's translation Reich and Zekl specify: „Die
f|XiKiai sind doch wohl auf die heranwachsende Jugend zu beziehen" (p. 321). R. Hicks,
op. cit. (note 228) p. 485: "the present generation".
406 Wilamowitz, Antigonos p. 45 wrote: „auch der autorlos überlieferte process und die
mit einem (wer weiss ob ächten) briefcitat geschmückte bemerkung, dass bei ihm sich
das wort axoXaaxiKôv zuerst gefunden habe, sieht sehr nach Favorin aus (vgl. epist. ad
Maass. 144)." And in a note to this he added: „Ich habe, so viel mir erinnerlich, das
wort zuerst bei Chrysippos itepi Picov (Plutarch. Stoic. rep. 2) gefunden, danach kann es
aber sehr gut theophrasiisch sein."
+u7 G. Ménage = Aegidius Menagius, Observationes et Emendationes in Diogenem Laer-
tium, which appears in vol. 2 of M. Meibom's Diogenis Laertii De vitis, dogmatibus et
apophthegmatibus clarorum philosophorum libri X, etc. (Amsterdam, 1592) p. 204 col. 2.
408 Including Wilamowitz, Hellenistische Dichtung in der Zeit des Kallimachos (Berlin,
1924) vol. 1, p. 64, O. Regenbogen, Theophrastos col. 1359, H. Drossaart-Lulofs, III.
Het Wijsgerig Denken van het Hellenistisch Tijdvak 2. In de aanvang van het Hellenistisch
tijdvak. 1. Peripatos, Het Oudste Christendom en de Antieke Cultuur, ed. by J. Waszink
et al. (Haarlem, 1951) vol. 1: De hellenistische cultuur. Het jodendom in het hellenistisch
tijdvak, p. 269, and F. Wehrli, SA vol. 9, p. 27, who changed Ménage's aûxôv to êauxôv.
Meibom, op. cit. (note 407) p. 290, inserts se into his Latin translation and C. Cobet,
ed. Diogenis Laertii De clarorum philosophorum vitis, dogmatibus et apophthegmatibus
libri decem, etc. (Paris, 1850, rpt. 1862) more tentatively (se?), but neither includes aùxôv
in the Greek text.
*» R. Hicks, loc. cit. (note 405).
DIOGENES LAERTIUS' BOOK 5 3875
M. Gigante would insert ôvoua and translate „il adotto termine 'scola-
sf/co'".410 P. Boyancé has been even more heavy-handed with the text.411 He
sees the quotation from Theophrastus' letter as ending with "revisions"
(ènavopucboxiç), translating the rest as "Being wholly unburdened and not
caring about what (my advanced) age no longer tolerates, he called 'leisured'
in this letter."412
The problem seems to be that ôvouâÇeiv commonly governs two accusa
tives, as in English "to name or call (someone something)". But this is not
always necessary, for the verb can mean "to use the term", in which case it
governs only one accusative.413 M. Gigante's translation shows his under
standing of àvôuaKe as meaning "he used the term", but his insertion of ôvoua
is pleonastic.
Further, the meaning of ax0XaaxlK6v has become a matter of debate.
According to P. Boyancé's conjectural reading of the text, Theophrastus
defined it himself in a negative manner as the unburdening oneself of responsi
bilities and not caring about what one's age no longer bears. Boyancé specifies
these burdens as political responsibilities and military service, remarking that
this is in keeping with the Aristotelian sense of axoXr|, as it is discussed, for
example, at Pol. 7.15 1134a 10 ff. and EN 10.7 1177b5-25. axoXaaxiKov,
according to his interpretation, refers to the leisure time afforded to an elder
gentleman which he devotes to his own enjoyment pursued in study, learning,
and contemplation. The word has also been rendered as "pedant" or "book
worm", a meaning especially advocated by those who approve of Menage's
insertion of auxôv. They endeavor to support the interpretation "Theophrastus
called himself a pedant" by means of several arguments: Theophrastus' over
scrupulous attention to detail as exhibited in his extant botanical works,
his anti-matrimonial position, which eschewed marriage and family life as
hindrances to scholarly activity,414 his advocacy of the Bioç Gecopr|xiKôç in
contrast to the Bioç npaKxiKôç.,415 his censure by Philodemus for having
lived his whole life in private without experience of political matters.416 But
J. Indemans, who also accepts the insertion of aûxôv, refutes these arguments
4,0 M. Gigante, Diogene Laerzio, Vite dei filosofi, 3rd ed. Bibl. Univ. Laterza 98 (Bari,
1983) p. 177.
411 P. Boyancé, op. cit. (note 401) p. 313.
411 Boyancé would change the text as follows: "où yàp ôn ... èitavopGcoaeiç." xo 8'
àvaBàXXca9ai <ô> oùkéxi ... 'axoAaanKôv' covôuaKev.
413 Cf. this meaning of D. L. 3.24 and 3.50 (npoo<ovouaaav) and Plato, Theaet 166C and
201 D and Gorgias 493B.
4,4 As one can gather from the substantial fragment of his treatise rlepi vâuou preserved
by Jerome, Adv. Iovin. 1.47-8; text also appears as L46 in W. Fortenbaugh, op. cit.
(note 247) p. 35-7.
415 The quarrel over these two modes of life between Theophrastus and Dicaearchus is
reported by Cicero, Epist. ad Att. 2.16.3 and De fin. 5.11; texts also appear as L42-3
in W. Fortenbaugh, op. cit. (note 247) p. 33.
416 Philodemus' attack upon Aristotle and his successors for abandoning political philosophy
for rhetoric includes his polemic against Theophrastus (P. Herc. 1506 fr. 4 vol. 2 p. 197
Sudhaus and P. Herc 240 fr. 16 vol. 2 p. 177 Sudhaus).
3876 MICHAEL G. SOLLENBERGER
5. Homonyms
42J On the contents of Callimachus' work see the section on Writings above and the literature
cited in notes 3.6 — 7.
424 J. Meier, DLHB p. 38-9, and op. cit. (note 123) p. 449 - 51.
42s J. Meier, DLHB p. 38-9, and op. cit. (note 123) p. 450.
426 Suda, s. v. 'AnoXXcovioç (no. 3421, part 1 p. 308 Adler).
427 Favorinus, fr. 1 Mensching.
42* On Theophrastus' name see the section on Anecdotes above and notes 206— 17.
3878 MICHAEL G. SOLLENBERGER
V. Conclusion
Since the purpose of this paper was to give a general survey of the
contents and structure of Book Five of Diogenes' work, my concluding remarks
can be summarily brief.
Diogenes has provided us with the lives of six clearly different men.
Although they exhibit no precise uniformity of form or content, there is an
analogous structure which the six biographies share. This can be discerned in
the recurrence of fixed categories of information thoughout the book; such
similarity of structure seems due in part to the methods of compilation which
Diogenes himself employed, in part to those of his sources. While it is true
that many other lives outside of Book Five display a comparable anatomy of
parts, it is only this book which features the wills of the first four scholarchs
in the order of their succession. Not only do these rare documents set the
Peripatetic lives apart from those of others, but also the inclusion of extensive
book lists for five of the six philosophers make the exposition of their lives
unique.
In regard to the respective length of each of the lives, it is remarkable
that barely one-third of each is devoted to strictly biographical information;
the other two-thirds of each life is occupied by book lists, a will, doxography
(in the case of Aristotle), and homonyms.429 Granted that there is an abundance
of details in each, it is clear that many of them are of questionable value and
historicity. When what can be shown to be fictional by checking with other
external sources of evidence is jettisoned, what we are left with is meager
indeed.
What then can be gained from these biographies which shows us what
it meant, in Diogenes' view, to be a Peripatetic? What qualities or traits seem
to have been characteristic of the early Peripatetics?
In our brief encounters with them we learn that these six Peripatetics
were wealthy men, rather elegant dressers, who led their lives in Athens as
resident aliens with clear-cut connections with foreign powers, but who were,
nevertheless, popular public figures. Most of them were prolific writers on a
vast range of topics, polymaths of exemplary proportions. Those whose wills
have been preserved show themselves endowed with generous compassion,
good sense, fairness, and a measure of practical wisdom in providing for
posterity. Indeed, it is in the wills that we are brought almost face-to-face
with these men and it is not as philosophers that we see them, but as private
persons who held influential positions.
42, Book Five comprises 49 pages in the Oxford Classical Text edition. Of these approxi
mately 19 are devoted to the writings of the Peripatetics, 8 to wills, 7 to doxography
and homonyms, and only a total of 16 pages which concern the men's 'biography
proper'.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS' BOOK 5 3879
The features of the men which are ever so briefly revealed to us are dim
and faded now after more than two thousand years, but here and there we
can catch a fleeting glimpse of who they were, what they were like, how
others must have seen them. Overall we get glimmers of characteristics and
attitudes which are familiar to us, perhaps even some signs of humanness
which make them seem somehow like us. And although they may not be
exemplary or model lives on which we should pattern our own, still there are
traits and manners which are altogether admirable and which we would like
to see in ourselves.
Le livre VI de Diogène Laërce:
analyse de sa structure et réflexions méthodologiques
II. Examen des sources mentionnées par Diogène Laërce: comment s'est constituée
la tradition sur le cynisme? 3909
1. Les Cyniques contemporains de Diogène et de Cratès 3909
2. Les Cyniques postérieurs 3913
3. Les auteurs contemporains du cynisme ancien 3914
4. Les Stoïciens contemporains de Zénon 3917
5. Les Stoïciens postérieurs 3919
6. Les auteurs de 'Diadochai' et d'ouvrages 'Peri haireseôn* 3922
A. Les choix de Diogène Laërce 3923
B. Les points de vue des auteurs de 'Diadochai* du livre VI 3927
C. La source laërtienne 3930
7. Les biographes du livre VI 3933
8. Conclusions tirées de l'examen des sources 3936
A. Les doxographies d'Antisthène et la doxographie cynique générale: la
présence de Dioclès 3937
B. L'influence exercée par Apollodore de Séleucie 3941
C. Bilan 3950
D. Excursus: Le BJos d'Antisthène 3951
III. Comment, à partir du livre VI, caractériser la façon dont travaillait Diogène
Laërce? 3970
1. Absence de rédaction finale du texte 3970
2. Néanmoins présence de Diogène Laërce dans son livre 3974
3. Une compilation de compilations 3976
4. Une conception « gigogne » du Bios 3977
IV. Les chries du livre VI 3978
1. L'analyse de J. F. Kindstrand 3978
2. Les problèmes posés par les collections du livre VI 3981
3. Caractéristiques formelles des chries 3983
A. Tournures spécifiques 3983
B. Les interlocuteurs du philosophe 3985
C. Le cadre spatio-temporel 3986
D. La thématique des chries 3987
E. Examen de trois types particuliers de chries 3988
a) Les dialogues didactiques 3988
b) Les apophtegmes biographiques 3989
c) Les dialogues de controverse 3990
4. Le portrait du philosophe tel qu'il se dégage de ces chries 3990
V. Des perspectives méthodologiques nouvelles: les voies ouvertes par E. Schwartz
et par R. Bultmann 3997
1. La méthode préconisée par Schwartz et sa critique de la Quellenforschung 3998
2. La méthode de Schwartz appliquée à un apophtegme biographique: Diogène
pris par les pirates et vendu comme esclave 4000
A. Résultats obtenus par la Quellenforschung 4000
a) Description objective du matériau 4000
b) Sources suggérées 4002
B. La méthode de Schwartz 4005
a) Les noyaux apophtegmatiques d'origine ménippéenne 4006
b) L'apophtegme provenant du traité de pédagogie de Cléomène 4009
c) Les apophtegmes de la version dite « obscène » 4010
3882 MARIE-ODILE GOULET-CAZÉ
/. Structure du livre VI
A première vue, cette phrase marque la transition non pas entre la vie d'Anti-
sthène et celle de Diogène, mais entre les philosophes de la lignée dAristippe
et de Phédon d'une part, et ceux issus d'Antisthène d'autre part. Or les disciples
d'Aristippe et de Phédon ont été traités au livre II. Ce détail conduit à penser
que le plan des 'Vies' n'a pas toujours été celui que nous connaissons actuelle
ment. Pour apporter un peu de lumière sur cette question, il nous faut examiner
deux textes importants qui traitent du plan que voulait adopter Diogène Laërce:
il s'agit d'une partie du prologue (I 13-20) et de II 47.
dans le cas de l'Académie. On sait en effet, bien que cette section n'ait pas été
conservée, que les Stoïciens allaient jusqu'à Cornutus et on constate que
le chapitre consacré au Péripatos présente également les successeurs de
Théophraste: Straton, Lycon, ainsi qu'un de ses autres disciples: Démétrius de
Phalère. Cette question mériterait à elle seule toute une étude.
La seconde approche, qui se trouve développée en I 18- 19, est celle des
ouvrages 'Peri Haireseôn'. Diogène Laërce, après avoir rappelé quelles sont
les trois parties de la philosophie: la physique, l'éthique - inaugurée par
Socrate — et la dialectique, donne une liste de dix écoles qu'il qualifie
d'éthiques et précise pour chacune d'elles son fondateur. Il s'agit des écoles
académicienne, cyrénaïque, éliaque, mégarique, cynique, érétrienne, dialecti
que, péripatéticienne, stoïcienne et épicurienne. Cette liste, empruntée certaine
ment à un ouvrage 'Peri Haireseôn', place en tête l'école académicienne
(Diogène Laërce en II 47 répètera encore que Platon inaugure les dix écoles).
Quant à l'école cynique, Antisthène est indiqué comme son fondateur3. Dans
cette liste les filiations ne jouent aucun rôle. Le point du vue adopté est tout
à fait différent de celui des diadochai: il s'agit de donner une liste de dix écoles
uniquement rattachées à la partie éthique de la philosophie4. La qualification
d'« éthiques » accordée à ces dix écoles n'est pas autrement justifiée. On
pourrait penser qu'elle fait allusion au rôle de Socrate, présenté dans les lignes
précédentes comme l'initiateur de cette partie de la philosophie. Il s'agirait
alors de dix écoles marquées par l'interrogation éthique inaugurée par Socrate.
Mais l'école épicurienne se rattache mal à ce principe d'explication. Cependant,
comme celle-ci figure également dans la liste indiquée au paragraphe suivant
des neuf écoles retenues par Hippobote, dont la volonté semble être de corriger
la liste précédente, il est difficile de la considérer comme une pièce rapportée.
Examen de II 47
3 La 'Souda', s. v. JxoKpàriiç, t. IV, p. 404, 11 Adler, range elle aussi l'école cynique,
qu'elle présente comme fondée par Antisthène, au milieu des écoles socratiques, après
celle d'Érétrie et avant celle de Mégare. Quant à l'école stoïcienne, elle la situe dans la
lignée de l'école dialectique éristique de Bryson et d'Euclide (ibid., p. 404, 15 - 19 Adler).
4 Cf. E. Schwartz, art. Diogenes 40, RE V 1 (1903) col. 756 (= Id., Griechische Ge-
schichtschreiber, pp. 479-480).
s E. Schwartz, art. cit., col. 757 (= Id., Griechische Geschichtschreiber, p. 482).
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 3885
(èv xoîç kuvikoîç6), êTieixa Ttepi xrov IcoKpaxiKÔiv, eÏG' oùxgo nepi nXâxcovoÇ,
ènzi Kaxàpxei xcdv <cpepouévcov> Séko. alpéaecov Kai xf|v Ttpcuxr|v 'AKaST|Ueiav
aùxôç oOveaxf|oaxo. 'H uèv oùv àKoAOuGia xoùxov èxéxcu xôv xpùnov.
Voici la traduction de ce passage tel que corrigé par Schwartz:
« De ceux qui ont succédé à Socrate, les coryphées de premier rang7 sont
Platon, Xénophon et Antisthène. De ceux que l'on appelle Socratiques,
les plus remarquables sont au nombre de quatre: Eschine, Phédon, Euclide,
Aristippe. Il faut parler tout d'abord de Xénophon, puis d'Antisthène,
dans la partie consacrée aux Cyniques (èv xoîç kuvikoîç8), ensuite des
Socratiques, puis de Platon, puisqu'il inaugure les dix écoles traditionnel
lement citées et qu'il a lui-même fondé la première Académie. Que la
succession se présente donc de cette façon».
Schwartz a enlevé l'expression xôv Xeyouevcov EcoKpaxiKrôv devant les
coryphées, parce que dans la suite du passage Diogène Laërce semble distinguer
les trois philosophes: Xénophon, Antisthène et Platon, du groupe des Socrati
ques. Mais ailleurs, l'auteur des 'Vies' utilise des formules qui laissent entendre
qu'il peut les ranger aussi parmi les Socratiques. Ainsi en II 59, à propos de
Xénophon, il dit qu'il a trouvé ailleurs, c'est-à-dire dans une autre source, que
ce philosophe eut son acmè autour de la quatre-vingt neuvième olympiade
« en même temps que les autres Socratiques» . Dans ce passage par conséquent,
Xénophon prend place parmi les Socratiques. D'autre part, en II 64 Diogène
Laërce rapporte l'avis de Panétius sur « les dialogues des Socratiques »: Panétius
croit que sont vrais ceux de Platon, Xénophon, Antisthène et Eschine; il émet
des doutes sur ceux de Phédon et d'Euclide et il élimine tous les autres. En
présentant ainsi l'avis de Panétius, Diogène Laërce range implicitement lui
aussi Platon, Xénophon et Antisthène parmi les Socratiques. On pourrait citer
également VI 14, quand il dit que de tous des Socratiques seul Antisthène
s'attire les louanges de Théopompe. Aussi convient-il, si l'on adopte la correc
tion de Schwartz qui semble nécessaire pour sauvegarder la cohérence du
passage précis, de considérer qu'ici Diogène Laërce a voulu mettre à part les
coryphées pour bien souligner leur importance, mais que ceux-ci néanmoins
faisaient partie dans son esprit des Socratiques.
Phédon lui-même. On peut en conclure que Phédon devait être traité antérieure
ment. Ainsi, quand en II 47 Diogène Laërce annonçait qu'il allait parler des
Socratiques après Antisthène et avant Platon, il avait en tête, si l'on en juge
d'après cette remarque de II 85 et d'après l'ordre définitif, une suite: Eschine,
Euclide, Phédon, Aristippe. Une fois écrit le fMoç d'Aristippe, il décide de parler
des disciples d'Aristippe et de ceux de Phédon, comme il le dit en II 85. C'est
alors qu'il adopte la perspective des ouvrages 'Peri Haireseôn' signalée plus haut,
et qu'il déplace le bloc Aristippe et son école après Eschine. Ce bloc sera suivi
par Phédon et une brève mention de ses disciples: Éliaques et Érétriens.
Ces modifications permettent d'expliquer ce qu'on lit en VI 19, à l'issue
du fKoç d'Antisthène:
« Puisque nous avons passé en revue ceux qui appartiennent à la lignée
d'Aristippe et de Phédon, tirons maintenant (vùv êXKûacouev) ceux de la
lignée d'Antisthène, Cyniques et Stoïciens ».
Diogène Laërce prévoyait donc, au moment où il écrivait ces lignes, de traiter
Aristippe et les Cyrénaïques, puis Phédon et les Érétriens, ensuite Antisthène
et les Cyniques et les Stoïciens.
Avant de conclure sur les modifications introduites par Diogène Laërce
au cours de l'élaboration de son ouvrage, il nous reste à essayer de rendre
compte d'une expression qu'il emploie en II 65, au début de son chapitre sur
Aristippe. Il affirme que Platon, dans son traité 'Sur l'âme', a dit du mal
d'Aristippe, et il ajoute: « comme nous l'avons dit ailleurs9 ». Cette expression
conduit à penser qu'au moment où il écrivait son chapitre sur Aristippe,
Diogène Laërce avait déjà traité de Platon. Or en III 36, dans le chapitre sur
Platon, il évoque effectivement cette inimitié entre Platon et Aristippe. Il faut
donc en conclure qu'au départ le chapitre sur Platon précédait celui sur
Aristippe. Mais une telle conclusion contredit II 47, puisque dans ce passage
il dit qu'il va parler d'abord de Xénophon, puis d'Antisthène, puis des Socrati
ques, enfin de Platon; en fait elle le contredit partiellement. En effet juste
avant cette annonce de l'ordre qu'il va suivre, quand il énumère les trois
coryphées du socratisme, il cite Platon, Xénophon et Antisthène, mettant par
conséquent Platon en tête. Nous avons vu que pour rendre II 47 compréhensi
ble Schwartz avait dû introduire des modifications. C'était le signe que le
passage avait subi des retouches. Celles-ci, contrairement à ce que l'on
pourrait penser de prime abord, ne se sont peut-être pas produites au cours
de la transmission du texte, mais pendant son élaboration. Diogène Laërce
avait pu prévoir, à l'origine, de parler d'abord de Platon, avant Xénophon
* Cf. L. Brisson, Diogène Laërce, 'Vies et doctrines des philosophes illustres, Livre III:
Structure et contenu, dans: ANRW II, 36,5, éd. par W. Haase, Berlin -New York, 1992,
p. 3681. Aeg. Ménage, ap. H. G. Huebner, Commentarii in Diogenem Laertium, t. 1,
Leipzig, 1830, p. 394, avait suggéré que Diogène Laërce faisait allusion ici à un écrit
autre que les 'Vies' ou le 'Pammetros'. En fait, nous ne disposons d'aucun indice suggérant
l'existence d'un ouvrage de Diogène Laërce autre que les 'Vies' et le 'Pammetros'.
3888 MARIE-ODILE GOULET-CAZÉ
et Antisthène10, puis changer d'avis pour une raison que l'on ignore, d'où
la complexité de II 47.
Nous sommes dès lors en mesure de présenter sous forme de tableau les
modifications survenues entre les affirmations posées en II 47 et l'ordre
définitif:
A. Biographie (1-2)
a. Nom
b. Naissance
c. Maîtres:
- au début: Gorgias
Hermippe
— plus tard: Socrate
Premier énoncé de la filiation Socrate > Antisthène et le cynisme
Le complément emprunté à Hermippe de Smyrne, un Péripatéticien de la
fin du IIIe s. avant J.-C. qui écrivit entre autres des pioi, n'a pas de lien
intrinsèque avec ce qui précède; Diogène Laërce, pour illustrer la formation
rhétorique d 'Antisthène, fait appel à un exemple: aux Jeux isthmiques Antis
thène manifesta l'intention à la fois de blâmer et de louer Athéniens, Thébains
et Lacédémoniens.
Hécaton de Rhodes
Phanias d'Érèse
Cette seconde partie affiche le désordre le plus complet, mais pas d'incohé
rence véritable. On parvient à dégager de petits ensembles thématiques: par
exemple les anecdotes qui mettent en scène Platon (en 7); on remarquera
toutefois qu'en 3 déjà il y avait une chrie sur Platon. De fait, certains
apophtegmes que l'on se serait attendu à voir réunis ne le sont pas; ainsi en
5 et en 6, lorsqu'Antisthène parle de l'attitude que devraient avoir les cités à
l'égard des bons à rien. Il faudra par conséquent se demander si cette collection
d'apophtegmes ne comporte qu'une seule strate. En tout cas la première phrase
de la collection, qui commence par koù ôxi, n'est pas un apophtegme, mais un
témoignage doxographique qui paraît avoir été inséré à tort à cet endroit.
3890 MARIE-ODILE GOULET-CAZÉ
a. Doxographie anonyme
— caractéristiques de la vertu
— caractéristiques du sage
b. Doxographie de Dioclès (12-13 début) avec la formule qu'emploie
parfois Diogène Laërce quand il cite Dioclès: àvауpâqœi (cf. VI 36 et
103).
La liste en dix tomes est suivie de l'opinion de Timon (de Phlionte) sur
Antisthène.
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAÊRCE 3891
Quatre vers.
15 Sur la formule aùxôç ùTtoGéuevoç xt| kôXei xa GeuéXia; voir M.-O. Goulet-Cazé, L'ascèse
cynique. Un commentaire de Diogène Laërce VI 70-71, Paris, 1986, p. 146, n. 27. A
cette note nous pouvons rajouter un parallèle, le fragment 261 de Zénon dans S.V.F.
(Plutarque, Vie de Lycurgue 31) où il est dit que Platon, Diogène et Zénon ont trouvé
chez Lycurgue la définition, le principe de leur République: xfjç TtoXueiaç unôGeaiv. Ce
parallèle est très intéressant: selon Plutarque, Lycurgue était persuadé que dans une cité
tout entière, comme dans la vie d'un individu, le bonheur naît de la vertu et de l'harmonie
intérieure (ôuôvoia); or deux fragments d'Antisthène (D. L. VI 6 et Stobée III 1, 28)
indiquent que pour lui l'ôuôvoia jouait un rôle important.
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 3893
16 Il est vrai que, dès l'Antiquité, l'authenticité des œuvres attribuées à Diogène a été remise
en cause. Sosicrate de Rhodes et Satyros prétendent même qu'aucune œuvre ne lui revient
et Satyros affirme que les tragédies du philosophe sont le fait de son disciple Philiscos
d'Égine (VI 80). Favorinus (VI 73) suggère qu'elles auraient été écrites par un certain
Pasiphon. Des Stoïciens révisionnistes d'autre part contestaient à Diogène la paternité
de sa 'Politeia', et la présence en VI 80 de deux listes d'écrits de Diogène qui ne se
recoupent que très partiellement témoigne du malaise que certains pouvaient ressentir à
l'égard de la production diogénienne. Sur l'activité littéraire de Diogène et les questions
qu'elle pose, voir notre ouvrage, L'ascèse cynique, pp. 85 - 90. Au vu des témoignages,
la remise en cause de l'activité littéraire de Diogène nous semble provoquée par la
malveillance, ou simplement par le refus des outrances cyniques, comme c'était le cas
chez certains Stoïciens.
17 K. von Fritz, Quellen-Untersuchungen zu Leben und Philosophie des Diogenes von
Sinope, Philologus, Supplementband, 18, 2, Leipzig, 1926, p. 20.
18 Sur la falsification et en particulier sur les recherches numismatiques qui peuvent
aider à résoudre le problème, consulter les références bibliographiques indiquées par
G. Giannantoni dans les notes des pages 379 à 388 du tome III des Socraticorum
Reliquiae, Rome, 1985. On leur adjoindra H. Bannert, Numismatisches zu Biographie
und Lehre des Hundes Diogenes, Litterae Numismaticae Vindobonenses, 1 (1979) 49-
63, qui produit une synthèse sur la question et formule les conclusions suivantes: le père
de Diogène est à identifier sans aucun doute avec le magistrat monétaire IKEIIO dont
on rencontre le nom sur des monnaies de Sinope datant de l'époque 370 - 320; Diogène
lui-même était peut-être associé à son père dans la gestion de finances, mais ce n'est pas
du tout sûr; Diogène a été exilé pour des raisons politiques liées à la prise du pouvoir
à Sinope par le satrape Datames, et non parce qu'il aurait commis une action criminelle;
cet exil à Athènes qui eut lieu au début des années 360 permit à Diogène de fréquenter
Antisthène, puisque celui-ci mourut à la fin des années 360; l'expression Ttapaxapdxxeiv
xô vôuioua a été employée à plusieurs reprises par Diogène pour caractériser sa façon
de vivre et son credo philosophique, le jeu étymologique sur vôuoç/vôuiaua ayant pour
3894 MARIE-ODILE GOULET-CAZÉ
Diogène une grande signification; les entailles que l'on rencontre sur les monnaies de
Sinope à cette époque n'étaient pas des signes de contrôle, mais, venant s'ajouter aux
inscriptions araméennes que l'on peut lire sur les drachmes de l'époque, elles permettaient
de reconnaître la frappe des satrapes; l'oracle, tout comme le délit de falsification de la
monnaie, sont des anecdotes qui ont pu être construites à partir d'affirmations de
Diogène lui-même dans lesquelles il aurait, à cause du contexte familial où il avait vécu,
employé métaphoriquement l'expression de « falsification de la monnaie»; ses auditeurs
auraient mal compris ce qu'il voulait dire et c'est ainsi que se serait répandue cette
histoire de falsification monétaire.
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 3895
B. Apophtegmes (24-69)
24 Sur cette allusion complètement coupée de ce qui précède et de ce qui suit, voir plus
loin, p. 3898.
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 3897
Le fait qu'un même sujet, par exemple les rapports de Diogène avec Platon
ou avec Alexandre, soit traité plusieurs fois dans la collection à des endroits
différents, a amené Helm25 à considérer qu'il n'y avait point une, mais quatre
collections que l'on retrouverait en 22 - 33, 34 - 46, 47 - 63 et 65 - 74. Seconde
caractéristique de cette collection composite d'apophtegmes: elle offre un grand
nombre de répétitions sous forme de variantes. En voici quelques exemples: 33
et 43: à l'intérieur même de 36; 41 et 66; 45 et 61; 40 et 60.
Dans cette collection, on peut distinguer entre les sources que Diogène
Laërce a dû citer lui-même de première main: Favorinus (en 25), Sotion (en
26) et Dioclès (en 36)26, et celles qu'il a trouvées déjà citées par des collections
antérieures: Ménippe (en 29), Eubule (en 30) et Métroclès (en 33).
C. Doxographie (70-73)
Ce n'est pas une véritable doxographie, comme celles que l'on trouve par
exemple dans la section consacrée à Antisthène, à la fin du livre sur le cynisme
ou encore dans le livre sur le stoïcisme. Les paragraphes 70 et 71 sont des
extraits d'une œuvre de Diogène, peut-être la Téxvn f|GiKr|27. A la fin de cet
extrait, Diogène Laërce, ou sa source, a regroupé quelques slogans cyniques
qui servent de conclusion à l'extrait. Le paragraphe 72 fait état de deux
syllogismes: l'un sur la communauté des biens entre amis, l'autre sur la loi28;
Diogène Laërce les introduit ainsi:
« Il faisait des syllogismes du genre de ceux que nous avons cités plus
haut ».
Il s'agit là probablement d'une allusion au par. 37 où était déjà cité le
syllogisme sur la communauté de biens entre amis. Cette sorte d'intervention,
qui prend la forme de renvois internes, même si elle ne pallie pas le désordre
du livre VI, atteste cependant que Diogène Laërce a une relative maîtrise
de son texte29. On trouve aussi dans ce paragraphe quelques idées tirées
probablement de la 'Politeia', par exemple la nécessité d'instaurer la commu
nauté des femmes et des enfants. Enfin, au paragraphe 73 est signalé un
raisonnement extrait de la tragédie de Diogène intitulée 'Thyeste' et à cette
occasion Diogène Laërce cite divers avis sur l'authenticité des tragédies. Lui-
même ne se prononce pas et se retranche derrière la formule: « si du moins
les tragédies sont bien de lui ».
« Il était des plus prompts dans ses réparties verbales, comme le montre
ce que nous avons dit précédemment».
Cette phrase fait écho à celle qui introduit la collection d'apophtegmes en VI
24: «Il savait aussi fort bien manifester envers autrui son dédain». Pourquoi
Diogène Laërce revient-il à la fin de la doxographie sur ce qui a trait plutôt
à la partie apophtegmatique qu'il avait close de la manière suivante en VI 69:
« On rapporte encore bien d'autres mots sur son compte; mais, vu leur
nombre, il serait trop long de les énumérer »? F. Léo estime que l'insertion des
apophtegmes aurait dû se faire en VI 74, après la formule citée, et non à la
suite de VI 23, où la collection, selon lui, vient interrompre le fil de l'exposé
qui reprend en VI 7030. Il décèle en effet un signe de continuité entre le
paragraphe 23 et le paragraphe 70, qui traite de la conception diogénienne
de l'âctkt|ctiç, dans la présence à la fin de 23 du terme auvaaKrâv. En fait, le
lien supposé entre 23 et 70 n'est peut-être pas aussi évident qu'il le suggère,
car le paragraphe 23 est de nature biographique, tandis que le 70 est de
nature doxographique; or, dans les 'Vies', la partie biographique ne présente
jamais d'enchaînement avec la partie doxographique; par conséquent la
présence du thème de l'ascèse en 23 et en 70 peut très bien n'être qu'une
coïncidence31. Le copiste du manuscrit F (Laurentianus 69. 13), sans doute
gêné par cette phrase mal placée qui ouvre le paragraphe 74, a tout simple
ment supprimé les mots de la fin « comme le montre ce que nous avons dit
précédemment », ce qui lui permettait de rattacher l'affirmation « Il était des
plus prompts dans ses réparties verbales » à ce qui suit « et il supporta avec
une grande dignité d'être vendu », et d'utiliser le développement sur la mise
en vente de Diogène comme esclave pour illustrer le talent de répartie du
philosophe qui, quand on lui demande ce qu'il sait faire, répond: « Com
mander des hommes».
F. Léo, op. cit., p. 50: „Die richtige (Stelle) wàre gewesen par. 74 nach den Worien
eùaxoxcbxaxoç 8' èvevexo èv xaîç àTiavxiiaeai xcôv Xôycov, wo fortgefahren wird <bç
8fjXov cbv npoeipfiKcuiev: nach 23 unterbricht, wie dargestellt, die Einlage den
Zusammenhang. Es wird dadurch wahrscheinlich, dafi das Stuck nicht aus einem
biographischen Werk, sondern aus einer Apophthegmensammlung in den pioç eingelegt
worden ist".
K. von Fritz, op. cit., p. 11, avait déjà exprimé son désaccord avec F. Léo sur ce point:
„Ich glaube daher auch nicht, dafi F. Leo recht hat, wenn er meint, S 70 schliefie sich
unmittelbar an $ 23 an: wenn $ 70 mit den Ansichten des Diogenes iiber die âaKr|aiç
beginnt und S 23 von den asketischen Vbungen des D. berichtet wird, so ist das blofier
Zufall: der Ubergang von der Lebensschilderung zur Darstellung der philosophischen
Theorie wàre viel zu schroff, als dafi in einem vernùnftigen pioç § 70 auf $ 23 gefolgt
sein kônnte". Helm, op. cit., p. 232, suggère que l'auteur de la biographie a trouvé ici
une collection d'apophtegmes qui recouvrait, pour la plus grande partie, une collection
qu'il avait utilisée antérieurement et à laquelle il se contente par conséquent de renvoyer.
Peut-être est-ce la bonne explication.
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 3899
35 Pourquoi hésitons-nous à identifier les deux personnages? En 75, Diogène Laërce évoque
<< un certain Onésicrite d'Égine » qui envoya successivement à Athènes ses deux fils
Androsthène et Philiscos. Ceux-ci furent tellement séduits par Diogène qu'ils ne voulurent
plus le quitter. Leur père, ne les voyant pas revenir, se rendit lui aussi à Athènes et
tomba sous le charme. L'Onésicrite de VI 84, que « certains disent d'Égine, mais dont
Démétrius Magnès affirme qu'il est d'Astypalée », prit part à l'expédition d'Alexandre
en Orient, fut nommé timonier du navire royal lors du voyage sur l'Hydaspes et l'Indus,
et c'est lui que le souverain envoya en 326 comme interprète auprès des gymnosophistes
indiens de Taxila. Cet Onésicrite écrivit un ouvrage intitulé: naк; 'AXéÇavSpoç f\xOn.
H. Strasburger, art. Onesikritos, RE XVIII 1 (1939) cols. 460 - 467, avance deux
arguments de poids contre l'identification: si Diogène Laërce en VI 75 avait voulu parler
de l'Onésicrite qui accompagna Alexandre, il n'aurait certainement pas dit « un certain
Onésicrite d'Égine » comme s'il s'agissait d'un inconnu; d'autre part, si, avant de partir
avec Alexandre, l'historien avait eu deux fils disciples de Diogène, il eût été bien âgé
pour assurer les fonctions que lui confia Alexandre. A ces arguments on peut en ajouter
un troisième: dans la liste de disciples de 84 qui fait suite au paragraphe consacré à
Onésicrite, Diogène Laërce, après avoir cité les noms de Ménandre Drumos et d'Hégésias
Kloios, ajoute: «et Philiscos d'Égine, comme nous l'avons dit plus haut». Si ce Philiscos
avait été le fils de l'Onésicrite de VI 84, Diogène Laërce n'aurait pas pu à cet endroit
ne pas faire allusion à cette filiation. Toutefois, il n'est pas impossible que Diogène
Laërce lui-même ait eu des hésitations sur l'identité des deux Onésicrite; sinon pourquoi
préciserait-il à propos du second, sans prendre parti, que les uns le disent d'Égine (ce
qui est le cas de l'Onésicrite de 75), mais que Démétrius de Magnésie le dit d'Astypalée?
K. Gaiser, Philodems Academica. Die Berichte über Platon und die Alte Akademie in
zwei herculanensischen Papyri, Supplementum Platonicum, 1, Stuttgart/Bad Cannstatt,
1988, p. 108, reste lui aussi très prudent sur l'identification de ce Philiscos: „Mir scheint,
daß wir den von Neanthes genannten Philiskos nicht sicher identifizieren können. Der
Sohn des Onesikritos (nicht unbedingt des berühmten Alexandershistorikers) aus Aigina,
der Anhänger des Kynikers Diogenes war, und der als Lehrer Alexanders erwähnte
Aiginete Philiskos kommen in Betracht, ebenso aber auch andere Träger dieses Namens,
die uns in der Überlieferung sonst nicht begegnen".
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 3901
36 A l'intérieur du mouvement cynique, on rappellera que Métroclès lui aussi est mort par
asphyxie volontaire (D. L. VI 95), que Ménippe se pendit (VI 100), que Démonax se
laissa mourir de faim (Lucien, Vie de Démonax 65) et que Pérégrinus finit sur le bûcher
à Olympie comme nous le raconte Lucien dans son ouvrage 'Sur la mort de Pérégrinus'.
Chez les Stoïciens se développa toute une théorie du suicide maintes fois attestée. Nous
rappellerons seulement que les idées émises par Diogène pouvaient être utilisées par les
Stoïciens à l'appui de leurs développements en faveur du suicide. Voir par exemple
Arrien, Entretiens d'Épictète, IV 1, 30-31: « Diogène affirme quelque part: le seul moyen
d'assurer la liberté, c'est d'être prêt à mourir, et il écrit au Roi des Perses: 'Tu ne peux
pas réduire en servitude la ville d'Athènes, pas davantage, ajoute-t-il, que les poissons.'
'Comment? Je n'arriverais pas à prendre ces gens-là?' 'Si tu les prends, réplique-t-il, les
Athéniens auront vite fait de te quitter et de t'échapper comme les poissons. Car, aussitôt
que tu as pris un de ces derniers, il meurt. Et si, une fois pris, les Athéniens viennent à
mourir, quel profit retires-tu de ton appareil guerrier?'» (traduction J. Souilhé). Sur le
thème du suicide du sage, consulter R. Hirzel, Der Selbstmord, Archiv für Religionswis
senschaft 11 (1908) 75 - 104; 243-284; 417-476 [rp. Idem, Der Selbstmord, Bonn, 1967];
Yolande Grisé, Le suicide dans la Rome antique, Montréal/Paris, 1982, 325 p.
" Démonax formulera un vœu similaire lorsqu'on lui demandera quels ordres il souhaite
donner pour sa sépulture (Lucien, Vie de Démonax 66). Les Athéniens néanmoins lui
firent des funérailles magnifiques.
257 ANRW II 36.6
3902 MARIE-ODILE GOULET-CAZÉ
L'une, anonyme, compte treize titres de dialogues, ainsi que des 'Lettres'
et sept tragédies; l'autre, due à Sotion, signale treize titres et des 'Lettres'.
Quatre titres seulement sont communs aux deux listes. Diogène Laërce rappelle
en outre que Sosicrate au premier livre de sa 'Succession' et Satyros au
quatrième livre de ses 'Vies' disent que Diogène n'a rien écrit38.
18 Sur cette question de l'activité littéraire de Diogène, voir Goulet-Cazé, L'ascèse cynique,
pp. 85 - 90.
39 Le huitième livre des 'Promenades' de cet auteur est cité quatre fois par D. L. (en III 3;
V 36; VI 81; IX 42). Quand H. S. Long dans l'index de son édition range les mentions
d'un Athénodore stoïcien en VII 68. 121. 149 sous la même rubrique que l'Athénodore
des 'Promenades', il manque de prudence, car rien n'autorise vraiment à identifier les
deux personnages. R. Philippson, art. Athenodoros, 20, RE Suppl. V (1931) cols. 47-
55, pense que le Stoïcien en question pourrait être Athénodore Calvus de Tarse et que
les 'Promenades', ouvrage dont le titre n'implique pas selon lui qu'il soit le fait d'un
auteur péripatéticien, pourraient lui revenir.
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 3903
40 Sur cet homme politique bien connu, voir J. Bernays, Phokion und seine neueren
Beurtheiler. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der griechischen Philosophie und Politik, Berlin,
1881, 139 p.; P. Cloché, Les dernières années de l'Athénien Phocion, Revue historique,
144 (1923) 161 ss.; 145 (1924), 1 ss.; H. J. Gehrke, Phokion. Studien zur Erfassung seiner
historischen Gestalt, Zetemata. Monographien zur klassischen Altertumswissenschaft,
64, Munich, 1976, VII -252 p.; L. A. Tritle, Phocion the Good, London, 1988, VI-230p.
(cf. Idem, Plutarch's 'Life of Phocion': An Analysis and Critical Report, dans: ANRW,
II, 33,6, éd. par W. Haase, Berlin - New York, 1992, pp. 4258 - 4297). Phocion surnommé
Chrestos, c'est-à-dire le Bon, est présenté également par la 'Souda' cI> 362 comme un
disciple de Diogène. Sur la fréquentation de Diogène par Phocion, Th. Lenschau, l'auteur
de l'article: Phokion 2, RE XX 1 (1941) cols. 458 - 473, émet l'avis suivant: „DafS er auch
Diogenes gehôrt habe, ist wohl nur ein Ruckschlufl aus der àujierst einfachen Lebensweise
P.s". Phocion par exemple aimait la façon de vivre des Spartiates (Plutarque, Vie de
Phocion 20, 4-6). Mais pourquoi penser que c'est une déduction et douter que Phocion
ait réellement fréquenté Diogène?
41 On peut s'étonner que Diogène ait eu pour disciples des hommes politiques: nous ne
connaissons en fait que Phocion et Onésicrite (d'Égine ou d'Astypalée). Peut-être faudrait-
il leur adjoindre Stilpon, mentionné lui aussi en VI 76 et dont D. L. II 114 affirme
qu'il était TtoXmKc!>xaxoç. K. Dôring, Die Megariker. Kommentierte Sammlung der
Testimonien, Studien zur antiken Philosophie, 2, Amsterdam, 1972, p. 144, n'est pas
d'accord avec l'interprétation donnée par U. von WilaMoWitz-MoelleNdoRFF dans:
Antigonos von Karystos, p. 142: „durchaus ein Mann von Welt"; il comprend, à cause
justement de D. L. II 144, que l'adjectif fait allusion à une activité politique réelle du
philosophe. R. Muller, dans: Les Mégariques. Fragments et témoignages traduits et
commentés, Paris, 1985, p. 162, traduit ainsi D. L. II 114: «Stilpon était aussi très
compétent en politique » et, compte tenu des rapports de Stilpon avec Ptolémée (fr. 150)
et avec Démétrios (fr. 151), il écrit: «On peut supposer que notre philosophe ne s'est
pas seulement intéressé à la théorie politique mais qu'il a aussi participé à la vie publique
de Mégare ». La présence en VI 76 de la formule « Phocion surnommé le Bon, Stilpon
de Mégare ainsi que de nombreux autres hommes politiques » invite à aller dans le sens
de Dôring et de Muller.
2sr
3904 MARIE-ODILE GOULET-CAZÉ
B. Onésicrite (84-Seuxepeûei)
a) Première partie: 85 — 93
Pour Cratès, comme pour Onésicrite en 84, Diogène Laërce utilise une
formule toute faite:, «un des élèves les plus illustres de Diogène». Mais
Hippobote dit que Cratès n'était pas un élève de Diogène, qu'en fait il était
l'élève de Bryson d'Achaïe.
42 P. Natorp, art. Hegesias, 11, RE VII 2 (1912) col. 2607, suggère que ce surnom pourrait
s'expliquer à partir du dévouement d'Hégésias au Chien.
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 3905
Il est étrange qu'après avoir terminé le pioç de Cratès et avoir noté son
développement sur Ménippe, Diogène Laërce ait ajouté cet extrait d'Hippo-
bote, issu probablement de l'ouvrage Tcov cpiXoaô<pcov àvaypacpf| et concernant
un philosophe qui, en réalité, n'est même pas un disciple de Cratès. Ménédème
en effet est le disciple d'Échéclès, lui-même auditeur de Théombrote, disciple
de Cratès. Il s'agit donc par rapport à Cratès d'un Cynique de la troisième
génération. Que s'est-il passé?
Depuis Crônert4S, on se demande si ce qui est dit de Ménédème ne se
rapporte pas en fait à Ménippe. Diogène Laërce aurait inscrit sous le lemme
<5 W. Crônert, Kolotes und Menedemos. Texte und Untersuchungen zur Philosophen-
und Literaturgeschichte, Studien zur Palaeographie und Papyruskunde, 6, Leipzig, 1906
[rp. Amsterdam, 1965], p. 1-4. On avait voulu aussi identifier ce Ménédème avec le
philosophe d'Érétrie; ainsi A. Gercke, Ein alexandrinisches Satyrdrama, Rheinisches
Museum 47 (1892) 319-321 et Idem, De quibusdam Laertii Diogenis auctoribus, Beilage
zum Vorlesungsverzeichnis der Universitàt Greifswald, Greifswald, 1899, p. 50, qui
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 3907
Mev des détails concernant Ménippe et ensuite, par une confusion due à
l'ambiguïté du lemme qu'il avait noté, il les aurait attribués à Ménédème. A
l'appui de cette idée, Crönert signale qu'on peut trouver des parallèles à la
nekyia de Ménédème en VI 102 dans les dialogues de Lucien où intervient
Ménippe. J. Meier46 adopte l'interprétation de Crönert en montrant que ce
genre de confusion s'explique bien dans le cadre de la technique d'" excerpting"
qu'il prête à Diogène Laërce. La 'Vie' de Ménédème serait donc probablement
un extrait concernant Ménippe. Ainsi Diogène Laërce n'aurait pas trouvé dans
ses sources une 'Vie' du Cynique Ménédème, c'est lui-même qui l'aurait
fabriquée par erreur.
Crönert et à sa suite Meier ont certainement raison de penser que
l'extrait de VI 102 qui ridiculise le philosophe en question se rapporte à
Ménippe. Une chose est sûre cependant: Diogène Laërce avait bien l'intention
de parler de Ménédème, puisqu'il l'annonce en VI 95. Mais curieusement
quand il présente ce philosophe, il ne fait pas allusion à son cynisme. Il dit
seulement: « Ménédème, disciple de Colotès de Lampsaque »47; ce Ménédème
qui fut épicurien et philosophe cynique devait avoir une certaine importance,
comme l'indique la polémique sur la poésie et la façon de vivre du sage qui
l'opposa à Colotès et dont ce dernier parle dans son ouvrage Пpôç тôv
ПXâxwvoç Aúaiv48. Que s'est-il passé à propos de ce Ménédème quand Diogène
Laërce rédigea ses 'Vies'? Une fois de plus on est réduit aux hypothèses. Voici
celle que nous proposerions: la rubrique prévue par Diogène Laërce était vide,
ou du moins n'avait pas encore été complétée, au moment où le texte fut
recopié par un scribe de façon définitive. Celui-ci se trouva en présence de
l'extrait d'Hippobote placé sous le lemme Mev et de la rubrique encore vide
«Ménédème». Il les réunit. Cette hypothèse, sur un point, va à l'encontre de
ce que pensait Crönert. Celui-ci en effet tenait Diogène Laërce pour responsa
ble de la confusion Ménippe/Ménédème: „Daß nun Menedemos mit Menippos
verwechselt worden ist, geht, wie die Anordnung und nepi ou XeÇouev 6, 95
zeigt, nicht auf den Schreiber, der die Stelle an einem falschen Ort eingefügt
hätte, sondern auf Diogenes selbst zurück. Man wird aber auf der anderen
Seite den Fehler nicht der Quelle zuschreiben können; vielmehr mag Diogenes
seinen aus irgend einem Werke genommenen Auszug mit einem undeutlich
13 D. L. V 18.
54 Photius, Bibliothèque, cod. 161. Le sophiste en question est Sopatros d'Apamée, l'élève
de Jamblique (cf. Fr. Focke, Quaestiones Plutarcheae, Diss. Munster, 1911, pp. 57-
69). D'après Photius, le second livre de ce Sopatros s'inspirait, outre des Apophtegmes
de Diogène le Cynique, des livres I à X des 'Sommaires' de Pamphila, fille de Sotéridas,
une èrudite de nationalité égyptienne, du huitième livre de Sappho et des 'Récits d'exploits
de femmes' d'un certain Artémon de Magnésie, auteur inconnu par ailleurs.
ss Souda, s. v. rIpoKXoç, n° 2470, t. IV, p. 209 Adi.er. Il pourrait cependant s'agir de
Diogène de Babylone, et non de Diogène le Cynique.
* Cet ouvrage est mentionné en D. L. V 43.
" Ibidem, VI 22.
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 3911
58 Dans les 'Fragmente der Vorsokratiker' de Diels-Kranz, le passage est signalé parmi
les textes ayant trait à Diogène d'Apollonie (t. II, p. 52). A. Laks, Diogène d'Apollonie.
La dernière cosmologie présocratique. Édition, traduction et commentaire des fragments
et des témoignages, Cahiers de philologie, 9, Lille, 1983, p. 249, considère lui aussi que
l'ouvrage concerne Diogène d'Apollonie. D. R. Dudley, A History of Cynicism. From
Diogenes to the 6th Century A. D., Londres, 1937 [rp. New York, 1974], p. 19, l'attribue,
apparemment sans se poser de questions, à Diogène le Cynique.
59 D. L. VI 91. Un passage se rapportant à Cratès est cité en VI 91. On connaît de Zénon
également des "AnonvTiuoveùuaxa Kpàxnxoç cités en VII 4.
60 Ibidem VII 36 (quatre livres).
61 Ibidem VII 163 où sont mentionnés, dans la liste des œuvres d'Ariston, onze livres de
chries. Voir A. M. Ioppolo, Aristone di Chio e lo stoicismo antico, p. 44, n. 17.
62 Ibidem VII 175. Le titre est cette fois assez étrange: Ilepi xpeiôv. S'agissait-il d'une
réflexion sur les chries?
63 Certaines sont citées dans le livre VI en 4. 32. 95.
*4 Voir Stobée III 13, 42 ( = fr. V B 307 Giannantoni) et III 34, 16 ( = fr. 475 Giannantoni).
65 Voir notre article: Une liste de disciples de Cratès le Cynique en Diogène Laërce 6, 95,
pp. 247 - 252.
66 Le rapprochement a déjà été fait par Th. Gomperz, Griechische Denker. Eine Geschichte
der antiken Philosophie, t. II, Leipzig, 1902, p. 161. Un passage de Lactance, Divinae
institutiones III 25, 16 ( = fr. V B 77 Giannantoni), qui s'appuie sur les 'Exhortationes'
perdues de Sénèque (=fr. 23 Haase), pourrait renforcer l'hypothèse de l'imitation:
Enumerant etiam Platonem ac Diogenem, qui tamen non servi fuerunt, sed his servitus
evenerat: sunt enim capti.
67 Voir article cité à la note 65.
3912 MARIE-ODILE GOULET-CAZÊ
Par conséquent, ce sont trois disciples de Cratès qui ont ouvert la voie à
la littérature consacrée à Diogène.
Reste un quatrième nom, celui d'un certain Eubule, totalement inconnu
par ailleurs, auteur comme Ménippe d'une 'Vente de Diogène' dont Diogène
Laërce VI 30 — 31 cite un long extrait. Fait-il partie du milieu cynique primitif
ou est-il beaucoup plus tardif?68 Son ouvrage reflète-t-il les conceptions authen
tiques du cynisme ancien69 ou n'est-il qu'une élaboration romancée bien
postérieure? Il faut avouer que nous ne disposons pas d'éléments décisifs pour
trancher ces questions. L'ensemble du passage, qui offre une conception
relativement classique de l'éducation, s'insérerait bien dans un roman biogra
phique70. Or on imaginerait plus aisément la composition d'un roman biogra
phique à une époque postérieure au cynisme primitif. Ce n'est bien sûr qu'une
hypothèse. Si nous l'adoptons, nous sommes amenée à considérer l'ouvrage
d'Eubule comme un des aboutissements romancés d'une tradition dont le
canevas originel remonte à des écrits comme ceux de Ménippe et de Cléomène.
Que dire des motifs à l'œuvre dans ce milieu? Il est légitime de parler de
« milieu », car on peut supposer que d'authentiques Cyniques comme Mé-
troclès, Ménippe ou Cléomène ont traduit dans leurs ouvrages la façon dont
les Cyniques de l'époque percevaient Diogène et concevaient le cynisme. Le
cas de l'ouvrage de Métroclès est particulier. Les chries ne sont pas des
compositions littéraires au même titre qu'un roman, un dialogue ou un écrit
théorique. Leur but était d'abord la propagande: elles visaient à faire connaître
le cynisme en évoquant, grâce à de simples dits ou à des apophtegmes,
l'attitude des Cyniques les plus illustres. Cet ouvrage de Métroclès était
certainement, plus que tout autre, proche de la narration orale populaire qui,
de bouche à oreille, colportait les faits les plus marquants de la biographie
d'un Diogène ou d'un Cratès. Mais qu'il s'agisse de ces 'Chries' ou des deux
autres ouvrages cités, on peut, sans crainte de se tromper, dire que trois motifs
au moins étaient sous-jacents à leur élaboration: il fallait faire l'apologie du
cynisme, autrement dit présenter les philosophes cyniques à leur avantage,
afin que les lecteurs aient le goût de se tourner vers le cynisme - mais
l'apologie en question n'a rien à voir avec ce qu'on appellera à l'époque
chrétienne l'hagiographie; non seulement on ne cache pas ce que le cynisme
a de choquant et de déroutant, mais au contraire on le met en valeur - ,
exposer les grands principes de la morale cynique et éventuellement se défendre
contre les attaques dont les Cyniques devaient être nécessairement l'objet71.
Avec cette première couche de la tradition, nous touchons au substrat le
plus ancien dont ont pu s'inspirer les biographes ultérieurs.
71 II semblerait que les autres écoles philosophiques aient eu du mal à supporter les
Cyniques: Platon, bien sûr, dont le sérieux et l'orgueil sont très souvent tournés en
ridicule par Diogène (D. L. VI 25. 26. 40. 41. 53. 54. 58; Thémistius apud Stobée,
Anthologium III 13, 68; idem, III 13, 45; Plutarque, An virtus doceri possit, 12, 452 D;
Élien, Histoire variée XIV 33; Gnomologium Vaticanum n° 445; Gnomologium Parisinum
n° 270), mais aussi Aristippe (Athénée, Deipnosophistes, XIII 588 EF; D. L. II 68;
Gnomologium Vaticanum n° 192; Horace, Epistula I 17, 13-32; Commentaire ad loc.
du Pseudo-Acron), les Épicuriens dont Philodème se fait l'écho dans son 'De Stoicis', et
certains Stoïciens choqués par les audaces cyniques.
* D. L. VI 76 - 77.
3914 MARIE-ODILE GOULET-CAZÉ
73 Dans une lettre apocryphe adressée à son père (Lettre 7), Diogène déclare: « On m'appelle
chien du ciel, non de la terre ». D'autre part, dans une épigramme de l'Anthologie grecque
XI 158, Antipater de Thessalonique rappelle aussi que Diogène était un chien céleste.
74 Les extraits de Télès ont été édités par O. Hense, Teletis Reliquiae2, Tübingen, 1909;
traduits en français par A. J. Festugiere, Télès et Musonius. Prédications, Paris, 1978,
et en anglais par E. N. O'Neil, Teles (The Cynic Teacher), Society of Biblical Literature -
Texts and Translations, 11 - Graeco-Roman Religion, 3, Missoula (Montana), 1977,
XXV — 97 p. Voir aussi notre article: Télès le Cynique, Revue de Études Grecques 94
(1981) 166-172.
75 Les fragments des 'Charlatans démasqués' ont été récemment édités par J. Hammer-
staedt, Die Orakelkritik des Kynikers Oenomaus, Athenäums-Monografien, Beiträge
zur klassischen Philologie, 1988, Francfort-sur-le Main, 1988, 328 p; cf. Idem, Der
Kyniker Oenomaus von Gadara, dans: ANRW, II, 36,4, éd. par W. Haase, Berlin - New
York, 1990, pp. 2834-2865.
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 3915
il nous reste peu de traces de ces allusions. Diogène Laërce a conservé deux
citations de Ménandre: l'une en VI 93 tirée des AiSûuai et l'autre en VI 83 de
l"ITtitoKôU0Ç.
La première nous apprend que Cratès avait une fille, tandis que nous
savons par Ératosthène qu'il avait un fils (D.L. VI 88). Le fait que Ménandre
ait été contemporain de Cratès invite à considérer la donnée comme historique.
Dans ce passage, un des personnages s'adresse à une femme qui va se promener
avec un tribôn, comme Hipparchia, et ce personnage rappelle que Cratès a
donné sa fille trente jours à l'essai.
La seconde citation se rapporte au Cynique Monime de Syracuse.
« Il y avait, Philon, un sage du nom de Monime,
mais qui avait un peu moins bonne réputation.
A. Celui qui portait la besace?
B. Tu veux dire qui portait trois besaces. Mais, par Zeus,
ce grand homme n'a prononcé aucune parole du genre du
'Connais-toi toi-même' ou de ces autres mots qu'on
entend souvent citer. Il allait bien au-delà,
notre mendiant malpropre; tout ce que l'homme a conçu,
disait-il, n'est que fumée de l'orgueil ».
Ce qui importe dans cette citation de Ménandre, c'est moins la couleur
satirique que la présence de deux traits originaux du cynisme ancien: Yadoxia,
c'est-à-dire la mauvaise réputation que supporte sereinement tout Cynique qui
se respecte, et la thèse que Ménandre prête à Monime, selon laquelle « tout
ce que l'homme a conçu n'est que fumée de l'orgueil ». Combattre le tuphos,
la fumée de l'orgueil, est en fait un des mots d'ordre du cynisme ancien76.
Antisthène déjà condamnait ce tuphos et considérait Yatuphia comme la fin
de la vie, le télos77. Diogène et Cratès eux aussi s'attaquèrent à ce fléau qui
empêche l'homme de voir les choses telles qu'elles sont réellement78. Mais
apparemment Monime allait encore plus loin, taxant de tuphos toute produc
tion de l'esprit humain, ce qui était une façon radicale de relativiser les
conquêtes de l'esprit dont se prévalaient les philosophes des autres écoles.
La troisième citation, en VI 87, est du comique Philémon, probablement
l'Ancien, dont le fils, qui s'appelait également Philémon, écrivit aussi des
« C'est parce qu'il aperçut une souris qui courait de tous côtés, sans
chercher de lieu de repos, sans prendre garde à l'obscurité, sans rien
désirer de ce qui passe pour des sources de jouissance, que Diogène
découvrit un remède à sa situation »80.
Le passage de Diogène Laërce correspond à FGrH 115 F 295. Comme dans l'ouvrage
Kcrrà xfjç nXàxcovoç SiaTpiPfjç qui est cité par Athénée, Deipnosophistes VI 508 CD
(= FGrH 115 F 259), Théopompe affirme que la plupart des dialogues de Platon sont
inutiles et mensongers et que les autres sont tirés des ouvrages d'Aristippe, d'Antisthène
et de Bryson d'Héraclée, on peut penser que c'était peut-être dans cet ouvrage qu'il
formulait le jugement élogieux sur Antisthène transmis par Diogène Laërce VI 14.
Nous considérons que le témoignage de Théophraste s'arrête à cet endroit, car Diogène
Laërce poursuit en disant: «Il fut le premier, aux dires de certains... ». C'est donc le
signe qu'un autre témoignage commence. Aussi les trois personnages cités un peu plus
loin et dont nous avons rappelé l'identité aux notes 19 à 21 (supra, p. 3895): Olympiodore,
prostate des Athéniens, le rhéteur Polyeucte (de Cyrène) et Lysanias (fils d'Aischrion),
ne nous paraissent-ils pas nécessairement, comme le pense von Fritz, op. cit., pp. 36 -
37, trois des interlocuteurs du 'Mégarique' de Théophraste, même si les trois peuvent
être considérés comme des contemporains de Théophraste et si cette interprétation a
l'avantage de rendre compte de la présence simultanée des trois personnages, dont
l'un, Olympiodore, semble n'avoir jamais écrit. D. R. Dudi.ey, op. cit., p. 24, estime
apparemment lui aussi que le passage de Théophraste continue beaucoup plus loin. Nous
préférons à vrai dire l'interprétation de F. Lf.o (voir supra, p. 3895, note 21) qui pensait
que les trois personnages étaient cités par Satyros.
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 3917
Le rôle joué par l'animal, notamment par la souris, est typique de la philosophie
cynique81. Mais faut-il pour autant opposer, comme on a souvent été tenté de
le faire82, cette version de Théophraste, à celle de VI 21, qui attribue à la
fréquentation d'Antisthène la conversion de Diogène à la vie frugale, et en
conclure que, puisque Théophraste est une source de poids, ce qui certes est
vrai, la fréquentation d'Antisthène est une invention? L'un en fait empêche-t-
il l'autre? On peut très bien concevoir qu'Antisthène ait joué un rôle décisif
dans la conversion de Diogène et que l'impulsion qu'il a suscitée se soit trouvée
confortée par l'observation du comportement d'une souris ou inversement que
le comportement d'une souris ait mis Diogène sur la voie d'une ascèse à
laquelle devait l'encourager Antisthène.
Au milieu péripatéticien appartient aussi Phanias d'Érèse (environ 375 —
300), un élève d'Aristote qui écrivit un ouvrage 'Sur les Socratiques' dont un
apophtegme est cité en VI 8:
« Comme on demandait à Antisthène ce qu'il fallait faire pour devenir
un homme de bien, il répondit: 'Apprendre de ceux qui savent que tu
peux fuir les maux qui t'accablent' ».
Outre le message direct que veut délivrer cet apophtegme: l'homme est capable
d'échapper aux maux (il faut probablement sous-entendre en pratiquant la
vie kata phusin), il suppose une distinction que l'on retrouve souvent dans le
cynisme, entre les hommes qui savent, autrement dit les sages, et les autres,
les insensés.
Reste encore le philosophe sceptique Timon de Phlionte (environ 320 —
230), l'auteur des 'Silles' qui, sur le plan littéraire, subit certainement l'influence
de Cratès. Diogène Laërce lui consacre un chapitre au livre IX. On s'étonne
que Timon ne soit cité qu'une fois dans le livre sur le cynisme, en VI 18.
Probablement agacé par l'énorme production littéraire d'Antisthène, il taxa
celui-ci de «touche à tout bavard». Mais tous les Socratiques, à en croire
Diogène Laërce II 107, étaient à ses yeux des « bavards ».
Alors que bien plus tard, avec Panétius, le stoïcisme jettera un œil critique
sur le cynisme dont il essaiera de ne conserver que les côtés « honorables », à
l'époque de Zénon, qui fut disciple de Cratès et écrivit une 'Politeia' influencée
par l'écrit de Diogène du même titre, le cynisme était respecté pour ce
qu'il était par les Stoïciens. En fidèle disciple de Cratès, Zénon écrivit des
'AnouvTiuoveûuaxa Kpàxnxoç — dont, entre autres, s'inspira probablement
83 Le titre du premier ouvrage est cité en VII 4 dans la liste des œuvres de Zénon, tandis
qu'un extrait du second est rapporté en VI 91. Ce dernier passage a inspiré la lettre 20
de Cratès adressée à Métroclès.
8< Voir Cicéron, Tusculanes II 26.
85 Voir D. L. VI 88. Sur le personnage, cf. G. Knaack, art. Eratosthenes 4, RE VI 1 (1907),
cols. 358-388.
86 Voir Strabon, Geographica I 2,2 (= T. 12 dans J. F. Kindstrand, Bion of Borysthenes.
A collection of the Fragments with Introduction and Commentary, Acta Universitatis
Upsaliensis - Studia Graeca Upsaliensia, 11, Uppsala, 1976, p. 108).
87 Strabon X 5,6 (= T. 24 Kindstrand). J. F. Kindstrand (op. cit., pp. 79-82) estime
qu'il y a une erreur sur l'identité de l'Ariston en question dans le témoignage de Strabon:
le disciple de Bion serait le Stoïcien de Chios, non le péripatéticien de Céos, comme le
prétend Strabon.
88 C'est l'opinion de G. Bernhardy dans ses Eratosthenica, Berlin, 1822, où le passage
constitue le fragment 9.
89 Voir les fragments VH 19-26 Giannantoni. Dans le fragment 26, dû au comique
Ménandre et cité plus haut, Cratès donne sa fille à l'essai pendant trente jours.
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 3919
" Philodème cite le Ilepi axoXfjç de Cléanthe et plusieurs ouvrages de Chrysippe: le nepi
TiôXecoç koi vôuou, le Ilepi noXueiaç, le Ilepi xôv uti Si' aura alpexràv, le npôç xoùç
fiXXo>ç vooùvxaç xf)v cppôvr|aiv, le Ilepi xôv Kaxa cpùaiv p"iov, le Ilepi xoù KaXoù Kai xfjç
rjSovfjç, le nepi Sikoiooûvtiç et le nepi xoù Ka9r|Kovxoç.
,s W. Crônert, op. cit., p. 178.
" Th. Gomperz, Eine verschollene Schrift des Stoikers Kleanthes, der Staat und die sieben
Tragôdien des Cynikers Diogenes, Zeitschrift fur die ôsterreichischen Gymnasien 29
(1878) 253.
100 F. Dummler, Kleine Schriften, t. 1, Zur griechischen Philosophie, Leipzig, 1901, p. 69,
n. 2.
101 Rosa Giannattasio Andria, art. cit., p. 141. Mais T. Dorandi, art. cit., p. 120, n. 166,
émet des réserves sur ses propositions.
102 Nous avions expliqué dans L'ascèse cynique, pp. 87-88 que, si nous étions d'accord
pour adopter l'hypothèse d'une origine stoïcienne de la liste de Sotion, nous l'étions
3922 MARIE-ODILE GOULET-CAZÉ
Sotion, le point de vue de ces Stoïciens choqués par les audaces cyniques est
tout de même présent, même si c'est de façon très discrète.
En revanche, dans le livre consacré au stoïcisme, en VII 32-33, les
choses sont beaucoup plus claires. On lit que Cassius le Sceptique (qui vivait
probablement au premier ou au second siècle) accusait Zénon à propos de
théories contenues dans la 'Politeia'; il réprouvait par exemple que Zénon
affirmât l'inutilité de l'éducation encyclique ou qu'il qualifiât d'adversaires,
d'ennemis, d'esclaves et de gens hostiles les uns aux autres tous ceux qui
n'étaient pas vertueux, les parents pour les enfants, les frères pour les frères
et les amis pour les amis. On lit encore qu'Isidore de Pergame, le rhéteur (qui
vivait à l'époque de Cicéron), adressa lui aussi des critiques à la 'Politeia' de
Zénon. C'est ce même Isidore qui raconte103 que le Stoïcien Athénodore (il
s'agit d'Athénodore de Tarse, bibliothécaire de Pergame, surnommé Cordy-
lion104, et non du stoïcien Athénodore de Tarse, que nous avons déjà évoqué,
élève peut-être de Posidonius et maître d'Auguste) retrancha des ouvrages des
Stoïciens (et pour Diogène Laërce, Zénon faisait partie de ce groupe puisqu'il
cite l'opinion d'Isidore dans le contexte des écrits de Zénon) tout ce qui était
dit de façon inconvenante (zà KŒKàiç A-eyoueva), mais qu'ensuite ces passages
furent remis à leur place, quand Athénodore eut été pris sur le fait et accusé.
Au total, dans le livre VI, le courant stoïcien peu favorable au cynisme
diogénien n'est donc pas présent, sinon par le truchement de la liste de Sotion.
S'il est un groupe dont les motifs sont relativement faciles à déterminer,
c'est bien celui des auteurs de 'Diadochai'. Pour que leurs constructions
« tiennent », il importe que les filiations soient nettes, que tout s'enchaîne bien
et qu'au terme les philosophes dont ils traitent puissent être regroupés par
écoles. Au besoin, les auteurs de 'Diadochai' n'hésitent pas à aider un peu à
cette netteté105. Qui plus est, un souci idéologique peut animer leurs construc
tions. Dans le cas du cynisme, c'est très clair. D'une part, il faut que le cynisme
soit considéré comme une école philosophique à part entière; d'autre part, il
faut, afin de rattacher le stoïcisme à Socrate, insister sur les liens cynisme/
moins, en l'absence de preuves, pour retenir l'idée que les titres présents dans la liste de
Sotion et absents de l'autre liste mentionnée par Diogène Laërce, qui, elle, est anonyme,
étaient en fait des ouvrages écrits par des Stoïciens et mis sous le nom de Diogène.
m Voir D. L. VII 34.
104 C'est lui qui, alors qu'il était déjà âgé, se rendit à Rome sur l'invitation de Caton le
Jeune chez qui il vécut par la suite.
105 F. Wehrli, Sotion, Die Schule des Aristoteles, Supplementband II, Bâle/Stuttgart, 1978,
p. 12, explique comment par exemple les auteurs de 'Diadochai' ont établi un lien entre
la philosophie ionienne de la nature et Socrate sur la seule base d'un renseignement
donné par Ion de Chios (Diogène Laërce II 23) qui affirmait que Socrate, alors qu'il
était jeune, avait voyagé avec Archélaos jusqu'à Samos. Il s'agit donc là d'une filiation
fictive.
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 3923
106 Les fragments d'Hippobote ont été édités par M. Gigante, Frammenti di Ippoboto.
Contributo alla storia della storiografia filosofica, dans: Omaggio a Piero Treves, a cura
di A. Mastrocinque, Padoue, 1983, pp. 151 - 193. Cette édition doit être complétée par
un témoignage papyrologique [POxy 3656 = Oxyrhynchus Papyri, t. 52 (1984), pp. 47 —
50] dont M. Gigante fait état dans un article postérieur à son édition: Accessione
Ippobotea, La Parola del Passato 40 (1985) 69. La datation d'Hippobote a fait l'objet
de bien des hypothèses et de bien des discussions. Sur les différents arguments avancés,
voir von Arnim, dans son article de RE VIII 2 (1913) cols. 1722-1723, s. v. Hippobotos
(il fait vivre Hippobote à la fin du troisième siècle et au début du deuxième), J. MeIer,
op. cit., pp. 69-72 (celui-ci ajoute un nouvel argument de poids à ceux de son prédéces
seur dont il accepte finalement la datation), J. Glucker, Antiochus and the Late
Academy, Hypomnemata, 56, Göttingen, 1978, pp. 176-179 (s'appuyant sur d'autres
arguments, il suggère de situer Hippobote à la fin du premier siècle), enfin M. Gigante,
Frammenti di Ippoboto, pp. 156 — 158 (reprenant les arguments de von Arnim et MeIer,
et insistant sur le passage du 'De Stoicis' de Philodème qui affirme qu'Hippobote et le
chronographe Apollodore soutenaient les mêmes positions concernant les liens entre
cynisme et stoïcisme, il suggère de situer le floruit d'Hippobote dans la première moitié
du second siècle). Sur Hippobote, consulter aussi G. Donzelli, Il nepi crtpeaewv di
Ippoboto e il kuviauôç, Rivista di Filologia e di Istruzione Classica, n.s. XXXVII (1959)
24-39 et W. von Kienle, Die Berichte über die Sukzessionen der Philosophen in
der hellenistischen und spätantiken Literatur, Diss. Berlin, 1961, pp. 77 - 78. Gigante,
Frammenti di Ippoboto, p. 154, estime que les deux titres d'Hippobote que nous connais
sons: rlepi alpéaecov et Tcov cptXoaócpwv àvaypacpr| se rapportent à deux modèles de
recherche historiographique, le premier, d'inspiration aristotélico-péripatéticienne, fondé
sur la notion d'« école » et privilégiant les systèmes, le second, proche des nivaKeç
alexandrins, fondé sur la notion de SiaSoxf|, et privilégiant l'individu, le philosophe.
F. Wehrli, Sotion, p. 14, fait remarquer que les ouvrages Ilep! aipéaewv étaient très
proches des 'Diadochai': „Nach ihrem Aufbau zeigen sich die Schriften Ilepi aipéaewv
den Diadochai darin nahe verwandt, daß sie ebenfalls ein systematisches Prinzip mit
dem chronologischen verbanden". Wehrli voit un signe de l'étroite parenté entre les
deux types d'ouvrages dans le fait que Sotion s'appuie à l'occasion sur Hippobote (D. L.
IX 115 = fr. 33 Wehrli). Comme Hippobote ne reconnaissait pas dans le cynisme une
3924 MARIE-ODILE GOULET-CAZÉ
Ces dernières étaient à ses yeux au nombre de neuf: les écoles mégarique,
érétrienne, cyrénaïque, épicurienne, annicérienne, théodorienne, zénonienne,
appelée aussi stoïcienne, l'Ancienne Académie et l'école péripatéticienne. On
constate qu'Hippobote a divisé la cyrénaïque en cyrénaïque, annicérienne et
théodorienne et que, parlant de l'école stoïcienne, il la dit d'abord « zéno
nienne ». Mais pourquoi a-t-il procédé à trois exclusions? Diogène Laërce,
évoquant le cas de l'école pyrrhonienne, absente d'ailleurs des deux listes qu'il
indique, donne une première explication à la suite107:
« La Pyrrhonienne, quelques-uns disent que dans un sens c'est une école,
mais que dans un autre ce n'en est pas une. Elle semble être une école.
Nous appelons en effet école (aîpeaiv) celle qui, à ce qu'il apparaît, suit
ou semble suivre quelque principe rationnel. Dans cette optique, il serait
raisonnable d'appeler école la Sceptique. Mais si nous concevions qu'une
école est une inclination vers des dogmes cohérents, l'école pyrrhonienne
ne saurait plus être appelée école, car elle n'a point de dogmes. »
Cette dernière définition est probablement empruntée à Hippobote dont l'ou
vrage est cité juste auparavant: pour qu'on puisse parler d'« école», aux yeux
d'Hippobote, il faut que l'on dispose de Sôyuaxa. Peut-être a-t-on un autre
écho des idées d'Hippobote précisément au livre VI. A peine Diogène Laërce
a-t-il en VI 103 terminé la biographie des Cyniques qu'il éprouve le besoin de
se justifier avant d'exposer la doxographie qui leur est consacrée1073:
« Voilà pour la biographie de chacun des Cyniques. Nous allons mainte
nant y ajouter les doctrines professées en commun (xù Koivfj àpéCTKovxa
aùxoîç), car nous estimons que la philosophie cynique est une école
(aïpeaiv), et non, comme le croient certains, une façon de vivre. »
Hippobote devait être précisément un de ceux pour qui le cynisme se réduisait
à une façon de vivre.
On sait encore qu'il refusait de reconnaître des liens de filiation entre
cynisme et stoïcisme. Il n'était d'ailleurs pas le seul. Dans son 'De Stoicis',
l'Épicurien Philodème prête des vues identiques à celles d'Hippobote à la
majeure partie des Stoïciens ainsi qu'au chronographe Apollodore108:
«[Ils (i.e. les Stoïciens partisans d'une filiation Socrate > Diogène >
Cratès) disent que c'est par Socrate,] Antisthène et Diogène qu'au début
aîpeaiç, il est légitime de penser que les renseignements et les avis qu'il donne sur les
Cyniques proviennent de l"AvaypacpTj plutôt que du Ilepi aipéaecov.
I(r En I 20. Cette définition, comme l'indique sa formulation elle-même (aîpeoiv uèv yàp
Xéyouev xtiv Xôycû xivi Kaxà xô cpaivouevov àKoXouGoùaav f| ÔoKoùaav àKoXouGeîv), est
d'origine sceptique (cf. Sextus, Hypotyposes Pyrrhoniennes I 17).
1071 Cf. A. Brancacci, I Koivij àpéaKovxa dei Cinici e la koivcovia tra cinismo e stoicismo
nel libro VI (103- 105) delIe 'Vite' di Diogene Laerzio, dans ce même volume (ANRW,
II, 36,6), infra, pp. 4049-4075.
îo* Voir la colonne XIII du papyrus d'Herculanum 339 édité par T. Dorandi, Filodemo. Gli
Stoici (PHerc. 155 e 339), Cronache Ercolanesi 12 (1982) 101.
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 3925
Cette anecdote semble indiquer que pour Apollonios Zénon fut à la fois le
disciple de Cratès et de Stilpon. Enfin, en VII 2, au début de la biographie
consacrée à Zénon, Diogène Laërce mentionne ainsi les maîtres du philosophe:
« Il écouta, comme cela a déjà été dit, Cratès; on dit qu'ensuite il
écouta également Stilpon, et pendant dix ans Xénocrate — comme le dit
Timocratès114 dans son 'Dion' — , mais aussi Polémon».
Zénon semble donc avoir fréquenté à la fois Cratès le Cynique, les milieux
dialecticiens autour de Diodore et Stilpon, ainsi que les Académiciens115. Selon
leur idéologie personnelle les auteurs de 'Diadochai' pouvaient opérer un choix
parmi ces noms. Hippobote, lui, était de ceux pour qui le stoïcisme n'avait
pas à revendiquer une ascendance cynique.
A la fréquentation de Cratès la tradition a rattaché une prédiction
oraculaire que rappellent à la fois Hécaton, le Stoïcien auteur de 'Chries', et
le Stoïcien Apollonios de Tyr au premier livre de son ouvrage 'Sur Zénon':
« Comme Zénon avait consulté l'oracle pour savoir ce qu'il devait faire
afin de mener l'existence la plus parfaite, le dieu répondit qu'il y parvien
drait s'il entrait en contact avec les morts. Zénon comprit et lut les
Anciens. Il s'attacha donc à Cratès de la façon suivante. Tandis qu'il
faisait le commerce de la pourpre depuis la Phénicie jusqu'au Pirée, il fit
naufrage. C'est ainsi qu'il vint à Athènes — il avait alors déjà trente
ans — et qu'il s'assit chez un libraire. Comme il lisait le second livre des
'Mémorables' de Xénophon, Zénon, charmé, demanda où se trouvaient
de tels hommes. Cratès passant alors fort à propos, le libraire le lui
montra en disant: 'suis cet homme'. De ce jour Zénon écouta Cratès »116.
Hécaton et Apollonios ne sont pas des auteurs de 'Diadochai', mais il était
important pour eux, en tant que Stoïciens, que Zénon ait fréquenté Cratès;
ainsi ils pouvaient, contrairement à ce qu'envisageait Hippobote, assurer une
paternité socratique au stoïcisme. On se doute du parti que les auteurs de
'Diadochai' postérieurs ont pu tirer de ce genre d'anecdotes117.
Diogène Laërce par conséquent a fait un choix: dans son ouvrage, il traite
des écoles exclues par Hippobote, et au livre VI il affirme clairement que pour
114 W. Crônert, op. cit., p. 143, n. 557, à la suite du rapprochement fait par E. Schwartz,
art. cit., col. 742 (= Idem, Griechische Geschichtschreiber, p. 459), entre D. L. IV 5 et
Plutarque, Dion 35, 3, propose de lire « Timonidès » plutôt que « Timocratès »; la leçon
Timocratès résulterait de la mauvaise lecture d'une abréviation. Voir J. Meier, op. cit.,
p. 26.
115 Sur les maîtres de Zénon, voir J. Mansfeld, Diogenes Laertius on Stoic Philosophy,
Elenchos7 (1986) 320-328 et D.E. Hahm, Diogenes Laertius VII: On the Stoics, dans
ce même volume (ANRW, II, 36,6), p. 4088 -4105.
»« D. L. VII 2.
1,7 L'anecdote de Zénon dut connaître bien des variantes. On en rencontre une dans les
'Homonymes' de Démétrius de Magnésie cité par D. L. VII 31: « Mnaséas, le père de
Zénon, venait souvent à Athènes, car il était marchand en gros, et il rapportait à Zénon,
encore enfant, de nombreux ouvrages des Socratiques. Zénon, par conséquent, fut formé
dans sa patrie. C'est ainsi que, lorsqu'il vint à Athènes, il s'attacha à Cratès».
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 3927
lui le cynisme est bel et bien une école philosophique à part entière. La
discrétion avec laquelle il intervient de façon générale dans son ouvrage
souffre au livre VI une exception. Que faut-il en conclure? Diogène Laërce a
certainement trouvé dans une de ses sources cette conception du cynisme qu'il
présente. Néanmoins il la fait sienne, et avec une vigueur plutôt inhabituelle
chez lui. En outre, nous avons pu constater que dans le livre VI il ne fait quasi
pas état du filon hostile au cynisme dont on perçoit des échos dans le livre
sur le stoïcisme. Ce n'est donc point trop s'avancer, nous semble-t-il, que
d'affirmer qu'il y avait chez Diogène Laërce une réelle sympathie à l'endroit
de la philosophie cynique118.
D'autre part, second volet de son choix, il décida de faire se succéder les
deux livres sur le cynisme et le stoïcisme, la doxographie cynique générale
constituant une transition parfaite avec le livre sur le stoïcisme, puisqu'il
pouvait y faire état des multiples liens unissant les deux écoles119.
118 Un Cynique toutefois ne trouve pas grâce à ses yeux: Ménippe, sur qui il composa le
petit poème suivant: « Phénicien par la race, en fait chien de Crète, / Prêteur à la
journée — c'est ainsi qu'on l'appelait — / Ce Ménippe, tu le connais peut-être. / A
Thèbes, le jour où il fut cambriolé / et où il perdit tous ses biens, sans réfléchir à ce
qu'est la nature d'un chien, / il se pendit ». Pour Diogène Laërce, Ménippe n'a pas su
adopter face à la perte de ses biens l'attitude détachée du vrai Cynique.
On remarquera que Diogène Laërce a placé la doxographie cynique juste avant le livre
sur le stoïcisme, afin que le rapprochement soit on ne peut plus évident. Il aurait très
bien pu en fait procéder comme il l'avait fait dans le livre sur le stoïcisme où la
doxographie suit la biographie de Zénon, le fondateur de l'école, et mettre la doxographie
cynique générale après Antisthène. Non seulement il ne l'a pas fait, mais on constate
qu'Antisthène bénéficie d'une doxographie qui lui est propre et qui partiellement provient
de Dioclès. N'est-ce pas le signe évident que, dans certaines de ses sources du moins,
Antisthène était traité indépendamment du cynisme?
120 y Wehrli, op. cit., p. 14: „Wenn Sotion wenigstens mutmaßlich als Schöpfer der Diado
chai gelten darf, so scheint er seinerseits eine andere Form der Zusammenstellung von
Philosophenviten schon vorgefunden und benützt zu haben, riepi aípéaecov".
3928 MARIE-ODILE GOULET-CAZÉ
121 Voir J. Stenzel, art. Sotion 1, RE III Al (1927) c. 1236; Wehrli, op. cit., p. 11.
Selon O. Gigon, Das Proœmium des Diogenes Laertios. Struktur und Probleme, dans:
Horizonte der Humanitas. Eine Freundesgabe fur Professor Dr. W. Wili zu seinem
60. Geburtstag, Bern/Stuttgart, 1960, p. 57, la distinction d'une diadochè ionique et d'une
diadochè italique n'a pas été inventée par Sotion. Celui-ci a modifié et complété un
schéma qui existait déjà: „Das Schema, wie wir es bei Diogenes 513-15 vor uns haben,
ist keinesfalls aus einem Gusse. Es ist zusammengewachsen aus einer ganzen Reihe von
Elementen".
122 Pour une utilisation directe, voir Me|er, op. cit., pp. 40 — 41; pour une utilisation à
travers des intermédiaires, voir W. von Kienle, op. cit., pp. 80-82. Wehrli, op. cit.,
p. 18, estimait lui aussi que Diogène Laërce n'avait plus l'ouvrage de Sotion à sa
disposition.
123 D. L. VI 80 ( = fr. 19 Wehrli).
a* Idem, VI 26 (= fr. 15 Wehrli).
125 Idem, VII 183 (= 22 Wehrli).
126 C'est ce qu'il faut conclure si l'on admet que la liste des vingt aipéoeiç fournie par le
chapitre 43 de l"YTiouvTiucmKôv piQWov de Ioseppus (P. G. 106, col. 160 Migne) et
attribuée à un Héraclide le Pythagoricien revient bien à Héraclide Lembos qui n'était
pas un Pythagoricien. L'hypothèse autrefois soutenue par Usener a été reprise récemment
par Meier, op. cit., pp. 67-68. Mais Wehrli, op. cit., pp. 16- 18, ne la partage pas.
127 Ceci dans l'hypothèse de l'identification. La comparaison de la liste de Sotion, telle
qu'on peut la déduire des témoignages conservés, et de celle indiquée par Ioseppus laisse
apparaître en effet de multiples divergences.
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 3929
listes. Nous avons ailleurs128 examiné l'hypothèse de von Fritz sur l'origine
stoïcienne de ce catalogue qui élimine tous les ouvrages cyniques jugés trop
audacieux par certains Stoïciens. Von Fritz a probablement raison. Comme
c'est précisément cette liste qu'a conservée Sotion et comme on sait qu'il
plaçait les Cyniques avant les Stoïciens, on peut penser qu'il admettait une
filiation cynisme/stoïcisme, mais dans la perspective d'un cynisme privé de ses
outrances.
Le second auteur mentionné est Antisthène (de Rhodes?), à identifier
probablement avec le philosophe péripatéticien et l'historien du même nom129.
Ses cDiXoaôcpcov SiaSoxai, qui allaient de Thalès à Cléanthe, sont citées à deux
reprises au livre VI: en 77 où il dit que Diogène est mort en retenant sa
respiration et en 87 où il explique que Cratès s'est lancé dans le cynisme pour
avoir vu dans une tragédie Télèphe qui portait un petit panier et traînait un
air de misère. Il va de soi que l'influence de cette tragédie d'Euripide n'exclut
pas nécessairement dans l'esprit d'Antisthène que Cratès ait fréquenté Diogène.
Elle montre en tout cas que pour Antisthène la conversion de Cratès n'était
pas due au seul Diogène.
Reste Sosicrate de Rhodes, un historien du second siècle avant Jésus-
Christ, que Diogène Laërce dans ses 'Vies' cite treize fois, dont trois dans le
livre VI. Sosicrate pouvait à l'occasion s'appuyer sur les 'Vies' d'Hermippe,
comme l'atteste I 106. En VI 13, il est dit que ce Sosicrate au troisième livre
des 'Successions' attribuait à Diodore d'Aspendos la primeur du manteau
doublé. Il affirmait aussi que Diodore se laissait pousser la barbe et qu'il
utilisait besace et bâton. Ces détails apparemment anodins ne le sont pas
vraiment, car ils peuvent signifier que pour Sosicrate ce n'est pas Antisthène
qui est à l'origine du cynisme, mais le pythagoricien Diodore. Par conséquent,
puisqu'il refuse à Antisthène le primeur de l'ascèse cynique, ce n'est pas
chez Sosicrate qu'il faudrait chercher la thèse de la succession socratisme >
cynisme > stoïcisme.
En VI 80, ce Sosicrate affirme qu'aucune des œuvres attribuées à Diogène
n'est de lui. Cet historien avait en effet une tendance très nette à refuser à des
philosophes la paternité de leurs œuvres littéraires. On trouve le même cas en
VII 163: seules les 'Lettres' reviendraient à Ariston le Stoïcien, les autres
ouvrages qui lui sont attribués seraient en fait d'Ariston le péripatéticien, et
en II 84, où on voit que Sosicrate fait partie du groupe qui prétend qu'Aristippe
n'a rien écrit du tout.
C. La source laërtienne
132 Sur ce passage, voir pp. 3942 — 3943 et les notes 166 à 169.
133 Faut-il comprendre oùxcoç comme signifiant « selon la vertu » (c'est ainsi par exemple
que l'interprète Mansfeld, art. cit., p. 338) ou « à la façon des Cyniques, en empruntant
le court chemin»? Cette seconde interprétation qui renverrait au raccourci cynique, est
plus séduisante, car outre la communauté dogmatique qui unit les deux écoles, elle
montre que le fondateur du stoïcisme lui-même n'a pas hésité à emprunter dans sa façon
de vivre le raccourci, autrement dit à pratiquer une ascèse semblable à celle des Cyniques.
Cette hypothèse se trouve confortée si l'on se souvient qu'en VII 121, à un endroit où
la formulation est plus complète et nommément attribuée à Apollodore de Séleucie, on
lit: Kuvieîv x' aùxôv elvai yàp xôv Kuviauôv otjvxouov in àpéxnv ôSôv. On peut très
bien imaginer que dans le passage doxographique de VI 104, le kuvieîv x' aùxôv auquel
renvoyait le oùxcoç ait disparu. Quelle attitude en effet adopter à l'égard de Zénon, ce
Zénon dont on ne pouvait faire abstraction, puisqu'il était le fondateur du stoïcisme, mais
dont les œuvres, surtout cette 'Politeia' « écrite sur le queue du Chien », dérangeaient? Il
aurait vécu, aux yeux d'ApolIodore, selon le raccourci cynique, tout en ayant jeté
les bases du stoïcisme théorique. Apollodore voudrait par conséquent montrer qu'en
choisissant de vivre selon le raccourci, Zénon avait fait un choix honorable, mais que
ce choix n'est pas le seul possible; si l'on s'est engagé sur la voie stoïcienne, il faut s'y
tenir, il n'est pas question de rejoindre le cynisme. Apollodore ainsi laverait Zénon de
toute accusation, puisque l'important après tout c'est le télos (souvenons-nous de ces
Stoïciens dont parle Philodème dans le 'De Stoicis', qui acceptent Zénon uniquement à
cause de sa découverte du télos), et en même temps il maintiendrait toute la valeur de
la voie stoïcienne. Deux témoignages empruntés à la biographie de Zénon pourraient
appuyer cette interprétation. En VII 26, D. L. dit: « Zénon manifestait la plus grande
endurance et la plus grande sobriété, mangeant de la nourriture crue et portant le mince
trtbôn » et en VII 27, il cite quelques vers d'une pièce du comique Philémon intitulée
'Les philosophes' qui présente ainsi la philosophie de Zénon: « Un unique morceau de
pain, une figue en accompagnement et en plus boire de l'eau, / telle est la nouvelle
philosophie que celui-ci professe; / il enseigne la pauvreté et trouve des disciples ». On
pourrait donc concevoir que dans la perspective d'ApolIodore Zénon ait inventé un télos
dont la formulation, quoique plus précise, rejoignait celle des Cyniques, et qu'il ait vécu
selon une ascèse rigoureuse, caractéristique du court chemin cynique.
3932 MARIE-ODILE GOULET-CAZÉ
jeunesse. En revanche cette filiation était contestée par les Épicuriens comme
Philodème qui insistaient sur l'authenticité de la 'Politeia' de Diogène et sur
la responsabilité du jeune Zénon.
Peut-on tenter de caractériser cette source directe de Diogène Laërce? Le
livre VI est certes sous-tendu par la perspective d'une diadochè cynisme/
stoïcisme, mais il faut admettre que la source en question de Diogène Laërce
présentait aussi un contenu doxographique, car c'est dans la doxographie
d'Antisthène et dans la doxographie cynique générale qu'apparaît le plus la
volonté de démontrer les liens entre cynisme et stoïcisme. D'où d'ailleurs la
question annexe qu'il faut se poser: les ouvrages de 'Diadochai' comportaient-
ils une section doxographique134? Plutôt que de considérer comme J. Meier 135
que si, à l'occasion, un passage doxographique pouvait se trouver dans les
'Diadochai', néanmoins la doxographie n'était pas une partie qui existait
comme telle dans ce genre d'ouvrage, nous préférons la vision des choses
formulée par J. Mansfeld: "The Peri haireseôn literature, the Successions, and
the individual or collective Lives did not constitute rigidly distinct domains; the
difference is one of emphasis: historical in the Bioi and Diadochai, systematical
in the Peri haireseôn"136. J. Mansfeld137 rappelle d'ailleurs à juste titre que
la longue doxographie néo-pythagoricienne qui commence en VIII 24 provient
des 'Diadochai' d'Alexandre Polyhistor et il cite comme ouvrage de nature
mixte le 'De Platone et ejus dogmate' d'Apulée qui commence par une brève
biographie et se poursuit avec une doxographie médio-platonicienne.
Par conséquent Diogène Laërce a pu trouver le point de vue qu'il exprime
d'une filiation cynisme/stoïcisme soit dans un ouvrage de 'Diadochai' qui
comportait des sections doxographiques, soit dans un ouvrage 'Peri haireseôn',
où devaient être fournis, outre de courtes données biographiques, des exposés
systématiques sur les doctrines des différentes écoles philosophiques et d'où,
de toute façon, ne pouvait être exclue une perspective de diadochè, soit enfin
chez un auteur qui, éventuellement dans des ouvrages d'un genre littéraire
différent, traitait de biographie et de doxographie, ce qui l'amenait à prendre
position sur les relations maître-disciple, par conséquent sur les successions à
l'intérieur des écoles et éventuellement d'une école à l'autre.
Nous avons constaté que, parmi les auteurs de 'Diadochai' cités, Sotion
présente la perspective qui est adoptée par Diogène Laërce quand celui-ci écrit
son prologue et quand il fait se succéder Cyniques et Stoïciens dans les livres
VI et VII. Néanmoins, comme la présence de Sotion est très discrète dans le
livre VI (Diogène Laërce fait appel à lui pour l'attribution d'une chrie à Platon
plutôt qu'à Diogène et présente, à la suite d'une liste anonyme d'ouvrages de
C'est chez eux, mais pas de façon directe dans la plupart des cas, que
Diogène Laërce a dû puiser l'essentiel de ses données biographiques sur le
cynisme. Cinq noms apparaissent: Néanthe de Cyzique, auteur vivant vers 200
avant J.-C., qui composa au troisième siècle des ouvrages historiques mais
aussi un napi èvSôc/ov àvSprâv qui traitait surtout de philosophes138; Hermippe,
un péripatéticien de la fin du troisième siècle avant J.-C., élève de Callimaque,
qui a exploité les 'Pinakes' de celui-ci (Sosicrate, l'auteur de 'Diadochai', a
utilisé ses 'Vies'139); Satyros, péripatéticien également, de la fin du second
siècle avant J.-C., dont les [Moi furent abrégés par Héraclide Lembos; Dioclès
de Magnésie, un auteur du premier siècle avant J.-C.140, qui écrivit des pioi
1,8 Il serait intéressant de comparer la façon dont travaillaient Diogène Laërce et Porphyre
qui lui aussi eut à utiliser Néanthe et Hippobote lorsqu'il écrivit sa 'Vie de Pythagore'
(Néanthe en V.P. 1; 2; 55; 61 et Hippobote en 61). Alors que chez D. L. les citations de
ces auteurs paraissent tirées de compilations (c'est manifeste en VI 13 où se succèdent
Dioclès, Néanthe et Sosicrate), chez Porphyre sont cités des morceaux plus consistants
empruntés à Néanthe. On a l'impression que Diogène Laërce représente le stade ultime
de ce que pouvait être la compilation, le moment où les avis se juxtaposent, maigres
bribes échappées à l'oubli.
Voir D. L. 1 106.
m Dioclès était l'ami de Méléagre de Gadara qui lui dédia sa 'Couronne'. On estime qu'il
naquit vers 80/70 av. J.-C.; cf. E. Martini, art. Diokles 50, RE V 1 (1903) cols 798-
799.
259 ANRW II 36.6
3934 MARIE-ODILE GOULET-CAZÉ
et une 'ETiiSpouT| zrâv cpiXooôcpcov141, deux œuvres qui n'en formaient peut-être
qu'une, mais qui plus probablement étaient distinctes et qui furent certaine
ment utilisées directement par Diogène Laërce. On peut supposer, dans l'hypo
thèse de deux ouvrages distincts, que les renseignements biographiques (ex.
pour Diogène, la falsification de la monnaie en VI 20) et les apophtegmes (un
exemple pour Diogène en VI 36) appartiennent aux pioi, et que les doxogra-
phies proviennent de l"ETtiSpouf| (ex. une partie de la doxographie d'Antis-
thène, en VI 12, et la doxographie de logique stoïcienne qui commence en VII
49 et qui est présentée comme un extrait de T'EniSpour|). Dioclès, rappelons-
le, était l'ami du Cynique Méléagre de Gadara qui lui dédia sa 'Couronne'.
A ces noms on peut adjoindre celui de Démétrius de Magnésie, auteur du
milieu du premier siècle avant J.-C., pour sa liste d'homonymes qui semble
avoir contenu aussi du matériel biographique142.
Même si les biographes n'avaient pas un objectif aussi évident que les
auteurs de 'Diadochai', les liens maîtres-disciples n'étaient pas pour eux sans
importance et certains aspects qui au premier chef intéressent davantage les
auteurs de 'Diadochai' ne les laissaient pas indifférents. Ainsi par exemple
Néanthe affirme qu'Antisthène fut le premier à doubler son manteau et Dioclès
formulera le même point de vue143. Or ce détail vestimentaire a toute son
importance, puisqu'il veut signifier qu'Antisthène est le fondateur du cynisme.
Autre exemple: Satyros s'exprime sur l'authenticité des œuvres de Diogène
qu'en fait il nie en bloc144. Cette négation suppose peut-être la volonté de
« gommer » l'influence de Diogène ou celle de refuser les impudences contenues
dans ses œuvres. En tout cas elle ne saurait être gratuite. De même encore
pour Dioclès de Magnésie. Lui aussi soutient qu'Antisthène est le premier à
avoir doublé son manteau. Il affirme encore qu'Antisthène prenait un bâton
et une besace, autrement dit qu'il avait la parfaite panoplie cynique. En outre,
si on examine de près le flioç de Diogène, on constate qu'après le nom et les
origines du philosophe, Diogène Laërce cite immédiatement Dioclès:
141 K. Gaiser, Philodems Akademica. Die Berichte ùber Platon und die Alte Akademie in
zwei herkulanensischen Papyri, Supplementum Platonicum, 1, Stuttgart/Bad Cannstatt,
1988, pp. 110— 113, après avoit rappelé les trois possibilités: ou les deux titres renvoient
à deux œuvres différentes de Dioclès, ou il s'agit de la même œuvre, ou encore
T'Épidromè' est un abrégé des 'Vies', pense quant à lui que les deux œuvres étaient
distinctes, les 'Vies' étant de contenu biographique, T'Épidromè' de contenu doxographi-
que et systématique. En faveur de la distinction des œuvres, voir J. Meier, op. cit.,
pp. 42-45. 80; J. Mansfeld, art. cit., p. 305 et n., et V. Celluprica, Diocle di Magnesia
fonte del|a dossografia stoica in Diogene Laerzio, Orpheus, N.S. 10 (1989), 58-79, plus
précisément p. 60, n. 14. En revanche, Fr. Nietzsche, Werke, 2. Abt., Bd. 1 ( = Philologi-
sche Schriften [1867- 1873]), Berlin -New York, 1982, pp. 89-90, suivi par bien d'au
tres, soutenait que les deux titres renvoyaient à la même œuvre.
142 Les fragments de l'ouvrage de Démétrius: rlepi ôucovûucov noir|xcBv xe Kai oirYypacpécflv,
ont été rassemblés par J. Me|er, Demetrius of Magnesia: On Poets and Authors of the
Same Name, Hermes 109 (1981) 447 - 472.
143 Voir D. L. VI 13.
144 Ibidem VI 80.
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 3935
l« Ibidem VI 87.
146 J. F. Kindstrand, Diogenes Laertius and the Chreia tradition, Elenchos 7 (1986) 219-
243.
2Sr
3936 MARIE-ODILE GOULET-CAZE
part il reconnaît que Diogène Laërce n'a pas dû emprunter ses collections à
la même source que sa biographie, ou du moins qu'il ne les a pas conservées
dans leur forme originale ni à la même place. Il indique plusieurs exemples147,
dont la collection consacrée à Diogène148, qui montrent que Diogène Laërce
a placé ses collections à des endroits où elles ne pouvaient pas se trouver à
l'origine, du moins dans la forme qu'elles ont actuellement. Il en conclut:
« Face à ces cas, je considère qu'il n'est pas raisonnable de croire que Diogène
recevait toujours les collections comme telles de sa source biographique, sauf
si nous postulons que la source était composée de façon tout aussi insatisfai
sante. Il est plus naturel de supposer qu'il les a obtenues d'une source différente,
c'est-à-dire d'une collection pure, et qu'il les a incluses dans sa compilation
de cette façon, parfois sous l'influence d'associations, puisqu'elles n'avaient
pas une place définie dans la biographie » 149. Comme Diogène Laërce discute
les questions d'authenticité, ajoute des dits et fournit des sources pour diffé
rents items, Kindstrand fournit deux explications possibles: Diogène Laërce
a emprunté ses chries à des collections et il est responsable de ces réflexions
sur l'authenticité, ou c'est un de ses prédécesseurs qui en est responsable et
lui a repris le tout, c'est-à-dire les collections avec les réflexions, dans des
biographies. La question est donc complexe. Kindstrand opte plutôt pour la
première solution et nous partageons sa préférence.
On notera pour terminer l'influence déterminante qui fut celle du 'Peripa-
tos' dans le domaine de la biographie150, puisqu'Hermippe et Satyros étaient
des péripatéticiens. Phanias d'Érèse qui écrivit 'Sur les Socratiques' et Sotion
d'Alexandrie, l'auteur de 'Diadochai', l'étaient également.
147 'Vie' de Ménédème: II 127- 129; 'Vie' de Bion: IV 47-52; 'Vie' de Diogène: VI 23-70
et 'Vie' de Zenon: VII 16-26.
148 F. Léo, déjà rattachait VI 23 à VI 70. Il formulait un avis plus tranché que Kindstrand
sur la provenance des apophtegmes diogéniens.
14* F. J. Kindstrand, art. cit., p. 241.
1,0 Sur ce point, voir A. Momigliano, The development of Greek biography, Cambridge
(Massachusetts) 1971, pp. 65- 100. Selon lui, le premier à avoir fait œuvre de biographe
au Péripatos serait Aristoxène (pp. 73 - 76 et p. 103): "What we call Hellenistic biography
with its distinctive features of erudition, scholarly zeal, realism of details, and gossip
seems to be the creation of Anstoxenus rather than of Aristotle".
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 3937
151 Dans L'ascèse cynique, pp. 22-24 et n. 22, nous avions déjà émis l'hypothèse d'une
influence déterminante d'Apollodore sur l'orientation du livre VI.
152 Même si Arius Didyme ne prend pas parti aussi nettement, le titre qu'il donne à sa
doxographie conservée par Stobée traduit une idée semblable: Zf|vovoç kcù xôv Xoincôv
Ixcoikcov Soyuàxcov nepi xoù f|9iKoù uépouç xfjç cpiXoaocpiaç.
V. Celluprica, aux pages 58-59 de son article cité à la note 141, rappelle, avant de
donner son interprétation de la phrase qui introduit en VI 48 l'exposé Kaxà uépoç de la
logique stoïcienne, les différentes hypothèses émises sur la longueur exacte du passage
qu'il convient d'attribuer à I"EmSpour| de Dioclès: 41 -83 (V. Rose), 49-83 (E. Maass,
U. Egli et K. Hulser), 49-82 (F. Bahnsch), 49- 82 à l'exclusion de 54 (H. von Arnim),
49-54 (J. Meier), 49-53 (J. Mansfeld), 49 et un peu au-delà (A. A. Long), 49 seul
(les éditeurs C. G. Cobet, R. D. Hicks et H. S. Long, ainsi que les traducteurs O. Apelt
3938 MARIE-ODILE GOULET-CAZÉ
et M. Gigante). Celluprica, quant à lui, termine son étude en concluant que la citation
de l"Eni8poufi de Dioclès se limite au seul chapitre 49 et que les chapitres 50-82
proviennent d'une même source qui pourrait être soit un manuel, soit une source
doxographique: „Questa fonte poteva essere Diocle? Non ci sono motivi per escluderlo,
poiché nel 'Sammario ' certamente trattava degli Stoici, ma non ci sono neppure elementi
per poterlo sostenere" (art. cité, p. 78).
154 L'ensemble de la doxographie éthique stoïcienne n'est pas monolithique. A notre avis en
effet une nouvelle doxographie commence en VII 117 qui ne provient pas de la même
source que VII 84- 116. Outre le fait qu'elle possède une unité thématique, puisqu'elle
traite du sage stoïcien, on relève une donnée objective qui va dans le sens de notre
hypothèse. En VII 111, on lit: Kai xfiv uèv W>Ttr|v elvai ouCTxoXf|v fiXoyov. Or en VII
118 on lit encore: où8è ur|v XuTtr|9f|aeaGai xôv aocpôv, Sià xô xtiv Xûnr|v fiXoyov elvai
auoxoXf|v xfjç yuxA?. 'AnoXXôScopôç cpnaiv èv xtj 'HGiKfj. La même idée est citée
deux fois, d'une façon anonyme dans le premier cas, avec la précision du nom de l'auteur
dans le second. Nous aurions beaucoup de mal à croire que les deux passages étaient
inclus dans le même texte suivi et qu'à aussi peu de distance le doxographe aurait pu
répéter la même idée sans s'en apercevoir. De plus, et c'est certainement l'argument le
plus fort, la partie qui va de VII 117 à VII 131 n'est pas stylistiquement de la même
veine que la précédente, qui est très structurée et très marquée par l'emploi de la
Siaipeaiç. Mais cette partie de la doxographie qui commence en VII 117 apparaît elle-
même comme un ensemble composite: en effet si l'on regarde les paragraphes 127 et
128, on constate que les deux développements qui commencent par àpécocei 8'aùxoîç
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 3939
présentent chacun l'idée de Cléanthe et de ses disciples selon laquelle la vertu ne saurait
se perdre. On a l'impression qu'ici des morceaux de doxographies ont été placés bout
à bout.
155 On rappellera un détail curieux déjà signalé. En VI 2, au beau milieu de la biographie
d'Antisthène, est insérée une phrase qui relève nettement de la doxographie: « Que l'effort
est un bien, il l'établit grâce à son 'Grand Héraclès' et à son 'Cyrus', tirant un de ses
exemples des Grecs, l'autre des Barbares ». Cette phrase est arrivée là par erreur. Il
s'agissait probablement d'un ajout de Diogène Laërce qu'un copiste a rattaché au texte
par un maladroit « Kai ôxi ».
156 Parallèle stoïcien dans Sextus, Adversus Mathematicos, XI 170 ( = S.V.F. III 598) « Seul
le sage mérite d'être aimé ».
157 On trouve un parallèle dans la 'Politeia' de Zénon dont D. L. résume le contenu en VII
33.
158 Curieusement cette doxa d'Antisthène se retrouve dans le libellé d'un titre de Cléanthe
que cite D. L. en VII 175 parmi l'ensemble des titres des œuvres de Cléanthe: Ilapi xoù
ôxi <j aùxr| àpexr| Kai àv8poç Kai yuvaiKôç.
159 Voir p. 3994.
3940 MARIE-ODILE GOULET-CAZÉ
la thèse soutenue par celui-ci est bien celle d'une filiation socratisme (par le
biais d'Antisthène) > cynisme > stoïcisme (par le biais de Cratès maître de
Zénon).
La doxographie diocléenne présente en outre un parallèle avec la doxogra-
phie cynique générale: VI 12 (àÇiépaaxoç ô àyaGôç) et VI 105 (àÇiépaaxôv xe
xôv aocpôv). On peut rapprocher encore, même s'il ne s'agit pas d'un parallé
lisme exact, ol aTtouSaîoi cpiXoi en VI 12 et xôv aocpôv ... cpiXov xco ôuoicp en
VI 105.
La filiation Socrate > Antisthène > Diogène > Cratès > Zénon dont
nous pensons qu'elle était présente chez Dioclès offrait de l'intérêt pour
certains Stoïciens désireux de rattacher le stoïcisme au cynisme. Pour l'instant,
il nous suffit de constater que la position de Dioclès s'harmonise parfaitement
avec ce que nous pouvons lire en VI 2:
« Antisthène écoutait Socrate, dont il emprunta la fermeté d'âme et imita
l'impassibilité, ouvrant ainsi, le premier, la voie au cynisme »
et en VI 14-15:
« Antisthène passe pour avoir ouvert la voie à la secte stoïcienne, virile
entre toutes ... Il a montré le chemin à l'impassibilité de Diogène, à la
tempérance de Cratès et à l'endurance de Zénon ...»
Les divers éléments aussi bien biographiques (attribution à Antisthène de
la panoplie cynique, Diogène présenté comme élève d'Antisthène et maître de
Cratès) que doxographiques découverts chez Dioclès invitent à penser que la
thèse de ce biographe rejoint aussi celle qui est soutenue dans la doxographie
cynique générale de VI 103 - 105. Cette doxographie est très imprégnée de la
volonté de présenter d'une part le cynisme comme une école philosophique à
part entière, d'autre part cynisme et stoïcisme comme deux mouvements
apparentés. Dès le début, Diogène Laërce prend position personnellement:
« Voilà pour la biographie de chacun des Cyniques. Nous allons mainte
nant y ajouter les doctrines professées en commun, car nous estimons
que la philosophie cynique est une école de pensée et non, comme le
croient certains, une façon de vivre».
On se souvient que Diogène Laërce avait déjà dans le prologue présenté une
définition de Yhairesis qui impliquait la référence à des dogmata. Cependant,
même s'il prend position personnellement, Diogène Laërce, comme toujours,
s'appuie sur ses sources. Or, dans la doxographie cynique générale, en VI 103,
une seule est citée et c'est Dioclès:
« Et ce que certains attribuent à Socrate, Dioclès l'attribue à Diogène
quand il lui fait dire: 'Il faut chercher / tout le mal et tout le bien qui se
produisent dans les maisons' (Hom. 5 392) ».
Il est possible, croyons-nous, de reconstituer dans ce cas précis la façon dont a
procédé Diogène Laërce. Quand il travaillait à son chapitre sur Socrate en II 21,
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 3941
il a cité le vers d'Homère, l'empruntant à une source qui mettait ce vers dans la
bouche de Socrate. Quand il arriva par la suite à sa doxographie cynique générale,
il retrouva chez Dioclès dont il s'inspirait le même vers, mais mis cette fois dans
la bouche de Diogène. Il cita donc le nom de Dioclès au moment où il est tombé
sur ce vers qu'il avait vu précédemment attribué à Socrate.
Il est bien sûr impossible de prouver que Diogène Laërce a emprunté telle
quelle à Dioclès la doxographie cynique générale. Mais à tout le moins peut-
on dire, compte tenu de la mention du nom de Dioclès et des références
doxographiques à Antisthène que l'on rencontre dans la doxographie cynique
générale, compte tenu du fait que ce même Dioclès avait écrit une doxographie
antisthénienne où il attribuait au philosophe des vues proches de celles des
Stoïciens, que Diogène Laërce s'est appuyé en partie sur Dioclès pour écrire
sa doxographie cynique générale. Résumons nos conclusions:
- Dioclès, que Diogène Laërce utilisait directement, soutenait une filia
tion socratisme > cynisme > stoïcisme dont on trouve des échos aussi bien
dans les données biographiques qui nous ont été transmises que dans la
doxographie antisthénienne que Diogène Laërce lui a empruntée.
- Diogène Laërce a utilisé au moins en partie cet auteur lorsqu'il a
composé sa doxographie cynique générale.
Peut-être pouvons-nous aller encore plus loin dans nos investigations et
essayer de préciser où Dioclès a pu trouver la thèse d'un stoïcisme héritier de
Socrate par le truchement d'un cynisme antisthénien. C'est la seconde étape
de notre hypothèse.
« Le sage fera le chien, ce qui revient à dire qu'il persévère dans le cynisme
et non, qu'étant sage, il se met à embrasser le cynisme; le cynisme est
en effet un raccourci vers la vertu, comme le dit Apollodore dans
son 'Éthique' »170.
Or en VI 104, nous lisons:
« Les Cyniques soutiennent encore que la fin est de vivre selon la vertu,
comme le dit Antisthène dans son 'Héraclès', comme le disent aussi les
Stoïciens. Une certaine parenté unit en effet ces deux écoles de pensée.
C'est pourquoi on dit aussi que le cynisme est un raccourci vers
la vertu. C'est ainsi que vécut également Zénon de Citium».
Le nom d'Apollodore n'est pas mentionné ici, mais, comme en VII 121 la
formule lui est attribuée nommément, avec en outre mention de l'ouvrage
d'où elle est tirée, aucune hésitation n'est permise; si nous n'avions pas le
parallèle de VII 121, nous aurions définitivement perdu l'attestation qu'Apollo-
dore voyait un lien entre cynisme et stoïcisme. Ce serait dommage, puisque
c'est le seul nom de philosophe stoïcien que nous pouvons opposer à celui de
Panétius, au contraire très réticent à l'égard du cynisme dont il n'appréciait
guère le manque de pudeur, et à celui d'Athénodore (Cordylion), ce Stoïcien
du premier siècle, bibliothécaire à Pergame, dont Diogène Laërce VII 34,
s'appuyant sur le témoignage du rhéteur Isidore de Pergame, dit qu'il a
supprimé des ouvrages stoïciens « zà kcikcdç XeYouéva ». Athénodore était certai
nement motivé par un souci de moralité. En tout cas s'il est un Stoïcien qui
voyait une « certaine parenté » entre cynisme et stoïcisme, et qui approuvait
cette parenté, c'était certainement Apollodore171 et, quels qu'aient pu être les
170 Ce point de vue d'Apollodore qui mettait en relation l'école stoïcienne et l'école cynique
a dû exercer une influence déterminante sur les auteurs de 'Diadochai' qui pouvaient en
tirer parti pour asseoir leur filiation Socrate > Antisthène > Diogène > Cratès >
Zénon.
171 Les positions d'Apollodore, à en juger par les rares témoignages dont nous disposons,
sont les suivantes. La philosophie comporte trois parties: la physique, l'éthique et la
logique (VII 39), l'éthique étant placée par Apollodore en seconde position (VII 41); la
division de l'éthique adoptée par Apollodore est aussi celle de Chrysippe, d'Archédème,
de Zénon de Tarse, de Diogène, d'Antipater et de Posidonius; les rubriques en sont: sur
l'inclination, les biens et les maux, les passions, la vertu, la fin, la valeur première et les
actes, sur ce dont il convient de persuader et de dissuader (VII 84); la liste des biens,
des maux et des indifférents qu'il établissait était la même que celle d'Hécaton et de
Chrysippe (VII 102). Dans l''Éthique', il devait y avoir une section plus proprement
consacrée au sage, où Apollodore disait que « le sage n'aura pas de chagrin, parce que
le chagrin est une systole déraisonnable de l'âme» (VII 118. Cette définition du chagrin
se retrouve, sans nom d'auteur en VII 111). Ce qui revient à Apollodore se limite-t-il à
la seule question du chagrin ou englobe-t-il les réflexions qui précèdent sur le sage? Il
est bien difficile de le dire. Comme, parmi ces réflexions, on trouve entre autres l'idée
que le sage est auaxr|pôç et comme cette idée est mentionnée également dans le passage
d'Arius Didyme transmis par Stobée et évoqué plus haut où se rencontre l'affirmation
que le sage fera le chien, nous serions portée à attribuer à Apollodore les paragraphes
VII 117-1 18. Enfin, pour lui comme pour Chrysippe et Hécaton, les vertus s'enchaînent
3944 MARIE-ODILE GOULET-CAZÉ
les unes aux autres et celui qui en possède une les possède toutes (VII 125); le sage sera
aimé des jeunes gens qui, par leur aspect, manifestent leur bonne nature portée vers la
vertu.
172 Sur les différents arguments développés par ces Stoïciens, voir pp. 3920-3921.
17J Aux pages 28 - 38.
174 Sur la définition antisthénienne du télos et sur les définitions stoïciennes, voir J. Mans-
feld, art cit., pp. 337-351. J. Mansfeld suggère que la définition du télos tirée de
T'Héraclès' d'Antisthène, citée en VI 104, et celle prêtée à Zénon en VII 87, proviennent
de la même source, une source de type Ilepi aipéoecav contenant des groupements de
références.
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 3945
ce mode de vie, mais que celui qui y parvient grâce au stoïcisme n'a pas, lui,
à se mettre au cynisme une fois devenu sage. Autrement dit, quand il s'exprime
de la sorte, Apollodore a présent à l'esprit la problématique des deux voies.
Qui aura emprunté la voie cynique s'y tiendra; qui aura marché vers la sagesse
en suivant la voie longue des Stoïciens ne changera pas d'orientation, une fois
arrivé au but ». Cette position est proche de celle que soutiendra Épictète: le
cynisme finalement ne peut être qu'exceptionnel. Le sage cynique est un modèle
certes, mais son mode de vie ne saurait constituer la voie habituelle que doit
parcourir le philosophe stoïcien175. Quant aux outrances cyniques, peut-être
pouvons-nous trouver un indice de la position d'Apollodore à leur égard. En
VII 121, dans la doxographie stoïcienne le point de vue d'Apollodore
(« ... comme le dit Apollodore dans son 'Éthique'») est suivi immédiatement
de la phrase:
« Il (le sage) goûtera aussi aux chairs humaines selon les circonstances
(Kcrtà nepictxaaiv) ».
Il s'agit là du point de vue d'un Stoïcien soucieux de réconciliation. Gêné par
les outrances cyniques, mais désireux de sauver la filiation, le Stoïcien en
question reconnaît que dans des circonstances exceptionnelles et particulières,
le sage peut être amené à manger de la chair humaine. Comme cette question
est liée au cynisme176 et que le point de vue d'Apollodore exprimé juste avant
a trait au cynisme, il n'est pas déraisonnable de penser que cette opinion sur
l'absorption de chair humaine émane également d'Apollodore177, un Apollo
dore un peu gêné, mais qui, toujours dans la perspective d'une conciliation,
admet les audaces cyniques dans un contexte d'exception.
A titre d'hypothèse bien sûr, nous suggérons donc qu'Apollodore est une
des sources majeures de l'ouvrage qu'utilisa Diogène Laërce quand il élabora
la doxogoraphie cynique générale. Le contenu exact de son influence est
difficile à déterminer. Nous lui prêtons, sur la base des indices repérés plus
haut, une vision des liens cynisme/stoïcisme qui tenterait de résoudre la
question dans le sens d'une conciliation fondée sur la parenté de télos entre
les deux écoles, le télos cynique étant attribué à Antisthène, sur une acceptation
des outrances cyniques dans un contexte où les circonstances l'exigeraient et
sur une reconnaissance de la place importante occupée par Zénon à l'origine
du stoïcisme. Si notre hypothèse était juste, Apollodore pourrait bien avoir
joué un rôle décisif dans la formulation explicite du thème des deux voies qui
par la suite connaîtra des variantes, par exemple dans les 'Lettres' des Cyni
ques178. On opposait en effet au raccourci vers la vertu emprunté par les
Cyniques la voie plus longue que suivaient les autres écoles philosophiques,
179 Voir ce que nous disions déjà dans 'Un syllogisme stoïcien', pp. 238 - 239.
180 Voir D. L. VII 39-40.
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 3947
1M Ciceron, De finibus III 68 (= S.V.F. III 645; p. 163, 18-20); traduction J. Martha.
185 Voir Cicéron, De officiis I 35, 128 et I 41, 148, deux passages qui reflètent certainement
le point de vue de Panétius. Cf. M. Pohlenz, Die Stoa. Geschichte einer geistigen
Bewegung. Tome II: Erläuterungen4, Göttingen 1972, p. 84 (ad I 155, 19).
186 Les fragments de cet ouvrage d'Antisthène portent les numéros 22 à 28 dans l'édition
Caizzi et les numéros 92 à 99 dans l'édition Giannantoni où ils sont commentés à la
note 32 du tome III, pp. 283 - 294.
187 Voir D. L. VII 87-88 et notre commentaire sur la définition d'un télos cynique dans
L'ascèse cynique, pp. 28 -38.
188 La thèse selon laquelle la vertu peut être enseignée est attribuée aux Stoïciens en VII 91
et celle selon laquelle la vertu, une fois acquise, ne peut être perdue était soutenue
également par Cléanthe (D. L. VII 127-128).
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 3949
d'être aimé, ne commet pas de faute, est ami de son sembable et ne confie
rien à la fortune. Or deux de ces qualités se retrouvent dans la doxographie
stoïcienne: en VII 123, il est dit que les sages ne commettent pas de fautes et
en VII 124 que l'amitié est réservée aux seuls sages à cause de la ressemblance.
Pour la source de la doxographie cynique générale Antisthène est donc bien
le penseur et le fondateur du cynisme. Diogène qui est cité à deux reprises
dans cette doxographie joue un rôle nettement secondaire. Une fois de plus,
ce choix ne saurait nous étonner s'il provient d'Apollodore. Écrivant une
introduction aux dogmes éthiques et évoquant le rapprochement cynisme/
stoïcisme, Apollodore a dû chercher le philosophe cynique qui présentait le
plus d'affinités avec la philosophie stoïcienne. Or l'œuvre doctrinale d'Antist-
hène était certainement supérieure à celle de Diogène qui ne méritait d'être
cité qu'à titre secondaire. C'est donc de 1' 'Héraclès' que fut tirée une définition
cynique du télos.
Maintenant que nous avons réuni tous les indices dont nous pouvions
disposer pour suggérer qu'Apollodore est bien la source du point de vue qui
sous-tend la doxographie cynique générale, pouvons-nous vraisemblablement
supposer que sa thèse d'un cynisme considéré comme « raccourci vers la
vertu », thèse citée de façon anonyme en VI 104, est parvenue à Diogène
Laërce par le truchement de Dioclès?
C. Bilan
Les liens cynisme/stoïcisme ont été dans l'école stoïcienne le lieu d'un
débat au second siècle, débat dont nous rencontrons des traces chez Apollodore
de Séleucie, Panétius et son cercle, chez Cicéron et l'Épicurien Philodème.
Apollodore soutient une position précise: le sage peut dans certaines circon
stances faire le chien, le cynisme étant un raccourci vers la vertu. D'autres
devaient être plus catégoriques et refuser le lien, ou ne l'accepter qu'en
pratiquant maintes athétèses et en niant l'authenticité de la 'Politeia' diogé-
nienne.
Les remarques faites précédemment nous invitent à conclure que la source
originelle dont s'inspire la doxographie cynique générale dans Diogène Laërce,
pourrait être 'Les introductions aux dogmes' du philosophe stoïcien Apollo
dore de Séleucie, qui a dit clairement que le sage fera le chien. Cette source
devait affirmer les deux principes que l'on rencontre dans la doxographie
cynique, à savoir que le cynisme est une aïpeaiç à part entière et qu'il y a
une communauté de dogmes entre les deux écoles cynique et stoïcienne. Le
raisonnement tenu par Apollodore et que nous avons évoqué plus haut était
sous-tendu par la perspective des deux voies qui s'harmonise parfaitement
avec l'idée d'une parenté entre les deux écoles. Pour cette source le fondateur
du cynisme est bien Antisthène; c'est lui qui fournit au mouvement ses assises
théoriques; enfin les deux Stoïciens qu'il faut absolument évoquer quand on
parle des liens cynisme/stoïcisme sont Zénon, le fondateur du mouvement, et
le disciple qui, avec Chrysippe, joua un rôle de tout premier plan: Ariston de
Chios. La source immédiate de Diogène Laërce, qui pourrait être Dioclès, se
serait donc appuyée directement ou non sur les vues développées par Apollo
dore dans la partie éthique de son ouvrage190.
On doit se demander encore quel rapport entretient la doxographie
cynique générale dont la perspective, comme nous venons de le voir, est
fortement stoïcisée, avec la doxographie stoïcienne qui commence en VII
117 191 . Apollodore est cité à trois reprises; en VII 118:
oùSè uf|v XunnGr|аeаGа1 тôv aocpóv, Sià xo тí|v Xuпnv äXoyov elvai OucxroXr|v
xfjç yuxr|с., ebç 'AnoXXoScopоç cpnaiv èv тfj 'НGuсд,
190 On remarquera que dans la doxographie du livre VI il n'est pas fait allusion aux côtés
outrés et obscènes du cynisme et du premier stoïcisme. Diogène Laërce (ou sa source)
semble avoir choisi de ne retenir que les côtés dignes de l'éthique cynique et son origine
antisthénienne, plutôt que les aspects choquants que l'on pouvait rencontrer dans la
'Politeia' de Diogène. En revanche, au livre VII, en appendice aux biographies de Zénon
et de Chrysippe, il fait état de la 'Politeia' de Zénon et de plusieurs ouvrages de Chrysippe
qui se sont attiré des reproches. J. Mansfeld, dans la troisième partie de sa riche étude
déjà citée, Diogenes Laertius on Stoic philosophy, pp. 328-351, a très bien mis en
évidence les deux conceptions différentes de la continuité Cyniques-Stoïciens que l'on
rencontre chez Diogène Laërce, l'une soulignant les aspects dignes, l'autre les idées
immorales et obscènes.
1,1 Sur ce passage, voir la note 154.
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 3951
en VII 121 où est donné sous une forme condensée le raisonnement dont nous
avons indiqué plus haut la reconstitution:
kuvieïv x" auxôv elvai yàp xôv Kuviauov oûvxouov èn' àpexr|v óSôv, cbç
'AnoAAôSoapoç èv xr| 'HGlKfj
(la phrase qui suit est probablement aussi d'Apollodore, ainsi que nous l'avons
déjà expliqué: yeùoxaGori xe kcù àvGpconivcov aapKÔv Kaxà nepûJxaaiv), et en VII
125 où la 'Physique' d'Apollodore est citée à coté du traité 'Sur les vertus' de
Chrysippe et de l'ouvrage du même titre d'Hécaton. L"Éthique' d'Apollodore
est donc une source importante de cette partie de la doxographie stoïcienne.
Rien ne nous permet de penser que Diogène Laërce a trouvé cette partie chez
Dioclès, mais rien ne permet non plus d'exclure cette possibilité.
L"Éthique' d'Apollodore en fait a dû, parce que c'était un exposé introduc-
tif à l'éthique stoïcienne, jouer un rôle énorme dans la constitution des diverses
doxographies stoïciennes. On retrouve en effet Apollodore cité de façon
anonyme par Arius Didyme192, par le doxographe de la 'Souda' qui rédigea
l'article Kuvktuôç (dans ces deux cas il s'agit du raisonnement sur le cynisme,
raccourci vers la vertu) et par le doxographe auquel Diogène Laërce emprunta
la première partie de la doxographie morale stoïcienne (de VII 84 à VII 116).
En effet on retrouve en VII 111-112, sans indication de nom, la définition
du chagrin attribuée à Apollodore en VII 118, mais cette fois avec tout un
développement systématique, dû probablement aussi à Apollodore, sur les
diverses formes du chagrin.
Enfin la lecture des 'Vies' laërtiennes nous semble inviter à rapprocher
un certain nombre de doxographies qui présentent bien des points communs
sur le plan formel autant que sur le plan de contenu. Elles traitent du sage et
de sa façon de vivre. Il s'agit d'une partie de la doxographie cyrénaïque (II
91 - 93), des deux doxographies antisthéniennes (VI 10 - 13), de la doxographie
cynique générale (VI 103-105), d'une partie de la doxographie éthique stoï
cienne (VII 117-131) et peut-être des dogmes épicuriens sur le sage (X 117 —
121). Une étude d'ensemble systématique de ces doxographies permettrait de
dresser un bilan des différents topoi concernant le sage et de mieux connaître
le processus d'écriture doxographique.
greffer diverses adjonctions. La 'Vie' d'Antisthène illustre bien une des idées
exprimées par P. Moraux193: «En somme, on pourrait comparer la tradition
qui aboutit à Diogène à un long fleuve qui se charge d'alluvions et grossit à
mesure qu'il s'écoule».
Nous avons tendance à penser qu'il y avait au départ un ßioc, relativement
succinct (reproduit en caractères gras) qui présentait Antisthène comme un
disciple de Gorgias passé ensuite à Socrate. Ce ßioç socratique a peu à peu
reçu diverses amplifications (ces additions seront imprimées en caractères
standard), certaines dues à Diogène Laërce, d'autres lui étant probablement
antérieures; Diogène Laërce d'autre part lui a adjoint divers suppléments
empruntés ailleurs (en italiques): 1) la collection d'apophtegmes, 2) les deux
doxographies qui s'ouvrent chacune par une formule introductive, 3) une
épigramme de sa composition. La liste des œuvres et la liste des homonymes
sont peut-être elles aussi des suppléments laërtiens, mais on ne peut en être
tout à fait sûr. Pour les homonymes en effet, il est possible que la source de
Diogène Laërce soit Démétrius de Magnésie auquel il semble avoir eu un accès
direct, mais ce n'est pas dit, et J. MeIer, dans son article sur cet auteur194,
met en garde contre la tendance qu'il y aurait à vouloir attribuer toutes les
listes d'homonymes à Démétrius, sous prétexte que celui-ci est cité comme la
source des homonymes de I 38 et 79. MeIer n'exclut pas la possibilité que
les listes d'homonymes aient été transmises en même temps que les vies
individuelles195. On pourrait certes nous objecter qu'il n'y a jamais eu de ßioc,
succinct, que dès le départ ce ßioç comportait ce que nous avons appelé des
additions. Il est effectivement très difficile de préciser à quel niveau se situent
les interventions des prédécesseurs de Diogène Laërce - le ßioc, dont il
disposait avait dû déjà être remanié et amplifié — et les siennes propres. L'état
actuel du texte ne permet pas de distinguer les étapes de l'évolution qui du
ßioç originel a abouti au texte laërtien. Néanmoins, et c'est ce que nous
voudrions montrer à travers l'analyse de détail du chapitre consacré à Antis
thène, il y eut certainement, à l'origine plus ou moins lointaine de ce chapitre,
une 'Vie' d'Antisthène qui présentait celui-ci comme un Socratique, sans faire
intervenir de phase cynique dans son existence, et dont nous pouvons répérer
maintes traces dans le texte actuel.
Outre les arguments que nous pourrons avancer dans chaque cas d'addi
tion pris individuellement, nous voudrions signaler que le canevas qui nous
semble être originel est un schéma qui revient assez souvent dans les 'Vies'.
En plus du nom de l'auteur et des indications sur ses origines, la partie la plus
reconnaissable de ce schéma concerne les maîtres fréquentés par le philosophe
en question. On la retrouve par exemple en IV 29 (Arcésilas), IV 52 (Bion),
VII 166 (Denys le Stoïcien), VII 179 (Chrysippe). Ce schéma a pu être reproduit
comme tel par Diogène Laërce ou il a pu recevoir des amplifications.
m D'autres cas similaires peuvent être signalés par exemple en I 84, II 19. 57. 66, IV 33.
34, VII 15 (deux fois) et 16 pour öGev Kai, et en II 60. 122. 126, IV 21 et VII 1. 3 pour
öGev. Peut-être est-ce II 57 qui illustre le mieux le procédé d'addition laërtien: « Xénophon
était appelé Muse Attique à cause de la douceur de son élocution », dit Diogène Laërce.
« D'où les rapports de jalousie que lui-même et Platon entretenaient l'un à l'égard de
l'autre, comme nous le dirons dans notre chapitre sur Platon ». En fait dans ce passage
les additions succèdent aux additions. Suite à cette conclusion personnelle qu'il ajoute
lui-même au témoignage qu'il vient de citer, Diogène Laërce enchaîne avec deux épigram-
mes de sa composition. Puis, il procède à deux nouvelles additions dans la même phrase;
il dit: « J'ai trouvé ailleurs que son acmè se situait à la cent quatre-vingtième Olympiade,
comme ce fut le cas pour les autres Socratiques, et Istros dit qu'il est parti en exil par
décret d'Eubule et qu'il est revenu par décret du même personnage». Un autre cas
d'addition particulièrement évident est à signaler en VI 14 où le öOev Kai introduit une
épigramme d'Athénée dont nous montrerons plus loin qu'elle n'est pas vraiment à sa
place. Toutefois il est des passages, tels II 90, VII 2. 31. 42 où öGev n'introduit peut-être
pas une addition, car ce qui suit semble faire partie intégrante du texte en cours.
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 3955
1,8 Cette collection d'apophtegmes en effet n'est peut-être pas homogène. R. Helm, op. cit.,
p. 238, n. 1, avait déjà signalé qu'en 3 et en 9 des apophtegmes faisaient intervenir des
jeunes gens du Pont, qu'en 3 et 7 elle faisait allusion au différend entre Diogène et
Platon, qu'en 4 et 6 on trouvait une comparaison avec les médecins et en 5 et 8 des
apophtegmes sur la façon de se comporter face à la louange. Il en avait conclu que cette
collection pouvait reposer sur deux couches d'apophtegmes, l'une allant de 3 à 5, l'autre
de 6 à 9. En l'absence d'autre indice, on ne peut que manifester de la prudence. Dans
ce genre de littérature, la seule constatation de récurrences thématiques ne saurait être
concluante. Nous verrons en revanche que dans la collection du chapitre consacré à
Diogène, aux récurrences thématiques viendront dans plusieurs cas s'ajouter des variantes
pour une même anecdote.
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 3959
200 Voir par exemple II 91 (à la fin de la doxographie cyrénaïque); VII 120. 127. 128. 129.
131 (dans la dernière partie de la doxographie éthique stoïcienne); IX 30 (la formule
introduit la doxographie consacrée à Leucippe). On rencontre aussi cette formule dans
la doxographie stoïcienne d'Arius Didyme (par exemple Stobée II 7, llg et llk) et dans
la partie du 'De Stoicis' de Philodème qui donne le contenu de la 'Politeia' de Diogène
(col. XVIII, p. 102 Dorandi). Dans le même registre, on peut trouver aussi zà àpécncovxa
(par exemple en II 2 pour Anaximandre, en III 67 pour Platon).
201 Ex.: VII 117. 120 (Zénon et les Stoïciens).
202 Ex.: II 8 (Anaxagore); II 16 (Archélaos).
203 Ex.: VII 120 (Zénon et les Stoïciens); VIII 85 (Philolaos); IX 24 (Mélissos). 44 (Démocrite).
57 (Diogène d'Apollonie).
204 Ex.: II 17 (Archélaos).
205 Ex.: II 86 (Cyrénaïques).
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 3961
Kai ôiKaiovç- âva(paipexov ônkov rj âpexff Kpehzôv èozi pzx' ôkiycov aya9ojv npôç
ânavxaç xovç kglkoùç fj pzxâ nokkcov Kaxobv npàç àkiyouç âya9oùç pâxsadai.
npoaéxeiv xoîç èx9poîç npcoxoi yàp x&v âpapxrjpâxcov aio9âvovxai. xàv ôiKaiov
nspi nkeiovoç noieîodai xov ovyyevoûç' âvôpàç Kai yvvaiKàç rj avxtj âpezrj- zâyadà
xakâ, xà kolkù aiaxpâ- xâ novnpà vôpiÇe navxa ÇeviKâ.
13 Teîxoç âa(pakéaxaxov (ppôvrjaiv prjxe yâp Kaxappeîv pjjxe npoâiôoadai. teixrj
KaxaoKevaoxéov êv xoîç aùxùv âvakdixoiç koyiapoîç.
ôieXéycxo ô'èv xcp KuvooâpyEi yi>uvaci<p uiKpàv ânorôev xcov TtuXwv
[Nous n'avons aucune raison de mettre en doute le fait qu'Antisthène ait
enseigné au Cynosarges, et cela quel qu'ait pu être son rôle dans la naissance
du cynisme. C'était un fait et le pioç tout naturellement devait en faire état.]
13 a ôGev xivèç Kai xt|v kuviktiv evxeùGev ÔvouaaGf|vai. aùxôç x' bnzKaXzïzo
'AkXokvwv. Kai nprôxoç èSinXcoae xôv xpipcova, KaGâ cpnai AioKXfjç, Kai uôvcp
aùxrâ èxpfjxo- pâKxpov x' àvéXape Kai Ttf|pav. npahov 8è Kai Neav9nç cpnai
SiTiXcoaai Goinâxiov. IcoaiKpàxr|ç 8' èv xpixrj AiaSoxcov AiôScopov xôv 'Aanév-
Siov, Kai ncbycova KaGeîvai Kai nr|pa Kai pâKxpcp xpfjaGai.
[Il s'agit d'un ensemble d'additions dont la première est introduite par
ôGev. Elles concernent d'une part l'origine du nom « cynisme », d'autre part le
« cynisme » d'Antisthène. Dans cette addition est cité celui à qui Diogène
Laërce a, selon nous, emprunté ses additions concernant Antisthène fondateur
du cynisme, autrement dit Dioclès. Si Antisthène est le premier à avoir doublé
son manteau, cela signifie qu'il est le premier à avoir porté l'accoutrement
cynique. Nous aurions tendance à considérer que c'est également chez Dioclès
qu'était indiqué le surnom d"AnXoKûcov; il nous faut néanmoins reconnaître
que les trois manuscrits B, P, F, ont une ponctuation forte (soit un point en
haut, soit deux points) avant Kai Ttprâxoç. La comparaison avec Jérôme permet
de comprendre comment la biographie d'Antisthène en est venue à faire état
d'une phase cynique. Il est dit chez Jérôme qu'Antisthène vendit tout ce qu'il
avait et qu'il ne conserva rien de plus qu'un palliolum, c'est-à-dire un tribôn.
De là à lui faire doubler ce tribôn, il n'y avait qu'un pas qui fut vite franchi,
non sans soulever quelque difficulté, comme l'indique la divergence entre
d'une part Dioclès et Néanthe, de l'autre Sosicrate. Franchir ce pas était
d'autent plus aisé qu'Antisthène avait enseigné au Cynosarges, un gymnase
dont le nom était prédestiné étymologiquement à avoir quelque lien avec la
philosophie des chiens!]
14 Toûxov uôvov èK Tiâvxcov LwKpaxiKÔv ©eôttou»ioç ETtaivEÎ Kai q>T)cri Seivôv
x ' Elvai Kai Si ' ôp.iXiaç £|i|iEXoû,; ÛTtayayéoGai nâvQ ' ôvxivoûv. 6f|X.ov ô ' ek
xcôv auyypanuâxcov kôk xoû ÎEVocpwvxoç Luunoaiou.
[On ne s'étonne pas de trouver dans un pioç qui présente Antisthène
comme un Socratique la mention d'un auteur: Théopompe, qui précisément
rangeait Antisthène parmi les Socratiques. D'autre part c'est ici qu'intervient
une des deux mentions de Xénophon que nous signalions plus haut, au
3962 MARIE-ODILE GOULET-CAZÉ
20* J. Bernays, Theophrastos' Schrift über die Frömmigkeit. Ein Beitrag zur Religionsge
schichte mit kritischen und erklärenden Bemerkungen zu Porphyrios' Schrift über Enthalt
samkeit, Berlin, 1886, p. 32 et pp. 159-160, a montré de façon convaincante que la
source de Jérôme était le 'De Abstinentia' de Porphyre; F. Leo, op. cit., pp. 120-124,
et A. Nauck, à la page 269 de l'édition du 'De Abstinentia' qu'il produisit en 1886 chez
Teubner, partagent cet avis.
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 3963
source commune et que Jérôme n'aurait pas retenu — , puis à rappeler (en VI
15) les deux caractéristiques du philosophe. Les deux mentions au départ
devaient se suivre. Or dans l'état actuel du texte de Diogène Laërce elles sont
séparées l'une de l'autre par toute une série d'additions que nous allons
examiner prochainement. En l'absence du parallèle de Jérôme, nous n'aurions
jamais su s'il fallait considérer les deux mentions de Xénophon dans le texte
laërtien comme des additions de Diogène Laërce lui-même ou comme des
éléments qui existaient déjà dans la source qu'il utilisait. La prise en considéra
tion simultanée du texte laërtien et du passage de l''Adversus Jovinianum'
laisse supposer d'une part que dans leurs deux sources il était déjà fait appel
au 'Banquet' de Xénophon et aux ouvrages d'Antisthène, d'autre part que
Xénophon y dégageait deux caractéristiques d'Antisthène: la qualité de sa
parole et sa façon de vivre fondée sur l'effort et la tempérance207.
Mais la comparaison ne s'arrête pas là. Nous avions indiqué précédem
ment que le témoignage de Jérôme comportait une suite qui concernait
Diogène. Cette suite étant assez longue (P. L. 23, cols 304 — 305), nous en
citerons seulement le début et nous résumerons succinctement le contenu de
la fin:
Hujus (i. e. Antisthenes) Diogenes Me famosissimus sectator fuit, potentior
rege Alexandro et naturae victor humanae. Nam cum discipulorum Antis
thenes nullum reciperet et perseverantem Diogenem removere non posset,
novissime clava minatus est, nisi abiret. Cui Me subjecisse dicitur caput
atque dixisse: 'nullus tam durus baculus erit, qui me a tuo possit obsequio
separare.' Refert Satyrus, qui Mustrium virorum scribit historias, quod
Diogenes palliolo duplici usus sit propter frigus, peram pro cellario
habuerit secumque portant clavam ob corpusculi fragilitatem, qua jam
senex membra sustentare solitus erat, et r|uepôpioç vulgo appellatus sit,
in praesentem horam poscens a quolibet et accipiens cibum.
Suivent des développements sur le tonneau, l'enfant qui buvait dans ses
mains208 et dont la vue amena Diogène à se débarrasser de tout superflu, et sur
la mort de Diogène209. Nous constatons immédiatement que les paragraphes 21
à 23, auxquels on voudra bien se reporter, du chapitre de Diogène Laërce
consacré à Diogène offrent de multiples parallèles avec ce passage de Jérôme210:
207 E. Schwartz, art. cit., col. 746 ( = Idem, Griechische Geschichtschreiber, p. 465), pensait
que Diogène Laërce avait recopié à la suite dans deux modèles différents deux passages
parallèles (xoùxov uôvov ... Kaxdp^ai et oùxoç fjyfiaaxo ... nepi z&XXa) que l'insertion
de l'épigramme d'Athénée était venue séparer. La parallèle de Jérôme ne va pas dans le
sens de cette hypothèse.
208 Cet épisode se retrouve en Diogène Laërce VI 37 dans la collection d'apophtegmes.
209 Comme le faisait remarquer déjà très justement Léo, cette version de la mort de Diogène
qui aurait été saisi de fièvre au moment des jeux olympiques, n'est pas présente parmi
les multiples versions relatées par Diogène Laërce VI 76 - 77.
2,0 F. Léo, op. cit., pp. 120-125, avait déjà procédé à cette mise en parallèle des deux
témoignages.
3964 MARIE-ODILE GOULET-CAZÉ
21, F. Leo a donc probablement raison de penser que c'est Satyros qui citait Olympiodore,
Polyceute et Lysanias.
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 3965
212 Satyros prétend que Diogène n'a rien écrit et que les tragédies qu'on lui attribue sont
en fait de son disciple Philiscos.
261 ANRW II 36.6
3966 MARIE-ODILE GOULET-CAZÉ
2M Ceci n'implique pas bien sûr que l'auteur de la liste soit un auteur de pioi, de AiaSoxai
ou de nepi aipéaecov. La source de Diogène Laërce a pu l'emprunter ailleurs. A. Patzer,
Antisthenes der Sokratiker, pp. 111-117, pense que cette liste a été rédigée par un
Stoïcien du premier ou de second siècle av. J.-C.
215 J. Meier, op. cit., p. 29, n. 61.
2M
3968 MARIE-ODILE GOULET-CAZÉ
216 Sur les épigrammes de Diogène Laërce, voir M. Gigante, Biografia e Dossografia in
Diogene Laerzio, plus précisément la partie c de cette contribution intitulée: 'Gli Epi-
grammi quale contributo biodossografico', Elenchos, 7 (1986), 34 - 44.
217 Voir note 11.
2,8 Voir pp. 3882 -3887.
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 3969
Cette analyse est loin d'avoir résolu tous les problèmes du chapitre
consacré à Antisthène. On peut à coup sûr progresser encore et on s'apercevra
peut-être alors que certaines prises de position énoncées dans la présente
analyse doivent être abandonnées ou du moins modifiées. Qu'importe? L'essen
tiel est de débroussailler le terrain au maximum. C'est à cette seule condition
qu'on peut espérer peut-être faire un jour la lumière sur un problème qui
jusqu'à présent n'a pas encore été parfaitement résolu: Antisthène fut-il ou
non le fondateur du cynisme? La présente analyse a au moins mis en évidence
que circulait, à une date certainement très ancienne, une 'Vie' d'Antisthène où
ce philosophe était perçu comme un rhéteur, disciple de Gorgias, passé ensuite
au socratisme, et où le cynisme n'intervenait pas. Ceci ne suffit peut-être pas
pour tirer des conclusions décisives sur le problème évoqué, mais il faut
reconnaître que c'est un élément de plus en faveur de ceux qui considèrent
que la fréquentation de Diogène par Antisthène a été inventée après coup pour
assurer une filiation socratique au stoïcisme.
Le trait qui frappe le plus à la lecture du livre VI, et des autres d'ailleurs219,
est l'absence de rédaction finale, comme si ce texte avait été copié alors qu'il
était encore au stade de son élaboration. A plusieurs signes se reconnaît le
219 Nous avons évoqué plus haut la différence qui sépare les intentions formulées en II 47
concernant l'ordre des auteurs traités, et celui effectivement suivi.
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 3971
m Voir à la page 3898 les explications qui ont été données à ce propos.
m R Moraux, art. cit., pp. 254 - 255.
3972 MARIE-ODILE GOULET-CAZÉ
raison que l'on ignore, l'auteur des 'Vies' n'a pu recopier lui-même son fichier,
ce qui lui aurait permis de procéder à toutes sortes de réajustements qu'il
avait probablement prévus. Un scribe assuma cette tâche et copia bêtement à
la suite les unes des autres les fiches du fichier, sans se rendre compte que
certaines additions étaient regroupées et qu'il fallait les répartir au moment
de la copie. Cette interprétation a le mérite d'expliquer d'une manière simple
tous les problèmes d'insertion des ajouts. Elle se distingue, même si elle en est
proche, de celle de P. Moraux226, qui voyait trois stades chronologiquement
indépendants dans la composition laërtienne: la rédaction sur rouleau d'un
énoncé préexistant, puis l'addition de Lesefrùchte ultérieurs, enfin le recopiage
mécanique du texte primitif et des marginalia par un copiste qui commit des
maladresses. Mouraviev, lui, considère qu'en fait Diogène Laërce avait éla
boré un fichier sur tablettes qui lui permettait d'insérer au fur et à mesure les
nouvelles lectures qui l'intéressaient, autrement dit qu'il respectait « une mé
thode de travail adoptée d'avance et nécessitant une technique particulière».
Si cette hypothèse des pugillares classés dans des boîtes est plausible227, comme
semble l'affirmer Mouraviev228, elle pourrait effectivement rendre compte de
bien des aspects des 'Vies' laërtiennes.
Les interprétations de P. Moraux et de S. N. Mouraviev sont toutes
deux fort séduisantes et il est probable que, dans l'état actuel de nos connais
sances, on ne pourra pas aller plus loin dans l'élaboration des hypothèses.
L'une comme l'autre, celle de Mouraviev peut-être davantage que celle de
Moraux, pourraient expliquer plusieurs anomalies relevées dans la 'Vie'
d'Antisthène. Un fait est sûr: le texte laërtien est le résultat de multiples
additions à un texte suivi rédigé par Diogène Laërce (et comportant lui-même
des suppléments. Mais ce n'est pas là la seule différence entre ces deux catégories. Les
suppléments traitent des sujets importants non-traités dans le TB (DOX., HOMON.)
ou citent des documents originaux (LETTRES, EPIGR.) ... Les additions sont, elles, des
espèces de notes comme celles que, de nos jours, nous reléguons en bas de page ou en
fin de chapitre. Diogène y cite le plus souvent des variantes ou des compléments
d'information concernant tel ou tel point (souvent secondaire) déjà traité dans le corps
du TB ou du supplément concerné, voire dans l'addition précédente ».
226 P. Moraux, art. cit., p. 261.
227 L'utilisation de ces pugillares est bien attestée dans le cas de Pline l'Ancien. Son neveu,
Pline le Jeune (Lettre III 5, 15) qui raconte comment il consacrait à l'étude les moindres
temps libres que lui laissait le service de l'État, note qu'en voyage son oncle, libéré de
tout autre souci, n'avait plus que celui du travail: « A ses côtés, (il y avait) un esclave
secrétaire (notarius) muni d'un livre et de petites tablettes (cum libro et pugillaribus),
portant en hiver des manches tombant sur les mains pour que la rudesse de la température
n'enlevât rien à l'étude» (trad. Anne-Marie Guillemin). Ailleurs encore, par exemple
en I 6, 1 et en VI 5, 6, Pline fait allusion à ces tablettes qui servaient à prendre des notes.
Voir aussi Sénèque, Lettre à Lucilius 15, 6 et Suétone, Vie d'Auguste 39.
228 Outre l'exemple de Pline, Mouraviev signale à la note 31 de son article la découverte
en juillet 1875 à Pompéi d'une boîte contenant des tablettes. Il s'agissait de 127 tablettes
de bois, les unes se rapportant à des ventes, les autres étant des quittances concernant
le paiement des rentes municipales; sur cette découverte, voir G. de Petra, La tavolette
cerate di Pompei rinvenute a' 3 e 5 lugio 1875, Atti delIa R. Accademia dei Lincei, ser. 2,
t. 3, part. 3 (1875-1876) 150 - 230.
3974 MARIE-ODILE GOULET-CAZÉ
déjà des additions antérieures à Diogène Laërce greffées sur des matériaux
primitifs). D'où l'intérêt de repérer en premier lieu, comme le suggérait
Moraux, les additions ou les corrections faites après coup au texte primitif.
Outre ces insertions, il faudrait repérer aussi les répétitions ou du moins les
parallèles à telle ou telle anecdote qui résultent de ce que le texte de Diogène
Laërce est l'aboutissement de dérivations multiples, mais qui, s'il y avait eu
une rédaction finale de l'ouvrage par Diogène Laërce, auraient probablement
été supprimés.
229 A. Delatte, La Vie de Pythagore de Diogène Laërce, Édition critique avec introduction
et commentaire, Académie royale de Belgique. Classe des Lettres et des Sciences Morales
et Politiques, 17, 1922, pp. 16-34; voir aussi ce que dit J. Mansfeld, art. cit., p. 303:
"Without denying that his work is a compilation, I would like to emphasize (although
exceptions exist) that his style and vocabulary are fairly uniform, and especially so when
he appears to speak in his own right. To imagine him (i.e. D. L.) as a pair of scissors
attached in some way or other to the ancient equivalent of a xerox machine would be
unwise. The book has structure".
230 On relève par exemple «je» en II 59, VII 38. 189, VIII 53 où il dit carrément: «J'ai
trouvé dans les 'Commentaires' de Favorinus ... », et « nous » en I 97, II 85, VII 37.
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 3975
en VI 74:
« Il était des plus prompts dans ses réparties verbales comme le montre
tout ce que nous avons dit précédemment ».
Diogène Laërce par conséquent a une certaine vue d'ensemble de son texte,
ou du moins quelques points de repère.
— les jugement personnels. Ce mode d'intervention est capital dans le
livre VI. Diogène Laërce prend nettement position et même s'il a trouvé la
thèse principale qu'il soutient dans une de ses sources, il l'adopte avec convic
tion. Ainsi en VI 103:
« Voilà pour la biographie des Cyniques. Nous allons maintenant y ajouter
les doctrines professées en commun, car nous estimons que la philosophie
cynique est une école de pensée et non, comme le croient certains, une
façon de vivre ».
- les confusions dues à sa façon de travailler. Depuis longtemps232 on
a remarqué que lorsque Diogène Laërce dit en VI 99:
« Méléagre qui vécut à son époque (s. e., en fonction du contexte, celle
de Ménippe) »,
il a dû transformer un xoO KaG' rjuâç lu dans sa source: Dioclès, en un xoù Kax'
aùxôv. Si le pronom renvoyait à Ménippe, ce serait tout bonnement absurde,
puisque quelque 150 ans séparent Ménippe de Méléagre, alors que si c'est
Dioclès qui a présenté Méléagre comme son contemporain, il n'y a là plus rien
d'étonnant. Une fois de plus, on se rend compte qu'un traitement d'ensemble du
texte avant de le livrer aux copistes eût permis d'éviter ce qui est devenu dans
l'état actuel du texte une malencontreuse erreur chronologique. Autre cas,
bien connu lui aussi233 et déjà signalé: le dernier Cynique auquel Diogène
Laërce a voulu consacrer un chapitre234 dans son livre VI, Ménédème, est
peut-être le résultat d'une mauvaise relecture que Diogène Laërce aurait
1" En fait, si Diogène Laërce peut être le responsable de la confusion, il n'est pas exclu que
celle-ci revienne au copiste.
lM> Sur ces deux listes et les problèmes qu'elles posent, voir notre ouvrage, L'ascèse cynique,
Excursus II, pp. 85-90.
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 3977
net en VI 14/15 avec l'épigramme d'Athénée. D'autre part, dans la vie d'un
philosophe important, il peut intégrer les vies de ses disciples et éventuellement
les vies des disciples de ses disciples, ce qui, parfois, entraîne des situations
un peu compliquées. Nous avons montré dans un article antérieur240 les
problèmes que posait l'insertion de la vie de ses disciples dans le 'Bios' de
Cratès. A cause de cette construction gigogne, où les vies des disciples secondai
res peuvent venir s'emboîter dans la vie du maître, une liste de disciples de
Cratès avait en fait été à tort considérée jusqu'à nos jours comme une liste
de disciples de Métroclès. D'autre part cette vie de Cratès est assez curieuse,
car, après avoir traité assez longuement de Métroclès et d'Hipparchia, Diogène
Laërce revient à Cratès et termine son 'Bios' comme s'il ne l'avait pas inter
rompu. Puis viennent deux Cyniques qui devaient être assez célèbres pour que
Diogène Laërce éprouve le besoin de leur consacrer à chacun une rubrique:
Ménippe et Ménédème, tous deux disciples de Cratès. On peut se demander
pourquoi Diogène Laërce ne les a pas insérés eux aussi dans le 'Bios' de Cratès,
comme Métroclès et Hipparchia.
Les chries que nous pouvons lire actuellement dans le livre VI sont
l'aboutissement de toute une tradition où viennent se rejoindre le stade oral,
c'est-à-dire la transmission de bouche à oreille des dits et des anecdotes
cyniques, le stade écrit à un premier niveau: celui des auteurs cyniques et de
leurs contemporains, stoïciens ou autres, qui ont pu écrire des ouvrages d'où
furent tirés par la suite des apophtegmes ou fabriquer, comme Métroclès, des
collections de chries, enfin le stade écrit à des niveaux ultérieurs, celui des
biographes qui accordaient une place aux chries dans les biographies qu'ils
rédigeaient et celui des compilateurs qui faisaient des collections de chries sur
tel ou tel philosophe.
1. L'analyse de J. F. Kindstrand
240 Une liste de disciples de Cratès le Cynique en Diogène Laërce 6, 95, pp. 247 — 252.
241 J. F. Kindstrand, Diogenes Laertius and the Chreia Tradition, Elenchos 7 (1986) 219-
243. Voir aussi F. Trouillet, Les sens du mot XPEIA des origines à son emploi
rhétorique, La Licorne (Publication de la Faculté des Lettres et des Langues de l'Université
de Poitiers), 1979, fascicule 3, pp. 41-64; R. F. Hock et E. N. O'Neil, The Chreia in
Ancient Rhetoric, t. I: The Progymnasmata, Society of Biblical Literature - Texts and
Translations, 27 - Graeco-Roman Religion, Atlanta (Georgia), 1986, XV -358 p.
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 3979
242 Kindstrand pense que l'appellation « chrie » pouvait désigner un court traité philosophi
que, probablement plus court, mais peut-être pas très différent de ce qu'on appelle
8iaxpipfi.
243 Les 'Chries' de Métroclès sont citées en VI 33. Kindstrand, art. cité, p. 227, explique
que les 'Chries' attribuées à Aristippe (D. L. II 85) sont plutôt des chries rapportant des
dits d'Aristippe. On ne saurait donc, dans ce cas, s'appuyer sur ces 'Chries' d'Aristippe
pour contester à Métroclès la primeur du premier recueil de 'Chries' connu.
244 A la différence de la yvûur| qui est un court dit en poésie ou en prose, de caractère
moral et général. Sur la yvcdut|, voir J. P. Lfvet, 'PHTOP et TNfiMH. Présentation
sémantique et recherches isocratiques, La Licorne (Publication de la Faculté des Lettres
et des Langues de l'Université de Poitiers), 1979, fascicule 3, pp. 9-40, plus spécialement
pp. 32-40.
245 Ainsi par exemple en I 35 et en I 79.
246 Cicéron, De Officiis I 29, 104: Multa multorum facete dicta, ut ea, quae a Sene Catone
collecta sunt, quae vocantur àrtocp9éyuaxa ».
3980 MARIE-ODILE GOULET-CAZÉ
Après avoir étudié les différents textes des 'Vies' qui nous renseignent sur
le vocabulaire utilisé par Diogène Laërce, Kindstrand estime que Diogène
Laërce trouvait probablement dans ses sources le terme ànôcpGeyua. On remar
que en effet qu'il n'emploie quasi jamais247 àTtouvriuôneuua ni xpeia quand il
fait allusion à ses collections. Celles-ci sont introduites par un des verbes:
zXeye, ëcpaaKe ou àvacpépexai.
Kindstrand explique encore qu'il y avait des échanges constants de
matériel entre les différentes collections: une anecdote peut en effet être
abrégée en un simple dit, alors qu'un simple dit peut être développé en une
anecdote. Le matériel utilisé par les compilateurs était essentiellement la
tradition orale, les œuvres des philosophes et les biographies les concernant.
Ces collections pouvaient se rapporter ou à un individu seul, ou à un groupe
limité (c'est le cas par exemple des 'Chries' du Stoïcien Hécaton qui traitent
des philosophes cyniques et stoïciens248) ou encore à un grand nombre de
gens cités soit par ordre alphabétique, soit en fonction des thèmes, soit
d'après le premier mot de chaque item. Diogène Laërce quant à lui devait
avoir accès à une vaste littérature sous forme de collections de dits et il a
(lui-même ou ses prédécesseurs) combiné plusieurs sources, puisqu'une même
anecdote peut se présenter à des endroits différents sous des formes différen
tes: « Les caractéristiques de forme et de contenu indiquent que les collections
dans Diogène ne peuvent pas toutes venir d'une collection originellement
uniforme. Cette combinaison de sources peut avoir eu lieu déjà longtemps
avant Diogène»249.
Kindstrand s'est également demandé si les collections que l'on trouve
chez Diogène Laërce provenaient de gnomologies ou de biographies. Nous
avons déjà exposé son avis sur ce point. Nous le rappelons brièvement:
Diogène Laërce n'a pu trouver dans sa source biographique les collections
sous la forme qu'elles ont actuellement dans les 'Vies'; il les a plutôt empruntées
à une collection et les a incluses dans sa compilation, parfois en raison
d'associations d'idées.
Pour terminer, Kindstrand s'interroge sur le but poursuivi par Diogène
Laërce lorsqu'il a inséré ces collections dans ses 'Vies'. En raison de leur
importance, de leur extension, elles devaient représenter pour lui un moyen
essentiel de caractéristation des philosophes dont il parlait. La chrie avait
l'avantage de traiter de questions éthiques et pratiques sous une forme atti
rante, grâce à la pointe d'esprit qu'elle comportait le plus souvent.
Cette étude claire et bien étayée nous offre le cadre d'ensemble dans
lequel nous pouvons aborder les collections laërtiennes, notamment celles du
livre VI. De par ses analyses, elle nous montre implicitement les limites de la
recherche des sources. Il est impossible en effet de préciser de façon plausible
247 Seules exceptions: III 38 et V 18; cf. Kindstrand, art. cit., p. 225, n. 25.
248 Le fait qu'Hécaton cite une chrie d'Antisthène (VI 4) dans un ouvrage où il traitait des
chries cyniques et stoïciennes nous invite à penser qu'Hécaton était peut-être un de ces
Stoïciens qui voyaient dans Antisthène le fondateur du cynisme.
249 Kindstrand, art. cit., p. 238.
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 3981
250 Cette collection est introduite par la formule 8eivôç x' f|v Kaxaaopapeùctaa9ai xôv fiXXcov
et close par une autre formule: àvacpépexai 8è Kai âXXa etç aùxôv, fi uaKpôv av eît|
KaxaXéyeiv noXXà ôvxa. En 74, après des passages doxographiques, apparaît à nouveau
une formule qui se rapporte aux apophtegmes: EùaxoXÙxaxoÇ 8' èyévexo èv xaîç ànavxf|-
aeai xôv Xôycov, <bç SfjXov èÇ ùv Ttpoeipr|Kauev. L'interprétation de cette nouvelle allusion
aux apophtegmes est difficile. Nous avions indiqué à la page 3898 et aux notes 30 et 31
les suggestions de Léo, von Fritz et Helm.
251 Il existait peut-être un autre ouvrage rapportant des dits de Diogène: le livre du Stoïcien
Proclus de Mallos en Cilicie. Celui-ci écrivit en effet un 'Mémoire (ùTtôuvr|ua) des
sophismes de Diogène', mais Diogène Laërce ne le cite point. Ce Proclus dont on ignore
les dates lui était peut-être postérieur. Voir aussi note 55, supra, p. 3910.
262 ANRW II 36.6
3982 MARIE-ODILE GOULET-CAZÉ
252 F. Bahnsch, Quaestionum de Diogenis Laertii fontibus initia, Diss. Kônigsberg, 1868,
p. 33 et p. 45.
"J R. Helm, op. cit., pp. 227 - 237.
254 Exemples: D. L. VI 64 / Stobée III 4, 83; D. L. VI 64 / Stobée III 23, 10; D. L. VI 58 /
Gnomologium Vaticanum 743, n° 176; D. L. VI 55 / Stobée IV 19, 47.
Ainsi en VI 34. 72.
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 3983
A. Tournures spécifiques
- ayant été interrogé (èponijOEÛ;) ... il dit ... (c'est le type même de
l'apophtegme didactique): ex. VI 50:
« Quand on lui demanda comment Denys traitait ses amis, il répondit:
'Comme des outres. Quand elles sont pleines, il les suspend; quand elles
sont vides, il les jette' ».
- comme on lui reprochait de (ôveiôiÇôuevoç) ... il dit ... (forme de
l'apophtegme de controverse): ex. VI 4:
« Comme un jour on lui reprochait de n'être pas né de deux parents
libres, Antisthène répondit: 'Ni de deux lutteurs, et pourtant je suis un
lutteur' »;
VI 66:
« Comme on lui reprochait de boire dans un cabaret, Diogène dit: 'Tout
comme chez le barbier je me fais couper les cheveux' ».
- génitif absolu indiquant les circonstances ... il dit ...: ex. VI 8:
« Comme un jeune homme du Pont lui promettait de penser à lui si son
bateau de salaisons arrivait, Antisthène emmena alors le jeune homme,
prit aussi un sac vide, se rendit chez la marchande de farine, remplit son
sac et commença à s'éloigner. Comme la marchande réclamait l'argent,
il dit: 'Ce jeune homme te le donnera, si jamais son bateau de salaisons
arrive' ».
VI 41:
« Comme Lysias l'apothicaire lui demandait s'il croyait en l'existence des
dieux, Diogène répondit: 'Comment dirais-je que je n'y crois pas, dès lors
que je te considère comme un ennemi des dieux?' »
- participe apposé au sujet et indiquant les circonstances: ... il dit ...:
ex. VI 4:
256 Nous utiliserons de façon générale le ternie « chrie », puisque c'est celui qu'on rencontre
dans l'anecdote Diogène/Aristote, dans le titre des ouvrages de Métroclès et d'Hécaton,
et puisque c'est le terme collectif utilisé, comme l'explique Kindstrand, pour désigner
ces formes de dits et d'anecdotes. S'il nous arrive de parler d'apophtegmes, ce sera dans
ce même sens général.
3984 MARIE-ODILE GOULET-CAZÊ
C. Le cadre spatio-temporel
257 Un recensement systématique des citations faites par Diogène suffirait à illustrer toute
la culture du philosophe. Il ne faudrait surtout pas voir en Diogène un homme fruste et
ignare. Le philosophe est au contraire un pur produit de la civilisation hellénistique qui
dut recevoir à Sinope, ville de contacts et d'échanges, une parfaite éducation classique.
3988 MARIE-ODILE GOULET-CAZÉ
Pour désigner ces trois types, nous avons recours à des catégories qui ont
été mises en place par R. Bultmann258 dont nous allons exposer les vues un
peu plus loin.
258 Dans son 'Histoire de la tradition synoptique", Bultmann emploie de façon générale le
terme « apophtegme », parce que, dit-il, c'est « un terme usuel dans l'histoire de la
littérature grecque et aussi neutre que possible ». II distingue entre trois types d'apophteg
mes qu'il appelle les dialogues didactiques, les apophtegmes biographiques et les dialogues
de controverse.
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 3989
Le prix des choses montre à quel point ils font erreur dans leurs appréciations
de ce qui a de la valeur et de ce qui n'en a point:
« Ce qui a beaucoup de valeur, dit-il en VI 35, se vend pour rien et
inversement. C'est ainsi qu'une statue se vend trois mille drachmes, alors
que pour deux sous de cuivre on a un chénice de farine».
De façon générale par conséquent les hommes suivent de fausses valeurs et
Diogène se fixe comme objectif à la fois de leur montrer l'inanité de ces
valeurs et de leur faire découvrir quelles sont en fait les valeurs véritables.
Il met en œuvre à cet égard essentiellement deux procédés: la remontrance
avec toute sa gamme de nuances, et un second procédé difficile à nommer
d'un seul mot, qu'on pourrait expliquer de la façon suivante: Diogène soulève
le voile des choses et découvre ce qu'une attitude, ce qu'une situation allant
en apparence de soi aux yeux de son interlocuteur, peut secréter de cocasse,
d'absurde et d'incohérent.
C'est l'art de la remontrance pratiqué par Diogène qui amenait Julien à
qualifier le philosophe de «censeur particulièrement ferme et vigoureux»264,
Épictète à traiter de « fonction royale » le fait de réprimander265 et Diogène
Laërce à affirmer que Diogène était « des plus prompts dans ses réparties
verbales »266. Le philosophe a, peut-on dire, un esprit critique exacerbé que
vient stimuler un sens aigu de la folie humaine.
« Quand il voyait, dans la vie, des pilotes, des médecins et des philosophes,
il trouvait que l'homme était le plus intelligent des êtres vivants. Mais en
revanche, quand il voyait les interprètes de songes, les devins et ceux qui
les écoutent, ou encore les gens gonflés de gloire et de richesses, il ne
trouvait rien de plus fou qu'un homme »267.
Cet esprit critique, il le manifeste en mettant l'accent très précisément sur le
défaut de son interlocuteur et en 'enfonçant le clou'; quand, fait prisonnier à
Chéronée, il fut conduit devant Philippe, il répondit au roi qui lui demandait
qui il était:
«L'espion qui examine ton insatiable avidité»268.
Philippe en fut tellement éberlué qu'il le laissa partir. Cet esprit critique ne
craint pas de tomber dans une grossièreté provocante qui ne peut que heurter
l'interlocuteur et par là-même le contraindre à se remettre en cause:
« A deux efféminés qui essayaient d'échapper à ses regards, il dit: 'Ne
craignez rien, un chien ne mange pas de bettes'»269.
Mais les critiques de Diogène peuvent être beaucoup plus anodines et tourner
à la moquerie pure et simple; voyant un archer sans talent, il s'assit tout près
de la cible et dit:
« C'est afin de ne pas être frappé »,
et au lutteur lui aussi sans talent qui s'adonnait à la médecine, il dit:
« Pourquoi cela? Est-ce pour mettre à mort ceux qui, par le passé, t'ont
vaincu? ».270
De même, un jour qu'il entrait dans une école où il voyait de nombreuses
statues des Muses et peu de disciples, il dit:
« Si on compte les déesses, cher professeur, vous avez beaucoup d'élèves ».
On comprend mieux alors pourquoi Diogène, quand on lui demandait: « Qu'y
a-t-il de plus beau au monde? », répondait: « Le franc-parler271 », et pourquoi
il considérait la remontrance comme « un bien qui nous vient d'autrui272 ».
Le second aspect de son art pédagogique est d'amener l'interlocuteur à
réfléchir en lui ouvrant les yeux, en lui montrant que ce qui paraît aller de
soi en fait ne va pas nécessairement de soi. C'est ainsi que les valeurs
couramment admises s'envolent en fumée dès que Diogène les a passées au
crible de son esprit critique. Pour ses contemporains l'exil est la pire des
calamités? Lui se félicite précisément d'avoir été exilé:
« C'est à cause de cet exil que je me suis mis à philosopher273 ».
Quand on a un esclave qui s'est enfui, que fait-on? On le recherche, dit le bon
sens populaire. Absurde, rétorque Diogène qui a perdu son esclave Manès. En
effet,
« il serait plaisant que Manès puisse vivre sans Diogène et que Diogène
ne puisse vivre sans Manès»274.
Les hommes finalement ont maintes fois des réactions stupides et il faut les
contraindre à en prendre conscience. C'est là que la pédagogie diogénienne
s'exprime au mieux. Ainsi, un jour, il vit une femme qui se prosternait devant
les dieux dans une attitude particulièrement indécente. Voulant la débarrasser
de sa superstition, il s'approcha d'elle et lui dit:
« Ne crains-tu pas, femme, d'avoir une attitude indécente, au cas où un
dieu se tiendrait derrière toi, puisque tout est rempli de la présence de la
divinité? »275.
Autre exemple: s'il était une chose qui paraissait sans conteste positive à ses
contemporains, c'était bien l'initiation aux Mystères. Mais quand des Athé
niens lui demandèrent de se faire initier aux Mystères, en prétextant que dans
l'Hadès les initiés ont droit à la première place, Diogène répliqua:
« Laissez-moi rire! Agésilas et Épaminondas (qui, parce qu'ils n'étaient
pas Athéniens, ne pouvaient se faire initier) croupiraient dans le bourbier,
tandis que n'importe quel pauvre type, à condition d'être initié, séjourne
rait dans les Iles des Bienheureux! »276.
Les aspersions rituelles n'ont pas davantage les faveurs du philosophe. Le jour
où il vit quelqu'un en train de se purifier, il dit:
« Pauvre malheureux, ignores-tu donc que tes aspersions ne peuvent pas
davantage te débarrasser des fautes commises durant ta vie que de tes
fautes de grammaire?»277
et il critiquait les gens qui prient, car ils réclament ce qu'ils croient être des
biens, mais ne l'est pas vraiment. Il reprochait aux gens que leurs songes
frappaient d'épouvante de ne point se préoccuper de ce qu'ils font en état de
veille, mais d'être curieux de ce qu'ils imaginent en dormant278. Il répétait à
cor et à cri que
« la vie accordée aux hommes par les dieux est une vie facile, mais que
cette facilité leur échappe, car ils recherchent gâteaux de miel, parfums
et autres raffinements du même genre. Aussi dit-il à un homme qui se
faisait chausser par son domestique: 'Tu ne connais pas encore le bonheur,
à moins que ton domestique n'aille jusqu'à te moucher, ce qui t'arrivera
quand tu seras devenu manchot'»279.
L'homme est superficiel et Diogène, comme le fera Pascal bien des siècles
plus tard, souligne comment cet homme, dès qu'il le peut, s'adonne au
divertissement pour échapper à une réflexion sérieuse. C'est ainsi qu'un jour
où un jeune homme faisait une déclamation publique, Diogène remplit de
lupins le haut de son vêtement et se mit à les dévorer gloutonnement. Comme
la foule se détournait du jeune homme vers lui, Diogène dit qu'il s'étonnait
de voir qu'on abandonnait l'orateur pour le regarder280. Notre philosophe ne
manque pas d'épingler aussi le manque de bon sens. Des gens faisaient un
sacrifice aux dieux pour avoir un fils; il leur dit: « Et ne sacrifiez-nous pas
pour ce qu'il deviendra? »281 A l'homme qui lui recommandait son fils en
disant qu'il était très doué et de mœurs excellentes, Diogène dit: « Mais alors,
en quoi a-t-il besoin de moi? »282
« Il vaut mieux être le bélier d'un habitant de Mégare que son fils »283.
Lors d'un voyage à Myndes, il constata que les portes de la cité étaient
grandes, alors que celle-ci était petite; il dit alors:
« Gens de Myndes, fermez vos Portes, car votre cité pourrait bien se
sauver »ш.
™ Ibid. VI 41.
284 Ibid. VI 57.
Ibid. VI 47.
286 Ibid. VI 26.
287 Ibid. VI 38. 44.
288 Ibid. VI 50.
289 Ibid. VI 47.
3996 MARIE-ODILE GOULET-CAZÉ
« Il y en aurait beaucoup plus, dit-il, si les gens qui n'ont pas été exaucés
en avaient offert également » 29°.
Dans sa conduite personnelle, Diogène n'hésite pas à transgresser les tabous
sociaux pour contraindre ceux qui l'observent et sont choqués à se demander
si ces tabous sont véritablement fondés. C'est ainsi qu'il refuse de sacrifier au
respect humain, voulant par là écraser l'orgueil des autres et leur faire compren
dre qu'ils commettent dans leur vie des actes beaucoup plus vils que de simples
manquements à la pudeur291. Voici deux exemples qui illustrent bien cette
attitude:
« Quelqu'un avait laissé tomber son pain et avait honte de le ramasser.
Diogène voulut l'admonester; il mit en laisse le goulot d'une bouteille et
le traîna à travers le Céramique».
« Quelqu'un désirait philosopher avec lui. Diogène lui donna un hareng
et lui demanda de le suivre. L'autre, pris de honte, jeta le hareng et
s'éloigna »292.
De façon générale, Diogène manifeste une indifférence totale à l'égard de la
doxa. Qu'importe ce que pensent les autres dès l'instant où les actes que nous
posons ont à nos propres yeux leur cohérence?
« Un jour qu'on lui reprochait d'avoir mangé sur la place publique, il dit:
'Oui, c'est aussi sur la place publique que j'ai ressenti la faim' »292b,s.
»3 Ibid. VI 64.
Ibid. VI 29.
2.5 E. Schwartz, art. cit., col. 750 (= Idem, Griechische Geschichtschreiber, pp. 470 - 472).
2.6 R. Bultmann, L'histoire de la tradition synoptique, suivie du complément de 1971,
traduit de l'allemand par A. Malet, Paris, 1973, 729 p. (première édition parue sous le
titre: Die Geschichte der synoptischen Tradition, Forsch, z. Rel. u. Lit. des Alten u.
263 ANRW II 36.6
3998 MARIE-ODILE GOULET-CAZÉ
Neuen Test., N. F. 12, Göttingen, 1921), et Idem, Die Erforschung der synoptischen
Evangelien (1961), in: Idem, Glauben und Verstehen. Gesammelte Aufsätze, t. IV, Tübin
gen, 1964, p. 1 -41 (= Idem, L'investigation des Évangiles synoptiques, dans: Idem, Foi
et compréhension. Eschatologie et démythologisation, traduit sous la direction d'ANDRé
Malet par A. et S. Pfrimmer, S. Bovet et A. Malet, Paris, 1969, pp. 247 - 291).
m E. Schwartz, art. cit., col. 750 (= Idem, Griechische Geschichtschreiber, pp.471 -472):
„(daß) ... jeder halbwegs Gebildete Biographien der Philosophen las und verwertete; die
zahllosen Verwechslungen, Übertragungen, Verschiebungen erklären sich daraus, dass der
biographische Stoff immer wieder durch compilatorische biographische Bücher und
Büchlein in die allgemeine Bildung hineingeleitet wurde. Nicht die einzelnen secundaren,
tertiären u.s.w. Vorlagen sind zu reconstruieren, sondern die gesamte Stoffmasse ist zu
sammeln, kecpоЛаia sind auszusondern, auf ihre Ursprünge zurückzuführen und in ihren
Umbiegungen und Verzweigungen zu verfolgen; nicht der Quellenforschung bedarf es,
sondern einer Geschichte der Fundamente und Motive, der Erfindungen und Berichte,
aus denen die biographische Tradition und, worauf es nur zu oft hinauskommt, der
biographische Roman sich, mannigfaltig wie eine zweite Sage, gebildet hat."
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAÊRCE 3999
m Ibidem, col. 758 (= p. 483): „Am Schluss dieser Erörterung, die den wichtigen und
schwierigen Gegenstand nicht erschöpfen kann und will, warne ich noch einmal nach
drücklich davor, sich mit der Reconstruction der unmittelbaren 'Vorlagen' unnütz abzu
quälen. Die alten, mit Urteil und Überlegung ersonnenen Constructionen wirken in den
jüngeren Compilationen alle nach und so, dass immer etwas anderes, aber nur scheinbar
Neues, herauskommt, weil die Anordnung sich am leichtesten ändern lässt und so sehr
rasch sich eine Fülle von Möglichkeiten herausbildete, zwischen denen die, welche aus
Compilationen von neuem compilierten, die Auswahl hatten, ähnlich wie bei den nach
Genealogien disponierenden Mythographen. Der Wirrwar ist nur aufzudröseln, wenn
man zu den Ursprüngen hinaufgeht, und gerade dafür sind die ungeordneten Zettel des
D. mit ihrem Rohmaterial sehr wertvoll."
263'
4000 MARIE-ODILE GOULET-CAZÉ
Cet épisode fait partie de la légende qui s'est tissée autour de Diogène.
Il est impossible de décider s'il a ou non un fondement historique. Les deux
thèses ont eu leurs partisans. En faveur de l'historicité, on peut citer par
exemple Zeller299 et contre elle von Fritz300 suivi par Dudley301. Natorp
va également en ce sens.
Von Fritz est convaincu que Ménippe a inventé l'histoire de l'esclavage
de Diogène, car étant devenu lui-même esclave, il avait tout intérêt à inventer
ce genre de péripétie. Il remarque d'ailleurs qu'en dehors des anecdotes qui se
rattachent à Ménippe et à ses successeurs, rien dans le riche matériel anecdoti-
que sur Diogène ne se rapporte au fait que celui-ci était un esclave.
Immédiatement, on se rend compte que le problème de l'historicité est
insoluble et que ce serait une erreur d'examiner les textes sous cet angle. Seule
la comparaison des témoignages entre eux et l'analyse des variantes est
susceptible de fournir quelques résultats.
Avant d'essayer la méthode proposée par Schwartz, il nous faut rappeler
ce à quoi est parvenue la Quellenforschung.
Sur les théories éducatives contenues dans cet extrait d'Eubule, voir Goulet-Cazé,
L'ascèse cynique, pp. 83 - 84.
'05 Plutarque, De tranquillitate animi 4, 466 E; An vitiositas ad infelicitatem sufficiat 3,
499 B.
4002 MARIE-ODILE GOULET-CAZÉ
qu'elle l'a amené à Athènes, l'a introduit auprès d'Antisthène et qu'elle l'a
vendu, puis conduit en Crète. Cette version n'a conservé aucun apophtegme.
— La Lettre 34 de Cratès (A Métroclès): son auteur s'est employé, à
partir d'apophtegmes anciens, à composer un texte suivi.
— Julien, Discours VII 8, p. 212 D — 213 A, explique que si Diogène n'a
pas voulu retourner à Athènes, après avoir été vendu à un Corinthien, c'est
parce qu'il était convaincu d'avoir été envoyé par les dieux dans cette ville en
proie au luxe, qui avait besoin d'un censeur.
— Stobée III 3, 52, reprend un apophtegme présent chez Ménippe: « Que
sais-tu faire? Commander des hommes».
— La Souda, s. v. Aioyévr|ç, nos 1143 et 1144: elle s'inspire de la même
source que la version anonyme de VI 74 — 75 et présente aussi l'arrière-fond
de Cléomène.
A ces témoignages il faut ajouter une allusion à la servitude de Diogène
dans la Lettre 42, 12 de Sénèque et dans les 'Divinae institutiones' III 25, 16
de Lactance, ainsi que les propos prêtés par Cicéron à Diogène dans le 'De
Natura Deorum' (III 34, 83), où est mentionné le pirate Harpale:
« Diogène le Cynique avait coutume de dire qu'Harpale qui, à cette
époque, était considéré comme un pirate chanceux, témoignait contre les
dieux, parce qu'il vivait longtemps dans cette heureuse fortune».
Au total, par conséquent, des témoignages multiples, variés, qui s'étalent
de Ménippe à la 'Souda', sur un intervalle de plus de dix siècles.
b) Sources suggérées
Plusieurs savants ont émis des hypothèses, notamment O. Hense306, Th.
Gomperz307, P. Natorp308, R. Helm309, K. von Fritz310, R. Hôistad311, G.
DONZELLI312.
Pour Hense, l'origine de la version obscène que l'on rencontre chez
Philon serait à chercher du côté du ï1epi SouXeiaç de Bion de Borysthène qui,
en tant qu'élève de Théodore, pouvait offrir ce genre d'anecdote. Il suppose
d'autre part que Bion, comme Cléomène d'ailleurs, a utilisé Métroclès.
306 O. Hense, Bion bei Philon, Rheinisches Museum 47 (1892) 219 - 240, et Idem, Teletis
Reliquiae, 2' éd., Tùbingen, 1909, pp. LXXXVIII - LXXXIX.
307 Th. Gomperz, Griechische Denker. Eine Geschichte der antiken Philosophie, t. II, Leipzig,
1902, pp. 128 et 545, trad. fr.: Idem, Les Penseurs de la Grèce. Histoire de la philosophie
antique, Paris, t. II, 1908, p. 161.
*» P. Natorp, art. Diogenes 44, RE V 1 (1903) col. 768.
m R. Helm, Lucian und Menipp, Leipzig/Berlin, 1906, pp. 227-253.
"° K. von Fritz, art. cit., pp. 22 - 27.
R. Hôistad, Cynic Hero and Cynic King. Studies in the Cynic conception of Man,
Uppsala, 1948, pp. 118-122.
3,2 G. Donzelli, Una versione Menippea delIa AIEfînOY nPAIII, Rivista di Filologia e
di Istruzione Classica 38 (1960) 225-276.
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 4003
modèle Bion et son nepi SouXeiaç, tandis que celui de Lucien dans ses 'Vies à
l'encan' était Ménippe, Philon et Lucien ayant pris dans Bion et Ménippe ce
que ces deux auteurs avaient de semblable. En tout cas, si l'on rassemble tout
ce que l'on possède sur la vente de Diogène, on peut se faire, selon Helm,
une idée de ce qu'il y avait chez Ménippe.
Von Fritz qui ne croit pas au caractère historique de l'épisode de la
vente de Diogène considère que la version de Ménippe et celle d'Eubule sont
de caractère littéraire et non biographique.
Quant à Hôistad317, il estime qu'entre la citation de Ménippe qui cesse
abruptement en VI 30 et la longue citation d'Eubule qui commence également
en VI 30 il y a une lacune: "The break in the text makes it natural to assume
a lacuna, since the Euboulus extract polemises against something not contained
in the text we now possess ... It is obvions that the quotation from Menippus
originally contained some reference to Diogenes' pedagogical activity and that
in some way Euboulus' account conflicted with /f"318. Selon lui, deux auteurs,
dans la génération qui suivit Diogène, traitèrent de la pédagogie diogénienne:
Cléomène, dans une veine sérieuse que l'on retrouve chez Eubule et qui
s'harmonise avec les principes moraux énoncés dans la doxographie de VI
70 — 71, et Ménippe dans une veine burlesque. Le modèle commun à ces auteurs
serait le 'Syleus' d'Euripide319 d'ailleurs cité par Philon, drame satyrique qui
racontait comment Héraclès fut vendu à Syleus.
G. Donzelli enfin: pour elle, à l'origine de ce que racontent Bion,
Ménippe et Cléomène qui tous trois traitaient de l'ètauGepia du sage, il pourrait
y avoir une œuvre de Diogène, éventuellement le 'Pordalos', œuvre qui, parce
qu'elle traitait de la falsification de la monnaie (cf. D. L. VI 20), devait contenir
les prémisses théoriques de la vente. Nous suivons G. Donzelli sur ce point,
car tout le thème de la vente, à savoir le renversement de situation qui
fait du Soùax>Ç un âpxcov, n'est rien d'autre qu'une illustration parfaite du
renversement des valeurs que symbolise la falsification de la monnaie320.
Eubule, lui, n'aurait fait que développer ce qui était dans Ménippe.
B. La méthode de Schwartz
était le disciple non de Métroclès, mais de Cratès de Thèbes, au même titre que Bion,
Cléomène et Métroclès.
J21 On reconnaîtra aisément l'aspect formel propre aux apophtegmes dans les tournures:
r|pcoxr|9r| xt oi8s iioieîv ... ëcpr| GauuâÇeiv x' ëqrTi ei ...
322 D. L. VI 74: Skirpalos; 'Souda': Skirtalos; Cicéron, De Natura Deorum III 34, 83, lui,
fait allusion à un pirate du nom de Harpale. Les trois personnages sont probablement
identiques.
,2i On remarquera que Ménippe de Gadara est traité en VI 100 dans une épigramme
laërtienne de «Chien de Crète». Les chiens de Crète présentaient des caractéristiques
propres; voir Élien, De la nature des animaux III 2: « La chienne de Crète est légère,
habile au saut et familière des marches en montagne; à vrai dire les Crétois eux-mêmes
se montrent tels et le chant de la renommée leur prête ces qualités ». Le Discours LXIV
18 (Sur la Fortune II) du Pseudo-Dion Chrysostome situe également en Crète la vente
de Diogène.
m La version de la 'Souda' mentionne la vente, mais sans préciser l'endroit où elle eut lieu.
325 Ce Xéniade est dit eùnàpucpoç. Il porte la robe bordée de pourpre, signe que c'est un
grand de la cité. On retrouve le mot employé chez Lucien, Démonax 15 et Somnium
sive vita Luciani 16.
4006 MARIE-ODILE GOULET-CAZÉ
elvai328. « Ce ne sont pas les lions qui sont les esclaves de ceux qui les
nourrissent, mais ce sont ceux qui les nourrissent qui sont les esclaves
des lions. Le propre de l'esclave en effet, c'est de craindre; or, les fauves
inspirent de la crainte aux hommes (D. L. VI 75) ».
Trois autres passages rappellent que Diogène, acheté par Xéniade, ne
voulut pas retourner à Athènes: Épictète III 24, 66 (« Lorsqu'il fut fait prison
nier, Diogène ne regretta point Athènes, ni les connaissances ni les amis qu'il
avait là-bas. Au contraire, il entra en relation avec les pirates eux-mêmes et
il essaya de les réformer. Plus tard, quand il eut été vendu à Corinthe, il
continua à vivre comme auparavant à Athènes et, s'il était allé chez les
Perrhèbes, il se serait comporté de la même façon»); Julien VII 8, 212 d
(« Diogène avait élu domicile à Athènes, mais quand la Divinité l'eut conduit
à Corinthe, il ne crut plus devoir quitter cette cité, malgré son affranchissement
par celui qui l'avait acheté», trad. G. Rochefort) et la 'Souda' n° 1143
(« Diogène demeura à Corinthe auprès de celui qui l'avait acheté, un certain
Xéniade, choisissant de n'être lié ni par les Athéniens, ni par ses familiers ou
ses amis »).
i) La citation de Niobé
« Il obtint alors des rations suffisantes. Lorsqu'arriva le moment où il
allait être vendu avec d'autres captifs, il commença par s'asseoir et par
se restaurer de fort bon cœur, non sans partager avec ses voisins. A l'un
d'entre eux qui ne se décidait pas à acceptef et manifestait un abattement
extrême, il dit: 'Ne cesseras-tu pas de te tourmenter? Vis le présent.'
,2* Il vaut la peine de rapprocher ce passage d'un fragment d'Aniisthène transmis par Stobée
III 8, 14: ôctxiç 8è êxépouç 8é8oike, SoùXoç &v XéXnGev éauxôv (fr. 119 Caizzi, fr. V A
79 Giannantoni). Comme le proposait déjà Zeller, op. cit., p. 323, n. 5, ce fragment
pourrait bien provenir de l'ouvrage d'Antisthène intitulé: Iiepi èXeuGepiaç Kai 8ouXeiaç.
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 4011
(C'est un des captifs compagnons de Diogène qui parle) « Il dit aux pirates
qui prenaient peu de soin de nous: 'Hommes, pourquoi donc agissez-vous
de la sorte? Si c'étaient des porcs que vous vendiez, vous prendriez grand
soin d'eux, afin qu'une fois mis en vente ils vous rapportent davantage
d'argent. Nous, en revanche, vous nous négligez, nous que vous allez
pourtant vendre aussi comme des porcs. Ne croyez-vous pas que nous
trouverons également acquéreur à un meilleur prix si on nous voit bien
gras et à un prix moindre si on nous voit tout maigres? Est-ce parce
qu'on ne mange pas les hommes que vous pensez qu'il ne faut pas prendre
soin d'eux aussi de la même façon? Mais sachez que tous ceux qui
achètent des esclaves sur la place publique ne regardent qu'une chose, la
grosseur et la taille du corps. Je vais vous dire pourquoi, c'est parce qu'ils
achètent un homme pour utiliser son corps, non son âme' ».
— Puis l'apophtegme i, mais avec seulement une citation du premier vers
de Niobé:
« Comme nous refusions de prendre le pain (que Diogène nous offrait),
celui-ci dit: 'Car même Niobé aux beaux cheveux a songé à manger' ».
Plutôt que d'arrêter là, le rédacteur de la lettre continue à faire parler
encore Diogène:
« Il ajoutait en plaisantant et en riant: 'N'allez-vous pas cesser de faire
semblant de pleurer sur votre futur esclavage comme si, avant de tomber
dans les mains des pirates, vous aviez été des hommes libres et non les
esclaves de mauvais maîtres? Maintenant, vous allez peut-être tomber sur
des maîtres remplis de modération qui vont vous débarrasser de l'orgueil
qui vous corrompt et faire naître en vous l'endurance et la tempérance
qui sont les biens les plus précieux'».
— L'apophtegme a, « Commander des hommes »:
« Certains acheteurs lui demandèrent même ce qu'il savait faire. Il répondit
qu'il savait commander des hommes (àvGpcbncov âpxeiv) ».
— L'apophtegme p, «Acheter un maître»:
« Si l'un de vous a besoin d'un maître, qu'il s'approche et vienne se mettre
d'accord avec les vendeurs».
A la suite de cet apophtegme remanié, le rédacteur de la lettre apocryphe
invente et enchaîne:
« Ce que voyant, les vendeurs se mirent à rire tout haut et dirent: 'Qui,
tout en étant un homme libre, a besoin d'un maître?' Diogène répondit:
'Tous ceux qui sont moralement mauvais, qui honorent le plaisir et
méprisent la peine, peine et plaisir qui sont les deux appâts dont se sert
le mal' ».
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 4013
uo Peut-être entre autres, comme ce fut plusieurs fois suggéré, pour imiter l'épisode de la
vente de Platon à Égine.
J" Voir Diogène Laërce VI 99 qui dit à propos de Ménippe: « Il n'offre rien de sérieux. Ses
livres regorgent de moqueries ».
2*4
4016 MARIE-ODILE GOULET-CAZÉ
victimes des passions. Le fragment qui nous est parvenu établit, grâce à une
comparaison avec les lions, que le propre de l'esclave est de craindre. Höistad
avec raison rapprochait le passage de Cléomène d'un fragment conservé dans
le 'Quod omnis probus' de Philon (par. 121) et que Nauck attribue au 'Syleus',
le drame satyrique d'Euripide (fr. 689 Nauck)332. Esclave chez Omphale,
Héraclès est amené à servir le vigneron Syleus qui oblige les passants à
travailler à sa vigne. L'idée de crainte apparaît dans le passage, celle de l'esclave
meilleur que le maître également et une comparaison est faite avec des
animaux: le lion et le taureau; surtout, le personnage important est Héraclès,
le héros cynique par excellence:
« Nul ne veut acheter pour sa maison des maîtres meilleurs que soi.
En te regardant n'importe qui éprouve de la crainte.
Car tu as des yeux pleins de feu,
tel un taureau quand il voit un lion le charger »333.
Höistad tirait de l'ensemble du passage de Philon (Quod omnis probus
98 — 104) la conclusion suivante: "Philo, who in his work on inward freedom
cites both Euripides' Syleus and a variant of the Xeniades story, did so with
serious intent. This implies that the Syleus was a drama with a serious trend
which could be used to expound philosophic freedom and offered a possibility
of relating it with the originally serious version of the Xeniades story"334.
Cléomène et Ménippe ont traité tous les deux le même thème, peut-être
en s'inspirant du 'Syleus'. Néanmoins il est difficile d'être aussi affirmatif que
Höistad: "The contribution of Menippus to this story and consequently to
the evolution of the portrait of Diogenes, is thus confined to his utilisation of
the burlesque features in their common model, the Syleus. In order to produce
the burlesque effect he probably made considerable changes in, and additions
to, the pedagogical material"335. Cléomène (et Eubule) auraient dans cette
optique rendu la pédagogie diogénienne originelle et Ménippe l'aurait faussée
en lui conférant un tour burlesque: "Everything suggests that this serious
pedagogy of Diogenes is the oldest version of the Xeniades story and that in
its essentials it goes back to Diogenes himself336.
II est possible que les deux ouvrages, de Ménippe et de Cléomène, aient
été différents dans leur inspiration; mais on ne peut prétendre que l'un des
deux rendait plus fidèlement que l'autre ce qu'était la pédagogie diogénienne
originelle. D'une seule citation de Cléomène sortie de tout contexte, il est
difficile de tirer autre chose que le sens obvie de cette citation.
332 On pourrait rapprocher aussi le passage de Cléomène d'un autre passage du 'Quod
omnis probus' (par. 40): «Si ma doctrine n'était pas exacte, il faudrait convenir qu'un
homme qui a acquis des lions est le maître de ces lions auxquels, pourtant, il suffirait
de lever les yeux sur lui pour que le malheureux éprouvât et connût de quels seigneurs,
combien rudes et combien féroces, il a fait l'achat» (traduction Madeleine Petit).
333 Le texte grec est cité à la note 319 (supra, p. 4004).
334 Höistad, op. cit., p. 122.
3« Ibid., p. 122.
336 Ibid., p. 121.
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 4017
« Ce ne sont pas les bannis qui hésitent à dire ce qu'ils pensent, mais
ceux qui craignent que de leur franchise il résulte pour eux peine ou mort
ou châtiment ou toute autre chose pareille. Or cette crainte-là, par Zeus,
ce n'est pas l'exil qui la produit. Car c'est à un grand nombre de ceux-
là même qui sont dans leur patrie, plutôt à la plupart qu'il appartient de
craindre ce qui paraît un danger. Mais l'homme courageux ne s'enhardit
pas moins contre tout cela quand il est banni que quand il est dans sa
patrie, c'est pourquoi il ne dit pas moins ce qu'il pense une fois banni
que quand il n'est pas banni» (traduction A. J. Festugière).
« Diogène, alors qu'il était mis en vente et qu'il se trouvait allongé par
terre, se moquait du héraut. Comme ce dernier lui ordonnait de se lever,
il refusa. Au contraire, s'amusant et riant, il lui dit: 'Et si tu vendais du
poisson?' ».
« Diogène te méprise-t-il, lui qui, vendu par les pirates, criait: 'Qui veut
acheter un maître?'».
VI 36 VI 30
xrâ Kpia|tévq> aùxôv Seviàôtj cpr|ai, eXeye ztb Eeviàôrj xrâ npiafiévcp aù
'àye ôTKoÇ xô npoaxaxxôpxvov Ttoif|- xôv, Seîv nciOcoOai aùxô, ei Kai bovXoq
aeiç-' xoù S' einôvxoÇ, 'âvco noxaurâv eït|- Kai yàp iaxpôç r| Ku(fcpvr|xr|ç ei
Xcopoùoi Ttayai\ 'ei 8è iaxpov ènpico ÔoÙXoÇ eÎr| nEio6f|vai âv aùxô.
voacôv, oùk âv, <ëcpr|>, aùxrâ êTteiOou,
àXX elTieç dv cbç âvco Ttoxaurâv xcopoùai
Ttayai;'
« A Xéniade qui l'avait acheté, il « Il disait à Xéniade qui l'avait
dit: 'Allons, fais ce que je t'ordonne'. acheté qu'il devait lui obéir, même
Xéniade répliqua: 'Les fleuves remon si c'était lui, Diogène, l'esclave. Car,
tent à leurs sources'. Diogène reprit: quand bien même un médecin ou un
'Si, étant malade, tu avais acheté un pilote seraient esclaves, on leur obéi
médecin, ne lui aurais-tu pas obéi? rait ».
Lui aurais-tu dit que les fleuves re
montent à leurs sources?'».
Cette fois c'est Xéniade qui est devenu dissolu. La 'Souda' a donc
contaminé la tradition qui parlait de l'acheteur Xéniade, tradition que l'on
trouve en Diogène Laërce VI 74, et celle qui parlait d'un des acheteurs présents
sur le marché, dont l'aspect était efféminé. On a une autre preuve que la
'Souda' a utilisé Diogène Laërce VI 74 (ou sa source): dans les deux textes est
présente la parole de Xéniade: « Un bon démon est entré dans ma maison ».
342 Autres exemples de variations: VI 33/43; les deux versions de VI 36; VI 41/66; VI 45/
61.
4022 MARIE-ODILE GOULET-CAZÉ
VI 30:
« Diogène disait s'étonner que nous fassions résonner (KouTtoùuev), quand
nous les achetons, un vase ou une marmite, et que pour un homme, nous
nous contentions seulement de le voir».
II 78:
« Aristippe blâmait les hommes de faire résonner (kouT1oûvxcov), quand ils
font des achats, les ustensiles, alors que les genres de vie343 ils laissent au
hasard le soin de les mettre à l'épreuve. D'autres disent que ce mot est
de Diogène ».
Ce seul exemple donne une idée de la complexité de la tradition. Au
départ un apophtegme diogénien, puis une variante sur cet apophtegme,
enfin une double attribution. Dans la mesure où maints autres apophtegmes
diogéniens visent à mettre en relief l'inconséquence humaine et où en VI 30
le dit est attribué à Diogène, la paternité diogénienne de II 78 nous paraît fort
probable.
J43 Nous supposons qu'il faut prendre ici le terme pîoç au sens que lui donne Lucien dans
le titre de son écrit: Bicov npàaiç, 'Vies à l'encan', i.e. «mise en vente des genres de
vie ».
344 Dion Chrysostome qui ne fait aucune allusion à la vente de Diogène comme esclave,
développe un thème parallèle à celui du Cynique maître et pédagogue: dans ses 'Discours'
Diogène est un roi, le roi véritable, qui est autorisé à donner des leçons au Grand
Alexandre.
M5 Dans la Lettre 40 de Diogène à Alexandre, le philosophe conseille à Alexandre de se
tourner vers un homme qui, tel un médecin soignant un malade, le libérerait de l'opinion
mauvaise.
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAERCE 4023
On en trouve l'équivalent chez Bion qui disait: « Les bons serviteurs sont libres, tandis
que les hommes libres qui sont des scélérats sont esclaves de nombreux désirs » (Stobée
III 2, 38 et IV 19, 42 = fr. 11 A et 11 B Kindstrand).
Si c'était le cas, ce serait un argument en faveur de la suggestion faite par Ménage de
transformer l'Eubule de VI 30 en Eubulide à cause de l'Eubulide de VI 20, auteur d'un
'Sur Diogène', qui mentionne l'épisode de la falsification.
4024 MARIE-ODILE GOULET-CAZE
offre, ainsi que nous l'avons déjà dit, plusieurs détails sur le cadre de la vente
que l'on ne trouve plus ailleurs; elle introduit aussi l'idée du Cynique « bon
démon » qui, il faut bien le dire, ne coïncide pas vraiment avec la personnalité
d'ordinaire reconnue à Diogène. Que Diogène ait été un excellent maître, nul
n'en douterait, mais l'image du « bon démon » correspond davantage au
portrait de Cratès que nous a laissé la tradition, un Cratès surnommé « ouvreur
de portes» ou encore « lar familiaris». Le «bon démon» s'harmonise assez
mal avec la causticité mordante de Diogène. Ménippe aurait-il été influencé
par l'exemple de son maître Cratès? Cléomène rejoint lui aussi le second motif,
comme l'indique le titre de son ouvrage. Dans l'apophtegme qu'il rapporte,
les compagnons de Diogène veulent le racheter après qu'il eut été vendu. On
remarquera que ce cadre se retrouve dans la Lettre 34 de Cratès. De cet
apophtegme on peut tirer quelques conclusions: la comparaison avec les
animaux, qui est parfaitement dans la ligne de la pensée cynique, invite à
considérer cet apophtegme comme traduisant une pensée cynique authentique,
d'autant que les animaux en question sont des lions, donc des bêtes sauvages348;
le traité étant intitulé naiSaycoyiKôç, il semble que Cléomène dans cet ouvrage
ait voulu insister sur les qualités pédagogiques de Diogène; le sujet de l'apoph
tegme montre bien que la compétence particulière de Diogène était d'amener
ses disciples à la liberté en les détournant de la crainte qui est le propre des
esclaves.
Mais quel est le contenu exact de la pédagogie diogénienne? C'est là
qu'interviennent les présupposés idéologiques et que l'on voit clairement
combien les motifs peuvent diverger. Il suffit de comparer Eubule349 et Lucien.
Nous ne répéterons pas ici ce que nous avons déjà dit à propos d'Eubule
dans 'L'ascèse cynique'. La pédagogie diogénienne telle que la conçoit Eubule
est une pédagogie de type classique teintée de quelques éléments cyniques
(refus d'une formation d'athlète, sobriété, frugalité dans la nourriture, la
boisson et la mise vestimentaire). Elle s'adresse aux enfants de Xéniade. A
travers Eubule le cynisme apparaissait comme rassurant et ne pouvait en rien
heurter. Chez Lucien, c'est le contraire. Voici un petit extrait de ses 'Vies à
l'encan'. Usant du mode satirique, il grossit outrancièrement les traits afin de
donner du cynisme une vision caricaturale.
(Diogène s'adresse à un éventuel acheteur) « Tout d'abord, je te prendrai
en charge, je te dépouillerai de ton orgueil et, après t'avoir réduit à la
misère, je te mettrai un petit manteau. Ensuite, je te contraindrai à peiner
et à souffrir, en dormant par terre, en buvant de l'eau, en te remplissant
l'estomac de ce que tu trouveras; si tu m'obéis, l'argent qu'éventuellement
tu possèdes, tu iras le jeter à la mer; tu dédaigneras le mariage, les enfants,
M* Le Cynique recherche la sauvagerie; on peut rappeler l'épisode du poulpe cru, mais aussi
tel passage des 'Vies à l'encan' de Lucien où le Cynique dit à son acheteur: « Que tout
ce qui te concerne soit bestial et sauvage » (par. 10) ou de Plutarque, chez qui le même
Diogène vise à « ensauvager la vie au maximum » (De esu carnium I 6, 995 D).
M* La traduction de l'extrait a été donnée plus haut, p. 4009.
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 4025
la patrie; tout cela sera pour toi radotage; tu quitteras la maison paternelle
et tu habiteras un tombeau, une tour abandonnée ou même un tonneau.
Ta besace sera pleine de lupins et de rouleaux de papyrus écrits recto-
verso. Menant cette vie, tu affirmeras être plus heureux que le Grand
Roi350».
A partir d'un donné de base identique: la vente de Diogène qui a amené
celui-ci à exercer ses talents de pédagogue, les deux auteurs ont abouti à des
résultats diamétralement opposés. Chez Eubule il est fait état d'une pédagogie
somme toute assez traditionnelle, même si elle ne contredit pas les grands
principes du cynisme. Le passage n'est pas vraiment représentatif de la pédago
gie diogénienne, tout simplement parce qu'« il ne va pas de soi que Diogène
ait asséné à ses élèves, probablement encore assez jeunes, l'entraînement
cynique qu'il s'imposait à lui-même et qu'il devait préconiser pour ses dis
ciples351 ». De ce fait l'image de Diogène que l'on pourrait être tenté de tirer
d'Eubule serait un peu trop pâlote pour être conforme à l'original; celle qui
émane du texte de Lucien, une fois faite la part de la volonté satirique, puisque
Lucien veut ridiculiser les modes de vie qui sont en vente, doit en être plus
proche.
La méthode de Schwartz a l'avantage de concentrer l'effort sur un même
épisode, d'en trier les thèmes et d'étudier leurs variations. On peut ainsi mieux
discerner les trames et les greffes, mieux comprendre comment s'est constituée
la tradition apophtegmatique et par conséquent mieux analyser les motifs qui
expliquent les différences d'un témoignage à l'autre. Même si la démarche est
laborieuse et lourde, c'est certainement par là qu'il faut passer, quand on veut,
à partir des apophtegmes biographiques, tirer sur le cynisme ancien des
conclusions qui soient fondées. Grâce à cet exemple de la vente nous avons
pu saisir combien la fabrication des apophtegmes était au service d'une
préoccupation philosophique véritable: à travers eux c'est l'image du philoso
phe cynique et du mode de vie cynique que l'on visait à promouvoir.
A. La méthode de Bultmann
en parallèle avec celles des rabbis juifs, les paroles prophétiques et apoca
lyptiques qui se caractérisent par « la concision et la vigueur de leur formu
lation356 » - c'est d'ailleurs parmi ces dernières qu'il faut s'attendre à trouver
le plus grand nombre de paroles authentiques de Jésus — et les paroles sur
la Loi. L'histoire des formes va donc essayer de discerner les lois stylistiques
propres à chacune des formes littéraires en cause et ensuite de saisir les lois
selon lesquelles les matériaux se sont transmis.
Il va de soi que dans une telle perspective on renonce complètement à
retrouver l'histoire, qu'on admet être en présence de données dont l'historicité
ne peut être prouvée. C'est ainsi que Bultmann démontre que ce sont les
besoins de la foi et de la vie chrétiennes, et non l'intérêt pour l'histoire, qui
ont présidé à l'élaboration de nombreux récits que l'on rencontre dans les
'Évangiles'. « La raison dernière qui a donné naissance aux évangiles peut être
désignée comme un motif cultuel, si l'on réfléchit que le point culminant de
la vie chrétienne était l'assemblée cultuelle des diverses Communautés dans
laquelle la figure de Jésus - sa vie et son destin - était mise devant les yeux
des fidèles et dans laquelle aussi les évangiles servaient de texte de lecture »357
C'est l'imagination pieuse qui, à partir de la foi, a façonné les récits de Pâques;
c'est un motif cultuel qui se fait sentir dans le dernier repas de Jésus; de même
dans le récit de son baptême: si Bultmann dit que « sans aucun doute Jésus
a réellement été baptisé par Jean-Baptiste », il dit aussi que « les écrivains
chrétiens postérieurs ont conçu l'histoire du baptême comme une légende
cultuelle: notre baptême est fondé dans le baptême de Jésus »358. Néanmoins,
l'histoire des formes peut aboutir aussi à des résultats déterminants sur le plan
de la critique historique, puisque Bultmann est parvenu à montrer par exemple
que l'hostilité permanente des pharisiens et des scribes que l'on rencontre dans
les 'Évangiles' repose sur une vue schématique des chrétiens postérieurs, que
de même l'on ne peut plus rien dire de sûr à propos de la conscience
messianique de Jésus ou encore que sa prédication eschatologique comme sa
prédication morale appartiennent au même titre à la couche la plus ancienne
de la tradition et que par conséquent il serait difficile de retrancher l'une ou
l'autre comme secondaire.
Par conséquent les travaux de Bultmann ne débouchent pas sur un
complet scepticisme, comme il l'explique d'ailleurs: « Assurément il est une
chose à quoi il faut renoncer: le caractère de Jésus, l'image exacte de sa
personnalité et de sa vie n'est plus connaissable pour nous. Mais ce qu'il y a
de plus important, le contenu de sa prédication, est ou devient toujours plus
clairement connaissable. S'il faut toujours avoir présent à l'esprit qu'on ne
peut jamais prouver de façon catégorique l'authenticité de telle parole isolée
de Jésus, on peut cependant en signaler toute une série qui appartiennent à la
couche la plus ancienne de la traditon et qui nous donnent une image de la
prédication historique de Jésus »3S9.
w> Récemment d'ailleurs F. G. Downing, Quite Like Q. A Genre for "Q": The "Lives" of
Cynic Philosophers, Biblica 69 (1988) 196-225, a essayé de montrer, à partir notamment
des nombreux parallèles qu'il a relevés avec les chries cyniques, que la source Q des
Évangiles de Matthieu et de Luc a été modelée sur le genre du «bios» cynique. Voir
aussi Idem, Christ and the Cynics. Jesus and other Radical Preachers in First-Century
Tradition, Sheffïeld, 1988, XIII - 233 p.
R. Bultmann, L'histoire de la tradition synoptique, p. 72.
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 4029
chose des oracles delphiques ». Les travaux de Bultmann nous invitent d'abord
à renoncer complètement à toute prétention historique concernant la biogra
phie des philosophes cyniques. On peut certes formuler des hypothèses, comme
dans le cas de Jésus, mais c'est tout. En revanche il est certainement possible
de progresser dans la connaissance du message cynique, en repérant, afin de
pouvoir ensuite mieux les éliminer, les adjonctions rédactionnelles de Diogène
Laërce et de ses sources, en détectant, dans la mesure du possible, les détails
que l'imagination populaire a pu venir greffer sur un matériau de base qu'il
importe de retrouver, et en déterminant parmi les apophtegmes ceux que
Bultmann appelle « des formations idéales », c'est-à-dire « non des relations
de données historiques mais des constructions qui expriment de façon imagée
une idée dans une scène concrète»362. Peut-être pourrons-nous ainsi retrouver
le Sitz im Leben d'un certain nombre de formes littéraires présentes dans le
livre VI de Diogène Laërce. En tout cas, étant donné que la Quellenforschung
ne peut donner que des résultats somme toute assez limités et obtenus au prix
d'efforts, il faut le dire, assez considérables, le recours à l'histoire des formes
ne saurait qu'être positif et ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives.
B. Applications
la Lettre 6 à part des autres témoignages, car il s'agit d'un genre littéraire
déterminé. Il est tout de même intéressant de voir ce qu'est devenu l'apoph
tegme dans le cadre de cette lettre.
Voici le texte de ces différents passages.
Sénèque:
Quomodo, oro te, convertit, ut et Diogenem mireris et Daedalum? Uter
ex his sapiens tibi videturî Qui serram commentus est, an Me qui cum
vidisset puerum cava manu bibentem aquam, fregit protinus exceptum e
perula calicem cum hac objurgatione sui: 'Quamdiu homo stultus
supervacuas sarcinas habuiV, qui se complicuit in dolio et in eo cubitavit?
Plutarque:
Aioyévr|ç 8è xôv nivovxa xaîç xepoi 9eaaâuevoç èÇépaXe xfjç Ttr|paç xô
Ttoxf|piov.
Diogène Laërce:
©eaaâuevôç noxe TtaiSiov xaîç Xepoi Ttîvov èÇéppiye xfjç nr|paç xt|v KoxûXr|v,
eincov, 'nai8iov ue vevikt|kev eûxeXeia'. 'EÇépaXe 8è Kai xô xpi>pXiov, ôuoicoç
TtaiSiov Geaaâuevoç, èneiSfI Kaxéaçe xô ctkeùoç, xà> KoiX<p xoù lycouiou xf|v
cpaKfjv unoÔeXôUevoV365.
Gnomologium Vaticanum:
'O aùxôç ( = Diogène) Geaaâuevoç UeipâKiov àpuôuevov xepaî KoiXaiç ànô
xoO napaôpéovxoç ûSaxoç Kai nîvov ànéppi\)/ev auxiKa Kai xr)v fjç eicoGei
vers Thèbes dans ta direction, je t'envoie ce trait de sagesse, car je ne veux rien connaître
de bien sans te le faire partager. Mais toi aussi, compte tenu de cette anecdote, essaie
donc de faire irruption sur l'agora, là où beaucoup d'hommes passent leur temps. De
cette façon, nous aurons encore l'occasion de découvrir bien d'autres traits de sagesse
chez ces gens pris individuellement. Puissante est la nature, elle qui a été chassée de
notre vie par l'opinion et que nous restaurons pour le salut de l'humanité ».
3*4 Diogène dit: « Je me suis débarrassé de la plupart des choses qui alourdissaient ma
besace, car j'ai appris que le creux dans le pain sert d'assiette et que les mains servent
de coupe ». On trouve encore un autre témoignage sur cette anecdote chez Nil d'Ancyre,
De Voluntaria paupertate ad Magnam, PG 79, col. 1017. Le héros de l'histoire est un
philosophe cynique; il n'est pas dit que c'est Diogène. Voici le texte de ce passage: Elç
yoùv auxôv xtç tiXf|v CTKù<pou, 6 Kai xpocpr|v Ttpoaenecpépexo, Kai noua, keKxr|uévoç
âXXo unSév, ôaxtç TtoiueviKoùç è9edaaxo naîSaç KoiXaiç xaîç 8paÇi xà> axouan vàua
npoaàyovxaç, ëcpr| piyaç xôv oTcixpov, «"EuaGov, & naî8eç, xô uixpi ™v Xa9ôv.
êua9ov xô xfjç àKxT|uoaûvT|ç xéXgiov». Ce témoignage tardif reprend les données de
l'histoire, mais ajoute un dit qui est une fabrication de Nil d'Ancyre.
365 Voici la traduction de cette version à laquelle les autres ressemblent plus ou moins:
« Ayant vu un jour un jeune enfant qui buvait dans ses mains, Diogène sortit alors sa
tasse de sa besace et la jeta, en disant: 'Un jeune enfant me bat sur le chapitre de la
frugalité'. Et il jeta également son écuelle, parce qu'il avait vu de la même façon un
jeune enfant qui, pour avoir brisé sa gamelle, recueillait ses lentilles dans le creux de
son petit morceau de pain ».
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÊNE LAËRCE 4031
niveiv KûXiKa peXxiouç Kai xpr|a-iucoxépac, xàç %eipaq cpiîaaç èauxôv eiXr|cpévai
napà xfjç cpûaecoç.
Jérôme:
Quodam vero tempore habens ad potandum caucum ligneum, vidit pue-
rum manu concava bibere, et elisisse illud fertur ad terram, dicens:
'nesciebam quod et natura haberet poculum\
Simplicius:
Toaaûxn Sè f|v f| onouSf| xoîç Geknç àvSpâai npôç xô Ttepixxôv ânav àno-
aKëuâaactGai, ûaxe xôv Aioyévr|v cpaai ctkûcpoç çûXivov àei nepKpépovxa èv
xfj nfïpa, 4> xô ûScop àpuôuevoç ëttivev, etieiSt) Ttoxauôv Siapaivcov èOeâaaxô
xiva xaîç Xepoiv àpvà\izvov Kai Ttivovxa, ëppiye xô aKixpoç eiç xôv Ttoxauôv,
eiTtcbv, ut|kéxi ÔeîaGai aùxoû, xôv x^ipcav xf)v xpeiav Ttoiouocov.
Basile:
Tôv 8è Aioyévr|v oùSè èTtaûaaxô Tioxe fjauuâÇcov, xoîç napà xfjç cpûaecoç uôvoiç
àpKeïoÔai cpiXoxiuoûnevov cbç Kai xô Kiaaùpiov àitoppîyai èneibr\mp napà
ntaiSôç èSiSâx9r| KoiXaiç xaîç xepoiv èmKùTtxcov tiiveiv.
On peut recenser dans ces sept témoignages trois noyaux apophtegma-
tiques.
1. Diogène Laërce: naiSiov u£ vevikt|kev eùxetaia.
2. Quatre variantes existent pour le second apophtegme.
— 'Gnomologium Vaticanum': peXxiouç Kai xpr|aiuû>xépaç xàç xeîpaÇ «P1!-
aaç êauxôv elXncpévai napà xfjç cpûoecuç;
— Jérôme: Nesciebam quod et natura haberet poculum.
— Simplicius: eIthov ut|kéxi ÔeîoGai aùxoû (xô OTaxpoç), xôv xeiprâv xf)v
Xpeiav noiouorâv;
— écho chez Basile: xôv 8è Aioyévnv ... xoîç napà xfjç cpùaecoç uôvoiç
àpKeïcr9ai <piXoxiuoùnevov.
3. Sénèque: Quamdiu homo stultus supervacuas sarcinas habui?
Les trois noyaux apophtegmatiques visent trois objectifs différents sur le
plan didactique: le premier montre qu'il est toujours possible et souhaitable
de se dépouiller davantage pour parvenir à une plus grande frugalité366; le
second, que la nature nous a dotés de tout ce dont nous pouvions avoir besoin
et qu'il faut apprendre à nous en contenter; le troisième met en relief la
stupidité de l'homme qui ne sait pas distinguer l'utile du superflu. Les trois
« leçons » qui se dégagent appartiennent aux grands axes de la morale diogé-
nienne. L'origine lointaine de tout l'épisode est certainement à chercher dans
le milieu cynique le plus ancien. Quant à la mise en forme littéraire, elle peut
émaner soit de la littérature cynique elle-même, soit d'une littérature d'un
autre milieu, mais favorable au cynisme, puisque l'image qui se dégage de
Diogène à travers cet épisode est tout à fait positive.
Ces trois apophtegmes, à de petites modifications près, ont le même cadre
et ce cadre a un lien étroit et réel avec la parole dans les trois cas. On peut
supposer par conséquent que dès l'origine le cadre était présent, qu'il n'a pas
été rajouté après coup. L'existence de trois dits s'insérant dans un même
contexte amène à envisager deux possibilités: ou ces dits sont tirés d'un texte
suivi, une 'Vie' de Diogène par exemple, dans laquelle ils participaient de
l'élaboration d'une même histoire et ce serait peu à peu qu'ils auraient été
extraits de cette histoire, mis sous une forme apophtegmatique et insérés dans
des collections, ou les trois sont issus d'un court récit qui se transmettait
oralement et qui présentait Diogène se débarrassant de ses ustensiles à la vue
d'un enfant buvant dans ses mains. L'histoire orale aurait engendré des dits
qui auraient reçu la forme littéraire de l'apophtegme. Dans un cas, l'apoph
tegme serait un produit littéraire secondaire émanant d'un texte préexistant;
dans l'autre, il serait de formation première.
Dans cinq des six témoignages, l'auteur qui cite l'apophtegme lui a
conservé la forme qu'il devait avoir dans la collection où il l'a trouvé:
Sénèque: Me qui cum vidisset ... fregit ...
Plutarque: 9eaaàuevoç èÇèpaXe ...
Diogène Laërce: Geaaâuevôç noxe . . . èÇéppi\|/e . . .
'Gnomologium Vaticanum': Geaaâuevoç ... ànéppuyev ... (Lettre 6: ànoppi-
yaç)
Simplicius: èneiSf| ... èGeàaaxo ... ëppivye ...
Chez Jérôme cette forme est moins évidente, mais elle a laissé des traces:
habens ... vidit ...et elisisse fertur dicens ...
Seul Basile n'a pas conservé la forme apophtegmatique, toutefois il n'a
pas modifié la portée de l'épisode.
Si on analyse de près le cadre qui entoure les dits dans les différents
apophtegmes, on constate avec surprise de multiples variantes de détail:
- le personnage que rencontre Diogène:
puerum (Sénèque et Jérôme), xôv itivovxa (Plutarque), naiSiov (D. L.),
ueipâKiov (G. V.), xiva (Simplicius), naiSôç (Basile). La Lettre 6 est seule à
donner une identité au personnage, ce qui témoigne de son caractère plus
tardif: xiç ... GepâTtcov xcov xt)v xcopav èpyaÇouévcov
- ce que fait ce personnage:
xov Ttivovxa xaîç xEPcl (Plutarque)
cava manu bibentem aquam (Sénèque)
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 4033
Premier ensemble:
Plutarque apparaît comme un bref résumé de Diogène Laërce. Il n'a pas
conservé le dit, mais a néanmoins gardé la tournure apophtegmatique.
Diogène Laërce, en revanche, présente beaucoup d'intérêt. Il nous trans
met non seulement l'apophtegme commun à tous les témoignages dont nous
traitons, mais aussi un complément. On peut bien entendu concevoir le
complément comme une amplification due à un besoin de parallélisme entre
le boire et le manger. On peut aussi considérer, ce que nous aurions tendance
à faire, que le texte de Diogène Laërce est plus complet et que les autres
témoignages n'ont pas conservé la seconde partie. Les deux hypothèses peuvent
donc être soutenues.
Cette anecdote nous paraît venir d'un récit suivi, d'un texte qui, au
départ, devait être élaboré et dont, par la suite, ont été tirés des dits mis sous
forme apophtegmatique. Pourquoi cette conclusion? Nous avons la chance de
disposer dans Diogène Laërce VI 22 d'un témoignage qui, offrant des similitu
des avec le nôtre, nous conduit à cette hypothèse:
« A ce que dit Théophraste dans son 'Mégarique', c'est parce qu'il aperçut
(Geaaâuevoç) une souris qui courait de tous côtés, sans chercher un lieu
4034 MARIE-ODILE GOULET-CAZÉ
Second groupe:
Dans le 'Gnomologium' et chez Simplicius le dit est rapporté au style
indirect; néanmoins il est présent, alors que ce n'est plus le cas chez Basile.
La mise en scène est cette fois plus détaillée que dans le groupe précédent: on
a de l'eau qui coule dans G. V., un fleuve chez Simplicius (on peut d'ailleurs
se demander s'il n'y avait pas une tradition qui montrait Diogène au bord de
l'eau (voir fr. 331 Giannantoni: Ésope, Fable 65). Les deux dits:
« Il disait qu'il avait reçu de la nature des mains meilleures et plus utiles
(que la coupe qu'il venait de jeter) » (G. V.)
et
« Il disait qu'il n'avait plus besoin de sa coupe, ses mains rendant ce
service » (Simplicius),
w Zeller, op. cit., p. 284 (suite de la note 1 de la page 283), a pensé que l'expression
s'appliquait plutôt à un recueil de Diogène d'Apollonie. Le fait que Théophraste ait parlé
de Diogène le Cynique dans son 'Mégarique' rend tout de même l'hypothèse envisageable.
Voir G. Giannantoni, t. III, p. 453.
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 4035
présentent la même idée, bien que la formulation soit différente. Le dit chez
Jérôme est plus concis, mais il a conservé le mot-clef: la nature. Chez Basile,
on a affaire plutôt à une adaptation, mais qui a l'avantage elle aussi d'avoir
gardé napà xfjç cpûoecOç. Basile, quoique n'ayant pas maintenu la forme apoph-
tegmatique, a retenu bon nombre de termes de l'apophtegme. De même
l'auteur de la 'Lettre' qui, parti de l'apophtegme, a transformé celui-ci en une
petite histoire lui permettant de dégager une morale.
Si notre hypothèse d'un texte suivi au départ était juste, il faudrait
certainement admettre que ce texte comportait les apophtegmes offerts par le
groupe 1 et le groupe 2. On imagine très bien alors l'enchaînement:
- Diogène voit un enfant qui boit dans ses mains (et un enfant qui
mange de la même façon, si la version de Diogène Laërce émane d'un texte
suivi);
- constatation: un enfant le bat sur le chapitre de la frugalité;
- il jette sa tasse (et son écuelle);
- il conclut que les mains que lui a données la nature feront très bien
l'affaire. La version de Jérôme: « Je ne savais pas que la nature elle aussi avait
une coupe » présente la même idée, mais sous une forme ramassée.
Reste Sénèque. Il est difficile de dire s'il a trouvé dans une source
quelconque l'apophtegme qu'il cite ou s'il l'a lui-même inventé à partir des
éléments de la situation. On peut seulement constater que cet apophtegme
accompagnerait très bien le geste par lequel Diogène jette sa coupe.
Il peut sembler paradoxal que nous imaginions un texte suivi d'où seraient
extraits des apophtegmes. La démarche d'ordinaire est plutôt inverse: les
'Évangiles' relient entre eux et élaborent en un texte suivi des apophtegmes
qui circulaient indépendants. En fait la situation dans le cas de Diogène doit
être la même que dans les 'Évangiles' pour un certain nombre d'apophtegmes,
mais pour d'autres, il nous faut bien croire Diogène Laërce lorsqu'il cite une
source précise. Sinon il faudrait supposer que les sources mentionnées ont cité
des dits déjà arrangés sous forme d'apophtegmes, ce qui est tout de même
moins probable, sauf bien sûr dans le cas où les auteurs en question ont
composé des collections. Ainsi Hécaton, auteur de 'Chries' dont Diogène
Laërce en VI 32 cite un passage tiré du premier livre, ou Métroclès en VI 33.
Dans les autres cas où un nom d'auteur est signalé, il faut bien admettre que
l'auteur a écrit un ouvrage dont par la suite ont été tirés des extraits qui ont
été alors transformés en apophtegmes. C'est ce qui s'est passé avec la 'Vente
de Diogène' de Ménippe, le 'Mégarique' de Théophraste, un ouvrage de Zoïlos
de Pergé cité en VI 37, un de Denys le Stoïcien cité en VI 43, le naiSaycoyiKôç
de Cléomène. En revanche, quand un apophtegme est cité à l'état brut, sans
qu'aucun nom d'auteur soit signalé, ou bien son matériau a été tiré d'un
ouvrage, mais le nom de la source a disparu (c'est l'interprétation que nous
proposons ici pour Diogène Laërce), ou bien il s'agit d'un apophtegme composé
directement à partir d'une tradition orale et provenant de collections.
La méthode de Bultmann appliquée à des apophtegmes tirés d'ouvrages
préexistants ne peut être très fructueuse, car la forme apophtegmatique est
4036 MARIE-ODILE GOULET-CAZÉ
V/. Conclusion
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Goulet-Cazé M.-O., Les Cyniques grecs, Revue de philologie, de littérature et d'histoire
anciennes 52 (1978) 112-120.
-, Télès le Cynique, Revue des Études Grecques 94 (1981) 166- 172.
— , Un syllogisme stoïcien sur la loi dans la doxographie de Diogène le Cynique. A propos
de Diogène Laërce VI 72, Rheinisches Museum, N.F. 125 (1982) 214 - 240.
- , Une liste de disciples de Cratès le Cynique en Diogène Laërce 6, 95, Hermes 114 (1986)
247 - 252.
— , L'ascèse cynique. Un commentaire de Diogène Laërce VI 70-71, Paris, 1986, 292 p.
- , Le cynisme à l'époque impériale, ANRW II, 36,4, éd. par W. Haase, Berlin - New
York, 1990, pp. 2720-2833.
Helm R., Lucian und Menipp, Leipzig/Berlin, 1906, 392 p.
Höistad R., Cynic Hero and Cynic King. Studies in the Cynic Conception of Man, Uppsala,
1948, 233 p.
Kindstrand J. F., Diogenes Laertius and the Chreia Tradition, Elenchos 7 (1986) 217-243.
Leo F., Die griechisch-römische Biographie nach ihrer litterarischen Form, Leipzig, 1901
[rp. Hildesheim, 1965], 329 p.
Long A. A., Diogenes Laertius, Life of Arcesilaus, Elenchos 7 (1986) 429 - 449.
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 4041
Indices
Les chiffres seuls renvoient aux pages de l'article; les chiffres précédés de n. renvoient aux
notes, sans que la page soit précisée.
1. Diogène Laërce
3 n.l 91-93 3951
13-20 3883 92 n. 134; 3933
13- 15 3883 97 3976
14- 15 n.2 107 3917
18-19 3884 113-120 3886
20 3924 114 n.41
35 n.245 116 n.78
38 3952 120 3925; 3928
60 3953 126- 144 3886
79 3952; n.245 127- 129 n.147
97 n.230 138 3967
106 3929; n. 139
112 3976 III 3 n.39
36 3887
II 21 3940 38 n.247
23 n. 105
31 3954 IV 5 n. 114
47 3884; 3886; n. 219 29 3952; 3953
57 n. 10; n. 196 32 3953
59 3885; n.230; 3976 47 3991
64 3885 47 - 52 n.147
65 3887; 3933 52 3952; 3953
68 n.71 V 18 n.53; 3979; n.247
78 4007; 4021; 4022 36 n.39
79 3952 43 n. 56; 4034
84 3929; 3966; 3979 99 n.331
85 n.7; 3886; 3910; 3966; n.230;
n.243 VI 2-10 3981
87 3933 2 3891; 3930; n. 155; 3940; 3971
90 n. 196 3 3989; n. 199
4044 MARIE-ODILE GOULET-CAZÉ
4 n. 63; 3919; 3954; n. 248; 3981; 36 3897; 3934; 3960; 3977; 3986;
3983; 3989 3987; 4000; 4007; 4008; 4013; 4020;
6 n. 15; 3990 n. 342; 4023
8 3917; 3981; 3983; 3988 37 3897; 3919; n. 208; n. 231; 3981;
10- 13 3951 3984; 3987; 3989; 4013; 4029; 4030;
10- 11 3938 4035
10 3939 38 3896; 3987
11 3939 39 3987; 3989
12- 13 3937 40 3897; n. 71; 3986; 3987; n. 261;
12 3934; 3940; 3977 4034; 4038
13- 15 3890 41 3897; n. 71; 3983; 3987; 3989;
13 3929; n. 138; n. 143; 3976 n. 342
14- 15 3930; 3940; 3971; 3978 42 3976; 3982; 3984; 3987; 3989
14 3885; 3916; n. 79; n. 196; 3957; 42-43 3987
3962; 3969 43 3897; 3918; 3987; 3989; n. 262;
15- 18 3890 n. 342; 4035
15 3957; 3962; 3963; 3969 44 3896; 3987
18- 19 3891 45 n. 342; n. 369
18 3917; 3964; 3969 47 - 63 3897; 3982
19 3882; 3886; 3887; 3974 47 3987; 3995
20- 24 3899 48 3987
20- 23 3892 49 3987; 3988; 3990; n. 369
20- 21 3976; n. 239; n. 347 50 3983; 3987; 3989
20 n. 68; 3934; 4004 51 3984; 3987; 3988
21- 23 3963 52 3986; 3987
21 3917; 4038 53 n. 71; 3987
22- 33 3897; 3982 54 3987; 3988; n. 71
22 n. 57; 3916; 3964; 4033; 4034 55 n. 254; 3984; 3986; 3987
56 3892; 3987; 3988; 3990; 4037
23 n. 19; 3899; 3974; 3987 57 3987; 3989
23- 70 n. 147 58 n. 71; n. 254; 3987; 3990
24- 69 3981 59 3976; 3982; 3987
24- 26 3896 60 3897; 3986; 3987; 3989
24 3899; 3984; 3987; 4013; 4014 61 3897; 3987; 3990; n. 342; n. 369
25- 69 3899 62 3987
25 3897; n. 71; 3976; 3982; 3986 63 3987; 3988; 3989; 3990
26 3897; n. 71; n. 78; 3976; 3982 64 3987; n. 254; 3994
27 3984; 3987; n. 263 65 - 74 3897; 3982
28 3987 66 3897; n. 342; 3983; 3987; 3990
29- 30 4006; 4008; 4013 67 3987; 3990
29 3897; 3911; 3976; 3981; 3997; 68 3987
4000; 4005; 4006; 4007; 4018; 4019; 69 3899; 3971; n. 231; 3975; 3984;
4020 3987; 3988; 4014
30-32 3916; 3976 70-73 3897; 3899
30-31 3912 72 n. 29; 3974
30 3897; 3981; 4000; 4004; 4007; 73 3897; n. 176; 3976
4009; 4020; 4021; n. 347; 4022 74 - 78 3899
31 -32 3901; 3989 74-76 3899
32 n. 64; 3919; 3976; 3982; 3987; 74 - 75 3900; 3976; 4000; 4002; 4006;
n. 260; 4013; 4034 4013
33 3897; 3910; n. 243; 3981; 3987; 74 n. 29; 3898; 3899; 3967; 3971;
3989; 4013; n. 342; 4035; n. 369 3974; 3975; n. 250; 4005; n. 322;
34 - 46 3897; 3982 4006; 4008; 4019; 4021; 4023
34 3896; n. 29; 3974; 3987; 3989; 75 3899; 3900; n. 35; 3911; 4000; 1010
n. 355 76-79 3900
35 3987; 3992 76 - 77 n. 72; n. 209; n. 239
LE LIVRE VI DE DIOGÈNE LAËRCE 4045
Sommario
( = V A 39 G.): ìnventor primus Cynices ego. quae ratio istaec? I Alcides mulio dicitur
esse prior. I Alcida quondam fueram doctore secundus: I nunc ego sum Cynices primus,
et Me deus.
2 Enomao è stato tradizionalmente collocato nell'età che va da Adriano ad Antonino
Pio: cfr. F. W. A. Mullach, Fragmenta Philosophorum Graecorum, Vol. II. Pythagoreos,
Sophistas, Cynicos et Chalcidii in priorem Timaei Platonici partem commentarios conti-
nens, Paris 1867, p. 359; K.Buresch, Klaros. Untersuchungen zum Orakelwesen des
spàteren Altertums nebst einem Anhang, das Anecdoton XPHIMOI TON EAAHNIKfiN
©EÎ2N enthaltend, Leipzig 1889 (rist. Aalen 1973), pp. 63 - 64; P. Vallette, De Oenomao
Cynico. Oenomai libri qui inscribitur rcof|xcov qxbpa reliquiae, Paris 1908, pp. 3 — 7; D. R.
Dudley, A History of Cynicism from Diogenes to the VIth Century A. D., London 1937,
p. 184 n. 3; E. des Places, La Préparation Evangélique, Livres V.18-36-VI, Sources
chrétiennes, CCLXVI, Paris 1980, p. 8; cfr. ora J. Hammerstaedt, Der Kyniker Oeno-
maus von Gadara, in: ANRW II 36,4, ed. W. Haase, Berlin - New York 1990, pp. 2835 -
36. Va però notato che le testimonianze non sono concordi tra loro e che, se si potesse
accettare che T'Enomao' citato in Eus. chron. ad 2135 Abr. (119 d. C.) non è il Cinico,
allora si confermerebbero reciprocamente la notizia di 'Suda' s. v. Oivouaoç (ove il
Cinico è definito où noXXcp TtpeaPùxepoç llopcpupiou) e il rilievo di Eus. praep. euang.
V 18,6 p. 256,15- 16 Mras (che presenta Enomao come xiç xÓàv vécov).
1 Si ricordi Ps. Crat. ep. XVI ( = V H 103 G.): fj uèv KuviKf| cpiXoaocpia èaxiv ó Aiovéveioç,
ó 8è kùcov ó Kaxà xaûxtiv novcov, xò 8è KuviÇeiv xò ctuvxôucdç cpiXoaocpeïv. Tutte le
lettere pseudodiogeniche e pseudocratetee si presentano del resto come una energica
rivendicazione del cinismo ànò Aioyévouç, anche se non vi mancano riferimenti ad
Antistene: su di esse cfr. W. Capelle, De Cynicorum epistolis, diss. Gòttingen 1896;
A. Olivieri, Le epistole del Pseudo-Cratete, Rivista di Filologia e d'Istruzione Classica,
XXVII (1899) pp. 406 - 21; V.Emel|anow, The Letters of Diogenes, diss. Stanford
University 1968; A. J. Malherbe, The Cynic Epistles. A Study Edition, Soc. of Bibl. Lit.
Sources for Bibl. Stud., XII, Missoula (Montana) 1977.
CINISMO E STOICISMO NEL LIBRO VI (103-105) DI DIOG. LAERZ. 4051
ignorano ogni connessione di Antistene con il Kimauôç o con uno stile di vita
assimilabile al kuvikôç pioç, come agevolmente mostra una sia pur rapida
ricognizione della tradizione antistenica dalle sue origini fino all'epoca in cui
essa si incontra con le fonti utilizzate da Diogene Laerzio: costantemente
rilevate vi appaiono la cifra socratica del filosofo e, ciò che più conta, una
serie di interessi teorici, rispecchiati dai frammenti trasmessi, incompatibili
con la naiSeia cinica.
Ciò risulta chiaramente, all'inizio del quarto secolo, dai riferimenti,
pur fortemente polemici, di Isocrate8, ed è confermato in seguito sia dalla
raffigurazione senofontea9 sia dall'alto elogio di Teopompo di Chio10: e
8 Cfr. in particolare Isocrat. adv. soph. 1-6 (= V A 170 G.); Helen. 1 ( = V A 156 G.);
paneg. 188 — 89 (= V A 55 G.). Antistene stesso intervenne nella polemica con i tre scritti
TIepi xcòv 8iKoypdqxov', "Iaoypàcpiiç Kai Aeaiaç', TIpôç xòv 'IaoKpàxouç 'Audpxupov'. Su
tutta la questione si veda la messa a punto di G. Giannantoni, Socraticorum Reliquiae,
Elenchos. Collana di testi e studi sul pensiero antico, VII, Roma -Napoli 1985, III pp.
239 - 50, cui rinvio per la bibliografia, alla quale è ora da aggiungere L. Eucken,
Isokrates. Seine Position in der Auseinandersetzung mit den zeitgenòssischen Philosophen,
Unters. zur antik. Lit. ÔC Gesch., XIX, Berlin -New York 1983, in particolare pp. 18 — 27
e 44 sgg. Per le posizioni teoriche di Antistene cfr. A. Brancacci, Oikeios Logos. La
filosofia del linguaggio di Antistene, Elenchos. Collana di testi e studi sul pensiero antico,
XX, Napoli 1990, pp. 97 -104.
» Cfr. in particolare Xen. symp. IV 61—64 ( = V A 13 G.), ove Socrate trasmette ad
Antistene la propria arte di àyaGôç uaaxpoTtôç, riconoscendogli inoltre abilità nella
npoayoyeia; id. ibid. 34 - 44 ( = V A 82 G.) per la presentazione generale di Antistene,
la quale mostra quanto ancora lontano fosse il filosofo dai modi del posteriore kuvikôç
pioç, e come tuttavia questo avrebbe potuto in qualche modo a lui richiamarsi: qui è
contenuta anche una netta dichiarazione di fedeltà di Antistene a Socrate, e su questa
linea è anche symp. VIII 4-6 ( = V A 14 G.); cfr. inoltre ibid. V 8 (deest in SR): xòv
ctòv (sc. Io>Kpàxouç) kcù 'AvxiaGévouç TiXoùxov, che mostra come, agli occhi di Senofonte,
Antistene e Socrate fossero vicini. Viceversa, in symp. IV 2 — 5 ( = V A 83 G.) Antistene
è il confutatore per antonomasia, e questo tratto potè sicuramente influire sul posteriore
XoiSopeïv cinico.
10 Cfr. Theopomp. ap. Diog. Laert. VI 14 ( = V A 22 G. = fr.280 FHG I p.326 = 115 F
295 Fr. Gr. Hist. II B 600): „Teopompo loda Antistene solo tra tutti i Socratici, e anzi
afferma che era abile nel parlare e sapeva trarre a sé chiunque per mezzo della sua ben
costrutta conversazione". Si noti che la lode di Antistene andava parallela a un attacco
generale contro Platone: cfr. Athen. XI p. 508 c - d ( = V A 42 G. = 115 F 259 Fr. Gr.
Hist. II B 591): „Teopompo di Chio dice nello scritto 'Contro l'insegnamento di Platone':
'Si potrebbe trovare che molti suoi (= di Platone) scritti sono inutili e falsi, e che inoltre
la maggior parte di essi sono di altri, essendo tratti dalle diatribe di Aristippo, alcuni
poi anche (dagli scritti) di Antistene e molti da quelli di Brisone di Eraclea'". Per la
polemica antiplatonica di Teopompo, che ricalca quella che fu già del 'Satone' di
Antistene, cfr. Simpl. in Aristot. cat. p. 216,16-17 (= 115 F 359 Fr. Gr. Hist.) e Epict.
diss. II 17,5-6 (= 115 F 275 Fr. Gr. Hist.). Per il debito di Teopompo nei confronti
della caratterologia e delle dottrine logico-linguistiche del Socratico cfr. R. Hirzf.l,
Zur Charakteristik Theopomps, Rheinisches Museum, XLVII (1892) pp. 359-89 e
A. Momigliano, Teopompo, Rivista di Filologia e di Istruzione Classica, IX (1931) pp.
230 - 32 e 335-53, ora in Id., Terzo contributo alla storia degli studi classici e del
mondo antico, Storia e lett. Racc, di studi e testi, CVIII & CIX, Roma 1966, I pp. 367
92.
CINISMO E STOICISMO NEL LIBRO VI (103-105) DI DIOG. LAERZ. 4053
11 Per gli Antistenici cfr. Aristot. met. H 3. 1043 b 28-32 ( = V A 150 G.), passo spesso
citato per provare la diffusione delle dottrine logiche antisteniche: cfr. F. Sayre, op. cit.,
pp. 50-52 anche per le altre citazioni aristoteliche di Antistene; per la cronologia di
'Metafisica' ZH0 cfr. I. During, Aristotele, tr. it., Bibl. di filos., Saggi IX, Milano 1976,
p. 663 (= Id., Aristoteles. Darstellung und Interpretation seines Denkens, Bibl. der klass.
Altertumswiss., N. F. 1, Heidelberg 1966, p.589), che colloca i tre trattati nel secondo
periodo ateniese tra il 334 e il 322. Si può aggiungere, visto il rapporto tra il 'Kaxù xfjç
nXdxcovoç 8iaxpipfjç' di Teopompo di Chio e il TàGcov', e tenendo conto della polemica
antiplatonica presente nella dottrina degli Antistenici ricordata da Aristotele, che con
l'espressione Kai ol oôxcoç à»taiSeuxoi Aristotele si riferisce proprio a Teopompo, il quale
intorno al 343 era sicuramente alla corte dì Filippo di Macedonia tra gli intellettuali
greci che lo circondavano, e quivi rimase a lungo fino all'epoca del richiamo di Alessandro
a Chio: e alla corte macedone, come è noto, Aristotele fu chiamato nel 343 - 42 da
Filippo, rimanendovi fino al 335, anno del rientro ad Atene. Cfr. inoltre Socratic. ep.
XXVIII ( = Speusippus fr. 156 Isnardi Parente) per la propaganda antiplatonica che
Teopompo svolgeva in quella corte: la lettera è quasi certamente genuina di Speusippo:
cfr. M. Isnardi Parente, Speusippo. Frammenti, La scuola di Platone I, Napoli 1980,
pp. 391 -402 per tutte le necessarie indicazioni. Altre citazioni di Antistene sono in top.
A 11. 104 b 19-21 (= V A 153 G.), ove si parla di xôv yvcopiucov [...] koxù cpiXoaocpiav,
e Antistene è menzionato in compagnia di filosofi quali Eraclito e Melisso (mentre
Aristippo è definito oocpiaxr|ç: cfr. met. B 2. 996 a 33); in polit. T 13. 1284 a 11-17
( = V A 68 G.) e in rhet. T 3. 1407 a 9 - 12 ( = V A 51 G.j, ove la menzione del Socratico
è del tutto positiva. Per il riferimento a Diogene, che tuttavia non è citato per nome,
ma solo indicato - parrebbe - dall'epiteto Kucov, cfr. rhet. T 10. 1411 a 24 - 25 ( = V
B 184).
12 Cfr. Heracl. Pont. ap. Athen. XII 533 c-d (= fr. 59 Wehrli = V A 144 G.), e
suH"Aspasia' di Antistene H. Dittmar, Aischines von Sphettos. Studien zur Literaturge-
schichte der Sokratiker, Philologische Untersuchungen XXI, Berlin 1912, pp. 1 — 17;
F. Susemihl, Die Aspasia des Antisthenes, Philologus, LIX (1900) p. 148-51 e 469 - 71,
e ora G. Giannantoni, Socraticorum Reliquiae, III pp. 295 - 97.
13 Cfr. Athen. XIII 589 e ( = V A 143 G.) e H. Dittmar, op. cit., p. 17. Si ricordi il fr. 16
Wehrli di Clearco: „Per dirla in breve con Clearco di Soli, voi non praticate una vita
di pazienza (KapxepiKôç Bìoç), ma una vita cinica (kuvikoç Bioç), e pur possedendo il
cane una natura straordinaria per quattro sue doti, di essa voi condividete e fate vostri
soltanto gli aspetti peggiori [...] Non vivete infatti in comunità con gli altri uomini, né
distinguete il carattere delle persone che incontrate; siete inoltre di gran lunga inferiori
al cane quanto a poteri percettivi, e vivete in modo pigro e trascurato. Il cane invece è
per sua natura ringhioso, mangia di tutto, e la sua vita è misera e spoglia, e questo sì
che voi lo imitate, voi che siete ingiuriosi e voraci e vivete per di più senza casa e senza
patria" (cito dalla traduzione di L. Repici, Lo sviluppo delle dottrine etiche nel Peripato,
4054 ALDO BRANCACCI
in: G. Giannantoni [a cura di], Scuole socratiche minori e filosofia ellenistica, Pubbl.
del Centro di Studio per la stor. della storiograf. filos., IV, Bologna 1977, pp. 228-29).
14 Cfr. Phaen. ap. Diog. Laert. VI 8 ( = V A 172 G. = fr.30 Wehrli). Cfr. inoltre Diog.
Laert. III 35 ( = V A 148 G.), relativo all'ostilità tra Antistene e Platone. Accolgo la tesi
di M. Pohlenz, Aus Platos Werdezeit. Philologische Untersuchungen, Berlin 1913, p. 210,
secondo cui il passo dipende da fonte epicurea, come peraltro conferma la menzione di
Idomeneo in Diog. Laert. III 36: siamo nell'ambito di una tradizione che tende ad esaltare
Socrate e a sminuire Platone e i Socratici, ponendoli in lite tra di loro, certo allo scopo
di rivendicare, in polemica con le scuole rivali, l'eredità socratica dell'epicureismo.
15 Cfr. Timon ap. Diog. Laert. VI 18 ( = V A 41 G. = Timon fr.37 Diels): Tiucdv Sià xò
nXfjGoç ènmucov ..navxocpufj cpXé8ova" cpnaiv aùxóv.
16 Di innumerabiles libri parlerà Hieronym. adv. Jovin. II 14 ( = V A 12 G.); cfr. Diog.
Laert. VI 15; Eudoc. violar. 96 p. 96,5-6; Suda s. v. 'Avxia9évnç ( = V A 41 G.), e si
ricordi anche il giudizio di Panezio, citato, sui dialoghi socratici di Antistene.
17 Cfr. Hermipp. ap. Diog. Laert. VI 2 ( = V A 9 G. = fr.34 Wehrli): yéveiv e ènaiveîv
sono moduli caratteristici delle èniSeiÇeiç sofistiche. Per la tradizione del discepolato
presso Gorgia cfr. Diog. Laert. VI 1 e Suda s. v. 'AvxiaGévi^ç ( = V A II G.), su cui è da
vedere F. Decleva Caizzi, Antisthenis fragmenta, Milano - Varese 1966, p. 119. Cfr.
anche M.-O. Goulet-Cazé, Le livre VI de Diogène Laërce: analyse de sa structure et
réflexions méthodologiques, in questo stesso volume (ANRW II 36,6) supra, p. 3889 e
3956. Per lo schema della 'conversione' cfr. Diog. Laert. VI 2; Hieronym. adv. Jovin. II
14; Gnom. Vat. 743 n° 4 (= V A 12 G.).
" Cfr. Satyr. ap. Athen. XII 534c ( = V A 198 G. = fr. 1 FHG III p. 160): Antistene, che
lo vide con i suoi propri occhi, fotografa Alcibiade con cinque aggettivi memorabili.
" Cfr. Neanth. ap. Diog. Laert. VII 13 (= V A 22 G. = fr. 15 FHG III p.5 = 84 F24 Fr.
Gr. Hist. II A p. 196).
CINISMO E STOICISMO NEL LIBRO VI (103-105) DI DIOG. LAERZ. 4055
20 Per questo aspetto, su cui i testi sono innumerevoli, cfr. la messa a punto di G.
Giannantoni, Socraticorum Reliquiae, III (1985) pp. 449 — 55.
21 Cfr. Diog. Laert. VI 13 ( = V A 22 G.) e, per Diogene, i frammenti V B 143-151, ai
quali si premetterà il testo aristotelico già citato ( = B 184 G.). Viceversa, va notato che
in nessuna altra testimonianza Antistene è mai definito Kùcov: e d'altra parte egli non è
stato mai per nessun autore antico il modello del 'Cane'.
22 Per la questione cfr. W. von Kienle, Die Berichte ùber die Sukzessionen der Philosophen
in der hellenistischen und spàtantiken Literatur, Diss. Berlin 1961, pp. 79 — 98.
23 Cfr. Sosicr. ap. Diog. Laert. VI 13 ( = V A 22 G.). Sul pitagorico, e le sue, peraltro
oscure, relazioni con il cinismo cfr. P. Tannery, Sur Diodore d'Aspende, Archiv fur
Geschichte der Philosophie, IX (1896) pp. 176-84 (= Id., Mémoires Scientifiques, VII,
publiés par J. L. Heiberg, Toulouse - Paris 1925, p. 201-210).
24 Cfr. Diocl. ap. Diog. Laert. VI 13 (= V A 22 G.). Si noterà che tutte le testimonianze
relative al preteso modo di vita cinico di Antistene sono collocate da Diogene Laerzio
in un medesimo luogo, che forma un blocco virtualmente indipendente dal resto del
pioç.
25 Cfr. in particolare Diog. Laert. VI 19 ( = V A 38 G.): èiteiÔf| 8è xoùç àit' 'Apicrrirotou
8ieXiiXù9auev kcù «DaiScovoç, vùv èAKùoxouev xoùç àn' 'AvnaGévouç kuvikoùç xe Kai
Ixohkoùç. Come rileva G. Giannantoni, Socrate e i Socratici in Diogene Laerzio,
Elenchos, VII (1986) p. 208, il passo prova „non solo e non tanto che le 'Vite' di Diogene
Laerzio non ebbero una revisione finale da parte del loro autore, ma anche e soprattutto
che Diogene Laerzio dovette essere a lungo incerto sulla scelta delle fonti da seguire."
Cfr. del resto Diog. Laert. II 47 ( = I 5 G.), che spiega perché Diogene Laerzio non abbia
infine seguito l'ordine di successione qui indicato: „Bisognerà parlare prima di Senofonte,
poi di 'Antistene tra i Cinici', poi dei Socratici etc.".
4056 ALDO BRANCACCI
Antistene
Menippo
peiov, Tiénitxr|v 'AwiKépeiov, êKxnv ©eo8còpeiov, épSóunv Znvcoveiov xf|v kcù Ixghkf)v,
òy8ór|v 'AKa8T|uaîKr|v xr|v àpxaiav, èvàxr|v nepiitaxr|xiKr|v oûxe 8è Kuvikt|v, ode
'HXiaKr|v, ode AiaXcKxiKf|v.
28 Cfr. Id. I 20: xtiv hèv yàp rIuppróveiov où8" oi TiXeiouç npocmoiouvxai 8tà xt)v àaàcpeiav
ëVioi 8è Kaxà xi uèv aïpeaiv elvai cpaaiv aùxr|v, Kaxà xi 8è oû. 8okeï 8è alpeaiç elvai.
Questa tradizione va confrontata con quella posta sotto l'autorità di Teodosio ap. Diog.
Laert. IX 70 (= Pyrrho T 41 Deci.eva Caizzi); per il punto di vista laerziano cfr. Diog.
Laert. IX 102 ( = Pyrrho T 44 Decleva Caizzi).
» Cfr. Diog. Laert. VI 85 ( = V H 1 G.).
<° Cfr. Id. VII 25 (= fr.5 SVF I).
31 Su Ippoboto, sulla sua cronologia e sulla conoscenza (indiretta) che ne ebbe Diogene
Laerzio cfr. ora M. Gigante, I frammenti di Ippoboto. Contributo alla storia della
storiografia filosofica, in: AA. VV., Omaggio a Piero Treves, a cura di A. Mastrocinque,
Padova 1983, pp. 151—93, il quale cita, per la datazione, Philodem. de Stoicis (PHerc.
339/155, col. XIII 7- 12). Su Ippoboto cfr. anche H. von Arnim, s. v. Hippobotos, RE
VIIi 2 (1913) coll. 1722 - 23; G. Donzelli, Il nepi alpéaecov di Ippoboto e il Kuviauoç,
Rivista di Filologia e di Istruzione Classica, LXXXVII (1959) pp. 24-39; M.Pohlenz,
La Stoa. Storia di un movimento spirituale, tr. it. Firenze 1967, I p. XXXI (= Id., Die
Stoa. Geschichte einer geistigen Bewegung, 2. Band. Erlàuterungen, Gòttingen 1949, pp.
10-11).
4058 ALDO BRANCACCI
32 Per il punto cfr. G. Donzelli, Il nepi aipéoeov, cit., p. 36. Si noti che quella stoica è
l'unica scuola, tra le nove menzionate da Ippoboto, che riceve una doppia denominazione.
u Si pensi all'importante dossografia in Diog. Laert. VI 70-73.
CINISMO E STOICISMO NEL LIBRO VI (103-105) DI DIOG. LAERZ. 4059
» Diog. Laert. VI 103- 104 (= V A 135 e V B 368 G.; V B 369 e 497 G.): àpécncei oôv
aùxoiç xòv XoyiKÒv Kai xòv cpuaiKÒv xóiiov nepiaipetv, èucpepâç 'Apiaxcovi xà> Xicp, uóvco
8è npoaéxeiv xâ> f|OiKrâ. kcù ôTtep xivèç etù ZcoKpàxouç, xoùxo AioKXfjç èni Atoyévouç
àvaypàcpei, xoùxov cpàoKcov Xéyeiv '8eî ÇTixeïv (Od. 8 392)
ôxxi xoi èv Ueyàpoiai kokov x' àyaGóv xe xéxuKxai'.
Ttapaixoùvxai 8è Kai xà èyKûKXia uaOf|uaxa. ypàuuaxa yoùv jif| uavGàveiv ëcpaaKev ó
'AvxiaGévr|ç xoùç acixppovaç yevouévouç, îva \ir\ Siaaxpécpoivxo xoîç àXXoxpìoiç. nepiai-
poùai 8è kcù yecouexpiav Kai uouoikt)v kcù nâvxa xà xoiaùxa. ó yoùv Aioyévr|ç npoç xôv
èiti8eiKvûvxa aùxû cbpooKo»teîov, 'xpfiaiuov', êcpti, 'xô ëpyov npôç xô uf| ùaxepfjaai
Seinvou'. npôç xôv èntSeiKvûvxa aùxóp uouaiKT|v ëcpTj (Eurip. fr. 200 Nauck2)-
yvcouaiç yàp àvSpcov eô uèv oiKoÙvxai nôXeiç,
eù 8' oikoç, où yaXuoîoi Kai xepexiauaaiv.
4060 ALDO BRANCACCI
" Cfr. Diog. Laert. VII 39 ( = fr. 1 SVF III): „Queste parti Apollodoro chiama luoghi (xóitoi),
Crisippo ed Eudromo specie (eîÔT|), altri generi (yévr|)". La medesima terminologia è
presente in VII 160 (= Aristo Chius fr. 351 SVF I): Aristone soppresse xóv xe cpuaiKòv
xcmov Kai xòv XoyiKóv. Non si può dunque escludere che proprio Apollodoro avesse
parlato di Aristone: vedi infra.
36 Diocle è citato per Diogene anche in Diog. Laert. VI 20 e 36 (= V B 2 e 367 G.), per
Cratete in VI 87 e 91 ( = V H 4 e 30 G.), per Menippo in VI 99; costituisce inoltre la
fonte della sezione dossografica relativa ad Antistene in VI 12 - 13 ( = V A 134 G.).
,7 Per Aristippo cfr. [Plutarch.] strom. 9 = Dox. gr. p. 581,22 = Eus. praep. euang. I 8,9
p. 24b; Eus. ibid. XV 62,7 p. 854c ( = IV A 166 G.): in questo secondo passo il riferimento
coinvolge, forse, anche Aristone di Chio. Per Socrate cfr. Xen. mem. I 1,11-16, la cui
fonte non è stata ancora determinata.
38 Cfr. Arsen. viol. s. v. 'AvttaGévouç (= Antisthenes fr. 176 Decleva Caizzi = deest in
SR): ó aùxoç èpo>xr|9eiç Ttoîa Seï uavôàveiv xoù 'Oufipou, êcpiy 'òxxi xoi èv ueydpoioi
kokóv x' àyaGóv xe xéxuKxaf.
CINISMO E STOICISMO NEL LIBRO VI (103-105) DI DIOG. LAERZ. 4061
39 Cfr. Diocl. ap. Diog. Laert. VI 12 ( = V A 134 G.), citato infra, e inoltre Phaen. ap.
Diog. Laerx. VI 8 ( = V A 172 G.): diventerai virtuoso ei zà Kaxà fi ëxel? Oxl cPeukxd
èan uàGoiç napà xcuv ei8óxcov. Per il uavGàveiv e il suo oggetto cfr. Dio Chrysost. orat.
XIII 27-28 (= V A 208 G.).
40 Su questo scritto si veda A. Lulofs, De Antisthenis studiis rhetoricis, diss. Amsterdam
1900, pp. 54-56.
41 Per il cpiXoaocpeïv in Diogene di Sinope cfr. Diog. Laert. VI 63 (= V B 360 G.): il
vantaggio che offre la filosofia è quello di essere preparato a ogni evento; Id. VI 65 ( = V
B 362 G.), ove il cpiXoaocpeïv è identificato col prendersi cura di KaXSsç Çfjv, e VI 64
( = V B 364 G.): aspirare alla aocpia, anche questo è cpiXooocpetv. Per la critica di coloro
che si dedicano allo studio dei fenomeni celesti cfr. Diog. Laert. VI 39 (= V B 371 G.)
e Stob. II 1,23 ( = V B 372 G.): oi TiXavróuevoi sono non i pianeti, ma coloro che
ascoltano i discorsi di chi li studia. Non va trascurato, peraltro, il fondamentale
razionalismo diogenico, che emerge ad es. da Stob. III 33,14 ( = V B 363 G.): è l'uso
scorretto del Xôyoç che perverte ciò che di meglio vi è nella vita del filosofo.
42 Per rèTiiaKeyiç xôv òvouaxcov si veda Epict. diss. I 17,10-12 ( = V A 160 G.), da
confrontare con Xen. mem. IV 6,1; per la dottrina della definizione cfr. Aristot. met. H
3. 1043 b 28-32 e A 29. 1024 b 26-34 ( = V A 150 e 152 G.), Diog. Laert. VI 3 ( = V
A 151 G.), Alex. Aphrod. in Aristot. top. p. 42,13 -22 ( = V A 151 G.), Isocrat. Helen.
1 ( = V A 156 G.). Per gli scritti logico-dialettici cfr. gli undici titoli registrati nel sesto
e settimo tomo del catalogo laerziano. Per gli àvàXcoxoi Aoyiauoi come fondamento dei
convincimenti morali cfr. Diocl. ap. Diog. Laert. VI 13 (= V A 134 G.), e inoltre Stob.
II 31,68 ( = V A 163 G.); per il ruolo dell'èTtiCTxf|un ai fini dell'acquisizione della virtù
cfr. Dio Chrysost. orat. XIII 14-28 (= V A 208 G.) e Isocrat. adv. soph. 1-6 (= V A
170 G.). Per tutta questa parte, e in generale per le dottrine logico-dialettiche del
Socratico, cfr. ora A. Brancacci, Oikeios Logos. La filosofia del linguaggio di Antistene,
cit., pp. 119-46 e passim.
2*7 ANRW II .16.6
4062 ALDO BRANCACCI
nella misura in cui esso fu proprio del posteriore cinismo: sarà sufficiente
ricordare a questo proposito da un lato il trattato T1epi cpûaecoç', citato nella
dossografia e nella tradizione indiretta come 'OuaiKôç', e r"Epcbxr|ua nepi
cpûaea>ç' in due libri, in cui Antistene svolgeva la propria concezione del dio
unico KaxÒ cpÓoiv, privo di forma umana e rettore dell'universo, nonché le tre
opere di contenuto escatologico T1epi xoù ànoGaveïv', TIepi Çcofjç Kai Gavàxou',
T1epi xrâv èv §Sov/43; e, dall'altro, il trattato T1epi Çcixov cpuaecoc,', cui va
certamente ricondotta quella concezione teleologica della natura, umana e
animale, volta a porre in luce la superiorità di cpûaic, su vôuoç, di cui troviamo
tracce in Dione Crisostomo e in Senofonte44.
La necessità di discriminare con cura quanto nella nozione laerziana di
Kuviauôç risulta di per sé unificato emerge anche dalla seconda parte del
paragrafo, ove Diogene ha saldato insieme due cose diverse: il rifiuto degli
èyKûKXia uaGf|uaxa proprio dei Cinici, seguiti in questo da Aristone di Chio45,
e un motto di Antistene sul ypâuuaxa uavGàveiv, estratto visibilmente da
tutt'altro contesto. E' facile notare infatti che, se si dovesse restare alla lettera
dell'assimilazione proposta dall'autore, non ci si potrebbe spiegare l'estrema
varietà dell'attività letteraria del Socratico, il quale fu autore di uno scritto
Tlepi uouoiKfjç', di sedici opere di esegesi omerica, di un trattato T1epi
4J Per la concezione del dio unico Kcrià cpùaiv cfr. Philod. de pietate 7a,3 - 8 ( = V A 179
G.) e Cicer. de nat. deor. I 13,32; Minuc. Fel. Octav. 19,7; Lactant. div. inst. I 5,18; Id.
de ira Dei 11,14 ( = V A 180 G.). Per la negazione della forma esteriore del dio cfr. Clem.
Al. protr. VI 71,2; Id. strom. V XIV 108,4 (= Eus. praep. euang. XIII 13,35 p.678 c);
Theodor, graec. affect. cur. I 75 ( = V A 181 G.); questo concetto sarà ripreso da Aristone
di Chio: cfr. Cicer. de nat. deor. I 14,37 (= fr.378 SVF I) e Min. Fel. Octav. XIX 13
(deest in SVF). Per tutta questa parte rinvio a A. Brancacci, La théologie d'Antisthène,
ct>iXoaocpia, XV -XVI (1985-86) pp. 218-30.
44 Per il Geoç xâv ôXcov cfr. Theodor, graec. affect. cur. I 75 ( = V A 181 G.); per il dio
unico summae totius ariificem e summae totìus gubernatorem cfr. Lactant. div. inst. I
5,18 e instit. epit. 4,2 ( = V A 180 G.). Per le concezioni teleologiche sono da vedere
Xen. mem. I 4,1 su cui cfr. F. Decleva Caizzi, Antisthenis fragmenta, Testi e documenti
per lo studio dell'antichità, XIII, Milano - Varese 1966, pp. 68-69 e 79, e Dio Chrysost.
orat. VI 25 - 29 e orat. VIII 33, su cui cfr. Th.Gomperz, Griechische Denker. Eine
Geschichte der antiken Philosophie, 3 Bd., Berlin - Leipzig 1896-1909 (Bd. 2: 1902), tr.
it. Pensatori Greci, Firenze 19673, II pp. 566 — 68 e A. Brancacci, La théologie d'Antis
thène, cit., p. 223. Per il contrasto tra vouoç e cpùaiç in ambito teleologico cfr. E. Zeller,
Die Philosophie der Griechen in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwicklung dargestellt, II l5:
Sokrates und die Sokratiker. Plato und die Alte Akademie, Leipzig 1922, p. 291 n. 1;
D.Babut, Plutarque et le Stoïcisme, Paris 1969, p. 64 n.4.
45 Per Diogene cinico cfr. Diog. Laert. VI 73 ( = V B 370 G.) contro la musica, la geometria
e l'astrologia; VI 27 - 28 ( = V B 374 G.) contro la grammatica, la musica e la matematica;
VI 28 ( = V B 504 G.) contro i retori; cfr. anche VI 24 (= VB 375 G.) e Stob. II 31,118
( = V B 373 G.). Analoga è la posizione di Zenone, che all'inizio della 'Politeia' dichiarava
inutile l'istruzione enciclopedica: cfr. Diog. Laert. VII 32 ( = fr. 259 SVF I), e vedi anche
VII 18 (= fr. 81 SVF I); lo stesso Crisippo considererà le arti liberali èimr|8eùuaxa e non
èmoxfjuai: cfr. Stob. II 67,5 ( = fr. 294 SVF III); per la posizione di Aristone rinvio a
A. M. Ioppolo, Aristone di Chio e lo stoicismo antico, Coll. Elenchos, I, Napoli 1980,
pp. 73-78.
CINISMO E STOICISMO NEL LIBRO VI (103-105) DI DIOG. LAERZ. 4063
47 Cfr. Themist. de virt. p.43 Mach (= V A 96 G.), in cui l'opposizione tra res humanae
e res coelesies rappresenta quella tra istruzione tradizionale e naiSeia filosofica, con la
precisazione che chi abbia ricevuto la seconda potrà ricevere anche la prima: si ista
( = ea, quae hominibus sublimiora sunt) disces, iunc humana quoque disces. Per la teoria
della Stxxr| TtaiSeia cfr. Dio Chrysost. orat. IV 29: „non sai che l'istruzione è di due
specie, l'una d'origine celeste, l'altra umana? Orbene, quella divina è grande, forte e
agevole, mentre quella umana è piccola, debole, piena di pericoli e di non trascurabili
inganni: tuttavia è necessario che sia unita all'altra se vuole realizzarsi in modo retto".
Cfr. Id. ibid. 31: „Chiunque, essendo nobile per natura, possegga l'educazione divina,
facilmente diventa partecipe anche di quella umana". Per tutta questa parte cfr. A. Bran-
cacci, Oikeios Logos, cit., pp. 104- 14, e sui passi dionei cfr. anche E.Weber, De Dione
Chrysostomo Cynicorum sectatore, Leipziger Studien, X (1887) pp. 238 — 53; R. Hôistad,
Cynic Hero and Cynic King. Studies in the cynic conception of man, Uppsala 1948, pp.
56-61.
46 Per la retorica cfr. F. Caizzi, Antistene, Studi Urbinati n.s. 1-2 (1964) pp. 66-83,
nonché A. Patzer, Antisthenes der Sokratiker. Das literarische Werk und die Philosophie,
dargestellt am Katalog der Schriften (Teildruck), diss. Heidelberg 1970, e ora A. Bran-
caCcI, Oikeios Logos, cit., pp. 147-71; per le opere di critica omerica rinvio alla
bibliografia citata da G. Giannantoni, Socraticorum Reliquiae, III (1985) pp. 303-16;
per le esegesi omeriche rinvio a quanto ho scritto in Oikeios Logos, cit., pp. 45 - 76 e
pp. 261 -62 n.62.
48 Per tutto ciò rinvio ai testi citati e discussi in: Oikeios Logos, cit., pp. 85 — 118.
267'
4064 ALDO BRANCACCI
49 Diog. Laert. VI 105 ( = V A 135 G. = deest in SVF): xà 8è uexaÇù àpexfjç koù KaKiaç
àSiàcpopa Xévouoiv ôuoicoç 'Apioxcovi xu» Xtcp.
50 Diocl. ap. Diog. Laert. VI 12 ( = V A 134 G.).
51 Cfr. Aristot. met. A 29. 1024 b 26 - 34 e Alex. Aphrod. in Aristot. met. pp. 434, 25-
435,20 ( = V A 152 G.); Porphyr. schol. ad Od. a 1 ( = V A 187 G.); Xen. symp. IV 42
( = V A 82 G.). L'antitesi oikeïov — àXXóxpiov da Antistene si trasmetterà agli Stoici:
cfr. Stob. II 69,11 (= fr.86 SVF III); Alex. Aphrod. de anima libri mant. p. 167,13 Bruns
(= fr. 145 SVF III).
" Themist. de virt. p. 47,6 -9 Downey-Norman. Su questo testo cfr. A. Brancacci,
Struttura compositiva e fonti della terza orazione 'Sulla regalità' di Dione Crisostomo:
Dione e T'Archelao' di Antistene, in: ANRW II 36,5, ed. W. Haase, Berlin -New York
1992, p.3325.
53 Cfr. Diog. Laert. VI 11 ( = V A 134 G.): xnv x' àpexf|v xcov epycov eivai.
CINISMO E STOICISMO NEL LIBRO VI (103-105) DI DIOG. LAERZ. 4065
54 Cfr. in particolare Xen. mem. IV 5,11: àXXà xoîç EyKpaxeCTi uovoiç lifiozx CTKoTteïv xà
Kpàxicrta xcbv Ttpayuàxcov Kai Xóycp Kai êpycp SiaXéyovxaç Kaxà yévr| zà nèv &yaOà
TtpoaipeîaGai, xcov Sè KaKcov ànéxeaGai. Su questo passo cfr. A. Brancacci, Oikeios
Logos, cit., pp. 138-41.
s5 Cfr. Diocl. ap. Diog. Laert. VI 12 (= V A 134 G.).
56 Cfr. Diog. Laert. VI 11 ( = V A 58 G.); Xen. symp. VIII 4-6 ( = V A 14 G.); Id. ibid.
IV 40-41 (= V A 82 G.); Athen. XII 513 a ( = V A 127 G.); Stob. III 29,65 ( = V A
126 G.). Per la definizione del aocpôç cfr. Porphyr. schol. ad Od. a 1 (= V A 187 G.).
57 Epict. diss. III 24,67 - 69 ( = V B 22 G.): èi où u' 'Avnaeévnç f|Xeu9épcoaev, oùkexi
è8oùA.euaa. [...] èSiSa^év ue xà èuà koti xù oùk è\ià. Kxfjaiç oùk èuty auyyeveïç, oikeîoi,
cpiXoi, cpr|ur|, a\jvf|9eiç, xônoi, Siaxpipf), itàvxa xaOxa òn àXXóxpio.
58 Per la bipartizione dei beni e dei mali in Cratete una traccia importante è, credo, in Ps.
Crat. ep. XV ( = V H 102 G.). Per il termine à8iàcpopov in Cratete cfr. Teles pp.
49,3-51,4 Hense (=V H 45 G.): Ttpònov uèv yàp xoù navxôç xpov0u ó fluiauç
àSiàcpopoç. èv cî> KaGeu8o>, che smentisce l'affermazione, ripetuta da molti dopo A. Dy
4066 ALDO BRANCACCI
allora, in che senso debba essere inteso l'accostamento tra i Cinici ed Aristone
di Chio istituito da Diogene Laerzio. Per quanto riguarda la tripartizione delle
cose in virtù, vizio e indifferenti, lo Stoico è senz'altro più vicino a Diogene
di Sinope, con questa differenza, che le cose intermedie tra virtù e vizio sono
considerate dal primo àSiàcpopa in quanto non contribuiscono in alcun modo
al raggiungimento del sommo bene, laddove Diogene reputava àXXóxpia le
cose esterne per il fatto che esse non sono in nostro potere (xа oùk èua = та
áXXóxpia), onde accoglierle significherebbe esserne dominati o comunque
danneggiati. Coerentemente con ció, l'àSiacpopia soggettiva di Aristone consiste
nel non essere mosso né in un senso né in un altro dagli аSiacpopa, che pure
sarebbe stato possibile recuperare sul piano della dottrina delle circostanze,
laddove l'esito adiaforico prodottosi in Diogene fa tutt'uno con l'оштapKeia
del saggio, presentando, peraltro, valore fondamentalmente polemico nei
confronti delle valutazioni degli uomini e accompagnandosi perció costante-
mente a quegli atteggiamenti, anche umoristici, connessi alla critica della SoÇa
e al tema del napaxapárteiv xo vóutaua59. Tuttavia, poiché per Aristone il
valore delle cose indifferenti „è determinato dal saggio, il solo capace di
attribuire un valore, preferendo l'una all'altra a seconda delle circostanze"60,
egli recupera in definitiva, e proprio sul piano dell'azione, l'istanza antistenica
del valore del Xóyoq e della cppôvnaiç come unico strumento di attuazione
della virtù e di dominio del reale: di qui, anche, il diverso significato che in
lui assumono, rispetto a Bione di Boristene, la dottrina delle circostanze e, in
linea con l'uso antistenico della figura di Odisseo, il tema del cambiamento
dei ruoli nel saggio61.
roff, Die Ethik der alten Stoa, Berlin 1897, p. 319 n. 3, secondo cui il cinismo antico
non conosce il termine àSiácpopov. Zenone usa preferibilmente uéaa, oíiSéтepa, êтepa
per indicare i membri delle cose intermedie, e quest'uso sembra perfettamente in linea
con la sua concezione, tuttavia non mancano passi in cui il termine impiegato è áSiócpopa:
oltre a Athen. VI 233 b-c (= fr. 239 SVF I), che è stato considerato di derivazione
crisippea, cfr. Stob. II 57,18 W. ( = fr. 190 SVF I). E' peraltro probabile che fosse proprio
Aristone, influenzato in questo dal radicalismo cinico, ad introdurre l'uso tecnico del
termine, e questa è, forse, l'interpretazione più corretta di Diog. Laert. VI 105.
59 Per questi temi diogenici rinvio a G. Giannantoni, Socraticorum Reliquiae, III (1985)
pp. 457 - 75.
60 A. M. Ioppolo, Aristone, cit., p. 154, cui rinvio per la complessiva posizione del filosofo.
61 Per Bione cfr. Teles ap. Stob. III 1,98 ( = F 16 A Kindstrand); per Antistene rinvio a
F. Decleva Caizzi, La tradizione antistenico-cinica in Epitteto, in: G. Giannantoni (a
cura di), Scuole socratiche minori, cit., pp. 98 - 102.
CINISMO E STOICISMO NEL LIBRO VI (103-105) DI DIOG. LAERZ. 4067
nei quali la selezione dei placita mostra di essersi organizzata attorno a tre
nuclei dottrinari: la formula del fine, la nozione di virtù e gli attributi del
aocpoç. Lo scritto, che è quasi sicuramente da identificare con il "HpaKXfjç
ó ueiÇcov r) nepi iaxûoç', registrato nel quarto tomo del catalogo laerziano62,
è anche l'unico citato come autorità per i Cinici nell'intera appendice, ma
non il solo ricordato nel sesto libro delle 'Vite'63. La scelta di utilizzarlo in
questo contesto è dunque coerente con il punto di vista da cui muove
Diogene Laerzio, posto che i placita in esso contenuti divennero patrimonio
comune a Cinici e Stoici64, ma molto probabilmente determinato anche
dall'effettivo stato delle fonti: l''Eracle' costituì la principale opera antiste-
nica passata alla dossografia etica, nella quale svolse un ruolo analogo, ma
più rilevante, a quello che ebbero il '«Duancóc,' per le dottrine teologiche e il
T1epi SôÇt|ç kcù èTiiaxr|ur|c,' per le dottrine logiche65. Nel primo estratto il
parallelismo tra Antistene e gli Stoici trapassa senz'altro in Koivcovia tra
cinismo e stoicismo, conforme a un modulo che dirige anche le successive
aggregazioni di materiale:
„i Cinici ammettono che il fine è vivere secondo virtù, come dice Antistene
nelT'Eracle', in modo uguale agli Stoici, perché c'è una certa affinità tra
queste due scuole. Anzi di qui alcuni hanno definito il cinismo via breve
alla virtù. E così visse anche Zenone di Cizio"66.
Nel secondo, collocato in posizione strategica subito dopo un inciso relativo
al KuViKôç Rioç di Diogene e immediatamente prima della Siaipeaiç comune
ai Cinici e ad Aristone di Chio, i placita antistenici valgono ancora una volta
a costituire i Koivfj àpéaKovxa della 'scuola': per i Cinici
62 Cfr. Diog. Laert. VI 16. A questo scritto credo si riferisca anche Diog. Laert. VI 2 ( = V
A 97 G.).
63 Diversamente da quanto scrive J. Mansfeld, Diogenes Laertius on Stoic Philosophy,
Elenchos, VII (1986) p. 339, quello all''Eracle' non è il solo riferimento "to a book in
the general Cynic doxography of book V/": cfr. in Diog. Laert. VI 73 l'esplicita menzione
del 'Tieste' di Diogene di Sinope, da cui derivano le teorie sull'antropofagia del Cinico
riferite anche da altre fonti. Altri scritti di Diogene costituiscono la matrice ultima di
alcune dottrine ricordate nella sezione dossografica relativa al Cinico: cfr. Diog. Laert.
VI 71 (per il tema del îtapaxapàxxeiv xò vóuiaua) con VI 20 — 21, che riconducono al
'Pordalo'; rispettivamente con la 'Politeia' e con l''Eracle' possono essere posti in rapporto
Diog. Laert. VI 72 (sulle teorie politiche) e VI 71 (per Eracle come modello).
M Cfr. F. Decleva Caizzi, Antisthenis fragmenta, cit., p. 94.
63 Per le dottrine teologiche cfr. i testi citati nella precedente nota 43; per le dottrine logiche
cfr. Diog. Laert. VI 3 ( = V A 151 G.); Alex. Aphrod. in Aristot. top. p. 42,13 - 22 (= V
A 151 G.); Diog. Laert. IX 53 ( = V A 154 G.).
66 Diog. Laert. VI 104: àpéoKei 8' aùxoïç Kal xéXoç elvai xò Kax' àpexf)v Çfjv, oç 'Avxia9évT|ç
cpnaiv èv xâ> 'HpaKXeî (= V A 98 G.), óuoiox; xoîç axcoiKoîç- ènei koù Koiv<ovia xiç xaîç
8ùo xaùxaiç alpéoecri èCTxiv. 59ev Kai xôv Kuviauòv eipr|Kaai aûvxouov èit àpexf)v ó8óv.
Kai oùxcoç èBio> Kal Zf|vcov ó Kixieûç. Cfr. Suda s. v. Kuviauôç (n° 2712) ( = V A 135 G.
= deest in SVF): xéXoç 8è xoù kuviouoù xô Kax' àpexf)v Çfjv, cbç AtoyévT|ç Kai Ziîvcov ó
Kixieùç.
4068 ALDO BRANCACCI
67 Diog. Laert. VI 105 ( = V A 99 G.): àpécncei 8' aùxoîç Kai xt|v àpexf|v Si8czkxt|v elvai,
KaGd çT|aiv 'AvxictGevtiç èv xop 'HpaKXeï, Kai àvaTtópXTixov ôTtàpxeiv à^iépaaxóv xe xôv
aocpòv kcù àvandpxnxov Kai cpiXov xcp òuoup, xi>xrj xe ht|8èv èTtixpérteiv.
68 A conferma del fatto che gli estratti si corrispondono e si completano reciprocamente
va notato che c'è qualche ripetizione nella relazione laerziana: in VI 10 è riferita la tesi
sull'insegnabilità della virtù, che ritorna in VI 105; in VI 10 l'uomo virtuoso è detto
àÇiépaaxoç, come il aocpôç in VI 105.
69 Rinvio per tutto ciò all'analisi di J. Mansfeld, op. cit., p. 329 e sgg.
70 Cfr. Diog. Laert. VII 121 ( = Apollodorus fr. 17 SVF III): Kuvieïv x' aùxóv (sc. xôv aoq>óv):
eivai yàp xôv kuvictuòv aùvxouov èit" àpexf|v óÔóv, <oç 'ATtoXXôScopoç èv xfj 'H9iKfj. Su
questo passo cfr. M.O. Goulet-Cazé, L'ascèse cynique, cit., pp. 22-24 e nota 22, cui
rinvio anche per altre indicazioni bibliografiche. Quanto alla metafora della oùvxouoç
ôSôç - per la cui genesi remota si deve ovviamente pensare al tema pitagorico del bivio
e alT'Apologo' di Prodico - essa potrebbe trovare la sua origine in Antistene, e in
proposito si possono citare due testi, entrambi antichi. Il primo è Xen. mem. II 5,39:
„Ma la strada più breve (ctuvxoucoxàxn), la più sicura e la più bella (àoxpaXeCTxàxr| Kai
KaXXtaxr|), o Critobulo, è che in qualunque cosa tu voglia sembrare virtuoso, in questa
tu cerchi di diventarlo. Troverai, se indaghi, che di quante cose sono considerate virtù
tra gli uomini, tutte è possibile accrescerle mercé l'apprendimento e l'esercizio (uxt9fjasi
xe Kai ueXéxi])". Il secondo è quello relativo alla 8ixxf| Tiai8ela antistenica in Dio
Chrysost. orat. IV 29-33: la TtaiÔeia divina (cioè l'etica) è \izyàXr\ Kai iaxupà Kaî pa8la
e ..chiunque, essendo nobile per natura, la possiede, facilmente (paStcoç) diviene partecipe
anche dell'altra, avendo appreso poche cose in poco tempo (òXiya Kaì ôXiyâKiç),
propriamente le più alte e le più importanti (xù uéyiaxa Kai Kupicoxaxa) [...] e se si
CINISMO E STOICISMO NEL LIBRO VI (103-105) DI DIOG. LAERZ. 4069
imbatta in un uomo che conosca la via (ô8òv Êntaxauevcp), questi facilmente (pa8i<oç)
gliela indica, e così avendola appresa subito va via, etc.". La formulazione cinica del
tema è aûvxouoç ô8ôç èTt' eù8aiuoviav, che rivela puntualizzazione nei confronti della
tradizione stoica: cfr. tra l'altro Galen. de cuiusl. anim. pecc. dign. 3 ( = V A 136 G.);
essa troverà grande fortuna nella letteratura cinica d'età imperiale: cfr. Ps. Diog. ep. XII
( = V B 542 G.); ep. XXXVII 4 ( = V B 567 G.); ep. XXXIX 2 ( = V B 569 G.); Ps. Crat.
ep. XIII ( = V H 100 G.): la filosofia cinica è la migliore di tutte perché predica i veri
valori ed è fj Kaxà Aioyévnv xòv eùpóuevov xt|v aùvxouov ó8òv èit' eùSatuoviav; ep. XXI
( = V H 108 G.): uaxpà yàp f| 8ià xcov Xòytov ôSoç èit eùScuuoviav, f| 8è Sià xà>v KaG'
f|uépav ëpycov ueXéxn aûvxonoç; ep. XVI ( = V H 103 G.): xô cpiXoaocpeïv auvxoucoç
kuvÎÇeiv Xtyezai. Particolarmente importante è Ps. Diog. ep. XXX 1 -2 (= V B 560 G.):
Diogene arriva ad Atene ove un famoso discepolo di Socrate (che è certo da identificare
con Antistene) eùSaiuoviav 8i8àaKei; per illustrare la sua tesi, questi ricorre alla metafora
di due strade che salgono verso l'Acropoli, l'una auvxouov, l'altra noXXr|v: il discepolo
può scegliere di incamminarsi sull'una o sull'altra, tenendo conto che quella breve è
Ttpooàvxn xe koi 8ùokoXov, quella lunga Xeiav xe Kai pa8iav; la prima è più breve ma
richiede uno sforzo più individuale, ed è quella che sceglie Diogene, insieme con uno
stile di vita che sottolinea i valori del Tiovoç e dell'aùxàpKeia.
71 La discussione sul tema kuvieïv xôv aocpóv interessò lo stoicismo per la sua stessa origine
cinica, e fu viva in età ellenistica: cfr. la posizione negativa di Epicuro in Diog. Laert.
X 119 (fr. 14 Usener) e inoltre Stob. II 114,22 (=fr.638 SVF III), che rappresenta
secondo M. Pohlenz, La Stoa. Storia di un movimento spirituale, tr. it. Firenze 1967, I
p. 279 n. 17 (= Id., Die Stoa. Geschichte einer geistigen Bewegung, 2. Band. Erlàuterungen,
Gòttingen 1949, p. 84) la posizione di stoici a tendenza cinica, contro i quali si sarebbe
pronunciato Panezio; cfr. Cicer. de off. I 128 (= fr. 645 SVF III): Cynicorum autem
rationem atque vitam alii cadere in sapientem dicunt, si quis eius modi forte casus
incident, ut id faciendum sit, alti nullo modo.
4070 ALDO BRANCACCI
solito dire che è proprio degli dei non avere bisogno di nulla, di chi è
simile agli dei aver bisogno di poco"72.
Qui va innanzitutto notato come, inserito nel contesto più generale dei
Koivfj àpéoKovxa, anche l'aspetto per cui il cinismo si presenta immediatamente
quale ëvaxaatç piou concorra a definirlo come una setta, dotata di specifici
precetti relativi all'abbigliamento, all'alloggio e all'alimentazione, nonché di
una valutazione teorica di fondo delle cose esterne. Alla base di quest'ultima
sono, da un lato, il concetto diogenico di xà àXXóxpia, esemplificato da
Tiaoùxoç, SôÇa, euyéveia73, e, dall'altro, quella componente naturalistica e supe-
romistica, a vari livelli presente nella tradizione relativa al Cinico, legata al
tema del unSevoç SeïaGcu74 e al concetto di auxâpKeia. La caratterizzazione
72 Diog. Laert. VI 105 (= V A 135 G.): àpéaKei S' aùxoîç Kai Aixcoç fhoùv, aùxapKéai
Xpcouévoiç oixioiç Kai xpifkoai uôvoiç, nXoûxou Kai SôÇnç Kai eùyeveiaç Kaxacppovoôaiv.
6vioi yoùv Kai poxavaiç Kai navxànaaiv ù8axi xpà>vxai yuxpà> oKeTtaiç xe xaiç xuxoôaaiç
Kai TtiGoiç, KaGànep Aioyévr|ç, ôç Sipacnce Gecov uèv îSiov eivai ut|8evôç 8eîaGai, xcov 8è
Geoîç óuoicov xô òXiycov SeïCTGai. Cfr. Suda s. v. kuvictuôç (n°2712) ( = V A 135 G.) e
Dio Chrysost. orat. VI 31.
73 Per Diogene cfr. Stob. IV 29,19 ( = V B 302 G.): eùvevéaxaxoi sono coloro che disprezzano
nXoùxoç, 8ôÇa, f|8ovr|, Çor| e al contrario accolgono Tievia, à8oÇia, rtôvoç e Gàvaxoç. Per
10 sprezzo della SoÇa cfr. Lucian. prò imag. 17 e Niceph. Greg. byz. hist. XXI 5,7 (= V
B 302 G.), e sul concetto A. Brancacci, La filosofia di Pirrone e le sue relazioni con il
cinismo, in: G. Giannantoni (a cura di), Lo scetticismo antico. Atti del Convegno
organizzato dal Centro di studio del pensiero antico del C.N.R., Roma, 5 — 8 novembre
1980, Collana Elenchos, VI, Napoli 1981, vol. I pp. 235 - 36. Sulla valutazione della
ricchezza e della povertà cfr. i frammenti V B 220 - 246 G.; per i precedenti antistenici
cfr. Stob. III 10,41 ( = V A 80 G.); Xen. symp. III 8 e IV 34 - 44 (= V A 81 - 82 G.);
per l'eùyéveia e l'à8oÇla cfr. Diog. Laert. VI 11 ( = V A 134 G.).
74 Il tema era già antistenico: cfr. Xen. symp. IV 45, ove Antistene è il rappresentante del
non-aver-bisogno-di-nulla (xô |rn8evôç TtpooÔeïaGai); per il concetto cfr. il precedente
discorso di Antistene (symp. IV 34 — 44 = V A 82 G.), che chiarisce il paradosso
antistenico: xô ur|8evôç 8sïaGai è il TiXoùxoç di Antistene; cfr. anche symp. V 8. Ne segue
che è antistenica la posizione ricordata da Xen. mem. I 6,10: „Mi sembra, Antifonte, che
la felicità consista, secondo te, nella mollezza e nel dispendio (xpucpf)v koi TtoXuxéXeiav): io
credo invece che non aver bisogno di nulla è divino, di pochissimo è vicinissimo al
divino (xô uèv unSsvòç 8éeaOai 9eïov eivoi, xô 8' éq èXaxiaxcov èyvuxàxo> xoù Geiou); ora
11 divino è la perfezione stessa, e quel che è più vicino al divino è più vicino alla
perfezione (xô uèv Geïov Kpdxiaxov, xô 8' èyyuxàxco xoù Geiou èfymàza xoù Kpaxiaxou)".
Ciò che è importante rilevare è che l'assenza di bisogni è un attributo divino: cfr.
Xenophan. B 23 e A 32 DK; Heraclit. B 5 e B 15 DK; cfr. anche Parmen. B 8,33 DK. Si
ricordi che alla fine del quinto secolo Euripide farà dire a Eracle: „un dio, se è veramente
dio, non ha bisogno di nulla" (8etxai yùp ó Geôç, eîTtep èax' ôvxcoç Geôç, où8evôç) (Eur.
Her. 1345 - 46). Cfr. inoltre Xen. mem. 14,10, in cui Aristodemo dice a Socrate: „non
disprezzo la divinità, ma la ritengo troppo magnifica per aver bisogno del mio culto".
Su questa linea è l'aùxdpKeia del saggio cinico: cfr. Teles. p.44,1 per l'opposizione tra
â8eia e aùxàpKeia. L'altro precedente, in campo teologico, è Antipho B 10 DK: „di nulla
ha bisogno né riceve da nessuno qualche cosa, ma è infinito e senza difetto", ove il
soggetto sottinteso potrebbe essere, forse, proprio Geôç; cfr. M. Untersteiner, I Sofisti.
Testimonianze e frammenti, vol. IV, Biblioteca di studi superiori, VII, Firenze 19672,
(dedizione 1962), pp. 42-43.
CINISMO E STOICISMO NEL LIBRO VI (103-105) DI DIOG. LAERZ. 4071
dello stile di vita cinico si presenta poi notevole sotto vari rispetti: omesso
è ogni riferimento al tema, squisitamente diogenico ma anche zenoniano,
dell'antropofagia75; taciuta è anche la problematica relativa alla possibilità di
nutrirsi di cibo crudo, in cui si esprime un tratto caretteristico dell'esasperato
razionalismo del Cinico76: sono invece posti in primo piano una dietetica di
tipo vegetariano e un ideale di Xixcôç Bioùv singolarmente in linea con gli
atteggiamenti di Cratete e con il kuvikoç Bioç assunto dallo stesso Zenone, al
cui modo di vita si era già fatto riferimento in un passo di transizione e che
sarà poi diffusamente illustrato nel libro successivo77.
3) concetti e stile di parola cinici. Cfr. ap. Diog. Laert. VII 30 l'epigramma di Zenodoto
stoico, Anth. Pal. VII 117: „Fondasti l'autosufficienza (aòxàpKeiav) e disprezzasti la
boriosa ricchezza, o Zenone, col tuo aspetto grave e il canuto sopracciglio. Inventasti
una dottrina virile (fipaeva Xóyov) e con la tua previdenza, né senza travaglio, fondasti
una nuova scuola, madre di intrepida libertà, etc.". Il parallelo più suggestivo è con
l'epigramma relativo a Diogene in Anth. Pal. VII 65 ( = V B 112 G.); cfr. anche Anth.
Pal. XVI 334 ( = Diog. Laert. VI 78 = V B 108 C); per il disprezzo della ricchezza cfr.
i testi V B 220-246 G. e naturalmente Diog. Laert. VI 104, citato. Per l'idea di rikpoç
rinvio senz'altro a F. Decleva Caizzi, xùcpoç: contributo alla storia di un concetto,
Sandalion, III (1980) pp. 53-66, ma bisognerebbe richiamare soprattutto Cratete: Diog.
Laert. VI 85 ( = V H 70 G.); II 118 (= V H 67 G.); VI 86 (= V H 74 G.) e in particolare
il passo di Telete già citato ( = V H 73 G.); vanno rilevati, infine, anche i tratti
fisiognomici: cfr. G. Giannantoni, Socraticorum Reliquiae, III (1985) pp. 182 -83; 394-
95; 519 per le indicazioni bibliografiche. Per lo stile di parola sarebbe necessaria
un'indagine sistematica sulla tradizione delle xpeïcu. Intanto si noti a) l'episodio del
colpo di ginocchio in Diog. Laert. VII 17, che rinvia alle tipiche répliques ciniche: cfr.
ad es. Diog. Laert. VI 74 ( = V B 472 G.): Diogene era straordinariamente pronto a dare
risposte; b) il tema del 'oùk aiaxùvr|;': cfr. per Antistene, Diog. Laert. VI 9 ( = V A 172
G.), e soprattutto Diog. Laert. VI 65, che offre moltissimi esempi per Diogene; c)
l'atteggiamento pedagogico nei confronti dei giovinetti in Diog. Laert. VII 19, 21, 22,
23: contro il TtoXXà XaXeìv (cfr., per Antistene, Gnom. Vat. 743 n° 12 = V A 104 G.;
per Diogene Stob. III 34,16 = V B 455); contro l'effeminatezza e i profumi (cfr., per
Diogene, Diog. Laert. VI 46 = V B 403 G.; VI 54 = V B 405 G., e ancora VI 59, 61,
65, 66 etc.); contro il xùcpoç (cfr., per Antistene, Diog. Laert. VI 7 = V A 27 G.; per
Diogene, Diog. Laert. VI 26 = V B 55 G.); l'atteggiamento nei confronti di un giovane
che vuole diventare suo discepolo (cfr., per Antistene, Diog. Laert. VI 4 = VA 169 G.);
contro la conversazione sfacciata di un giovane (cfr., per Diogene, Stob. III 34,16 = V
B 475 G.).
78 Cfr. in particolare, per Antistene iniziatore dello stoicismo, Diog. Laert. VI 14 ( = V A
22 G.) con il successivo epigramma di Ateneo, ove va notato lo òGev di transizione e
l'espressione cumulativa nepi aùxcov: diversamente da J. Mansfeld, op. cit., pp. 339-
40 n. 91, ritengo che la concezione della virtù qui evocata possa riferirsi benissimo anche
ad Antistene. Per l'alta valutazione di Antistene da parte degli Stoici cfr. Diog. Laert.
VII 19 (= fr. 305 SVF I = V A 137 G.); Plutarch. de stoic. rep. VIIi 1039e-1040a
(= fr. 167 SVF III = V A 105 G.); Diog. Laert. VII 91 (= Posidonius fr.29 E. K. = V
A 137 G.); Epict. diss. I 17,10 - 12 ( = VA 160 G.). Per un altro importante accostamento
dottrinario tra Antistene e gli Stoici cfr. Alex. Aphrod. in Aristot. top. p. 42,13 - 22 ( = V
A 151 G.), su cui cfr. quanto ho scritto in: Oikeios Logos, cit., pp. 222 - 26; si ricordino
anche Diog. Laert. II 64 ( = I 17 G.) e Philod. mem. de rhet. XVIII 9-20 ( = V A 69
G.).
CINISMO E STOICISMO NEL LIBRO VI (103-105) DI DIOG. LAERZ. 4073
" Cfr. Diog. Laert. VII 87 (= fr. 179 SVF I) e J.Mansfeld, op. cit., pp. 331-33. Cfr.
inoltre Suda s. v. Kuviauoç ( = V A 135 G.).
80 Clem. Al. strom. II XXI 130,7; Theodoret. graec. affect. cur. XI 8 (= V A III G.).
81 Si ricordi August. de civ. dei VIII 3 ( = I 13 G.): sic autem diversas inter se Socratici de
isto fine senientias habuerunt, ut — quod vix credibile est unius magistri potuisse facete
sectatores — quidam summum bonum esse dicerent voluptatem, sicut Aristippus; quidam
virtutem, sicui Antisthenes. Cfr. Id. ibid. XVIII 41 ( = V A 70 G.): ibi Aniisthenes
virtutem animi potius hominem fieri beatum adseverans. A conferma della origine antica
della formula del xéXoç riportata da Diogene Laerzio, si raffrontino questi passi sia con
Cicer. de orat. III 16,61 — 17,62 (=14 G.), che riporta la suddivisione delle dieci scuole
di etica derivante da Penezio, sia con Cicer. acad. 16, che potrebbe derivare da Antioco.
82 E' fuori discussione la genesi letteraria degli aneddoti sul xftpoç di Platone in Diog.
Laert. VI 7 ( = V A 27 G.), riferiti peraltro anche a Diogene cinico in VI 26 (= V B 55
G.), alcuni dei quali sono una banalizzazione della battuta del 'Satone': cfr. F. Decleva
Caizzi, Antisthenis fragmenta, cit., p. 124. E' dubbio se Dio Chrysost. orat. VIII 33
discenda effettivamente da Antistene, come molti hanno supposto. Per i Cinici invece i
testi sono numerosissimi: cfr. alcune indicazioni nella precedente nota 77 (p.4072). Non
sono pertanto d'accordo con la valutazione della testimonianza di Clemente che dà
J. Mansfeld, op. cit., p. 338.
83 Cfr. Diog. Laert. VI 11 (= V A 134 G.): xt|v x' àSoÇiav àyaGòv Kai îaov xcp novo>. Ne
segue che Ciro ed Eracle sono simboli di novoç (quindi di loxùç, e dunque di tensione
morale) e non di pHoç axucpoç, come ritiene F. Decleva Caizzi, xwpoç, cit., p. 58.
« Cfr. Themist. de virt. p.43 Mach (= V A 96 G.); Dio Chrysost. orat. XIII 27 - 28 (= V
A 208 G.); Id. orat. IV 29-31; Xen. mem. IV 5, 11; per il uéyiaxov kokóv cfr. Antisth.
Ulix. 13 ( = V A 54 G.).
85 Basti esaminare Clem. Al. strom. II XX 121,1 e Theodoret. graec. affect. cur. XII 47
(= V A 122 G.); Theodoret. ibid. III 53 ( = V A 123 G.); Clem. Al. protr. VII 75,3 (= V
A 182 G.). Entrambi gli autori citano sempre Antistene come Kuvikoç: e quando
Clemente (protr. VI 71,2 = V A 181 G.) ne riferisce una tesi filosoficamente impegnativa
sente il bisogno di precisare: "AvxiaGévr|ç uèv yàp où Kuvikòv 8f| xoùxo èvevór|aev,
XcoKpàxouç 8è axe yvcopiuoç KzX.
4074 ALDO BRANCACCI
„Antistene, Diogene e Cratete hanno fatto quello che hanno fatto non in
vista di una vuota opinione (Kevfjç evekci SôÇr|ç), ma del bello stesso"86.
Si aggiunga che la matrice di questa tradizione è identificabile, e conferma la
sovrapposizione su Antistene di una tematica propria del posteriore cinismo:
oi uévxoi I«BKpÓxr|v SiaSeÇàuevoi <ai Ttâvu xivèç èyévovxo Ttavxoïoi koù
ûnevavxioi xàç yvcbuaç. oi uèv yàp Kuvictuoùç Kai àxucpiaç Koù ànaGeiaç
Ouvouv, kxX.87.
I dati forniti da Diogene Laerzio non consentono, da soli, di ricostruire
nella sua interezza la concezione antistenica della virtù e del fine. E' possibile
però chiarire i punti nodali della dottrina, limitandosi in questa sede all'aspetto
del problema più strettamente connesso al parallelo con la Stoa. Il punto di
partenza del filosofo è costituito dall'equazione socratica virtù = scienza, che
spiega sia il principio per cui la virtù dipende dalla cppóvTiaiç, sia la conseguenza
per cui essa è insegnabile:
1) per l'àpexr| SiScnctf| cfr. Diog. Laert. VI 105 (= V A 135 G.), Diog.
Laert. VI 10 ( = V A 134 G.); Xen. symp. III 4 ( = V A 78 G.); Xen. symp. II
12-13 ( = V A 103 G.); Isocrat. adv. soph. 3 ( = V A 170 G.). Per il tema del
SiSàoKeiv cfr. anche Aristot. met. H 3. 1043 b 26-27 ( = V A 150 G.); Stob.
II 31,76 ( = V A 173 G.); Stob. II 2,15 ( = V A 174 G.); Dio Chrysost. orat.
XIII 14-28 ( = V A 208 G.). Per il parallelo con gli Stoici cfr. Diog. Laert.
VII 91, ove sono citati Crisippo nel 'nepi xéA,ouç' (= fr. 223 SVF III), Cleante
(= fr. 567 SVF I), Posidonio èv xoîç npoxpeTmKoïc, (= fr. 2 E.-K.) ed Ecatone
(= fr. 8 Gomoll).
Dallo stesso principio discende l'altro elemento caratteristico della concezione
antistenica, ovvero lo stretto rapporto posto tra indagine logico-dialettica ed
etica: dall'esame razionale, volto a determinare i concetti morali, dipende la
definizione della qualità propria (ttoïov ri èau) di ciascuna realtà, e quindi
l'acquisizione, su ciascuna realtà, dei corrispondenti oikeïoi Xàyoi, i quali
rappresentano in ambito etico quegli àvaXcoxoi Xoyiauoi atti a garantire l'incro-
llabilità dei convincimenti morali e la retta comprensione delle cose. Ne segue
che la virtù, una volta acquisita, non si può perdere:
2) per l'àpexr| àvaTtópXr|xov cfr. Diog. Laert. VI 105 ( = V A 99 G.); Xen.
mem. I 2,19 ( = V A 102 G.); Diocl. ap. Diog. Laert. VI 12 ( = V A 134 G.).
Per il ruolo della cppôvr|aiç cfr. Diocl. ap. Diog. Laert. VI 13 (= V A 134 G.);
Epiph. adv. haeres. III 2,9 = Dox. gr. 591,35-38 ( = V A 107 G.); Philo quod.
omn. prob. lib. sit 28 ( = V A 106 G.); Themist. de virt. p.43 Mach ( = V A
96 G.). Per il ruolo della logica cfr. i testi citati nella precedente nota 42
(p.4061); per la scienza morale cfr. Dio Chrysost. orat. XIII 27 (= V A 208
G.); per il termine ÓTtópXr|xoV cfr. Porphyr. schol. ad Od. a 1 (= V A 187 G.).
La questione se la virtù possa essere perduta sarà dibattuta anche dagli Stoici,
e Cleante seguirà Antistene: cfr. Diog. Laert. VII 127 (= fr. 237 SVF III; fr.
568 SVF I); Id. VII 128 (= fr. 569 SVF I).
La realizzazione della virtù nelle opere richiede in più il concorso di una
istanza di tensione morale, denominata EcoKpaxiKr| iaxóq, o semplicemente
novoç, la quale si aggiunge all'elemento intellettualistico come elemento pro
priamente ascetico: questo, tuttavia, costituisce un valore solo in quanto sia
finalizzato ad obiettivo etico, e risulta pertanto subordinato alla cppôvr|aiç così
come lo sforzo di attuazione della virtù è subordinato ai principi che, in teoria,
la definiscono:
3) per il ruolo dell'elemento ascetico cfr. Diog. Laert. VI 11 (= V A 134
G.); Diog. Laert. VI 2 ( = V A 97 G.); Stob. II 31,68 (= V A 163 G.); Themist.
de virt. p.34 Mach ( = V A 96 G.). Anche per Cleante l'attuazione della virtù
richiede il concorso della iaXûç: cfr. Stob. II 62,24 (= fr. 563 SVF I); il termine
xóvoc, è già cinico: cfr. Stob. III 7,17 ( = V B 292 G.). Per l'àpexf| (mapicxf| negli
Stoici e il loro esplicito riferimento ad Antistene cfr. Diog. Laert. VII 91 ( = V
A 137 G. = fr. 29 E.K.).
Di qui procede la teoria del aocpôç, la quale costituisce certamente il precedente
diretto di quella stoica: essa è fondata sulla medesima stretta interrelazione
tra momento conoscitivo-razionale e momento etico sottesa all'elaborazione
antistenica delle nozioni di èTtiaxr|ur| e Ttai8eìa. L'attributo costantemente
riconosciuto al aocpôç è quello dell'eiSévai, e di tale sapere egli risulta dotato
nei due ambiti fondamentali in cui vale il concetto di scienza: solo i sapienti,
infatti, sono abili nella dialettica e solo i sapienti sono virtuosi; per questa
ragione, „qualunque cosa faccia il sapiente, la compie in tutta virtù"88; nello
stesso tempo, il aocpôç è infallibile ed egli solo è capace di insegnare ad altri
il suo sapere. All'opposizione tra SoÇa e àXf|Geia corrisponde cosi quella tra
la massa degli uomini e i aocpoi, parallela all'opposizione tra xoùç ut| eiSôxaç
e xoùç eiSóxaç: in quanto fornito della conoscenza di ciò che è oIkeîov e ciò
che è àXXóxpiov, di ciò che occorre fare e ciò che occorre evitare, il aocpôç
appare dotato di perfetto equilibrio spirituale e modello di tutte le virtù89.
Contents
I. Introduction 4077
II. Ancient Method of Composition 4079
III. The Topoi 4082
IV. Zeno's Name and Physical Characteristics 4085
V. Education and Philosophical Succession 4088
VI. Teaching in the Stoa 4105
VII. Honors 4106
VIII. Habits and Character 4113
IX. Zeno's Death 4126
X. Supplements, Criticisms, and Homonyms 4129
XI. Zeno's Students and Successors 4135
XII. The Stoic Doxography 4145
XIII. Diogenes' Composition of Book VII 4165
Appendix I: Topical Outline of Diogenes' Life of Zeno 4173
Appendix II: Diogenes Laertius 7.32-33 4177
Bibliography 4179
Indices 4404
1. Index of Passages Cited 4404
2. Index of Names 4407
3. Index of Subjects 4409
* I would like to acknowledge my debt to the Ohio State University for awarding me a
Seed Grant and a Faculty Professional Leave, which enabled me to complete this study.
I also wish to express my appreciation to Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, for electing
me Visiting Fellow for 1990 - 91 and for providing a most pleasant and stimulating
environment in which to work. Above all, I wish to thank my wife, Donna, for typing
the manuscript and for her unstinting encouragement and support.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4077
/. Introduction
1 I have used the text of H. S. Long (1964), and cite Long's page and line numbers when
exact line references are needed.
2 I have not counted the authors used in Book 7, but Hope (1930) 59 has found references
to 250 different authors in the 'Lives' as a whole.
J In recent years some of this imbalance has been redressed and significant progress has
been made in clarifying Diogenes' aims and methods; cf., e.g., Janacek (1968); Meier
(1978); the collection of papers in Elenchos 7 (1986); and several articles in ANRW
II.36.5, ed. by W. Haase (Berlin -New York 1992) and in this same volume (ANRW
II.36.6).
4 There is a good survey of the early history of the problem in Hope (1930) 37-59.
5 Cf., e.g., Barnes (1986) 35-36.
268 ANRW II 36.6
4078 DAVID E. HAHM
6 We can rule out, for example, the naive hypothesis, so common in the early studies, that
Diogenes used only one source. Similarly, we can rule out the unwarranted assumption
that when Diogenes used more than one source, he used only one at a time, progressing
through a series of sources, copying one entire section of text from one source, then an
entire section from another source, and so on. Finally, we can probably rule out the
unexamined assumption that Diogenes followed the modern mode of composition,
namely, collecting information from various sources on the ancient equivalent of note
cards or pieces of paper, then organizing them by topic, and finally comparing various
pieces of information to construct a well-considered synthesis. For bibliography and
discussion see Meier (1986) 7-16; cf. also Gigante (1986) 19-21.
7 For a general discussion of the practice and the sources for our knowledge of it see
Skydsgaard (1968) 100-16; cf. also Münzer (1897) 3-133, who painstakingly evalu
ated the compositional process of the elder Pliny. The practice of excerpting has been
identified in Diogenes and discussed in detail by MeIer (1978) esp. 16 — 29 and clarified
by Gigante (1986) 15-34. See also the review of MeIer by Gigante (1983) 9-14 and
the discussions cited in the next note.
s Cf. esp. Moraux (1986) 260-63, and Mouraviev (1987) esp. 32-33, note 31. I have
noted some of the open questions in sect. II, p. 4079, note 12 and sect. XII, p. 4165.
, A new and more complete critical edition is another desideratum; cf. Barnes (1986)
35-36.
10 I should emphasize that the conclusions I have reached are applicable only to this one
book. It is risky to assume a priori that Diogenes composed every book in exactly the
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4079
same way, using the same kinds of sources and following the same patterns of selection
and organization (cf. Meier [1986] 11). General conclusions can be drawn only after
critical analysis of all the books of the 'Lives'. On Diogenes' date, now see Mansfeld
(1986) 300-302 and Meier, Diogenes Laertius and the Transmission of Greek Philoso
phy, ANRW II.36.5 (1992) 3600.
" I have followed the reconstruction of Skydsgaard (1968) 100-16, Meier (1978) esp.
16-29, and Gigante (1986) esp. 25-34; but I have hypothetically expanded on the
process to make connections with the characteristics of Diogenes' text that we will be
examining.
12 The precise process is left unclear in our sources and there is not yet agreement on how
it worked. Skydsgaard (1968) 102— 103 discusses the evidence and draws two inferences.
First, he infers that the tablets were too bulky to be accumulated and stored for long
periods of time; and hence the excerpts must have been transferred to rolls rather quickly.
It was no doubt in this transfer that the organization of the excerpts was carried out.
Skydsgaard points out that there is no evidence of the use of 'note cards' of papyrus,
which could be accumulated and organized with greater refinement at a later time.
Secondly, he infers from the works in which the process was used that the categories
were rather broad, as is consistent with the necessity of classifying and copying onto
rolls very soon after excerpting. This hypothesis is now supported by the evidence of
the books of Philodemus found at Herculaneum; cf. Cavallo (1984) 13 - 17. Mouraviev
(1987) 32 — 33, note 31, however, sees no need to assume that the transfer to rolls took
2hS'
4080 DAVID E. HAHM
place early in the process and argues that the tablets could have been stored indefinitely
and sorted later as the work was being composed; but Mouraviev does not consider
the evidence of Philodemus. The internal evidence of Diogenes Laertius 7, as I interpret
it, suggests that some composition (and a fortiori transfer to papyrus rolls) took place
before Diogenes' entire excerpting program was completed (see sect. X, pp. 4129-35).
On the basis of this observation and the evidence of the books of Philodemus I am
inclined to place the transfer rather early in the process.
15 I am here following the reconstruction of Skydsgaard and Me|er (see above, note 7).
14 There could, of course, be some order based on the order of the original source; and,
if only one source were used for a topos, that order might be substantial.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4081
15 On this process cf. Skydsgaard (1968) 107-15, and Cavallo (1984) 12 - 20.
16 See especially Cavallo (1984) 12 - 20, and the summary by Gigante (1986) 31-32.
17 Cf. Cavallo (1984) 17-19 on the circulation of works at more than one stage of
revision.
4082 DAVID E. HAHM
century B.C.: 'On Zeno' (7.1-167), 'On Cleanthes' (7.168-78), and 'On
Chrysippus' (7.179 — 202 [end lost]).20 The two complete chapters 'On Zeno'
and 'On Cleanthes', each consist of a long biography of the head of the
school, followed by separate shorter biographies of one or more of his students.
So the biography of Zeno is followed by biographies of his heterodox students,
Ariston of Chios, Herillus of Carthage, and Dionysius of Heraclea; and the
biography of his orthodox student and successor, Cleanthes, is followed by a
biography of Sphaerus of Bosporus. Presumably if the rest of the book were
preserved we would find that Diogenes continued this practice for Chrysippus'
students and successors as well.21 Since each head of the school was also a
student of the previous head, the complete set of biographies in the surviving
portion of Book 7 constituted a tree of successive teachers and students, and,
as such, attached directly to Book 6, which consisted of a tree of Cynic
teachers and students, ending with Crates of Thebes, who became Zeno's
teacher. The basic structure of Book 7, therefore, was determined by the
structure of the work as a whole, which was a tree of philosophical successions
comprising the entire body of Greek philosophers, at least through the early
Hellenistic period. The fundamental topoi of the book were, accordingly, the
various philosophers who constituted the Stoic school through the Hellenistic
period.22
When, however, we look into the individual biographies, the topoi are
not so clearly defined or recognizable.23 The biography of Zeno, by far the
longest in the book, appears to be divided into more topoi than the others,
but neither the topoi of the biography of Zeno nor those of the shorter
biographies are unambiguously demarcated. We can find three subjects com
mon to all: (1) name and geographical origin, (2) teacher or teachers, and (3)
a list of books written by the philosopher. Not universal, but still frequent,
are (1) an account of death, and (2) a heterogeneous collection of apophthegms
by the philosopher or statements about his habits, career, or travels. Less
frequent in the Stoic book, but characteristic of many of Diogenes' other
That Diogenes saw his book as divided into three (or more) major subsections and not
into a series of seven individual biographies, as in the extant manuscripts, can be inferred
from 7.37, where he says that Sphaerus will be discussed "in the [chapter] on Cleanthes"
(èv xc5 Ttepi KXeàvGouç); cf. Mansfeld (1986) 308 - 10. Since the end is lost, we cannot
tell how he proceeded after the biography of Chrysippus.
In our manuscripts the biography of Chrysippus breaks off in the middle of a list of
Chrysippus' books before the conclusion of the life. We know that the book originally
contained some discussion of a long series of Chrysippus' successors. For further
discussion see below, sect. XI, p. 4161, note 195.
Precisely how the later part of the succession was treated is not clear because the end
of the book is lost. The succession, however, was at least carried down to the first
century B. C., with mention of one Stoic of the first century A. D. (Cornutus). See below,
sect. XI, p. 4161, note 195.
In order to facilitate reference I shall refer to topoi, excerpts, and parts of excerpts by
the designation I have given them in Appendix I.
4084 DAVID E. HAHM
biographies, is a list of people with the same name (homonyms).24 Since all
of these topics occur widely in the other books of the 'Lives', we are entitled
to see them in some sense as the topoi governing Diogenes' composition in
spite of their lack of clear definition in some of the Stoic biographies.25
Their order, too, betrays a flexible use of topoi in the compositional
process. The name and origin almost always, but not invariably, occur first
in the biography.26 Enumeration of teachers always follows. Then, typically,
comes a loose collection of supplementary information, a brief account of
habits, career, travels, or one or more apophthegms and maxims, with no
consistency in order or proportion. This heterogeneous collection of material,
if it may be called a topos, is normally followed by a set of two topoi that
are themselves well-defined, but for no apparent reason have no preferred
priority, that is, the manner of death and a list of books.27 Last of the six
common topics, in order, is a list of homonymous writers, though this occurs
in only three of the eight extant Stoic biographies.28 Although the order of
these topoi shows some degree of uniformity, the absence of uniformity in the
order of two easily defined topoi suggests that Diogenes was not as rigid in
the use of topoi within the biographies as the formal methodology of excerpt
ing might suggest.
Nor does he treat all excerpts uniformly. Some of the material presented
in each of the six common topoi he attributes to no source or only to the
anonymous source, 'they say'. For other information he fastidiously cites a
specific author, sometimes even with title and book number. In this way he
privileges one text (which I will call the principal text) and adds the others
to this privileged text as supplements.29 Moreover, not all of such supplements
24 Three of the seven biographies include a definition of the goal (xéXoç) of life, viz., those
of Ariston, Herillus, and Dionysius. This, however, does not seem to be a basic topos
for Diogenes. It does not occur regularly outside the Stoic book, and within the book
it occurs as an independent topic only for the heterodox students. Its origin and
idiosyncratic function in the Stoic book will be discussed below, sect. XII, pp. 4152-
53.
25 Diogenes' topoi are cataloged by Delatte (1922) 54-63 and Frenkian (1961) 402. For
a description of Diogenes' favorite subjects (topoi and subdivisions of iopoi) see Hope
(1930) 146 - 67.
26 The exception is Dionysius of Heraclea, "the Renegade" (ô uexaGéuevoç), whose full
name and place of origin occur after a statement of his conception of the telos of life
(7.166); but it does conform to the pattern in that it precedes all the other of the six
common topics.
27 Books precede accounts of death in the biographies of Cleanthes and Ariston. The order
is reversed in the biographies of Chrysippus and Dionysius. There is only a bibliography
of the biographies of Persaeus, Herillus, and Sphaerus. Zeno's biography is anomalous;
the list of his books is idiosyncratically introduced in connection with his teachers,
before the supplementary information on his career or the apophthegms. This deviation
will be discussed below, sect. V, p. 4089, and sect. XII, pp. 4154 - 55, 4163 — 65.
28 Viz., the biographies of Zeno, Ariston, and Chrysippus.
2* Good examples are the opening paragraphs of Book 7 (7.1—3). In 7.1 an unattributed
statement of Zeno's name and place of origin (I) is followed by a paragraph on his
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4085
are introduced on the same level. Some are added as loosely connected, or
even totally unconnected, coordinate items; others are subordinated to another
item, often with an explicitly stated logical connection.30 All of these variations
show that Diogenes did not simply lay out a rigid set of topoi and then
mechanically collect a series of excerpts under each topos; his procedure was
more complex and can only be understood from a close analysis of his entire
text to see how he organizes and relates each and every excerpt.
physical nature (II) in which every statement is attributed to some source, including four
different explicitly named authors. The last (II.3) is attributed to the anonymous "they
say." The only thing that is not typical is that the unattributed principal text constitutes
one topos (I) and the attributed texts constitute another (II); but the literary effect of
the combination is the same as in the next paragraph (7.2-3) where we see the pattern
displayed in a single topos (III.A-B. 1). The concept of a principal text (under the term
texte de base) has been used recently for analysis of other portions of Diogenes by
Moraux (1986) and Mouraviev (1987).
Both these relationships are exemplified in the first topos that we shall discuss in the
next section.
Precise references to the text of Diogenes (with line numbers) may be found in Appendix I.
The designation in parentheses here denotes the topos (or, in other cases, the excerpt or
item) in the outline of Appendix I.
4086 DAVID E. HAHM
three excerpts. The question is: who inserted the two subordinated excerpts
from Chrysippus and Persaeus into the sentence attributed to Apollonius. Was
it Diogenes himself or did he find the sentence with the additions from
Chrysippus and Persaeus already in Apollonius? This question is crucial for
understanding Diogenes' method of composition. Since this is our first encoun
ter with a composite paragraph, we cannot use a priori considerations based
on our perception of Diogenes' preferred mode of linking excerpts; we must
make a decision on the basis of the text itself.
Two considerations tell in favor of Apollonius as the source for the
subordinate quotations: (1) The quotation from Chrysippus that Zeno was
nicknamed "the Egyptian vine-branch" is explained by the previous three
adjectives: "thin, tall, and dark-skinned". At the very least, two of the adjec
tives are needed, "dark-skinned" to account for the term "Egyptian", and
either "thin" or "tall" to account for "vine-branch" (rcXr|naxiÔa).35 It seems
too great a coincidence to think that Diogenes stumbled first upon this list of
adjectives in Apollonius; and then, skimming through Chrysippus, he found
a nickname that alluded to this very set of adjectives. It seems much more
plausible to think that the adjectives were chosen by Apollonius expressly to
form the foundation for the attribution of the nickname recorded by Chry
sippus. Furthermore (2), Diogenes, in spite of his conscientious citing of
sources, never once cites either Chrysippus or Persaeus for biographical infor
mation on themselves or on any Stoic other then Zeno. Moreover, even in the
biography of Zeno, Chrysippus is cited for biographical information only
here;36 and the only other time Persaeus is cited, he is cited for an alternative
chronology of Zeno's life, immediately prior to an excerpt attributed to
Apollonius. In fact, Diogenes shows certain knowledge of only one Stoic
author, Panaetius' student Hecaton, whom he cites for Zeno (7.2, 24), Clean-
thes (7.172), Chrysippus (7.181), and the Cynics (6.4, 32, 95).37 Thus it
seems much more likely that Diogenes copied Chrysippus' and Persaeus'
subordinated excerpts from Apollonius of Tyre than that he found them
elsewhere and himself introduced them into Apollonius' description of Zeno's
physical appearance and condition.
The last excerpt, that Zeno was fond of green figs and sunbathing (II.3),
is formally linked coordinately with the string of adjectives. Its function in
M The Suda, s. v. Myvnzia KXr|uaxiç explains the name as denoting people who are merely
"thin and tall" (xcov laxvcov Kai ûiiouiîkcov, 2.161.1 -2 Adler); but it is highly unlikely
that the epithet "Egyptian" served no particular purpose in the name, when Zeno had
just been described as "dark-skinned" (ueXdyxpcoç).
16 Chrysippus is cited frequently in the doxography, but all evidence points to the fact that
Diogenes copied the portions of the doxography that include citations of Chrysippus
directly from his source (see below, sect. XII, pp. 4146 - 47). He is also cited for the
authenticity of Zeno's 'Republic' (7.34). This occurs again in a passage that constitutes
a hostile critique of Zeno and was certainly excerpted along with the rest of the critique
from the cited source, Isidorus of Pergamum.
17 Hecaton is also cited in the doxography, but there the quotations are cited indirectly
through the doxographic source.
4088 DAVID E. HAHM
the topos is not clear. It does not give us another physical description of Zeno
as did II. 1 and II. 2. Moreover, its content, a food preference and a favorite
activity, are not subjects that obviously belong to this topos, since another
excerpt specifying Zeno's food preferences (VI. A.4) is found in the topos of
Zeno's habits and character. True, following upon the quotation from Per-
saeus, it suggests Zeno preferred a simple life to elaborate banquets; but that
subject, too, is found illustrated in the ropos of habits and character (cf. esp.
VI. A.5, VI. A.7). The most defensible rationale for the location of this excerpt
is as an explanation of Zeno's dark complexion, i.e., sunbathing. Its source
is similarly unclear. The attribution to "they say" shows only that it did not
come from Persaeus; but whether Diogenes found it in Apollonius, the source
of his prior excerpt, or in another source we cannot decide from the text
alone.
Thus though an analysis of the first paragraph of Diogenes' biography
of Zeno does not tell us everything we would like to know, it does yield a
few suggestive hints regarding Diogenes' method of composition. First of all,
it looks as if Diogenes' procedure in composing the topos on Zeno's physical
characteristics consisted in a relatively simple juxtaposition of three excerpts
taken from either two or three sources.38 Secondly, it appears that his order
of reading and excerpting moved from the general to the specific; he started
with Timotheus of Athens, whose books alluded to a number of fourth century
philosophers, and then moved on to Apollonius of Tyre, who, as far as we
know, wrote only about Zeno and the Stoics.39
The next topos, Zeno's teachers, is not quite so simple. Diogenes begins
by giving what appears to be a summary of the subject (III. A):
"He became a student of Crates; then, they say, he heard Stilpo and
Xenocrates for ten years (so Timocrates in his 'Dion'), but also Polemon"
(7.2).
This is followed by a more detailed account in the form of several narrative
stories. Diogenes tells how an oracle directed Zeno to study the ancient
authors (III.B.1), how a shipwreck caused him to meet Crates the Cynic
(III.B.2), how Crates tried to make a Cynic of him (III.B.3), and finally after
a digression on Zeno's books (III.B.4.b-c), one of which was said to have
" I am leaving open, for the present, the question whether the third item (II.3) came from
Apollonius or a different source. I shall return to it again in sect. VIII, pp. 4113-20.
w In addition to his treatise 'On Zeno' in more than one book, known from Diogenes,
Strabo 16.2.24 refers to a "catalog of philosophers from Zeno and their books." I shall
discuss this work further in sect. XI, pp. 413.5 -42.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4089
been written under Cynic influence (III.B.4.a), how Zeno left Crates to study
under the other teachers (III.B.4). The account concludes with several variant
versions of the story of Zeno's arrival in Athens (III.B.5).
The first thing we notice about this topos is that the digression listing
Zeno's books (III.B.4.b — c) has to be an intrusion from a different source or
context.40 The grammatical structure gives it away:
"Therefore, for a time (ëcoç uèv ouv xivoç) he heard Crates (at which
time, after he wrote the 'Republic', some used to say in jest that it was
written 'on the tail of the dog', and he also wrote ... [here follows the
complete bibliography]. And these [xâSe nèv] are his books); but at last
(xeXeuxoiov 8è) he went away" (7.4).
The narrative account of Zeno's education in this passage takes the form of
a straightforward uèv ... 8è construction:
"For a time (ëcoç uèv) he heard Crates but at last (xeXeuxouov Sè) he
went away."
The list of books is introduced only as an addition to a parenthetical remark
in the nèv clause ("at which time, after he wrote the 'Republic', some used to
say in jest that it was written on the tail of the dog"). This parenthetical
remark is intelligible and rhetorically acceptable, but the full bibliography
appended to it extends the parenthetical intrusion to the point where the main
clause is forgotten.41 Moreover, after the parenthetical remark and the list of
books, in an apparent attempt to salvage the rhetorical balance disturbed by
the insertion of the bibliography, Diogenes continues with a summation cast
as a second uèv clause ("and these [kcù xôSe nèv] are his books"), thereby
formally reconstituting the uèv ... Sè antithesis, but without regard to its
semantic function, which had originally been a temporal contrast between the
first and second phases of Zeno's education. The bibliography is so obviously
an interpolation by Diogenes that we can and must ignore it if we are to
assess the composition of the topos on Zeno's education.42
Without the interpolation of the bibliography we have what appears to
be a coherent literary composition: (1) a brief overview (III. A [7.2]); (2) a
more detailed narrative (II.B.1-4 [7.2-4]); and (3) three variants (III.B.5
[7.4 — 5]). But as soon as we begin to look for clues to the construction of the
account and its sources and construction of the topos, we become aware of
a further problem. The core of the account (III. B. 1—4) details four separate
events, narrated in chronological order with each item linked to its predecessor
by a logical connector (oi)v, ônep, ouv). In their current state they are intended
to be read as a continuous narrative. Only the first, however, is attributed to
a source (in fact, it is attributed to two sources, Hecaton and Apollonius of
Tyre in 'On Zeno' 1); and only the first is quoted in indirect discourse
(infinitive). The second and third are unattributed and quoted in direct
discourse, while the fourth is attributed to the indefinite "they say" (cpaaiv)
giving the same indefinite attribution for the transfer from Crates to Stilpo
that was given for that transfer in the initial summary (cpaaiv III. A [7.2]). The
change in mode of quotation makes us wonder whether Diogenes is quoting
from one or from several different sources.
Moreover, if one reads the first two stories objectively, they seem to be
entirely independent of each other and, in fact, conceptually distinct. In the
first story, attributed to Hecaton and Apollonius of Tyre, Zeno consulted an
oracle asking what he should do to live the best life. The oracle replied that
he should take on "the color of the dead," which Zeno apparently took to
mean that he should imitate the ancients. As a consequence, the story tells us,
Zeno began to read the ancient writers. The story gives no clue to the
geographical setting of the story, whether Zeno's home town of Citium or his
adopted city of Athens. It also tells us nothing of the kind of authors Zeno
read to fulfill the oracle's command, or whether such reading had any influence
on his quest for "the best life." Nor does the story, by itself, give any clue
what its sequel will be, that when shipwrecked in Athens he will begin to
read Xenophon's 'Memorabilia of Socrates' and be led to Crates.
Similarly if we read the second story (III.B.2) on its own and not as a
sequel to the story of the oracle, we would never think of Zeno's activity in
the bookshop as the result of a deliberate policy of combing ancient authors
for models of the best life. On the contrary, the entire account accentuates
the role of chance in this event. Zeno is portrayed as a merchant ship owner,
trading in purple. At the age of 30 he was presumably already well established
in this career, not particularly troubled by a quest for a better life. His arrival
at Athens was solely due to the accident of having his ship wrecked near
Peiraeus. Nor did he see his enforced sojourn in Athens as an opportunity to
pursue a previously adopted goal of reading ancient authors. It seems purely
by chance that he sat down in a bookshop and picked up a copy of Xenophon's
'Memorabilia'. Clearly, too, he had never heard of Socrates before, because
the author remarks that Zeno "was pleased" (f|aGeiç) to learn that people like
Socrates existed; and Zeno seems to have been struck on the spur of the
moment with a desire to meet such a man. In the end, the author explicitly
notes the good fortune (eùKaipcoç) that Crates happened to be walking by.
Thus it seems that the two stories are conceptually independent. Though not
strictly speaking incompatible, they share no common presuppositions nor
contain any implicit cross-references. They can most easily be construed as
alternative explanations of Zeno's conversion to philosophy, each complete
and sufficient in itself.
The conceptual difference between the two stories takes on further
significance in the light of the rift that had developed within the Stoa regarding
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4091
the role of Cynic ethical principles, especially the more outrageous elements
of Cynic "shamelessness."43 In some quarters of Stoicism, perhaps in response
to criticism from other schools like the Epicurean, the Cynic lifestyle was
decisively rejected. This rejection went so far as to lead Athenodorus, the
Stoic philosopher who was head of the library at Pergamum in the early first
century B. C., to expurgate the text of Zeno's 'Republic'.44 We may well
conjecture that it was this movement to rid Stoicism of its Cynic elements
that was responsible for elements in the tradition that played down the Cynic
influence on Zeno and his writings.45 Among such we would have to include
the tradition found in Sotion, tracing the ancestry of the Stoa back to Socrates
through Stilpo (Diog. Laert. 2.120), the remark that Zeno's 'Republic' was an
early work written before Zeno had rejected Cynicism (III.B.4.a), and the
story of Hecaton and Apollonius, giving an alternative explanation for Zeno's
conversion to philosophy, one that does not make Zeno's conversion depend
on the Cynic Crates (III.B.1).46 If the story of the oracle and the story of the
shipwreck were originally two different versions of Zeno's conversion to
philosophy, each promoting a different paternity for Zeno's philosophy, they
would seem almost certainly to have come from different sources.
That raises the difficult question who combined them. There are two
possibilities. One is Diogenes himself. If Diogenes found the story of the oracle
in Hecaton and Apollonius and then found the story of the shipwreck in
another source, he would, following the excerpting method, have excerpted
both stories under the same ropos and so could well have juxtaposed them
and even linked them with the oüv to make his account a continuous narra
tive.47 The other possibility is that Diogenes found them already combined in
his source, which on this hypothesis would be Hecaton and Apollonius of Tyre,
whom he names as authorities for the first story.48 Hecaton and Apollonius of
Tyre both lived two centuries after the event in question and had to rely on
earlier sources for anything they themselves wrote on the subject; so they, too,
would no doubt have used the excerpting method to collect their information.
Either one of them could have combined the two originally opposed accounts
of Zeno's conversion to philosophy just as easily as Diogenes. The only way
we can decide whether it was Diogenes or his source that combined the items
in this topos is to find a characteristic of the account that displays the
individuality of the excerptor and allows us to differentiate one excerptor
from another.
One such characteristic is the pattern of linkage among a longer series
of excerpts. By examining the sequence and logical linkage of the entire series
of excerpts in this topos, we may be able to decide which of the possible
sources are most likely to have first imposed that pattern. If we examine the
underlying implications of the entire linked account, we see that its author
traces Zeno's pursuit of philosophy back to his own innate desire to live the
best life. It was to obtain a sound answer to the question how to achieve the
best life that Zeno approached the oracle in the first place (xpr|axr|piaaauévou
ai>xoù xi Ttpâxxcov fipiaxa fJicoatxai, 7.2). The oracle's cryptic answer sent
Zeno to ancient authors in the hopes of finding a model whose "color" or
"complexion" he could assume (auyxp^iÇ0^0)- When the misfortune of a
shipwreck brought him to Athens, he continued to pursue his quest by reading
the second book of Xenophon's 'Memorabilia'. It was with great delight that
he there found the object of his search in the person of the long dead Socrates.
But to take on the "complexion" of Socrates, he presumably felt the need to
find someone like Socrates with whom he could study. He asked the bookseller,
perhaps a dubious source of advice on philosophical education; but the
bookseller pointed him to Crates the Cynic, who happened to be walking by.
Without hesitation, Zeno set out to study with him.
The author then moves on to another story, an episode in the course of
Zeno's instruction under Crates (III.B.3). He does not, however, present it as
a temporal or logical sequel of Zeno's embarkment on his course of study
with Crates. The episode is, indeed, introduced with the logical connector
ôGev, marking it as the consequence of the previous sentence; but the logical
link is not to the previous excerpt, which ended with the words: "Thereafter
Zeno heard Crates." It is rather to an intervening claim about Zeno's character:
"being otherwise suited for philosophy, but too modest for Cynic shame-
lessness" (âXXux; uèv eûxovoç Ttpôç cpiXoaocpiav, aiSf|Ucov 8è cbç Ttpôç xf|v
Kuvikt|v àvaiaxuvxiav, 7. 3). 49
"They say that he heard (àKoùaai, infinitive ) Stilpo." When he repeats this at 7.4, he
states it in direct discourse: "He heard (ûkouoev, indicative) the aforesaid"; but he
switches immediately to indirect statement for the sequel: "And they say that he said ... "
(cpaaiv aùxôv eineiv).
49 The word that I have translated "especially suited" is eûxovoç ("well-tensioned" or "well-
toned"), a word that was a technical Stoic term for a condition of the soul analogous
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4093
In spite of the fact that this claim is linked syntactically as a pair of antithetical
adjectival modifiers of the subject of the conclusion of the previous excerpt
("Thereafter Zeno heard Crates"), it has nothing to do with the story of how
Zeno came to follow Crates, it is a completely new and independent claim
about Zeno's character, serving to explain the incident that is subsequently
narrated.
The rhetorical form of this excerpt is most closely paralleled by some of
Diogenes' accounts of Zeno's physical nature (II.2 [7.1]) and of his character
(VI.B.1 [7.15], VI.F [26 — 27]), where one or more descriptive adjectives serve
as an explanation for some event or state of affairs, introduced by ôGev, Siô,
or coore. In fact, Diogenes could well have presented this portion of his account
later under the topos of character (VI). Its presence here in the form of a
statement about Zeno's character, followed by an incident that occurred as a
consequence of his character, is therefore important for our search for the
creator of the linkage. Since its formal structure is such as would have qualified
it to stand in the set of excerpts on Zeno's character, if Diogenes had found
it in such a context, we can best explain its presence here in the account of
Zeno's education on the assumption that is was already attached to the story
of Zeno's shipwreck and his initial encounter with Crates. If it was already
attached to the shipwreck story, it shows how the author of the linkage
interpreted Zeno's relation to Crates.
This author of the linkage says that Zeno's natural character was ideal
for philosophy, but incompatible with Cynic shamelessness. His claim can be
understood in two different ways. One interpretation would be that Zeno's
character was ideal for philosophy in every respect but one: he was too
modest. Before he could become a true Cynic, he had to be cured of this
defect. Then the ensuing anecdote might be construed as an example of how
Crates tried to cure (Gepaneuaai) him. This is, no doubt, how a Cynic would
have read it. But it is highly unlikely that a Stoic would have read the sentence
in this way. The word that the author uses to describe Zeno's sense of modesty,
ai8f|ucov, was not a pejorative term for the Stoics; it was, in fact, one of the
Stoic virtues, a subdivision of "moderation" (acocppocnjvr|), and was defined
by the Stoics as
"knowledge that is careful to avoid justifiable criticism" (E7tiaxf|Ur|v
euXaPr|xiKf|v ôpGoù yôyou, Stobaeus 2.7 [60.17-21; 61.10-11 Wachs-
muth] = SVF 3.264 [64.22-24, 33-34]).
Moreover, the antithetical (uev ... 8è) characterization of Zeno as
"otherwise suited for philosophy, but too well endowed with a sense of
modesty for Cynic shamelessness"
sets up a sharp contrast between philosophy and Cynic shamelessness. By
claiming that Zeno was suited for philosophy, but not for Cynic shamelessness,
to a "well-toned" state of the body (SVF 3.471). Gigante (1976) 2.530, note 5 unnecessar
ily emends this to êvxovoç.
269 ANRW II 36.6
4094 DAVID E. HAHM
the author implies that Cynic shamelessness is not synonymous with philoso
phy. On the most generous reading Cynic philosophy is only one part of, or
one variety of, philosophy. Thus on a Stoic reading the claim of the text is
that Zeno was too virtuous to become a Cynic. He might be able to follow
Cynicism up to a point, i. e., as far as Cynic and Stoic ethics share a common
set of ethical values, but not in respect to the characteristic Stoic shamelessness.
The question is: which of these interpretations did the author intend?
To answer this question we must look at the anecdote chosen to illustrate
this claim. The story tells us that Crates wished (pouIôuevoç) to cure Zeno
and make a shameless Cynic out of him, but the point made by the story is
that Crates failed. The story ends with Zeno "fleeing" (cpeûyovxoç) and Crates
shouting after him,
"Why are you fleeing, little Phoenician? Nothing terrible has happened
to you."
The author's interpretation is revealed by the sequel, in which the author
interprets Zeno's flight:
"Therefore, for a while he heard Crates, but finally he went away and
heard the teachers mentioned before for up to twenty years."
With these words the author implicitly puts Zeno's encounter with Cynic
shamelessness into a temporal context: it was Zeno's last lesson from Crates.
When Zeno fled from Crates in the Ceramicus, he as much as fled Cynicism
forever. Crates is thus shown to have failed completely to change Zeno's
character and convert his sense of modesty into Cynic shamelessness; it only
drove Zeno to other teachers.
The author makes his interpretation even clearer with his report of Zeno's
comment on the transfer:
"Now I have completed a successful voyage, after I had been shipwrecked"
(vùv eùTtXôr|Ka, ôxe vevauaynKa, 7.4).
This comment caps the account by putting the entire sequence of events into
a single progression. The clue to the author's interpretation of Zeno's career
lies in the tenses of the verbs. By using the perfect tense, eùTtXôr|Ka, Zeno
implies that he has now at last successfully completed a journey. By using
the perfect Vevauayr|Ka, he implies that he had previously been in a disastrous
state that he characterizes as shipwreck. We have to notice that Zeno does
not use an aorist, which would refer to some single event and would allow
us to construe it as a reference only to the literal shipwreck that brought him
to Athens, or only to a subsequent metaphorical shipwreck in the form of
some single event in his educational career. Instead, he uses the perfect,
referring to a period of time after the shipwreck near Peiraeus, but before his
present occupation. It is, therefore, most naturally construed as a reference to
the period of time between the literal shipwreck and his move to a new set
of teachers. If so, we have to see Zeno's interpretation of his education under
Crates as a disastrous state, one in which he was stranded and unable to
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4095
50 Placed here the remark may have been expressed with an aorist in the subordinate clause
(èvauàynae), making an unambiguous reference to the literal shipwreck.
ur
4096 DAVID E. HAHM
of the last three components, from Zeno's shipwreck through his tranfer to
the tutelage of Stilpo (III.B.2 — 4), was made by some author prior to Diogenes.
Moreover, we have found reason to think that it was composed by remodeling
an earlier version of the shipwreck story with the apparent aim of playing
down the Cynic influence on Zeno and showing Zeno to have decisively
rejected Cynic shamelessness. Finally, we have found Diogenes twice attribut
ing components of this story to "they say" (cpacnv, III.A; III.B.4 [7.2, 4]). Now
we must ask the crucial question. Can we say that the source from which
Diogenes derived this tightly knit story was the pair of authorities to whom
he attributed the first episode (III.B.1) in his detailed account of Zeno's career,
namely Hecaton and Apollonius of Tyre?
The linkage between the first episode (III.B.1) and its purported sequel
III.B.2, as we have already observed, was smooth and credible, but not as
organic as the linkage of the later episodes (III.B.2 — 4). Now seeing that the
import of the later episodes was to play down the influence of Crates, we can
find an even closer bond between the oracle story (III.B.1) and the account
of Zeno's educational pilgrimage (III.B.2 -4). Zeno's commitment to the
philosophical quest of leading the best life, his desire for divine guidance from
the oracle, and his apparent willingness to submit to the will of god, comple
ment the metaphor of the journey, and enrich our understanding of Zeno's
psychology in the subsequent events. In the initial story of the oracle (III.B.1)
Zeno was portrayed in terms of Stoic moral psychology, having a natural
impulse toward the virtuous life under the guidance of divine providence. This
portrayal is consistent with the later characterization of him as "especially
suited" (eôxovoç) for philosophy and endowed with a virtuous "sense of
modesty" (aiSiiucov, III.B.3). It is also consistent with his resilience in conclud
ing a providential course of moral progress through the apparent misfortunes
of a physical shipwreck as a businessman and of a moral "shipwreck" as a
would-be Cynic philosopher (III.B.2; III.B.4).
Still we need to ask whether this compatibility is merely due to the fact
that Diogenes excerpted from several Stoic sources, all of which happened to
have a common Stoic point of view, or whether he found the entire account
intact in one source. We can better answer this question by approaching it
from the other direction and asking first how his sources for the oracle story
(III.B.1), viz. Apollonius and Hecaton, would have proceeded from the point at
which the explicitly attested paragraph leaves off. Our evidence for Apollonius'
point of view is revealing. Later in the biography, Diogenes quotes from
Apollonius a story that took place while Zeno was studying under Stilpo.
Apollonius reports that on one occasion Crates grabbed Zeno by the cloak
and attempted to drag him away from Stilpo by force. Zeno is claimed to
have said,
"The right way to take philosophers is by the ears. So persuade me and
take me away by them [viz., my ears]. If you take me away by physical
force, [only] my body will be with you; my soul will [still] be with Stilpo"
(7.24).
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4097
This story proves that Apollonius was among those who claimed Zeno studied
under Stilpo. But more than that, it implies that Zeno rejected Crates as a
teacher and subsequently attached himself to Stilpo. The story itself does not
explicitly state whether Crates was here trying to recruit Zeno as a new
student or to win him back after losing him to Stilpo; but only the second
interpretation is psychologically plausible. It is difficult to imagine a Cynic,
committed to self-sufficiency and independence, recruiting students at all; it
is inconceivable to imagine Crates using force to obtain a student in spite of
strong opposition.51 The only way one can explain such irrational, emotional
behavior in Crates is on the basis of some prior experience with the person
in question, such as rejection by a long-time student.
If this story portrays Crates attempting to regain his lost student, as
seems most likely, we have to conclude that Apollonius took the view that
Zeno began his philosophical career as a follower of Crates, but rejected
Crates and gave his heart to Stilpo instead. That means that Apollonius held
the same interpretation of Zeno's career as the account given in Diogenes
(III.B.2-4 [7.2b — 4]). If so, we have to ask which is more plausible: (a) that
Diogenes stopped excerpting Apollonius after his account of the oracle, and
then found another source that gave the same interpretation of Zeno's career
as he found in Apollonius, only to continue quoting from Apollonius under
the subsequent topics (viz. honors [V.B.1 = 7.6 — 9], Zeno's character [VI. C
= 7.24] and death [VII. 1 = 7.28], including even an item dealing with Zeno's
education [VI. C = 7.24]) or (b) that Diogenes excerpted from Apollonius the
entire account of Zeno's education, at least through his comment about the
successful conclusion of his journey under Stilpo? The latter is by far the
simplest explanation and, what is more, conforms with the standard method
of excerpting, i. e., excerpting from one source until that source moves on to
a new topic. It seems hard to avoid the conclusion that Diogenes derived the
entire account from Apollonius and Hecaton.52
There is further confirmation of this conclusion to be garnered from the
use of chronological references. Diogenes' account of Zeno's educational
career is structured by decades.53 A ten year course of study is mentioned in
connection with Xenocrates (or Stilpo and Xenocrates, 7.2); Zeno is said to
have arrived in Athens at the age of 30 (7.2); and the second phase of his
education is said to have extended to 20 years (7.4). Diogenes' account goes
on to give two different chronologies of Zeno's life (VII. 1). 54 In one, which
Diogenes attributes to Persaeus, Zeno came to Athens at the age of 22 and
51 The Cynic Diogenes would not even hunt down his own slave, when he had run away
(Diog. Laert. 6.55). There is also a story that Crates was so indifferent to recruitment
that he did not even attempt to persuade his sons to pursue philosophy, but left the
choice up to them (Diog. Laert. 6.88).
52 We shall return to Hecaton's role in the origin of the account below, pp. 4101 - 02.
53 This has been noted by von Fritz (1972) 84.
54 For a full discussion of Zeno's chronology see von Fritz (1972) 83-85. Cf. also Sedley
(1977) 108, note 29.
4098 DAVID E. HAHM
died fifty years later at the age of 72 (7.28). In the other, Zeno lived to the
age of 98 (7.28). This long chronology almost certainly goes back to Apol
lonius, whom Diogenes explicitly quotes a few lines later for the claim that
Zeno was head of the school for 58 years, with the implication that he founded
the school at the age of 40 (7.28). 55 Also, Apollonius quotes a letter purportedly
written by Zeno to Antigonus Gonatas at the age of 80, declining an invitation
to come to Macedonia, but sending some of his students instead (V.B.1 [7.9]).
Thus we see that Apollonius most likely regarded the decadic years of 40 and
80 as significant milestones in Zeno's life. The decadic chronology of Zeno's
education is more compatible with Apollonius' decadic chronological mile
stones of 40 and 80 than it is with Persaeus' exact chronological references of
22 and 72, and hence supports the conclusion that the entire account was
derived from Apollonius.
There is, however, a slight problem. If we add together all the chronologi
cal references mentioned in Diogenes' account (30 + 10 4- 20 -I- 58), we get
118; and that total does not yet include any time for Zeno's study under
Crates. The fact that these figures together exceed 98 years casts doubt on
the derivation of the entire decadic chronology from the same source and
hence on its use as supporting evidence for the hypothesis that Diogenes'
account of Zeno's education came from Apollonius. We must, therefore,
address the question whether the decadic chronology of Zeno's education can
be reconciled with the decadic chronological references that Diogenes attri
butes to Apollonius.
There are two plausible ways of reconciling the figures. One is that
Diogenes misread NH (58), where Apollonius had said that Zeno was head
of the school for only AH (38) years (7.28). 56 If we assume that Apollonius
made Zeno head of the school for 38 years, the rest of the figures can be
made to fit into the 98 years that Apollonius regarded as Zeno's age at death.
Zeno arrived in Athens at the age of 30 (7.2). The length of time that he
studied under Crates is not recorded; but we are told that he studied under
other teachers after leaving Crates for up to (lax;) 20 years (7.4), a period
which included the 10 years that he studied under Xenocrates (or Stilpo and
Xenocrates) according to Timocrates (7.2). 57 If we assume that Zeno studied
55 Cf. Jacoby (1902) 365-66; von Fritz (1972) 83. For further argument that Apollonius
was the source of the statement that Zeno died at the age of 98, see below, sect. IX.
pp. 4126-27.
56 This was first suggested by Crônert (1906) 138; cf. also Hahm (1977) 232, note 3. Egli
(1967) 58-59 suggests a variation of this solution. He proposes to emend NH (58) to
MH (48) and omit a separate period of time for study under Crates. This results in the
following chronology: 30 + 20 (study) + 48 (head of school) = 98.
57 Since the twenty year period presumably embraced his education under Polemon as well,
we can conjecture that his study under Xenocrates (and Stilpo) covered the first ten
years and his study under Xenocrates' successor in the Academy, Polemon, covered the
second ten years. We might go on to conjecture that Stilpo did not receive a separate
chronological period in Zeno's education because he lived in Megara. If Zeno heard
Stilpo only on those occasions when Stilpo visited Athens, Zeno would have had an
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4099
intermittent education. Xenocrates and Polemon may have been thought to reflect Zeno's
regular, continuous education, while he was studying intermittently with Stilpo. It should
be noted that we cannot really tell whether Diogenes found the excerpt from Timocrates
in the same source in which he found the account of Zeno's education under Crates and
Stilpo, or whether he himself added it as a supplement to an account that mentioned
only Zeno's education under Crates and Stilpo. In either case we must reckon with the
possibility that the succession of the Academic teachers (Xenocrates - Polemon), together
with the temporal reference to a ten-year period of study, may originally have come
from a different source than the succession of Crates - Stilpo. This, however, does not
affect the reconstruction of Apollonius' chronology because the ten years under Xenocra
tes is, in any case, included within the 20 years after Crates.
58 Cf. Jacoby (1902) 41-51.
я This explanation was first put forth by Rohde (1878) 178, note 2 and again (with more
extensive argumentation) by Jacoby (1902) 366-67. Since neither can believe that
Apollonius would countenance a chronological incompatibility, they attribute the confla
tion of sources, and hence of chronographic schemes, to Diogenes. I see no reason,
however, to assume a priori that Diogenes' sources would be more careful to avoid
conflicting chronological references than would Diogenes. Jacoby's (1902) 362 - 69
extensive discussion of the incompatible figures in the biography of Zeno is still worth
consulting on the issue.
4100 DAVID E. HAHM
60 If Zeno actually came to Athens at age 22, we can construe both versions as a rounding
off of his age of arrival, one to the next higher decade (30), the other to the next lower
(20). We do not, of course, know whether the source of either version had any knowledge
of Zeno's exact age at his arrival; but the ages that they chose are reasonably close
round figures, even if they were derived from a priori considerations.
61 For Apollonius' knowledge of the unrevised version, see below, sect. VIII, pp. 4118
19.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4101
have no doubt that the decadic chronology goes back to Apollonius, but we
may also securely credit Apollonius with recognition of the acme year 40 to
stand alongside the age of 80 as the two landmark years of Zeno's life.62 But
whatever interpretation we give to the chronological references in the account
of Zeno's education, they can plausibly be reconciled with the chronological
information securely attributable to Apollonius and hence lend further support
to the hypothesis that Diogenes derived his account of Zeno's education from
Apollonius of Tyre.
That still leaves one question about Diogenes' source for the account of
Zeno's education. What role did Hecaton play? On this question we can draw
no secure conclusions. Hecaton presumably accepted a close relationship
between Zeno and the Cynics. His 'Anecdotes' (Xpeïаt) in two books devoted
one book to the Cynics, with anecdotes about Antisthenes, Diogenes, and
Crates (6.4, 32, 95), and one to the Stoics, quoting stories about Zeno and
Cleanthes (7.26, 172). On the other hand, Hecaton is cited only for the story
that makes Zeno's first impulse to philosophy independent of his meeting
Crates and hence compatible with the view that downplayed the importance
of Crates in the origin of Stoicism. Thus Hecaton and Apollonius may well
have shared the same point of view; and Hecaton could well have told the
same story of Zeno's education that Apollonius did. If so, we have to wonder
how their names came to be joined together in Diogenes' account. If Hecaton
and Apollonius agreed in principle, Diogenes could have observed that agree
ment in his reading of the two authors and noted as much in making his
excerpts. On the other hand, Hecaton was probably as much as a generation
older than Apollonius and Apollonius could have cited Hecaton as the source
of this story in his presentation of it.63
To decide between these two explanations is nearly impossible. Diogenes
certainly knew Hecaton's 'Anecdotes' firsthand and quoted it frequently. On
the other hand, when Diogenes did quote Hecaton, he usually cited the title
of his source ('Anecdotes'), often with exact book number; and he usually
quoted a short anecdote capped by a witty saying. On this occasion, however,
he does not cite the title, nor is his quotation in the form of an anecdote with
a saying. But is this enough to infer that he cited Hecaton indirectly through
Apollonius? There is one other case in which he cited Hecaton without title,
that is, in the biography of Chrysippus; and there, too, it was not for an
apophthegm, but for a story of Chrysippus' conversion to philosophy (7.181).
Should we conclude that that passage too was derived indirectly? In that
62 The role of the age of 80 as a landmark year in Zeno's career and the year of passing
the torch to his student Persaeus will be discussed below, sect. VIII, pp. 4108-09.
63 The dates of both are uncertain. Hecaton was a student of Panaetius, who died in 109
B.C. and can hence be placed in the late second century B.C. (cf. Pohlenz [1949/70]
1.193, 240; 2.123). Apollonius was quoted by Philodemus in Index Stoicorum, col. 37.
Since this work has now been dated to before 50 B.C. (cf. Gigante [1987] 37-39, and
Dorandi [1990b] 2334 - 35 with full bibliography), Apollonius must have been writing
no later than the second quarter of the century and hence could have been born no later
than 90 B. C., and most likely a little earlier.
4102 DAVID E. HAHM
excerpt we find no pairing with another source or any other feature which
might suggest a pattern of indirect quotation from Hecaton and so support
the hypothesis that Diogenes derived Hecaton's name in 7.2 indirectly from
another source. In short, parallel allusions to Hecaton give no grounds at all
for deciding how Diogenes came to cite Hecaton in support of an anecdote
quoted from Apollonius; we can only leave the question open. Nevertheless,
whether Diogenes himself added the name of Hecaton or whether he found
it cited as an authority in Apollonius, the text of III.B.1-4 that serves as the
core of Diogenes' topos on Zeno's education was most probably excerpted or
paraphrased from Apollonius.
Diogenes' source for the alternative versions that follow the main account
(III.B.5) cannot be so specifically identified. Even though they are all expressed
in indirect discourse, elliptically dependent on the verb that introduced the
conclusion of the core account (cpaaiv), we cannot on that account say that
they come from the same source. Nor can we argue that since the subject of
the omitted cpaaiv in each account is different (oí S', äXXoi Sè, ivioi Sè) and
different as well from the subject of the cpaaiv of the conclusion of III.B.4, the
source from which Diogenes excerpted these alternative versions was therefore
different from his source for the main version. The excerptor who summarized
the first alternative (III.B.5. a), the unremodeled version from which the main
version had been fashioned, knew both versions; but he chose the remodeled
version of III.B.1-4 as his privileged version, and appended the original
unremodeled version (III.B.5. a) along with two other versions with little
concern for the philosophical implications of the various versions. This practice
suggests that the excerptor had a higher commitment to historiographical
comprehensiveness than to a particular interpretation of the intellectual ante
cedents or current philosophical stance of the Stoic school. In addition, the
knowledge of four different versions of Zeno's conversion to philosophy
suggests familiarity with a large number of different sources on the subject.
That description, of course, fits Diogenes, who shows, as we shall see, a
determination to collect alternative versions of the items he records. We can
easily believe that it could have been he who found in the literature of
'Philosophical Successions' and 'On Sects' a sufficient number of sources to
supply four alternative versions of the same subject.64 But then Apollonius,
even in the little we have seen of him so far, shows himself to have been well-
read and could also have been familiar with alternative versions.65 What we
do not yet know is whether he shared Diogenes' concern for historiographical
comprehensiveness or whether he had an interest in promoting one particular
interpretation of the origins of Stoicism. Hence at this juncture there is no
way for us to decide whether the three alternatives (III.5) were excerpted by
Diogenes from Apollonius or from one or more of his other sources.66
M Diogenes quotes at least three, Alexander, Antisthenes, and Hippobotus, from direct
knowledge in Book 7; cf. below, pp. 4137 and note 142, 4140, 4142 - 43.
65 He seems to have been the source of the quotations from Chrysippus and Persaeus in
II.2.
66 I shall return to this question in sect. VIII, pp. 4118- 19.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4103
teachers and then selecting one particularly interesting aspect for detailed
treatment (i. e., how Zeno found Crates, became disillusioned, and left him
for Stilpo). But when he recounts the detailed version of this story, he
fastidiously excludes every bit of information mentioned in the summary, so
that he does not even mention the teacher for whom Zeno left Crates and
who presumably provoked the line, "Now I have successfully completed my
journey." This does not look like a detailed version of the summary, but a
complementary version that is supposed to be read in conjunction with the
summary to get the full picture. Moreover, if Diogenes was going to detail
only the beginning episodes of Zeno's education and then refer the reader
back to the opening summary for the rest of the story, why not give the
summary at the end? The traditional process of excerpting should have resulted
in the entire story being copied in the same order as in the source, that is,
with the summary of the teachers after Crates at the end. To explain Diogenes'
format as (1) a summary of Apollonius followed by (2) a fuller excerpt from
the beginning of the story requires us to postulate a revision of the basic
excerpts, and any revision requires the assumption of some clear editorial
objective. This we cannot easily discover.
The third possibility is to explain the summary (III.A) as derived from a
different source. Then we can explain the entire series by the standard
excerpting process. Diogenes first copied out a brief account of Zeno's career,
perhaps from a source in the 'Philosophical Succession' tradition. Then he
found and excerpted Apollonius' detailed story of Zeno's conversion to philos
ophy and his Cynic phase of development. When he came to Apollonius'
account of the subsequent phases of Zeno's education, he copied only what
was different, that is, Zeno's expression of satisfaction with his new teachers
and the length of his course of study. For the detailed specification of their
names, Diogenes was satisfied with a cross-reference to the earlier excerpt
from another source. Now, of course, we have to assume that this other source
contained much the same information as did Apollonius; but, given the
extensive interchange of information within the tradition, this is not a difficult
assumption.70 Provisionally, at least, this seems the best explanation of the
parallels between the narrative summary (III.A) and the detailed account of
III.B.71
We may now summarize Diogenes' composition of the ropos of Zeno's
education. This topos exemplifies the classic form of composition by excerpt
ing. Diogenes seems to have started with a brief summary that for him
constituted his principal text (III.A). This either itself contained a reference
to an earlier source (Timocrates) or was supplemented by a brief amplification
from Timocrates, found by Diogenes himself. After the brief summary, Dio
genes excerpted a longer passage from Apollonius of Tyre, 'On Zeno' 1. At
70 The minimum assumption is that Apollonius named Stilpo. This would probably have
allowed Diogenes to harmonize the two accounts by referring to тwv npoeipnuévcoV
(plural).
71 This provisonal conclusion will be revised later in sect. XII, pp. 4163 - 64.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4105
least the first part of it was also found in Hecaton, a fact that Diogenes noted
either from his own reading or from a reference that he found in Apollonius.
Finally, Diogenes summarized three alternative accounts of Zeno's coming to
philosophy, either drawing on further information in Apollonius or on another
source.
We may further observe how Diogenes cites his sources. The topos begins
with a statement expressed directly by Diogenes, without attribution to any
source ("He heard Crates"), and even the continuation is attributed only to
the anonymous "they say". Thus it constitutes the principal text of the topos,
to which the remaining texts are added as supplements. For his supplements,
however, Diogenes adds an attribution. But even though Diogenes probably
copied several paragraphs or items from Apollonius, he cites Apollonius' name
only once in the topos; the remaining items are quoted without attribution.
This is the second topos for which Apollonius supplied information. In each
topos he is cited only once, regardless how many excerpts came from his
work. This appears to be one of Diogenes' editorial principles and can be
explained by the process of excerpting. When he began to excerpt a new
source, he appears to have entered the name of the source. Subsequent items
were copied without repeated attribution. Then when he came to revise the
topos, he inserted a reference to the source once and adjusted the syntax to
correspond to the way he referred to his source. Subsequent excerpts were
left in their excerpted form (e.g., III.B.2 — 4) or, if brief, absorbed into the
indirect quotation of a prior item (e.g., III.5. a — c).
Finally, we may observe still another of Diogenes' editorial principles. In
the process of revising this topos Diogenes integrated a list of Zeno's books into
the middle of the detailed excerpt of Zeno's study under Crates presumably on
the grounds that one of Zeno's books, the 'Republic', was mentioned there.
This interpolation is strange because it breaks up a coherent account; in fact,
it breaks up a coherent sentence. We cannot give a completely satisfactory
account of its location, but we can observe that it illustrates an editorial
commitment to avoid duplication of information. The same commitment can
be seen in Diogenes' preference for a cross-reference to the list of teachers in
III.B.4 over a repetition of names; but in the case of the bibliography, Diogenes
has sacrificed a great deal in the coherence and intelligibility of his account,
apparently to avoid repeating a single title.72
72 For further discussion of the source of the bibliography and its treatment in the
compositional process, see below, sect. XII, pp. 4162 — 64.
4106 DAVID E. HAHM
it constitutes a new topos (IV), added to the basic series in Zeno's biography
only. The topos itself appears to constitute a tightly knit unit. A statement
that Zeno taught walking back and forth in the Painted Stoa (IV. 1) is supple
mented by some historical background on the building (IV.2). Then a statement
that Zeno's followers were named "Stoics" after the building in which he
taught is amplified by the information that Zeno's followers were previously
called "Zenonians," and the term "Stoics" was applied to the poets who
frequented the building (IV.3). These last two items of information are at
tributed to Epicurus and Eratosthenes respectively, while the basic account is
left unattributed.
Diogenes' composition of this passage, read by itself, seems straightfor
ward enough. It follows the prior topic (Zeno's education) as a natural
temporal sequel. The supplementary information contained in it is pertinent
and does not distract the reader from the biographical function of the passage.
The comments on the official name and the common name ("Painted Stoa")
are relevant for setting Zeno into his historical setting, as is the note that this
Stoa was the location in which the notorious thirty tyrants carried out their
bloody purges. Similarly, the information on the previous name for Zeno's
followers ("Zenonians") and the previous meaning of the term "Stoics," is
relevant to the history of the school as a whole.
Though the principal text of this topos is, as usual, left unattributed, its
tightly knit composition, incorporating references to authorities who wrote in
the third century B. C., is reminiscent of II.2 in Diogenes' account of Zeno's
physical characteristics. Diogenes attributed that excerpt (II.2) to Apollonius
of Tyre. The similarity in structure of the two excerpts (IV and II.2), combined
with the fact that Apollonius of Tyre supplied much of Diogenes' material for
the prior topos on Zeno's education (III.B. 1—4) points to Apollonius as a
possible, or even likely, source for this entire paragraph; but the evidence of
the topos taken by itself is insufficient to draw any firm conclusions.73
V//. Honors
Diogenes' next topos (V) deals with the honors that were bestowed on
Zeno.74 This is another new topos added to the common Stoic topoi. Diogenes
presents this topos in the same way as he did the topos of Zeno's education,
a brief summary (V.A) followed by detailed information on a few of the items
mentioned in the summary (V.B). In the summary, Diogenes lists honors from
three different peoples: (1) the Athenians honored Zeno by entrusting to him
the keys to the city and presenting him with a golden crown and a bronze
73 We shall take up the subject again in sect. VIII, pp. 4115- 18.
74 This is revealed by the very first word èxiucov.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4107
statue; (2) the people of Citium erected a statue to him in Citium, while the
citizens of Citium living in Sidon claimed him as one of themselves; and (3)
the Macedonian king Antigonus Gonatas attended his lectures during visits
to Athens and invited him to join his court, an invitation that Zeno declined
(7.6). Diogenes then gives more specific information on two of these honors.
First, he quotes the (fictitious) correspondence between Antigonus and Zeno,
in which Antigonus invited Zeno to join him in Macedonia and Zeno, in turn,
declined because of his age (80 years), but sent some of his associates (V.B.1).75
This is followed by a specific identification of the associates that Zeno sent,
Persaeus and Philonides of Thebes (7.6 — 9). Diogenes' second item of specific
information is the text of a decree that refers to the Athenian award of a
golden crown and a tomb in the Ceramicus at public expense (V.B.2).
The most revealing feature of this topos is its structure, which is pro
foundly similar to the structure of the ropos on Zeno's teachers and education.
Both topoi consist of a brief narrative summary followed by details regarding
a small selection of subjects recounted in the summary. In each case the
substantive content of the topos is conveyed by the summary, not by the
detailed account.76 In each case the summary and the detailed account partially
coincide in content without actually repeating any specific information. Finally,
in each case the first detailed item is expressly attributed to Apollonius,
whereas the rest are added without mention of any source. Hence we need to
look more carefully at this topos to see how far it parallels the ropos of
education in its sources and composition.
In the topos of education we found it possible to attribute ultimately the
entire detailed portion to Apollonius. Can we do the same in the topos of
honors? Strictly speaking, only the letter of Antigonus to Zeno is attributed
to Apollonius (7.6); but Apollonius' contribution must continue at least
through the conclusion of the episode, that is, through the statement that
Zeno sent Persaeus and Philonides in his place. The account through this
point is continuous and coherent and gives the impression of coming from a
single source. Moreover, as supporting evidence for the fact that Zeno sent
both Persaeus and Philonides, Diogenes adds a reference to a letter sent by
Epicurus to his brother Aristobulus, in which Epicurus mentions these two as
actually present at Antigonus' court (7.9). The addition of supporting evidence,
quoted from a reliable third-century B. C. source, is a feature we met in the
account of Zeno's physical characteristics (II.2), an account that was expressly
derived from Apollonius.77 Hence it is natural to conclude that Diogenes
75 The fictitious nature of the correspondence has always been recognized; cf. Wilamowitz
(1881) 110 and note 15.
76 Reading the detailed, partial accounts would leave the reader with a very inadequate
conception of the subject. In the topos of education the reader would not know the
names of any of Zeno's teachers other than Crates. In the topos of honors the reader
might not even know that the subject of the topos was the high esteem in which cities
and kings held Zeno.
77 The format is also found in the anonymous excerpt about Zeno's teaching in the Stoa
(IV).
4108 DAVID E. HAHM
derived the entire account, through Epicurus' supporting evidence, from Apol
lonius.
For the second of his specific items regarding Zeno's honors (V.B.2)
Diogenes cites no source, but simply remarks that it seemed best to him (eSoÇe
Sé uoi) to append the actual words of the Athenian decree concerning him. In
view of Diogenes' procedure in the topos of education, we might well wonder
if this excerpt too, and hence the entire detailed account, is from Apollonius.
We cannot tie the Athenian decree to the episode of Antigonus' invitation on
the basis of any narrative or thematic unity, as we could in the case of Zeno's
conversion to and rejection of Crates (III.B. 1—4); but we can note that the
decree, appended presumably to illustrate the Athenian honor of a golden
crown, is in reality a decree passed after his death in the archonship of
Arrhenides.78 Though it mentions the golden crown, the text of the decree is
formally a decree electing five commissioners to oversee the building of a
tomb for Zeno at public expense. Hence it came at a later point in Zeno's
life than the correspondence with Apollonius, and so could have been excerpted
in sequence from the same source as the letters, i. e., Apollonius of Tyre. A
stronger argument in favor of Diogenes' derivation of the decree from Apol
lonius can be made, but to do so we shall have to wait until we have examined
Diogenes' account of Zeno's death.79 The results of our analysis of the detailed
portion of the topos of honors is thus not as conclusive as it was in the case
of Zeno's education, but it does at least leave open the possibility that
Diogenes derived all the detailed excerpts from Apollonius.
The second aspect of the topos that we need to consider is the relation
between the brief summary and the detailed account. Just as in the topos of
education, the summary of this topos and the detailed account coincide in
content at one point and confront us with the same ambivalent evidence
regarding their relationship. The summary of Zeno's dispatch of Persaeus to
the court of Antigonus tells us that Zeno sent Persaeus,
"who ... flourished (fjiqiaÇe) in the 130th Olympiad, when Zeno was
already old" (fjSr| yépovxoç ôvxoç Ziîvcovoç, 7.6).
The natural reading of this statement suggests that Zeno sent Persaeus just
as Persaeus reached his 'acme' at the age of 40, and that Zeno was too old
to go himself at this date.80 According to the letter quoted in the detailed
78 The date of the archonship of Arrhenides is disputed. Currently 262/1 B. C. seems most
probable, with the death of Zeno early in 262 B.C.; cf. Dorandi (1981), (1990a).
79 See below, sect. IX, pp. 4126 - 27, cf. 4113-18.
80 Rohde (1878) 178, note 2 (= Id. [1901] 133, note 2), and Jacoby (1902) 367, note 14,
treat the phrase "and he reached his 'acme' in the 130th Olympiad" (7.6 [299.6 - 7]) as
a parenthetical remark added by Diogenes from another source. This they do because
they assume that Apollonius was the source for the summary account and they wish to
avoid making Apollonius' chronology date Zeno's death to ca. 242/1 B.C. (18 years
after he sent Persaeus). Rohde and Jacoby cannot believe Apollonius could get Zeno's
death date wrong. Jacoby claims all calculations of Apollonius' chronology must begin
from the assumption that Apollonius had Zeno's correct date of death from Apollodorus
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4109
and so must have set it in the archonship of Arrhenides. Even if we grant with Jacoby
that the summary account (V.A) came from Apollonius, I see no reason to assume
a priori that Apollonius was completely consistent. If Apollonius derived chronologcial
data from more than one source, we cannot necessarily rule out inconsistent data in his
account (see also above, p. 4099, note 59). Furthermore, I do not see how one can be
sure that Apollonius had Zeno's death date right. If he used the long chronology, he
could have gotten at most one date in Zeno's life correct. Though the death date is the
one we might expect him to have correct because it would have been part of the
chronology of the succession of the heads of the Stoa, the fact that he followed a
schematized, fictional chronology for Zeno's life does not give much reason to trust any
of his chronological data, even the change of leadership of the Stoa. There is also one
grammatical consideration against the supposition that the statement of Persaeus' 'acme'
is a parenthetical insertion by Diogenes. If the genitive absolute (fjSn vépovxoç ôvxoç
Zt|vojvoç) is construed with the main verb, rather than with the Kai ^KuaÇe clause, Zeno
will be the subject of both the main verb (ànéaxeiXs) and the genitive absolute (yépovxoç
ôvtoç ZT|vcovoç). This would contravene standard Greek usage. But this argument is not
decisive because we can, if necessary, speculate that Diogenes in introducing the statement
of Persaeus' 'acme' reformulated the sentence and changed (say) a temporal clause into
a genitive absolute. Then, of course, Kai fjKuaÇe ... 'OXuuTiiâSa could, strictly speaking,
no longer be considered a parenthetical remark (as Rohde and Jacoby postulated); but
the result would still be the same, viz., the sentence would be conflated from two
separate pieces of information and give an incorrect impression. The fact is that one
cannot prove whether the statement of Persaeus' 'acme' came from the same source as
the rest of the account or whether it was added by Diogenes from another source; but
the mere fact that its implications are incompatible with what we know of Zeno's true
date of death is in itself insufficient grounds to regard it as a parenthetical interpolation
by Diogenes or a conflation of two accounts.
81 Rohde and Jacoby (see above, note 80) found reasons to doubt that Diogenes derived
the information about Persaeus' 'acme' from Apollonius because it implied ignorance of
Zeno's true date of death, a fact that they cannot believe Apollonius could fail to know.
This, I have argued (above, note 80), is insufficient to deny the statement to Apollonius.
270 ANRW II 36.6
4110 DAVID E. HAHM
But even if the statement about Persaeus' acme originated in a source other than the
one from which Diogenes derived the rest of the summary account (as Rohde and
Jacoby assume), the rest of the account, including Zeno's reason for refusing (old age)
and his rounded schematic age (80 years) are unaffected and are enough to demonstrate
the similarity between the summary account and the detailed account derived from
Apollonius.
82 As long as we cannot determine the relationship between the brief summary and the
detailed account, we cannot make any reliable guesses as to Diogenes' motivation. If he
drew the summary excerpt and the detailed excerpts from different sources, the decree
could have been selected solely as evidence of another honor (a tomb), and the mention
of the crown would then be irrelevant to Zeno's choice of this excerpt.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4111
some puzzling features83. It begins with the statement that the people have
decided: (1) to praise Zeno and offer him a golden crown, and (2) to build a
tomb for him in the Ceramicus at public expense. It then goes on to stipulate
that five commissioners be elected
"for the making of the crown and the building of the tomb" (zr\q noir\aecaq
xoù axecpâvou Ked xfjç olKoSoufjç xoù xàcpou, 7.11 [301.3—5]).
However, when the decree continues with a record of the names of those
actually elected (Kexeipoxôvr|vxai), it names six commissioners and states their
function to be only "for the building" (èni xf|v oiKoSouf|v), presumably of the
tomb (7.12 [301.10— 13]). 84 There is no further mention of the making of the
crown. In the face of these anomalies some modern editors have deleted one
or another of the names to reduce them to the officially stipulated number of
five.85 Some modern editors have also conjectured that a reference to the
crown has fallen out of the statement of the commissioners' function in 7.12
and have consequently conjecturally restored it in their texts.86 In addition to
these obvious textual inconsistencies it has been pointed out that the post-
umous award of a golden crown is unparallelled.87
These, and other smaller anomalies in the text, suggest that the
decree quoted by Diogenes is a conflation of two decrees, one passed
while Zeno was alive, praising him and awarding him a golden crown,
and a second passed after his death, awarding him a tomb in the
Ceramicus.88 Incomplete conflation would explain why the commissioners
to be elected were assigned oversight of both the making of the crown
and the building of the tomb in 301.3-4, but oversight only of the
building (presumably of the tomb) in 301.10—11. It could also explain the
discrepancy between the number of commissioners to be elected (five) and
the number of names recorded (six). If the decrees were passed relatively
close in time to each other, some of the same men may have served on
both commissions. Alternatively, since three was a common number of
commissioners, the list of six could be a conflation of two lists of three
and the number "five" in 301.5 a later correction in one of the manuscript
traditions that had lost one of the six names.89
Confirmation of the original existence of two decrees near the time of
Zeno's death and a clue to the source of their conflation is supplied by
Diogenes himself. In his account of Zeno's death and burial, Diogenes refers
back to this decree with the words:
"The Athenians buried him in the Ceramicus and honored him with the
previously quoted decrees" (xoîç npoeipr|uévoiç, 7.29).
Diogenes thereby indicates that he knew of, and even quoted, more than one
decree honoring Zeno.90 If Diogenes knew and quoted more than one decree,
we have to find an explanation for the fact that our current text appears to
contain only one decree. A conflation of two similar sounding decrees supplies
such an explanation.91 Moreover, if Diogenes himself knew that there were
two decrees, we have to conclude that it was he himself who conflated them.
Thus it would appear that Diogenes found two very similar Athenian
decrees honoring Zeno in his source and initially excerpted both. At a later
stage, driven by a desire for conciseness, he eliminated most of the repetition
inherent in quoting similar decrees by deleting the first and adding portions
of it to the text of the second. We have already seen two examples in which
Diogenes was willing to sacrifice clarity and the reader's convenience to avoid
repetition (Zeno's teachers after Crates and the interpolated bibliography
[7.4]). Diogenes' conflation of the two decrees in this topos diminished neither
the clarity of the account nor the fulfilment of the objective of the topos,
which was to illustrate the Athenian opinion of Zeno's life and teaching. From
the point of view of Diogenes' editorial criteria conflation was not only
permissible, but obligatory. His procedure tells us something about the relative
unimportance of historical accuracy among Diogenes' methodological objec
tives.
89 This is the suggestion of Droysen (1881) 299, cf. 296. Droysen noted that a more
thorough study of the MS tradition might shed light on the issue. More than a century
later we are still waiting for a thorough enough investigation of the MSS to assist us in
determining which anomalies are due to corruptions in the manuscript tradition and
which are due to Diogenes' method of composition.
90 If Zeno received the golden crown late in life, it would be understandable that Diogenes'
source would quote them in close proximity and Diogenes would refer to both of them
in connection with Zeno's death and burial.
" Wilamowitz (1881) 344 assumes the second decree was a decree authorizing the bronze
statue mentioned in 7.6 and which he dates to a time long after Zeno's death. This
cannot be ruled out completely; but since Diogenes describes the decrees as "cited
beforehand" (Tipoeipnuévoiç), implying that he has excerpted (at least) two decrees, we
have to explain what happened to the other decree. If it was a completely different
decree, Diogenes would have had no grounds (on his own editorial principles) for
subsequently deleting it. If, however, the other decree was very similar, his principle of
economy gave him a reason, not to delete one decree completely, but to conflate the
two decrees.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4113
92 To approach this amorphous body of material I have divided it into segments based on
its literary form. See outline of VI in Appendix I, pp. 4174-75.
,! Wilamowitz (1881) 112-116 already noted that the quotation from Antigonus of
Carystus has a bearing on Zeno's place of origin and that the statement that Antigonus
initiated the movement to grant Zeno a public funeral refers to the same decree that is
quoted as evidence of Zeno's honors. See below, p. 4117, note 97.
4114 DAVID E. HAHM
Stoa (èv ad-tcp), an allegation mentioned nowhere else among the many refer
ences to the atrocities of the Thirty and, in itself, historically improbable.94
If, however, we read IV with items VI.A.9, 10, and 11 intervening between
IV. 1 and IV.2, we obtain a coherent, rhetorically satisfying account, in which
the statement about the Thirty finds itself in an intelligible and rhetorically
powerful position.95 Now the account of Zeno's teaching in the Stoa begins
by making the point (IV. 1) that Zeno was accustomed to deliver his lectures
by pacing up and down (àvaKaunzcov) with the intention of preventing a crowd
from gathering (pouXôuevoç Kcxi xo xcopiov àTtepiaxaxov noujaai). It then goes
on (VI.A.9) to assert emphatically (où uf)v) that Zeno would not walk around
(neputaxeî) with more than two or three people. The next sentence (VI.A. 10)
builds a more vivid picture of Zeno's intolerance of crowds by recalling a
clever tactic to which Zeno resorted on several occasions (èvioxe):
"He even used to solicit money from the bystanders, so that people,
reluctant to give, might not crowd around."
The climax of this vignette of Zeno is a dramatic portrayal of Zeno himself
at his sarcastic best (VI. A. 11 and IV.2):
"When more [than two or three] stood around him, he pointed to the
wooden fence around the altar in the Stoa and said, 'This altar once
stood out here in the middle (èv uéacp); but because it got in the way, it
was put off by itself (iSiqt èxé9n,). So, you, too, better remove yourselves
from out of the middle [here] (èK xou uéaou) and you better not crowd
us so much; for at the time of the Thirty nearly 1400 citizens were
removed permanently (ckvf|pr|vx') <from here).' "96
94 Hicks (1925) 117, note a, speculates that it means that the Thirty made their decision
in the Stoa. Most historians simply ignore this aspect of Diogenes' statement.
95 The literary unity of the original passage (7.5 and 7.14) is maintained by the repetition
of allusions to bystanders (ànepiaxaxov [IV.1], Ttepuoxauévouç [VI.A. 10], Tteptaxavxov
[VI. A. 11]) and crowding (èvoxXeîv [VI.A.10], èvoxXf|oexe [VI. A. 11]) and to the peripa
tetic walking of the philosopher (àvaKàunxov [IV.1], TtepiTtaxei [VI.A.9]) with its contrast
to the departure of the bystanders and altar (paaxdaavxeç [VI.A. 11], àvrjpnvx' [IV.2]).
96 On this reconstruction Zeno plays on the double meaning of dvr|pr|vx'. The common
charge against the Thirty was that they killed 1500 citizens (the number varies in the
sources). Their action is expressed either with àTtoKxeivco (Isoc. Areopagiticus 67; In
Loch. 11; Aeschines 3.235; Arist. Ath. Pol. 35.4) or with àvaipèco, used figuratively to
mean "execute" (Arist. Ath. Pol. 35.4; Diod. 14.5.6). A more specific charge was that
they made arrests in the marketplace, apparently never in their victim's homes (cf.
Krentz [1982] 81 -82). Demosthenes expresses this charge with the words xoùç èK xfjç
àyopdç ... ànfjyov (22.52; 24.164). Zeno's word, àvr|pr|vx', in its literal sense ("were
picked up and carried away") conveys this more specific charge, especially when rein
forced by èK xoù uéaou paaxâaavxeÇ aûxoùç ("pick yourselves up out of [our] midst").
I have tried to bring out the double entendre with the translation "removed permanently."
The text of Diogenes concludes with the words èv auxa> ("were removed permanently
in it"). This may be appropriate in an antiquarian note where the verb will be construed
in its stronger sense ("were executed") as a factual reference to the Stoa, but èv aùxco
gives the wrong sense when the sentence is the capstone to Zeno's apophthegm. Much
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4117
In this context the reference to the fatal removals by the Thirty becomes the
ultimate threat to scare away crowds who are not intimidated by a request
for a donation. If an altar and its enclosure could be banished from the center
of the Stoa because it got in the way (èuTtoSiÇeiv), why should the people who
are getting in Zeno's way not be banished as well? Zeno first requests them
to pick themselves up and move away (paaxâaavxeç aûxoùç); but just in case
anyone ignores his request, he adds a mock threat, reminding them that this
is the place where 1400 citizens were picked up and permanently removed
(àvfjpnvz').
The tightly interlocking mesh between this series of items and the account
of Zeno's teaching in the Stoa makes it virtually certain that both passages
came from the same source and that Diogenes extracted the sentences in 7.14
(items VI. A. 9, 10, and 11) in order to separate the material according to his
conception of its subject matter.97 Though we cannot prove the same for the
rest of the items in 7.12- 15 with quite so high a degree of certainty, it seems
highly probable that the entire series of items in 7.12 — 25 (VI. A) came from
the same source as the corresponding items of 7.1 — 12 and were separated off
in the process of excerpting. This makes the passage a critical piece of evidence
for Diogenes' source and his method of composition.
If Diogenes created the series of items in 7.12-15 (VI. A) by the process
of excerpting the same texts that he used in creating the earlier topoi, we have
a clue to the number and form of the source(s) used by Diogenes. The series
of items in 7.12-15 shows a progression from Zeno's origin in Citium,
through his education under Crates to a simple life in a house with his friend
Persaeus. We then see him impressing Antigonus, the king of Macedonia, but
generally avoiding people. Even in his capacity as a popular teacher, we see
him trying to discourage crowds from standing around him in the Stoa,
better would be èK xouxou or even the adverb aùxoÙ. If the text originally read Ik xouxou
(or even aùxoÙ), Diogenes in excerpting the line as an antiquarian note or some later
scribe unable to construe èK xouxou would have had good reason to change it to èv
aùxcp.
97 Wilamowitz (1881) 112 noted the parallels of two of the items in the series (see above,
p. 4113, note 93), but drew the opposite conclusion, that the text after 7.12 could not
have been derived from the same source as the earlier texts (which he took to be
Apollonius of Tyre). He then argued that 7.12-24 was derived from Antigonus of
Carystus. As confirmation he pointed to the noticeably less glamorized portrayal of
Zeno's personality, the fact that Apollonius' name does not appear again until 7.24
(where he assumed Diogenes began following Apollonius again), the fact that Antigonus
was explicitly cited for the first anecdote (7.12), and finally, the fact that several later
anecdotes find more or less close parallels in Athenaeus where they are attributed to
Antigonus of Carystus. Wilamowitz never envisioned the possibility that Diogenes
might have rearranged the order of his excerpts. Hence he had to find another source.
The fact that quotations from Antigonus' 'Lives' (Books 2, 4, 5, and 9) and even from
Antigonus' 'Life of Zeno' (3.66) appear in other books of Diogenes further encouraged
him to see Antigonus as a direct source. His argument loses most of its force as soon
as we recognize that Diogenes reordered his excerpts and that he quotes some authors
both directly and indirectly (cf. Meier [1978] 23).
4118 DAVID E. HAHM
The cohesion is apparent in his account of Zeno's physical disposition (II.2) and in the
detailed survey of Zeno's educational odyssey (III.B.1 -4), which I have argued almost
certainly derives from him. The practice of quoting contemporary sources occurs in his
passage on Zeno's physical disposition.
Athenaeus (13.607c, 603c) cites two of the items in VI.A, viz. items VI.A.6 and VI.A.7,
and attributes them to Antigonus of Carystus' 'Life of Zeno'. The versions in Athenaeus
are slightly more detailed, though his version of VI.A.7 leaves out the last event in the
story and so gives the story a different thrust (cf. Wilamowitz [1881], 115- 116). This
suggests that Apollonius was indebted to Antigonus of Carystus for more of this account
than we are informed by Diogenes. How much more, we cannot say (on Wilamowitz'
attempt to credit the entire passage from 7.12 to 7.24 to Antigonus see above, note 97).
Wilamowitz, 115, also cites Athenaeus 13.563c as a perverted parallel of VI.A.5. This
is highly doubtful. Athenaeus is almost certainly quoting a different text that has not
come down into Diogenes Laertius.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4119
item that tells us that Zeno made donations to Crates (VI. A.2). This is out
of chronological order and would seem to contradict the hypothesis that the
items of VI.A are in chronological order and represent the original order of
Diogenes' source. That is not the only problem with this item. It also seems
to portray a different Zeno, one whose aim in life was more materialistic and
who had not lost his fortune and had not been forced to cut his ties with his
commercial past before his arrival at Athens. Both these problems vanish as
soon as we suppose that the account from which Diogenes drew these excerpts
included the alternative versions found in III.B.5. One of these versions
(III. B.5b) had Zeno living in Athens when he heard that his ship was wrecked.
In this version Zeno was not sailing on the ship that sank, but had merely
invested his money in that ship. It presupposes exactly what VI. A.3 states,
that Zeno came to Athens with money and invested in a shipping venture.100
If item VI. A.3 came from a more extensive version of this alternative version
and the series of items in VI.A came from Apollonius, we have to conclude
that Apollonius was Diogenes' source also for the alternative versions, and
that Apollonius was not committed to one particular version of Zeno's
conversion to philosophy or of his educational career.
Item VI.A.2 presents a slightly different problem, namely, to find a fitting
locale for additional information about Crates. The primary account, as
presented in D. L. 7.2 — 4 (excluding the book lists), is contrived to focus
attention on Zeno's swift and inevitable alienation from Crates. There is no
place in which to insert stories of Zeno's early devotion to Crates without
rewriting one of the transitional sentences and disturbing the thematic progres
sion.101 If, however, Apollonius included alternative versions of somewhat
greater length than the telegraphic versions quoted by Diogenes, he could well
have given more information about Zeno's relation to Crates in connection
with the alternative version of Zeno's statement about his shipwreck, the one
in which he uses it to express his satisfaction with his relation to Crates
(III.B.5. a). After such an expression of an attitude of spiritual salvation at the
hands of Crates we could well imagine a story of Zeno's practical expression
of gratitude in the form of assisting Crates with his material needs.
If item VI. A.3 (and perhaps also item VI. A.2) came from alternative
versions of Zeno's conversion to philosophy, found by Diogenes in Apollonius
of Tyre, we have to conclude that the only items from 7.1 — 15 that cannot
(or cannot yet) be firmly attributed to Apollonius are (1) a statement on
100 In should be noted that both items are in the same grammatical form. In 7.13 Diogenes
quotes "they say" followed by an infinitive indirect statement. In 7.5 he quotes "others,"
with no verb of saying, but with the indirect discourse in the infinitive. This, however,
cannot be pressed too far. Diogenes tends to make his excerpts syntactically compatible.
7.5 is one of his more extreme cases of abridgment in which he hangs all three alternative
accounts on the cpaaiv of the main account, with no additional verbs of saying.
101 There is no way to rule out the possibility that Diogenes abridged the account by
paraphrasing it and so is himself responsible for the transitions; but the relevant
transitional sentences are both antithetical uèv ... 8è sentences (7.3 and 7.4) and I find
no other evidence in this biography of any rhetorically sophisticated abridgment.
4120 DAVID E. HAHM
Zeno's appearance, attributed to Timotheus of Athens (II. 1), (2) the list of
Zeno's books (III.B.5.b — c), and (3) the two brief summaries (III. A and
V.A); and even these cannot be certainly denied to Apollonius. However we
eventually decide to credit these items, the one conclusion that is beginning
to emerge is that Diogenes created the early part of his biography of Zeno
almost exclusively on the basis of one book; but the selection and the
arrangement of excerpts was wholly Diogenes' doing and did much to obscure
the original organization of what must have been a much more coherent and
rhetorically well-developed biography.
Diogenes' heavy dependence on Apollonius does not continue throughout
the work or even the topos. The format of the excerpts changes suddenly in
7.15. In place of narrative items we find several criticisms of Zeno by the
satirical poet Timon of Phlius and then a long series of Zeno's sayings and
apophthegms, each containing a pithy, sarcastic remark by Zeno. This type
of material continues, with specific references to Hippobotus (7.25), Hecaton
(7.26), and Apollonius again (7.24), until 7.26, where we find a continuous,
coherent account of Zeno's character (VI.F). In this final segment Zeno is
endowed with a single, related set of Stoic virtues, the virtues most honored
by admirers of Stoicism: endurance, frugality, and moderation (Kapxepcbxaxoç,
Xixôxaxoç, èyKpaxéaxepoç). The claim that Zeno possessed these virtues in the
superlative degree is backed by illustrative descriptions of Zeno's habits and
by quotations from poets and a proverb. The logical role of each quotation
is made clear and the entire series of statements and quotations is carefully
linked by particles and adverbs to constitute a rhetorical unity, climaxed by
a beatification with connotations of heroic or divine status:
"In truth, he (Zeno) surpassed everyone in this kind of virtue and in
dignity (aeuvôxtixi) and indeed, by Zeus, in blessedness (uaKapiôxr|xi)."
It is not hard to guess that this text, the last text in Diogenes' topos, once
constituted the closing words of a rather substantial laudatory account of
Zeno's character. This coherent conclusion, with its barrage of early quotations
and its tight logical exposition, looks like some of the passages that we have
found attributable to Apollonius; but before we attempt to pin down its
source, we have to go back to examine the long mid-section of the topos
(VI.B-E).
Between the initial series of isolated characterizations taken from Apol
lonius (VI. A) and the coherent, rhetorical summation at the end of the topos
(VI.F) lies a long series of items in varying degrees of organization.102 Two
clusters of these items (VLB and VI.D) show a format that vaguely mirrors
the format of the final section (VI.F), that is, a description of Zeno's personality
illustrated by anecdotes, apophthegms, or quotations from a poet. The first
102 The sayings, apophthegms and anecdotes of this section fall into the so-called Xpsia
tradition. For the history of this tradition and Diogenes' general interest in it see
KlNdStRaNd (1986).
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4121
such cluster (VLB) consists of two characterizations: (1) inquisitive and logi
cally precise in everything, supported by a quotation from Timon of Phlius
and an anecdote about Zeno's debates with Philo the Dialectian (7.16—17);
and (2) sullen, mean, of frowning face, stingy, and concise in his criticisms,
supported by two apophthegms (7.16-17). The other (VI.D) consists of a
number of items that illustrate Zeno's love of learning (cpiAOuaGeia, 7.25 -
26). 103
These clusters illustrate Diogenes' procedure when he does not have a
single coherent source as the basis for his topos. In the first of these (VI.B.1)
Diogenes cites as his source the satirical skeptic poet Timon of Phlius. Timon's
'Silloi' are quoted in many of Diogenes' biographies, but Diogenes probably
did not derive his excerpts directly from Timon. Timon described philosophers
in highly insulting metaphorical language which had to be interpreted in
complimentary prose to serve as a witness to a philosopher's character. The
particular quotation that Diogenes cites for Zeno compares him to a female
spider
"who craves everything, but whose mesh, being (too) thin, keeps break
ing" (ô 8' éppei yupa9ôç auzfj auiicpôç ècbv, 7. 15). 104
This Diogenes interprets as a reference to Zeno's dialectical skill and hence
as evidence for the claim that Zeno was inquisitive and logically precise
in whatever he discussed (Çr|xn,uKôç kcù nepi nûvxcov àKpipoAoyoûuevoç).
Diogenes' interpretation is not at all obvious and required a prose paraphrase
before it could serve Diogenes' purpose.105 The amplification of a quotation
by an interpretative commentary by Diogenes himself cannot be paralleled
for any other quotation in this book. Since Antigonus of Carystus probably
already used Timon as a biographical source and since Sotion is known to
have written a commentary on Timon's 'Silloi' (Athenaeus 8.336d), we have
to suppose that Diogenes could have found such interpreted quotations in
one of his sources.106 But we cannot track down Diogenes' source any
further. Since Apollonius seems to have used Antigonus, we might speculate
that Diogenes derived these passages through Apollonius; but Diogenes also
103 The exact number is debatable. After the first three and the claim that they illustrate
his love of learning come two items of uncertain applicability; i. e., that Zeno was the
first to write on appropriate action and that he modified some lines of Hesiod to affirm
the importance of following understanding with action. Whether these were regarded
as a continuation of (marginally appropriate) examples of love of learning or just
miscellaneous items is not clear to me.
104 I am following the reading and interpretation of Gannon (1987).
105 If Gannon's (1987) interpretation is correct (that Timon alludes metaphorically to Stoic
epistemology which tries to grasp reality through the senses), Diogenes' attempt to refer
it to dialectic is not even right; but the relevant question for our investigation is: Who
interpreted it as a reference to dialectic?
106 Cf. Long (1978) 68-70 on Antigonus' use of Timon for his biographies of Pyrrho and
Arcesilaus, which in turn were used by Diogenes. Long (1978) 81 concludes that Diogenes
generally found his quotations from Timon in his sources.
4122 DAVID E. HAHM
"He [Zeno] also disputed exactingly with the dialectician Philo and
studied with him, which indicates that Zeno was as awed by the younger
man [i.e., Philo] as by his teacher Diodorus."107
107 Mansfeld (1986) 325 - 26 argues, rightly I believe, that Diogenes means Zeno was a
student of Philo, not that Zeno and Philo were fellow-students of Diodorus. I have
followed Mansfeld's emendation of the text to read xov vecbxepov for the problematic
genitive. On the dialectic philosophy of Diodorus and Philo see Sedley (1977).
108 Cf. Mansfeld (1986) 325, who gives further arguments that the item in 7.16 came from
Hippobotus along with the one in 7.25.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4123
If the item in 7.16 came from Hippobotus, we can infer that Diogenes excerpted
a longer passage from Hippobotus, but broke it up into two separate items
and used each to create a subtopic. The second part of it was moved back to
be juxtaposed with an interpreted quotation from Timon to create a subtopic
on Zeno's logical precision. The first part stands at the head of several other
items to create a subtopic on Zeno's diligence (VI. D [7.25]).
Let us now look more carefully at this second subtopic (VI. D). This
subtopic is founded on the item from Hippobotus because it tells us that Zeno
spent time with Diodorus (Cronus) and worked hard (èÇeTtôvr|aev) to learn
dialectic from him. This item is then followed by two items that further
illustrate Zeno's commitment to learning: (1) attending Polemon's school and
adopting (literally, stealing) Polemon's doctrines; and (2) paying a dialectician
twice what he asked for a set of seven arguments related to the sophism
known as "the Reaper." This set of three items concludes with the summation:
"To such a degree did he exercise his love of learning (cpiXouaGeia)." It is this
conclusion that warrants the status of this group of items as a subtopic.
The cohesion of this passage as an account of Zeno's intense love of
learning is much stronger than that of the subtopic in VI.B.1; but when we
look at the form of the quotations we discover clear evidence that it, too, has
been assembled from more than one source. The excerpt from Hippobotus is
quoted in the indicative (7.23 [307.15 — 16]). The next excerpt begins in the
indicative ("He also entered Polemon's school"), but concludes in indirect
statement ("So that they say [cpaeri] that he [Polemon] said [Xeyeiv] ..."). The
third is quoted entirely in the infinitive as if it were following cpaai. Then
after the summary statement in the indicative ("To such a degree did he
exercise his love of learning") Diogenes continues with "they say" (<paai) and
two more items expressed in infinitive indirect discourse statements (7.25-
26 [307.23 — 308.6]). We cannot tell where all the excerpts quoted in the
infinitive come from; but one conclusion seems probable: They are taken from
some source other than Hippobotus, a source that Diogenes excerpted in the
indicative. 109 Thus Diogenes' procedure is the same as in VI.B.1. He has
created a miniature subtopic on Zeno's love of learning by bringing together
an excerpt from Hippobotus with two additional items, at least one of which
came from a series of items unrelated to the emerging miniature subtopic.
The subtopic itself is marked off by the insertion of a conclusion: "To such
a degree did he exercise his love of learning." All around it the excerpts remain
in the order in which they were excerpted.
A third example of this procedure may be found in VLB. 2. This segment,
too, is a combination of excerpts in indirect and direct discourse. The first
109 The second item beginning in the indicative and concluding with a cpaat in the coaxe
clause is problematic (7.25 [307.16- 19]). It could be the first of the series of infinitive
items with the main verb attracted into the indicative to make a grammatical continuity
with the previous quotation. Or it could be an actual indicative excerpt with the cpaai
in the subordinate clause an assertion that Polemon's words are preserved in the
anonymous popular tradition.
4124 DAVID E. HAHM
claim, that Zeno was "sullen, mean, and frowning in face" is expressed in the
infinitive with no verb of saying anywhere in the vicinity (7.16 [303.10- 11]).
It must be an excerpt moved here from another location in which Diogenes
either expressed the verb of saying or in which he collected an entire set of
excerpts quoted in the infinitive.110 It is followed by two statements in the
indicative: (1) that Zeno was stingy and (2) that when he insulted anyone, he
did so concisely and at a distance (7.16 [303.11-13]). Then come two
apophthegms, both illustrating, as apophthegms naturally do, Zeno's concise
ness; but the two apophthegms are also apparently chosen to illustrate the two
claims made about his personality. His sullenness and meanness is illustrated by
the first story in which he remarked on a vain gentleman carefully picking his
way across a stream:
"With good reason does he scorn the mud; he cannot see his reflection
in it" (7.16-17 [303.13-16]).
We cannot help thinking of the series of infinitive items that we just noticed at the end
of VI.D, but this particular statement of Zeno's sullen personality seems to have a hostile
bias and therefore a different orientation from the complimentary items in VI.D.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4125
them.111 We cannot rule out the possibility that Diogenes would have reshaped
this section further in future revisions.
Diogenes' procedure in this topos makes it very hard to draw any firm
conclusions about his sources. He mentions three names that we can assume
he used directly: Apollonius, Hippobotus, and Hecaton's 'Anecdotes'; but
their individual contributions cannot be definitively recognized. A comparison
with his other citations of Hecaton shows that Hecaton in his 'Anecdotes'
favored the apophthegm form.112 We may conclude that many of the apoph
thegms came from this work.113 However, Apollonius used the same form and
is cited for an apophthegm in this very topos (7.24, cf. 7.14 [VI.A.1l]); so we
may assume that Apollonius contributed to their number. We might note that
Apollonius' apophthegm at 7.24 involves real historical people. We find a
number of apophthegms in this topos that involve historical personages and
might be tempted to infer that they stem from Apollonius.114 But Hippobotus
is also cited for an anecdote involving historical persons (7.25). 115 So he could
just as well have been the source of the apophthegms involving historical
figures. Thus the form and content of the items is of no use in determining
their source.
Nor can we use the fact Apollonius quoted Antigonus of Carystus (VI. A. 1)
and anonymously used two other stories from him (VI. A.6, 7) to infer that
all apophthegms parallelled by stories attributable to Antigonus of Carystus
came to Diogenes through Apollonius. There are two such apophthegms
among the anonymous set of VI. C: Zeno's retorts about the gourmand's fish
(7.19 [304.16-19]) and the soaked beans (7.26 [308.7 -9]). 116 The second of
these is found in a small set of apophthegms and statements (VI:E) detached
from the main body and introduced by the singular verb, "he says" (cpnai),
immediately prior to an excerpt on the same subject, introduced by the same
verb (cpnai), but attributed to Hecaton's 'Anecdotes' (7.26). It is a priori likely
that Antigonus of Carystus, a contemporary of Zeno and the author of a
biography of Zeno, was the source of much of the information on Zeno
transmitted to later ages. Antigonus' stories could thus have appeared both
in Hecaton's 'Anecdotes' and in Apollonius' 'On Zeno' — in fact, in other
111 In 7.21 —23 we can see a cluster of quotations and apophthegms regarding youth, but
not all the items pertaining to youth occur in this series, nor can one see any other
obvious topical pattern among the remaining apophthegms. Whether this is the beginning
of Diogenes' organization, a relic of the organization of his source, or an accident, I
cannot say.
112 On the Xpeta tradition in which Hecaton wrote see Kindstrand (1986).
113 The fact that he is cited in the biographies of Cleanthes and Chrysippus as well in
connection with a supplement of apophthegms supports this. See below sect. XI,
pp. 4139-41.
114 Viz. Cleanthes (7.17), Ariston (7.18), Polemon (7.20, 25), Dionysius the Renegade (7.23),
and Ptolemy (7.24).
115 Cf. 7.16 and above, pp. 4122-23.
116 Antigonus is assigned as the source of the first by Athenaeus (8.345c) and of the second
by inference from its appearance in Athen. Epit. 2.55. Cf. Wilamowitz (1881) 118, 122.
271 ANRW II 36.6
4126 DAVID E. HAHM
sources as well. Hence the fact that certain stories ultimately go back to
Antigonus of Carystus gives no grounds for determining the author from which
Diogenes derived them. In short, we can find no grounds whatsoever for
determining Diogenes' sources for the mass of unattributed apophthegms and
quotations in VI.C.117 We can only observe that between the isolated series of
items (VI.A), culled from Apollonius while excerpting topoi I-V, and the
coherent account of Zeno's virtues (VI. F), Diogenes has accumulated a large
selection of excerpts primarily from Hecaton, Apollonius, and Hippobotus
and left them there with only a modicum of organization and application.118
Diogenes' topos of character and habits, then, is the first topos in which
Apollonius is not the exclusive, or even predominant, source. Yet Apollonius
still seems to be the source that determines the basic outline of the topos.
Apollonius was almost certainly the source of the series of excerpts with
which the topos opened; and the culmination of the topos, its long, coherent
rhetorical conclusion, shows all the stylistic and methodological characteristics
of Apollonius. If he was, in fact, the author, we have to conclude that Diogenes
has, in effect, essentially augmented his principal source on the subject by
interpolating a long string of supplementary excerpts; but, before we can
make this claim, we must return to the final segment of the topos (VI. F) to
see whether we can establish its source with greater certainty.
The final excerpt of the topos of Zeno's habits and character (VI.F
[7.26-28]) does not make a clean break at the end to bring the topos to a
conclusion. Instead, it leads directly into the next topos on Zeno's death. The
claim that Zeno surpassed all men in stalwart virtue, dignity, and divine
blessedness is followed immediately by the explanation (yàp) that he had lived
ninety-eight years in good health when he died. This statement of Zeno's age
and state of health at death almost certainly came from Apollonius, for it is
based on the so-called long chronology which is found also in the letter quoted
from Apollonius (V.B.1). Moreover, after a short note that Persaeus in his
'Ethical Lectures' gave a different age at death, Diogenes explicitly cites
117 One observation we can make is that they take two forms: (1) apophthegms, i.e. very
short stories in which Zeno makes a sarcastic or critical remark, always in direct
discourse, or (2) brief quotations from his teachings or writings on literary style and
right living, expressing his words in indirect discourse. The two types are intermixed
without any pattern that I can discern.
118 There may be a few from sources not named in the topos, but there is no evidence of
any significant number. Nowhere else in the book is there any evidence of widespread
use of unacknowledged sources. It is likely, therefore, that Diogenes has told us the
names of all or nearly all of his sources for this topos.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4127
Apollonius for the length of time that Zeno led the school, 58 years, a figure
consistent only with the long chronology of 98 years.119 Finally, the entire
passage (7.28—29), except for the alternative date of Persaeus, constitutes a
unity and in the end returns to the affirmation of Zeno's virtue that constituted
the subject of VI.F:
"The Athenians buried him in the Ceramicus and honored him with the
decrees quoted above, thereby adding their witness to his virtue
(xt|v àpexf|v cuVtcp npoauapxupoùvxeç, 7.29)."
This remark shows that Diogenes' source regarded the Athenian decrees
awarding a public funeral to be a witness to Zeno's virtue comparable to and
in addition to (npoauapxupoùvxeç) a previously cited witness, which can only
be the witnesses cited in 7.27 (the epic and comic poets). This conclusively
demonstrates that the account of Zeno's virtuous character, the description
of his health at the end of his life, the circumstances of his death (willing
submission to God's summons) and the Athenian award of a public funeral
together constitute a single continuous portrayal of Zeno's virtue. If this entire
passage (a) comes from a single source, (b) incorporates a reference to
Apollonius' long chronology and an explicit quotation from Apollonius, and
(c) originally contained the decree that has been linked to Apollonius on the
basis of its correlation with the series of items in VI.A, we can be virtually
certain that this entire passage came from Apollonius.120
There might still be one small intrusion, however. We have to ask from
whom Diogenes derived the alternative chronology that he attributes to
Persaeus' 'Ethical Lectures'. Unlike the earlier quotation from Persaeus (7.1),
this one is not introduced as a subordinate clause in a sentence quoted from
Apollonius, so we cannot use syntactical integrity as a basis for attributing it to
Apollonius. Yet the balance of probability rests with attribution to Apollonius,
rather than with regarding it as a supplement added by Diogenes. None of
the third century B. C. sources quoted up to this point can with any likelihood
be attributed to Diogenes' own intervention. Even though this quotation is
cited as an alternative to the principal text and not as support for the principal
text or as a subordinate point (as was the case in all the previous examples
of citation of third century texts), we cannot on such grounds alone exclude
attribution to Apollonius. For we have now found reason to believe that
Apollonius himself probably incorporated alternative versions.121 If so, he
could very well have cited sources for these alternative versions. In fact, in
the material attributable to him in the biography up to this point, Apollonius
,w For further discussion of Apollonius' long chronology, see above, sect. V, pp. 4098 -
4101.
120 For the attribution of the decree see sect. VIII, pp. 4113— 18.
121 The examples that we have seen in III.B.5 were summarized by Diogenes very briefly
without citation of any authority; but there are grounds to suspect that Apollonius'
version discussed them at greater length; see sect. VIII, pp. 4118 - 19.
271-
4128 DAVID E. HAHM
122 This can be inferred from the number of examples of documentation and from the
presence of documentation in even the very brief parenthetical claim in II.2.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4129
12J One, the elegy of Athenaeus, is praise of Stoicism, not a eulogy of Zeno, a fact that
Diogenes acknowledges (7.30), raising our suspicion that Diogenes himself added it; but
the fact that he does, only confirms his conception of the propriety of eulogies and
statements of praise at the end of the topos of death.
4130 DAVID E. HAHM
(defining the end [xéXoç] when others had failed in the attempt), and an item
about his habits (swearing by capers).124 All of these could have found a
congenial home in one or the other of Diogenes' earlier fopo;. 125 Yet we find
them excerpted all together in a single paragraph from an author that Diogenes
seems to have used directly and regularly throughout his entire work.126 We
have to conclude that Diogenes has excerpted Demetrius independently of his
construction of his primary account.
This raises a question about Diogenes' larger compositional procedure.
To get some idea how he proceeds in the book as a whole, we have to look
ahead over the rest of his biography of Zeno and even beyond to his other
biographies. After the excerpt from Demetrius, Diogenes adds first a set of
criticisms attributed to Cassius the Skeptic and Isidorus of Pergamum (IX)
and then a list of men of the same name (X). This list probably came ultimately
from Demetrius of Magnesia, the same source as the one from which Diogenes
derived his supplementary biography (VIII); but we cannot be sure that
Diogenes derived it directly from Demetrius' book.127 In fact, its separation
from the other excerpt from Demetrius (VIII) would suggest that Diogenes did
not derive it directly from Demetrius, unless he also excerpted the intervening
criticisms of Cassius and Isidorus from Demetrius as well.
If we compare Diogenes' procedure in his biography of Chrysippus, we
find a similar procedure. After an account of Chrysippus' life ending with his
death (XVI. 1) Diogenes resumes discussion of previously covered topics by
adding new items derived from Demetrius (XVI.2). He then moves on, as in
the biography of Zeno, to a list of men with the same name (XVI.5) and to
a list of charges similar to those brought against Zeno (XVI.7). The only
differences between the biography of Chrysippus and the biography of
Zeno are: (1) that the charges against Chrysippus follow the excerpts from
Demetrius instead of coming between Demetrius' biographical information
and his list of homonyms; and (2) that the charges against Chrysippus are
preceded by a series of sophistical arguments introduced into discussions by
124 The fragments of Demetrius have been edited with commentary by Me|eR (1981).
125 The conversion to philosophy and study with Crates in III.B, perhaps especially among
the alternatives of III.B.6; his priority in defining the end in VI.C, where we hear that
he was also the first to use the term "duty" (KaGiiKov) and write a treatise about it
(7.25); and his habit of swearing by capers among the miscellaneous stories of VI.C
(say) around 7.23 - 24.
126 Demetrius supplies Diogenes with two kinds of information, miscellaneous biographical
information and lists of men with the same name (homonyms). The latter give the work
its title and presumably also constitute the basis of the arrangement of the work.
Diogenes' widespread use of Demetrius for various kinds of biographical information
throughout the work suggests that Diogenes knew and quoted Demetrius directly; but
Meier (1978) 38-39; Id. (1981) 450-51 argues that though all the lists of homonyms
in Diogenes ultimately go back to Demetrius and though Diogenes certainly used
Demetrius directly, we cannot assume that he copied every list of homonyms directly
from Demetrius. The lists were likely to have circulated also through other sources used
by Diogenes and may in some cases have been excerpted from one of these.
127 See previous note.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4131
Chrysippus (XVI.6). It is not hard to see that Diogenes has used some of the
same sources for both biographies and that he has excerpted them after
he had already completed a basic version of each biography, leaving the
supplementary information from Demetrius unintegrated with the primary
account.
On the question of Diogenes' immediate source for the homonyms, the
biography of Chrysippus sheds no further light. The fact that it follows
immediately after the supplementary material apparently excerpted directly
from Demetrius allows us to conjecture that Diogenes derived it directly from
Demetrius; but there is no way to establish with certainty whether direct or
indirect citation is more likely in either the biography of Zeno or that of
Chrysippus.
A more fruitful investigation can be made by examining the criticisms of
Zeno and Chrysippus. If we look closely at the criticisms in both biographies,
we can observe that the charges are of two different kinds. The first two
charges brought against Zeno are numbered ("first" and "second") and attack
the absurdity of two aspects of the paradoxical Stoic doctrine of the wise
man: (1) traditional education (èyKuKллov nmSeiav) is useless (axpr|axov); and
(2) those who are not wise men (uf| OnouSaiouç) are all enemies, slaves, and
alien to one another, with the absurd result that parents must be aliens,
enemies, and slaves to their children, likewise brothers to their brothers, and
most absurd of all, people who are related (oikeîouç) must be alien or unrelated
(áXAoxpiouc,) to those to whom they are related.128 The subsequent charges
brought against Zeno, in contrast, are not numbered and accuse Zeno of
rejecting traditional morality and social institutions (7.33 — 34). Specifically
these charges include advocating community of wives, prohibiting the building
of temples, lawcourts, and gymnasia, banning currency, advocating common
clothing for men and women, permitting the exposure of any and all parts of
the anatomy, and unspecified opinions on sexual behavior. One of these
subjects is even documented with the exact line number of its location in
Zeno's 'Republic'.129 The differences in linkage (numbered vs. unnumbered)
and in subject matter make the list appear to be a combination of two originally
distinct sets of charges.130
I2S I have paraphrased the second argument to help bring out the paradox that is being
attacked (cf. 7.120, 121, 124 for the Stoic doctrine). The exact point of the first charge
is not clear. It may be that since only a wise man has skill in music, letters, etc. (SFV
3.194), and education in these subjects (èykuKXia noiSeuиата) does not yield a wise man
(cf. Diog. Laert. 2.79 = SVF 1. Ant. 349), such education is useless. Otherwise, it may
be one claim of a contradiction, the other being Chrysippus' claim that traditional
education is useful (evxPT\gte,\v, Diog. Laert. 7.129 = SVF 3.738).
129 Gigante (1976) 255, 311 and Mansfeld (1986) 345-46 take the line numbers here and
in the biography of Chrysippus as expressions of the length of each discussion; but
Schofield (1991) 6 note 9, has adequately defended the common interpretation of the
numbers as references to location.
130 Precisely where the second set begins is problematic; see Appendix II, pp. 4177 - 79.
4132 DAVID E. HAHM
131 On the interpretation of 7.189 (383.2 — 8), which editors have mistaken as the words of
Chrysippus, see Schofield (1991) 18-19. I am grateful to the author for showing me
an advance copy of his chapter on this passage.
132 This was first observed by Wachsmuth (1879) 39-42, and is now generally accepted;
cf., e.g., Mansfeld (1986) 344 - 46 and Schofield (1991) 4-7 (with a review of all the
evidence for a common origin).
133 Sextus does not contain any of the criticisms based on the paradox of the wise man.
This indicates that Sextus was using a text that had not conflated the two kinds of
charges and hence that Sextus was not using the same immediate source as Diogenes.
1M Sextus' refutation is that the advice of Zeno and Chrysippus could not be followed in
any civilized society (only "among Cyclopes and Lastrygonians", P. H. 3.249; Adv. Math.
11.195). Schofield (1991) 3.21 interprets the evidence differently. He argues that Cassius'
original refutation (on which he believes Sextus' account was also based) took the form
of a skeptical antithesis of contradictory items among the offensive doctrines.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4133
"Some such (charges) come from Cassius, but also from the rhetorician
Isidorus of Pergamum, who also says ..." (7.34).
With these words Diogenes reports Athenodorus' attempt to bowdlerize the
works of Zeno.135 It is not easy to determine the precise role of Cassius and
Isidorus in transmitting this information to Diogenes. One possibility is that
Diogenes had two sources, Cassius and Isidorus, and simply conflated their
charges. If we had only Diogenes' report, we might speculate that the first
charges, the numbered charges that seem to have exploited the contradictions
inherent in the Stoic conception of the wise man, go back to Cassius, who is
the only source mentioned immediately before them and who as a Skeptic
could be expected to have exploited such a strategy of refutation. The charge
of immorality and anti-social behavior might then plausibly be assigned to
the rhetorician Isidorus. But this will not work. Sextus Empiricus, as we
have observed, also preserves the series of moral charges against Zeno and
Chrysippus along with a refutation, proving that the moral charges were also
transmitted and attacked in the skeptical tradition. This suggests that the
Skeptics knew and exploited both sets of charges. Moreover, the moral charges
come second in the list of charges against Zeno, but first in the list against
Chrysippus. If Diogenes had excerpted them from different sources, we would
have expected them to occur in the same order. Hence we have to conclude
that Diogenes found them already conflated into a single source, including
both the charges against Zeno and those against Chrysippus.136
That leaves us with two possibilities: (1) the entire list of charges came
from Cassius the Skeptic and Diogenes appended from Isidorus only the
historical note about Isidorus' fellow-countryman, Athenodorus, deducing
135 According to Isidorus, Athenodorus the Stoic who headed the library at Pergamum went
so far as to cut the offending passages out of the library copies of Zeno's works. Isidorus
goes on to tell us that when Athenodorus' action was discovered, he was accused of
theft and forced to return the excised portions of the manuscripts (elт' ávriтeOf¡vai aùxà
cpcopaOévтoç тoû 'AGr|voScbpou Kai KivSuveùaavтoç, 7.34). Schofield (1991) 4, note 5; cf.
8-21, interprets àvтiтeOfjvai as a reference to the skeptical strategy of antithesis, arguing
that when Athenodorus' bowdlerization was discovered, Cassius rubbed salt into the
Stoic wounds, as it were, by showing that the embarrassing texts were also contradictory;
but I doubt that àvxixeGfjvai can have that meaning in the context of Diogenes' sentence.
The genitive absolute stipulating the circumstances of the avxiтeGfjvai implies a legal
context for the action. Since Isidorus claims Athenodorus "had been apprehended for
theft (cpcopaOévтoç) and had been in (legal) jeopardy (KivSuveùaavxoç)", it is most natural
to take àvxixeGf|vai aùxa as Athenodorus' response; viz. the excised pieces were deposited
in exchange for dropping the criminal charges.
>3i Since the order of types of criticisms is reversed in the two biographies, and the moral
charges of both Stoics are treated as a unit by Sextus, we can see their conflation as a
case in which the moral and social charges were inserted into the middle of an account
of the charges against the wise man to bring together the charges against Zeno at the
beginning and those against Chrysippus at the end. We should note that the moral
charges must have continued to circulate among the Skeptics independently of the charges
based on the paradox of the wise man, since Sextus does not mention the latter type in
his criticism of the Stoics (P. H. 3.245 - 48; Adv. Math. 11.190 - 94).
4134 DAVID E. HAHM
from the context that Isidorus sympathized with the charges brought by
Cassius; or (2) Diogenes found Cassius' charges quoted by Isidorus under the
name of Cassius, to which Isidorus added the historical note about Atheno-
dorus on his own authority. The second is more probable. The absence of
other references to Cassius in Diogenes' work is consistent with indirect
quotation, and the natural reading to Diogenes' words of attribution, which
frame the actual charges by references to Cassius (311.13 — 14; 312.8 — 9) and
then impute derivation from Isidorus as well (312.9) in a transition to another
logically related story is in keeping with Diogenes' excerpting practices.137
Given Diogenes' general reluctance to cite more authorities than absolutely
necessary to make his point, the indirect citation of Cassius through Isidorus
seems more likely.138
There is one other excerpt that might be considered in this context, that
is, the series of sophistical arguments attributed to Chrysippus (XVI.6). These
presumably reflect Chrysippus' interest in logical puzzles. Their source, how
ever, is unspecified and there seems to be no way to determine it with any
degree of probability. Any guess concerning the origin of this information or
its connection with adjacent excerpts can only be speculation.
In summary, Diogenes' procedure in Sections VIII, IX, and X further
enhances our understanding of Diogenes' application of the excerpting method
to his composition of the Stoic biographies. In particular, it reveals his use of
the process of continuous, or tiered, composition. When Diogenes began
composing his series of Stoic biographies, he apparently considered Zeno, as
a whole, to be the topos in terms of which he conducted his excerpting.
Apollonius' abundance of material, however, caused him to expand the number
of topics for Zeno's biography, though only for Zeno's biography. Moreover,
the expansion of the number of topics in Zeno's biography did not result in
a fundamental change in the way he conceived of the biography. He rearranged
the contents of Apollonius' treatise to suit his preferred topical structure; but
when he had completed his excerpting of Apollonius, he did not keep the
topoi open indefinitely for further additions. Some additional sources, specifi
cally Timon, Hecaton, and Hippobotus, were added to the wide ranging topos
of habits and personality; but Diogenes seems to have "closed" the individual
topoi and to have begun excerpting new sources at the very end after the
account of Zeno's death. Most of the topoi after the account of Zeno's death
are topoi that might properly be considered appendices to the biography, a
list of men of the same name and a list of criticisms. Even if we assume that
137 Viz., giving both the name of his immediate source and then, within the excerpt, the
name of the sources quoted by his immediate source (see, e.g., II.2 and above, sect. IV,
pp. 4086 - 87). We have no clear example in Book 7 of a case in which Diogenes on his
own authority deemed two authors to be in agreement and so cited two names for one
excerpt. The only possible example of such a practice would be III.B.1, where a single
story is attributed to two authors, Hecaton and Apollonius; but that example is equally
consistent with Hecaton's being cited indirectly through Apollonius (see above, pp.
4101-02).
138 Schofield (1991) 7 comes to the same conclusion.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4135
Diogenes was all along aware of the existence of this material and planning
to add it at the end of his biography, we can understand why he might not
have read and excerpted a book with the title 'On Men of the Same Name'
until he had finished the primary account of Zeno's life and had excerpted
all the sources in which he expected to find substantial material on Zeno's
life proper. If he then found significant biographical information in a source
which he was excerpting primarily for its supplemental material on men of
the same name, he either had to insert it as a gloss into the biography at the
relevant position or add it at the end with the supplementary topoi.U9 The
quantity and diversity of information on Zeno and Chrysippus may have
discouraged him from inserting it as a gloss and led him to add it in the form
of an addendum after the account of Zeno's death, perhaps intending further
topical integration at a later date.
Whatever the physical process may have been, we have to recognize more
than one phase in the composition process. The first phase resulted in the
construction of the biographies proper. These may even have undergone
revision and integration before the second phase began. In the second phase
new material was added, perhaps with a view to adding independent new
topoi; but occasionally the new material supplemented the primary biography
and was excerpted at the end in the form of an addendum without integration
into the primary account. As such it came to constitute another topos alongside
the biography's later topoi of homonyms, criticisms, and (in all but Zeno's
case) bibliography.
After enumerating a list of men with the same name as Zeno, Diogenes
records a list of Zeno's students (XI). He begins with a list of six students
that he characterizes as the "famous" (ëvSoÇoi) students, Persaeus of Citium,
Ariston of Chios, Herillus of Carthage, Dionysius of Heraclea, Sphaerus of
Bosporus, and Cleanthes of Assos (XI. 1). This is followed by a list of five
others, presumably less famous, students, added from a catalog found in
Hippobotus (XI.2). Diogenes hereby appears to combine two lists, one limited
to six "famous" students, but with a little additional information about
most of them, the other (found in Hippobotus) containing more names, but
apparently no further details. By now we can recognize this as Diogenes'
standard procedure of excerpting a principal text without attribution and
adding to it a supplement specifically attributed to its source. Though the
source of this topos is not specified, the passage displays some idiosyncratic
139 In the biography of Cleanthes he did insert a short excerpt into the middle of the
principal account (7.169); see below, p. 4137.
4136 DAVID E. HAHM
features that link it with another series of texts, and shed light on its ultimate
provenance.
The unusual characteristic of the text is the varying amounts and kinds
of information about Zeno's students that are included in the list. For Persaeus,
Diogenes provides a very short, but complete biography, with discussion of
his relation to Zeno and to Antigonus Gonatas, as well as a list of his writings
(7.36) . For Ariston, Herillus and Dionysius he gives only their name and city
and one characteristic doctrine (7.37). For Sphaerus, on the other hand, there
is nothing but his name and city. Finally, for Cleanthes, Diogenes gives his
name, his role as Zeno's successor, and Zeno's assessment of the quality of
his mind. These different amounts of information and the particular choice
of information can readily be seen to be determined by the subsequent
biographies of these individuals. Persaeus, who here receives a short, but
complete biography, receives no independent biography later in the book. All
the others who in the list of students receive no more than a sentence or two
have an entire biography of their own later (7.160-67).
Moreover, the content of the additional information regarding these
students is either a summary of or complementary to the content of the later
biographies. The three students that are later presented as Zeno's heterodox
students and whose heterodox beliefs are there reviewed (7.160 — 67) are in
the list of students described by a brief phrase or sentence characterizing the
heterodox belief that each held. When Diogenes comes to Sphaerus in his list
of students, he reports only his name and place of origin; but at the end of
the list he adds that he intends to treat him, not with the rest of Zeno's
students, but in the next section of the book, the section on Cleanthes, since
he was also Cleanthes' student (7.37). Finally, for Cleanthes, Diogenes gives
us Zeno's metaphorical characterization of him as a slow but retentive student
(7.37) , a fact that complements what we learn about Cleanthes in the inde
pendent biography, namely that he remained faithful to Zeno's doctrine
(7.168). It is impossible to avoid concluding that this list and the independent
biographies are closely related and that if we wish to understand where
Diogenes obtained his list of Zeno's students, we are first going to have to
investigate his sources and composition of the independent biographies.
The biographies of Zeno's students again all show Diogenes' basic format
of an unattributed principal text, supplemented by additions from named
sources. This gives us a point of departure for analyzing Diogenes' construction
of the biographies. We can begin by examining how and from what sources
Diogenes supplemented his unattributed principal account of Zeno's students.
For two students (Herillus and Sphaerus) Diogenes added no supplements.
Their biographies, therefore, are very short and resemble the brief biography
of Persaeus that Diogenes incorporated into the list of Zeno's students. They
included only name and place of origin, a few words about their education,
an anecdote or two about their later career or writings, and finally in each case
a list of books. The biographies of the other three students are supplemented by
items drawn from Diocles of Magnesia, Demetrius of Magnesia, Timon of
Phlius, Antisthenes of Rhodes, Hecaton, and Panaetius and Sosicrates.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4137
For all except Timon and the last pair (Panaetius and Sosicrates) there
is good reason to think that Diogenes himself excerpted and interpolated the
supplements into the principal text. Diocles of Magnesia, who is cited in the
biographies of Ariston and of Dionysius of Heraclea for their relations with
other philosophers wrote a series of lives of the philosophers that are widely
quoted by Diogenes throughout his 'Lives', and usually for the very same kind
of information (relations to teachers or other philosophers) for which he is
quoted in the biographies of Book 7. 140 Demetrius of Magnesia supplies a
story for the life of Cleanthes (7.169) and a list of men of the same name for
Ariston (7.164), just as he supplied biographical supplements and a list of
homonyms for the biographies of Zeno and Chrysippus.141 Finally, Hecaton's
'Anecdotes', the source of anecdotes on Zeno and the Cynics, is cited for an
apophthegm of Cleanthes (7.172); and Antisthenes of Rhodes (presumably in
his 'Successions') is quoted for the small detail that Cleanthes was a boxer
before turning to philosophy (7.168). 142 Since all these authors are widely used
by Diogenes throughout his 'Lives' we have to assume Diogenes himself added
them to the biographies of Zeno's students.
The only authorities on which there is any question are Timon, and
Panaetius and Sosicrates. Timon's verses are quoted for their evidence on the
character of Ariston and Cleanthes (7.161, 170) just as in the biography of
Zeno (7.15— 16). Timon, like the previous sources, is cited widely throughout
the work, in fact in every book but the first; but Timon's verses often come
imbedded in an interpretation and may, as we speculated above, have been
quoted indirectly from another source.143 Panaetius and Sosicrates are cited
only for a dispute on the authenticity of Ariston's books (7.163). Diogenes
probably used Sosicrates directly, but both Panaetius and Sosicrates, who are
cited elsewhere on questions of bibliographical authenticity (2.64, 84-85), are
among the earlier of Diogenes' sources (2nd century B. C.) and hence could
already have been incorporated into one of the later sources, even into the
source from which he derived the bibliography, if it proves to be later than
the second century B.C.144
Diogenes' incorporation of the supplementary material from these sources
is for the most part uncomplicated. None of the biographies is divided into
neat, identifiable topoi. The supplementary material is either introduced one
item at a time next to an item of similar content or into a cluster of supplements
without much regard for theme or sequence. The biography of Dionysius
contains only one supplement, an item from Diocles informing us that Dio
nysius had several other teachers before studying under Zeno (7.166). It is
interpolated at the standard location for teachers, immediately after the name,
in the same sentence in which Zeno is reported as his teacher.
The biography of Ariston, in addition to the supplemental opinions of
Panaetius and Sosicrates on the authenticity of his books, is supplemented at
the very end by a list of men of the same name directly or indirectly from
Demetrius of Magnesia (7.164) and by several items from Timon and Diocles.
The items from Timon and Diocles are interpolated together at 7.161 — 62,
but it is not easy to see what Diogenes' strategy was in locating them there.
The difficulty arises from the fact that we cannot know how far the excerpt
from Diocles goes. Diocles is explicitly cited only for the statement that
Ariston left Zeno after he had begun to study with Polemon and while Zeno
was sick (7.162). As is typical of excerpts from Diocles, this excerpt deals
with Ariston's relation with other philosophers; but so do the rest of the
excerpts down to the bibliography. Hence we cannot tell where Diocles leaves
off and the principal text begins. If the entire set of items down to the
bibliography came from Diocles, we have to conclude that Diogenes has
simply inserted the supplements between the principal account of Ariston's
career and his bibliography. If, however, some of the anecdotes of 7.162 — 63
were found in the principal account, we can look for a slightly more subtle
integration in that Timon's poetic evidence for Ariston's persuasive, demagogic
rhetoric could be considered grounds for his success in obtaining a following
who called themselves "Aristoneans" (7.161 -62). Diocles' account of Ariston's
break with Zeno would follow as further clarification of Ariston's career as
founder of a new sect and would at the same time blend well with the
subsequent anecdotes of Ariston's disagreements with Persaeus and Arcesilaus.
Whatever the extent of and rationale for Diogenes' introduction of supplemen
tary material into Ariston's biography at this point, our conception of the
principal text and of Diogenes' procedure in supplementing it are little af
fected.
In Cleanthes' biography the additions are more substantial and widely
distributed, but Diogenes' procedure is still recognizable. The first insertion
is of an item from Antisthenes' 'Successions', claiming that Cleanthes was
originally a boxer. This Diogenes interpolates at the chronologically appropri
ate place before his account of Cleanthes' move to Athens and his conversion
to philosophy (7.168). Diogenes' second insertion is an account from Demetrius
of how it became known that Cleanthes wore no chiton or undergarment
while he was leading some youths to a public spectacle. This is inserted
awkwardly into the middle of an account of how hard Cleanthes had to work
to support himself while studying philosophy. Diogenes' rationale is revealed
by the last line, in which Diogenes remarks that Zeno earned the admiration
(éGauuáaGn) of the people by this hardiness. The two preceding sentences told
of monetary contributions made by the Athenian Areopagus and Antigonus
to Cleanthes in recognition of his efforts to pursue philosophy in spite of his
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4139
14s Diogenes expresses his admiration for Chrysippus' hard work as well (7.180). Janácek
(1968) 449 has pointed out that the admiration for hard work (cpiXonovio) runs through
out the work. Diogenes admires it in others (cf. also 4.62; 5.36; 9.36) and claims to
practice it himself (cf. 4.1).
4140 DAVID E. HAHM
see a quip by the aging Cleanthes that he was not yet ready to die, and before
that, a few clever remarks. It is only when we go back to the beginning, to
the series of connected stories illustrating Cleanthes' industry as a student that
we can see grounds for claiming that Cleanthes' character boosted him ahead
of other eminent (aÇioXdycov) students of Zeno. We can only conclude that
the entire passage (7.170 [fjv Sè noviKôç] —7.174 [thzAiv névco]) is Diogenes'
own supplement from Timon and Hecaton.
Diogenes' procedure in composing his biography of Cleanthes was thus
comparable to his procedure in composing the biographies of Zeno's other
students, but on a grander scale. He inserted a few individual excerpts at
points where the subject matter coincided and then, after introducing one
such excerpt in illustration of Cleanthes' personality, created a whole topos
of considerable proportions by copying out several pages of apophthegms
from Hecaton's 'Anecdotes'. By so doing he almost totally obscured the fact
that the principal text had told a unified story of Cleanthes' strenuous efforts
to pursue philosophy, culminating in his selection as Zeno's successor. Once
again, as in his biography of Zeno, Diogenes' commitment to the topical
approach took precedence over the format of his sources; and his special
interest in a philosopher's apophthegms and personality and in the public and
political honors bestowed on philosophers manifests itself in his selection of
material and in his subsequent arrangement of that material.
At this point, having now reviewed the biographies of all of Zeno's six
famous students, it may be useful to compare the one remaining biography
in Book 7, the biography of Chrysippus. Earlier we discovered that the way
in which it was supplemented at the end by additions from Demetrius of
Magnesia and by criticisms bore a close resemblance to the way in which
Diogenes supplemented his biography of Zeno. Now we must observe that
the earlier part of the biography is constructed in a way that resembles the
way in which Diogenes constructed the biography of Cleanthes.
Diogenes starts with a short passage of about a page (7.179-80), which
he cites without attribution and into which he interpolates two brief supple
ments, an alternative city of origin, quoted from Alexander's 'Successions',
and an alternative teacher, quoted from Diocles (7.179). This passage, which
constitutes the principal text, ends with the mention of the number of Zeno's
books and an explanation of their immense volume (Chrysippus' verbosity
and propensity for quotation). We naturally now expect a list of his books to
follow; but before that list (which begins at 7.189) we encounter a long series
of excerpts, all or virtually all, from supplementary sources, whose authors
Diogenes cites as he goes along. The first two excerpts (from Apollodorus of
Athens and Diocles) are linked to the principal account by their subject matter,
insamuch as they give additional information on Chrysippus' literary style
and writing habits (7.181); but the third, an anecdote from Hecaton on
Chrysippus' conversion to philosophy, has no connection with the context. It
is followed, moreover, after a short passage of physical description, by a series
of five apophthegms that must, like the series of apophthegms in the middle
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4141
of the biographies of Zeno and Cleanthes, also have come from Hecaton.146
Thus Diogenes begins to form a central core of apophthegms and anecdotes
illustrating Chrysippus' personality. After these anecdotes comes a quotation
from Sotion's 'Successions' on Chrysippus' connection with the Academy and
his use of Academic techniques (7.183 — 84). This rounds off the central core
of stories and Diogenes turns to the topos of Chrysippus' death. This is itself
constituted from several excerpts, an account from Hermippus, a date from
Apollodorus' 'Chronology', and a colorful, anonymous anecdote in which
Chrysippus laughs himself to death, an anecdote that Diogenes uses as the
basis for his own verses on Chrysippus.
The composition of Chrysippus' biography thus conforms substantially
to the pattern of the biographies of Zeno's students. It begins with a brief
sketch from the principal source. A few brief items are interpolated to support
or amplify individual statements in the principal account (place of origin,
teachers, literary style). Then the account is expanded by pouring in more
excerpts, all identified as to source, under two categories: (1) anecdotes, and
(2) stories of death. Then after the supplements (XVI.4 — 7) that we previously
analyzed and found to be analogous to those at the end of Zeno's biography,
Diogenes returns to his principal account for a complete list of the 705 books
that Chrysippus authored.147 Just as in the biography of Cleanthes, the
selection of subjects to amplify the account conforms mainly to Diogenes'
standard topoi (teachers, apophthegms illustrative of personality, manner of
death, and homonyms), but also includes one subject that received attention
in Zeno's biography (criticisms), and one that has not received much promi
nence in any other biography in the book, i. e., writing habits and literary
style.
This review of Diogenes' biographies of Zeno's successors shows us how
Diogenes applied the excerpting method to the composition of his shorter
biographies. It also gives us a basis for identifying the source of his principal
text of the biographies. If we subtract the supplements from the expanded
biographies of Zeno's students and Chrysippus, we find that all of them were
originally of comparable length and character, containing the philosopher's
full name, a very brief statement of education or career, accompanied by a
few telling stories about his encounter with other philosophers or with impor
tant people of the day, and always ending with a list of his books.148 In some
cases there appears also to have been an account of his death.149 Thus in
The short descriptive passage giving a physical description with support from a contem
porary of Chrysippus' (Carneades) does not fit the literary form of the anecdotes
characteristic of Hecaton and so could be left from the principal source; but then neither
does the narrative story of Chrysippus' conversion, which is explicitly attributed to
Hecaton. On this question we had best suspend judgment.
These supplements are discussed above, sect. X, pp. 4130-35.
I have left the doxographies of Zeno's heterodox students out of consideration because
they are not common to all the "famous" students. We shall return to consider them
later, sect. XII, pp. 4152-53.
I leave open the question whether this was part of the principal account or added later
by Diogenes.
272 ANRW II 36.6
4142 DAVID E. HAHM
looking for Diogenes' principal source for his list of students and the subse
quent biographies, we must seek a source that contained very short sketches
of six of Zeno's students and Chrysippus, each containing a brief account of
the man's achievement along with a list of his books. Moreover, Diogenes
tells us in introducing the list that these particular students were considered
Zeno's "famous" students. We are seeking, therefore, a source that did not
deal with all of Zeno's students, but only with those who were most "famous"
(ëv8o£oi).
These two characteristics give us a clue to Diogenes' source, for we have
external evidence of an author who wrote just such a work. In one of the
surviving fragments of the papyrus roll of Philodemus' so-called "Index of the
Stoics," we learn that it was Apollonius who labelled a group of Zeno's
students as the most notable ones (yvmpiuoi ... èntcrnuôxaxoi) and apparently
included among these: Persaeus, Ariston, Dionysius, and Cleanthes.150 Then
Strabo 16.2.24 tells us that Apollonius of Tyre wrote a catalog or pinax "of
the philosophers after Zeno and their books" (xcdv ànô Zf|vcovoç cpiXoaôcpcov
koù xcov pipWcov). Strabo's description of Apollonius' work as a catalog (nivaÇ)
with books is unusually apropos for the series of texts that constituted
Diogenes' principal source, which consisted of very short sketches invariably
accompanied by a list of books, and in Chrysippus' case, a list of books longer
than all the prior accounts taken together. In short, it seems reasonable to
conjecture that Diogenes' principal source for his biographies of Zeno's six
famous students and Chrysippus was the pinax of Apollonius of Tyre, the
same author on whom Diogenes relied for the vast majority of his information
on Zeno.
The possibility that Philodemus may have used the same source as
Diogenes adds another dimension to our investigation of Diogenes' composi
tion.151 If Diogenes used Apollonius for his biographies of Zeno's students
and successors, and if Philodemus also used Apollonius, Philodemus may
provide additional evidence on the nature of Diogenes' source. We may note
that Philodemus not only contains biographies of most of the students of
which Diogenes gives biographies, but prior to these independent biographies
he gives a list of Zeno's students containing most of the names in Diogenes'
list.152 In fact, a comparison of Diogenes' list of Zeno's students and Philo
demus' list shows that the form of the list and the specific information in it
is so similar as virtually to guarantee ultimate derivation from a common
150 Ind. Stoic. col. 37. I have had to base all my inferences on the inadequate text of
Traversa (1952). T. Dorandi has kindly informed me that he is preparing a new edition
with commentary (cf. also Dorandi [1990b] 2336 and Id. [1990c] 2412).
151 Philodemus' own sketches of these famous successors, though preserved only in a very
fragmentary state, contain enough parallels to information found also in Diogenes'
biographies as to suggest a common origin.
152 Herillus' and Sphaerus' biographies are missing from Philodemus' series of independent
biographies; and Persaeus, Herillus, and Sphaerus are missing from Philodemus' list of
Zeno's students (cols. 10- 12); but the text of Philodemus contains enough lacunae to
allow us to assume the missing names originally occurred in Philodemus' text.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4143
goes on to quote from Stratocles, introducing his quotation with "he says"
(cpnai). The actual quotation is lost in the lacuna, but it looks as if Philodemus
is quoting Stratocles for specific biographical information on his next subject,
Cleanthes. This implies that Philodemus used Stratocles as his source for at
least some of his biographical information. If Philodemus used Stratocles along
with Apollonius in preparing his account of Zeno's students, we cannot
reliably use his account as evidence for Apollonius; Philodemus could just as
well have followed Stratocles in some respects.
We can go even further. Philodemus clearly indicates that Stratocles
included biographies of all of the students of Zeno, not a select few. We
deduce this from the fact that Philodemus warns us after his first extensive
treatment of one of Zeno's students (Persaeus) that he is not going to give
the same extensive treatment to all Zeno's students, but he knows that
similarly extensive accounts may be found in Stratocles. When he then proceeds
to quote one of these accounts of Stratocles as he begins his second extended
treatment (col. 17 ff.), Philodemus gives no indication that he is using any one
other than Stratocles as his source; all he says as he begins his subsequent
biographies is that he will not follow Stratocles in giving extended treatment
to every one of Zeno's students. Philodemus makes no mention of Apollonius
as a source until he has finished the last of his extended biographies and is
about to move on to Chrysippus (col. 37). Then he remarks that the students
who have been given extended biographies are among the students that
Apollonius considers the most famous. His implication is not that Apollonius
was the source of the content of his biographies, but that Apollonius gave
him the grounds for selecting the particular ones that would receive fuller
treatment. Philodemus' allusions to his two sources, Stratocles and Apollonius,
clearly suggest that Philodemus derived his list of Zeno's students and the
specific content of his biographies from Stratocles, but that he limited full
scale treatment to those whom Apollonius regarded as most famous.
If Philodemus' source for the order and content of his biographies was
the comprehensive account of Stratocles and Diogenes' source was Apollonius'
account that included only the "most famous" students, we can easily account
both for the similarities and the differences in their accounts. The differences
may then be explained as due to the differences in their immediate sources
(either Stratocles or Apollonius). The similarities may be explained on the
grounds that Apollonius used the comprehensive account of Stratocles as his
own source for information. Then both the similarities and differences between
Philodemus and Diogenes can be explained by the simple hypothesis that (a)
Diogenes' source was Apollonius and (b) Apollonius used Stratocles for some
of his information, but revised and supplemented it to fulfil his own needs.
Specifically, we can attribute to Stratocles the structure and the common
content of the lists of students in Philodemus and Diogenes, and we can
attribute to Apollonius the addition of the bibliographies that are lacking in
Philodemus but are universal in Diogenes and considered worthy of special
mention by Strabo (16.2.24). We may, moreover, safely use Diogenes' text as
evidence for the extent and order of the biographies of the famous students
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4145
Immediately after his catalog of Zeno's students Diogenes tells us, some
what apologetically, that he has decided to give an account of the beliefs of
For further clarification we must await Dorandi's new commentary (see above, note
150).
4146 DAVID E. HAHM
all the Stoics in common in the biography of Zeno because Zeno was
the founder of the sect (7.38). This introduction is the first clue we have to
Diogenes' method of composition of the doxography. The fact that he feels
obliged to explain why he is going to treat the doctrines of all the Stoics
together suggests that Diogenes has derived the doxography intact from one
of his sources and has not compiled it himself from the individual Stoic
sources. Everything we have seen in the seventh book tends to confirm this
supposition. In the first place, all Diogenes' efforts in composing his series of
Stoic biographies seem to have been directed toward separating information
applicable to the various individual Stoics. Since the three heads of the Stoic
school were the primary topoi for the seventh book, Diogenes' excerpting
method would have directed any excerpts from their writings into their
respective biographies, not into a consolidated doxography. 156 Secondly, for
the bulk of the doxography Diogenes cites no immediate source, but attributes
everything either to the Stoics in general or to individual Stoics. Then at 7.48
he interrupts the doxography and asserts that he is going to insert a detailed
(koxo uépoçj version to supplement the summary (Kecpa/.aicoocx;) survey, adding
that this portion (or at least the first part of it) comes from Diocles' 'Synopsis
of the Philosophers' (7.48). This looks like Diogenes' standard procedure of
quoting a principal text without attribution and then supplementing it with
an addition from a named source.157 Finally, the supposition that the doxogra-
156 For the primacy of Zeno, Cleanthes, and Chrysippus as topoi in the organizational
structure of the book see above sect. III, pp. 4082 - 83.
157 As such it resembles his practice in the topos of education (III) and honors (V), where
he likewise supplemented a general survey by a detailed supplement, the source of which
he specifically names. I might point out that at first glance it may seem that in his topos
of Stoic logic Diogenes inserted the supplements into the middle of the summary, which
extends from 7.41 —48 and concludes with 7.82. This might lead us to believe that he
was following another favored practice of his, namely, inserting supplements at topically
relevant locations. We could, for example, argue that he chose this location because the
principal account had just made the point that dialectic is essential for the wise man
(7.46 - 48) and that correct assent to impressions and the habit of referring impressions
to right reason are included in dialectic (7.46, 47). Hence an account of impressions and
a handbook's introduction to dialectic appropriately follow. But this is unlikely to have
been Diogenes' intention. If topical relevance had been his chief criterion, he should
have located Diocles' excerpt on impressions after the principal summary account of the
same subject a few lines earlier in 7.46. It is thus much more likely that Diogenes was
following the practice of adding a detailed account to a brief summary, just as he did
in the topoi of education (III) and honors (V). There the detailed account was not
integrated into the topically relevant location, but was simply a second treatment of the
subject, or more accurately, of selected aspects of the subject. Diogenes' slight variation
in the topos of Stoic logic, however, consisted in saving the last paragraph of the
principal account to serve as a transition to the next topos (7.83). His reason for this
was no doubt the fact that the last paragraph pointed out the importance of logic for
the study of the other branches of philosophy which he was about to discuss, i.e. physics
and ethics. The detailed supplements of the topos of logic, therefore, came at the end
of the bulk of the summary account, but before what he regarded as the transitional
paragraph.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4147
phy was excerpted intact from a few earlier secondary sources is confirmed
by internal evidence.158 In fact, a careful analysis of the entire logical doxogra-
phy by Mansfeld has now established that Diogenes incorporated into his
principal source two supplements, an excerpt from Diocles' 'Synopsis of the
Philosophers' (7.49 — 53) and a second excerpt from a Stoic logical hand
book (7.54 — 82). 159 Thus there seems no longer any doubt that Diogenes
composed the doxography in the same way in which he constructed all the
other topoi of the book, from extended excerpts of a small number of
secondary sources.
To an extent, then, the composition of the doxography merely confirms
what we already know of Diogenes' method of composition in the seventh
book. Yet there is one aspect of it that holds some hope of adding to our
understanding of Diogenes' method, and that is the relationship between the
two supplements. This is a subject that could not be adequately assessed as
long as there was serious doubt about the extent of Diocles' quotation and
the relation of Diocles to the rest of the "detailed" supplement. However, now
that it has been established on internal grounds that the detailed supplement
consists of two distinct excerpts from two different sources, we can examine
the relationship between them in terms of Diogenes' method of composition.
Such an investigation, I suggest, can shed new light on Diogenes' particular
application of the excerpting method and, incidently, also on the bewildering
introductory sentence (7.48) that has been responsible for much of the uncer
tainty regarding Diocles' precise role in the origin of the supplement (7.49 —
82). 160
Diogenes introduces the supplements of 7.49-82 with a very difficult
and obscure sentence (7.48 [318.5 - 8]). 161 Regardless how one resolves the
158 Cf. Meier (1978) 5-7 and the careful analysis by Mansfeld (1986) 351-73. Meier
argues that the entire doxography was taken over intact from some earlier source; but
his concern is to refute von Arnim's hypothesis that Diogenes created the doxography
by conflating a short general compendium with (a) excerpts from a collection of state
ments by individual Stoics and (b) a longer excerpt from Diocles (von Arnim [1905]
xx - xliii). Meier is right to deny that Diogenes himself added the catalogs of opinions
of individual Stoics, but he goes too far in denying that Diogenes made any additions
at all, as Mansfeld has now shown.
» Mansfeld (1986) 351-73; cf. Hulser (1987-88) 1.xlvi-xlvii.
160 Some take the quotation from Diocles to extend only through 7.49 (e.g., Cobet [ 1 850],
Hicks [1925], Long [1964], Apelt [1921] 2.31, cf. 2.333, Gigante [1976]). Others
continue it all the way through 7.82 (e.g., von Arnim [1903-1905] 1.xxxi; Holwerda
[1962] 169; Egli [1967], [1981]; Baldassarri [1984-87] 3.7-13). Mansfeld (1986)
351—56 in a discussion of the obscurities of this text shows incidentally how this
disagreement is to a large extent due to using Diogenes' obscure introductory sentence,
rather than internal evidence, to determine the extent of the quotation from Diocles.
161 Unfortunately there is no complete critical apparatus for this text and editors have
routinely emended it on the basis of their understanding of Diogenes' sources and method
of composition. The most useful discussions are Barnes (1986) 28-31 and Mansfeld
(1986) 351 -53. Barnes, 35 — 36, voices a cautious hope that further work on the
manuscript tradition may shed light on the issue; but Mansfeld rightly adds that it is
4148 DAVID E. HAHM
cruces of the text, the sentence makes three claims: (1) the principal text,
which Diogenes has been quoting up to this point, has been a summary
account (KecpaXaicocKȍ), but it is to be followed presently by a detailed account
(Kaxà uipoç [318.5 - 6]); (2) what follows belongs to that part of the curriculum
that the Stoics call "the introductory art" (xt|v eiaavaryiKf|v xéxvt|v [318.6 — 7]);
and (3) the excerpt immediately following this sentence (cf. Xéycov oûxgûç.) is
one that comes from Diocles' 'Synopsis of the Philosophers' and one that
presents Stoic doctrine verbatim (èni XéÇecoç [318.7 -8]). 162 On the basis of
the third of these claims we can easily attribute the immediately following
excerpt to Diocles. This excerpt extends at least to the end of 7.53, where the
last sentence sums up the entire section (7.49 — 53) with the words: "Such are
their doctrines concerning impression, sensation, and thought."163 So far there
is no problem recognizing Diogenes' excerpting procedure.
When we move into the next paragraph (7.54), however, we find ourselves
facing a puzzle. The subject matter, "the criterion of truth," is one that Diocles
in his opening paragraph (7.49) announced as following upon the subject of
impression and hence potentially a continuation of the excerpt from Diocles;
but its cursory style is incompatible with the style of 7.49-53 and can hardly
be from the same source as 7.49 — 53. 164 In style it resembles the second
supplement (7.55 — 82), a supplement that, like the excerpt from Diocles,
constitutes a unified whole, but deals exclusively with the subject of dialectic.
Thus, whereas the subject matter of 7.54 links it to the supplement from
Diocles, its style links it to the subsequent supplement. We are, therefore,
confronted with two uniform excerpts, one on epistemology (7.49 — 53) and
one on dialectic (7.55 — 82), joined by a paragraph that does not obviously
belong to either one, but that can no more easily be assigned to a third
source. 165 The puzzle is further compounded by the fact that 7.54, which
occurs in Diogenes' detailed section, tells us even less than Diogenes had told
us in his brief summary of the same topic at 7.45 — 46. 166
editorial problem. Its subject matter, or at least the portion in which Diogenes
was particularly interested, the means of discovering the truth, was one that
in the view of many Stoics fell logically at the beginning (7.42). 170 Diocles
himself claimed in the first lines that the Stoics put the subject of impression
and perception ahead of everything (upoтarteiv) because the criterion of truth
is itself an impression (7.49). This would have induced Diogenes to insert
Diocles' excerpt on that subject ahead of the handbook excerpt. But by doing
this and by introducing it with specific mention of Diocles' name and the title
of his work, as he does in 318.7 — 8 (Claim 3), Diogenes would have separated
the reference (318.5-7) to his other supplementary source (the introductory
handbook) from the actual excerpt of it; and he would have created an
introduction that mentions both supplements, "the introductory art" and
Diocles' 'Synopsis'.
The fact that Diocles' subject matter was ranked by the Stoics as a
starting point (npотâxxeiv) would probably have been motive enough for
Diogenes to place it ahead of the discussion of dialectic from the introductory
handbook; but there is a feature of Diocles' account that provides another
motive and, what is more, helps explain the ambiguous status of the linking
paragraph (7.54). We, of course, have no direct evidence what Diogenes' text
looked like after the addition of the supplement from the handbook account,
but before the addition of Diocles. We do, however, have a clue that Diogenes
did not excerpt from the handbook only its account of dialectic (7.55 — 82).
The enigmatic paragraph on impressions (7.54) is in the same style as the
introductory handbook and is in our current version of the text located
immediately before the account of dialectic (7.54). Since the standard practice
of excerpting was to excerpt a source continously, provided it was relevant
to the topos, and since the topic of the criterion (7.54) was as relevant to
Diogenes' topos of logic as was the topic of dialectic, there is no reason not
to assume that Diogenes simply excerpted it from the introductory handbook
along with the following discussion of dialectic. But it is also hard to believe
that Diogenes, in attempting to supplement the summary account of 7.41 -
48, would have started excerpting with 7.54, a single epistemological item in
advance of the subject of dialectic. More likely, he would have excerpted the
entire handbook from its beginning, thereby incorporating its version of Stoic
epistemology in its entirety.
If we assume that he did, we can discover another reason for adding the
excerpt from Diocles and, moreover, a reason for making the explicit observa
tion that Diocles transcribed the Stoics verbatim (Claim 3). The excerpt from
Diocles (7.49-53) is distinguishable from the excerpt of the handbook (7.54)
by its fuller exposition. If the rest of the handbook version of Stoic epistemol
ogy was like the surviving paragraph (7.54), we can assume that it was much
sketchier than Diocles' version. Hence we can conjecture that Diogenes recog
nized the superior detail of Diocles' account, took it to be virtually a verbatim
170 It was not the arrangement preferred by all Stoics, some of whom apparently treated
impressions as a subtopic of semantics (7.43); cf. Mansfeld (1986) 361-65.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4151
170a Another example is found in 3.47; see Von der Mühll (1965).
171 I hesitate to venture a Greek version because there are so many possibilities. I would
only observe that Sokeïv may either be retained as in 318.5 (in implied indirect discourse;
cf. Mansfeld [1986] 352-53) or emended to Sokeï (the conjecture of Coвет [1850],
accepted by Diels [1879] 162, Hicks [1925], Egli [1981], and [more tentatively] Barnes
[1986] 30, note 55). Moreover, Sokëïv or Sokei may have originally governed both a
хаûта (referring back to the summary treatment) and a xoSe (referring ahead to the more
detailed version from the introductoty handbook). If so we should probably emend
eïnoiuEV in 318.6 to einwuev with Coвет, Hicks, Long, and Barnes. On the other hand,
it is difficult to imagine why corruption to the optative would have occurred; and we
can well imagine an entirely different original phrasing of the second half of the sentence,
one that would justify the optative found in the MSS: e.g., "and in order that we might
also speak (eïnotuev) in detail, it has seemed best to append (ESoÇé uoi 6noypá\|/ai)
also these doctrines which pertain to their introductory art" (cf. Diogenes' phraseology
in 7.9 [300.11-12], 7.38 [314.6-7], and 7.189 [838.9-10]). Finally, the conjunctions
linking the хauха and the xoSe would have depended on the verbal structure of the
sentence and would likely have been revised when Diogenes added the Diocles excerpt.
They would also have been subject to modification by later copyists, if Diogenes had
left an awkward or obscure sentence. Thus the conjunctions found today in the MSS
are of little help in reconstructing the hypothetical first version.
172 If Diogenes or a later copyist tried to make the two statements coordinate, it might
explain the seemingly redundant Kai in 318.5-6 (Kа! ïva ... Kai тaSe ...; cf. Barnes
[1986] 29-30). Then the Kai тóSe ôbtеp might be an attempt to make the first statement
balance the Kai aûтà of the second ("both what pertains ... and the things [which]
Diocles ..."). If Diogenes or a later copyist tried to conflate the two statements, it could
explain why there is now no separate verb to govern the хаSe of 318.6, but a reader
must either (a) take it with Sokeîv and effectively put xtGr|cn into the subordinate clause
with тeivei (as, e.g., Diels [1879] 162, Apelt [1921] 2.31; Egli [1967] 12; Hülser
[1987-88] 1.249) or take it with тiGt|ai and make Kai aûтà èni XéÇecoç a parenthetical
remark (as, e.g., Barnes [1986] 30-31; Baldassari [1984-87] 3.21).
4152 DAVID E. HAHM
made such an attempt to clarify the relation at some further stage of editing,
or if later copyists attempted to improve on Diogenes' text, the history of
these changes will be almost impossible to recover.
If my reconstruction of Diogenes' composition of the doxography is
correct, we can see not only that it exemplified Diogenes' basic method of
composition, i.e., his practice of excerpting chiefly from a single principal
source with the addition of further information from a relatively small number
of supplementary sources, but also that his method included one procedure
that we have not yet seen, i. e., replacing already integrated material (part of
the handbook) with new material from a subsequent series of excerpts (Diocles'
handbook). Such replacement called for editorial judgment and some criterion
of quality. In this case Diogenes explicitly informs us that his criterion was
detail, and his application of this criterion shows that he was aware of the
degree of detail in the doxographies that he had at his disposal. Hence his
procedure here indicates a degree of philosophical judgment that we have not
seen elsewhere in the book, and it shows that he was concerned to give his
readers more than a bare minimum in his account of philosophical doctrines.
Diogenes' aim in and method of supplementing his principal source is an
important aspect of his composition of the doxography; but there remains the
larger question of what his principal source was. Diogenes gives no direct
information on the source of the lengthy "summary" doxography that served
as his principal source; but in excerpting it he seems to have copied out its
links to its original context. These now supply important clues to its source.
At the very end of the doxography he makes a transition to the next
topos with the words:
"These are their physical doctrines but the doctrines on which some
of them differed are as follows" (ä Sé тiveç aùxwv SinvexOnaav êctтi
тáSe, 7.160).
With these words Diogenes seems to promise a continuation of the doxography
with an account of the heterodox doctrines of some of the early Stoics.
What Diogenes gives us instead is a series of three biographies of Zeno's
heterodox students, each beginning with a doxography of the student's
heterodox beliefs. Diogenes acknowledges this change in plan at the end of
the biographies of the heterodox students where he says:
"These are the ones who differed (oí SievexGévтeç), but Cleanthes
became Zeno's successor" (7.167).
If we look a little more carefully at the three biographies following the
doxography, we may observe that a reader proceeding on from the doxography
will not immediately notice that Diogenes is writing biographies instead of
the doxographies that he had promised. For if we ignore the chapter headings,
which were added later to the manuscripts, the text following the common
doxography in 7.160 reads as if it were the promised doxography:
"Ariston of Chios, the Bald One, also called Siren, used to say that the
telos is to live indifferently with respect to the things between virtue and
vice, etc."
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4153
It is not until the middle of 7.161 that the reader has any notion that he is
not reading a continuation of the doxography. Then Diogenes tells his reader:
"Philosophizing in that way and lecturing in the Cynosarges, he became
influential enough to be considered the founder of a sect" (7.161
[367.2-4]).
From then on we find the usual material of biography. Each of the three
biographies of Zeno's heterodox students begins in the same way, that is,
with a statement of what the philosopher said (ëqmaev [7.160]; eine, [7.165,
166]). Dionysius' biography, the only one of the three that gives the philoso
pher's full name with patronymic, does not give his full name until after his
doxography (7.166) and follows this with an account of his education showing
that the standard biography began only after the completion of the doxogra
phy.
What Diogenes has done is patent: he has combined three heterodox
doxographies that originally followed the orthodox doxography of 7.39—160
with the biographies of Zeno's three heterodox students that he excerpted
from Apollonius' catalog. The three doxographies that now stand at the
beginning of the biographies of Zeno's heterodox students apparently once
stood as a continuation of the Stoic doxography, defining the difference
between the beliefs that constituted orthodox Stoicism and the positions that
marked three different deviations from it. The heterodox doxographies thus
constitute the posterior context of the Stoic doxography and, as such, give
some indication of the philosophical function of the Stoic doxography, viz. to
serve as a touchstone of Stoic orthodoxy.
The anterior context of the doxography is just as effectively revealed by
Diogenes' excerpting practice. In his introduction to the doxography Diogenes
gives us a small but unmistakable clue to the topic that immediately preceded
it. After announcing in his own words that he is going to give an account of
Stoic doctrine, he says:
"His too, therefore, are (ëarn uèv o5v aùxoO koù ...) the many books that
I previously cited, in which he spoke as no other of the Stoics. Moreover,
the beliefs in common are as follows" (7.38).
The first of these sentences serves no purpose here and can only be explained
as part of the original transition between the doxography and the preceding
topic, which must have been a version of Zeno's bibliography.173 In fact, the
transitional sentence is expressed in exactly the same words that were used
to introduce the second half of Zeno's bibliography in 7.4: "His, too, are ..."
(ëctxi S' avxoO koù ...). Hence we have to conclude that the doxography did
not follow a simple straight-forward list of Zeno's books, but one that made
a special point of affirming Zeno's authorship of some of the titles, just as
It may be noted that it is in the standard transitional form, a nèv clause summing up
the prior topic and a 8è clause announcing the new one.
4154 DAVID E. HAHM
,7« Cf., e.g., 2.60 - 61, 64, 83 - 85; 7.163; and 9.49. Compare also 2.123 and 9.49, where
the bibliographies recorded by Diogenes appear to be conflations of separate lists of
books.
175 See sect. V, pp. 4090 - 91; sect. VIII, pp. 4131 -34. The denial of the authenticity of
Zeno's 'Republic' can be inferred from the claim made by critics of the Stoics that
Chrysippus confirms Zeno's authorship of the 'Republic' (7.34). Diogenes reports the
expurgation of Zeno's books at Pergamum at 7.34 on the authority of Isidorus of
Pergamum.
17* Mansfeld (1986) 344 has suggested that xéxvn in 7.4 might be emended to èpamKf|
xéxvr|. That xéxvTi might be a corruption of èpamioi xéxvT| is plausible enough, but we
have no way of guessing when the corruption occurred. It could well have occurred
before Diogenes wrote and thus may constitute an error passed on by Diogenes, rather
than a textual corruption in our MSS.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4155
have deviated from Zeno in rejecting the study of nature (physics) and the
study of argumentation (logic), having compared dialectical arguments to
spider webs, beautiful, but useless (7.160- 161).
Ariston and his followers, Diogenes informs us, were not alone in taking
this position. At the end of Book 6 Diogenes presents a doxography of the
Cynics that is so close in conception and expression to the Stoic doxography
as to suggest that it originated in the same intellectual environment as the
Stoic doxography. 180 Here we learn that the Cynics held almost exactly the
same views as Ariston. They rejected logic and physics (6.103) and regarded
everything between virtue and vice as totally indifferent (6.105). Yet in their
conception of the goal of life as living in accord with virtue, they agreed with
the common Stoic view (6.104 ~7.91), as they did too on the position that
virtue can be taught (6.105 ~7.91). What is most interesting about this brief
Cynic doxography is the fact that it is presented not as an independent
characterization of Cynic philosophy, but as a comparison between Cynicism
and Stoicism, with special reference to Zeno and Ariston. It explicitly points
out that the Cynics agreed with the Stoics on the central ethical issues. These
include their conception of the goal of life as living in accord with virtue,
which the Cynic doxography affirms is how Zeno lived his life (6.104). It also
states explicitly that the ways in which the Cynics differed from Stoicism are
the same as the ways in which Ariston differed from the orthodox Stoic
position, i.e., in rejecting logic and physics and in failing to make the crucial
Stoic distinction between appropriate and inappropriate actions in the area
of what is between virtue and vice (6.103, 105). Thus the Stoic and Cynic
doxographies presuppose a significant, well-articulated conception of the
relationship between the Stoics, on the one hand, and Ariston and the Cynics,
on the other. Ariston and the Cynics represent an imperfect or incomplete
version of Stoicism in that they lack logic, physics, and, most importantly,
the conception of an appropriate action. The implication is that when Ariston
deviated from Zeno, he effectively slipped into the position of the Cynics.
The conception of Stoicism as the completion or perfection of Cynicism
is one that we have encountered before in Diogenes — in the account of
Zeno's education. That account (III.B.1-4) portrayed Zeno's study under
Crates as a first step in Zeno's philosophical development. Zeno, that account
claimed, showed himself especially fit for philosophy, but too well endowed
with a sense of modesty for Cynic shamelessness. When he found he had no
stomach for the kind of shameless actions in which the Cynics took delight,
he left Crates for Stilpo. This move was construed as an advance beyond
Cynicism, a way to complete the course of philosophy on which he had
embarked, and a completion that consisted, at least in part, in avoiding the
kinds of shameless actions that Cynics performed. From the point of view of
the Stoic orthodox doxography the acts of Cynic shamelessness are not vices,
180 Cf. Mansfeld (1986) 337-43, esp. 339. Diogenes' version is interpolated with extracts
from Diocles (1.103), Antisthenes (6.103-104) and two apophthegms about Diogenes
the Cynic (6.104). Cf. also Covotti (1897) esp. 87-90.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4157
but morally indifferent actions, falling between virtues and vices. The only
way Zeno could justify refraining from such actions was by his conception
of appropriate action. Thus his philosophical development after his Cynic
interlude entailed the discovery of the doctrine for which he became famous
in the tradition, the doctrine of appropriate actions. His development may
therefore be characterized as an ascent from Cynicism and entails the same
conception of the relation between Cynicism and Stoicism that we found in
the Cynic doxography, namely, that Cynicism is a step in the right direction,
the direction of virtue (owiouov èn àpexf|v ôSôv, 6.104), but still falls short
in its refusal to discriminate among indifferents (6.105). Zeno presumably
benefitted from his Cynic progression to virtue, but went on to make up its
deficiencies by studying under other philosophers.181
The characteristic feature of this conception of the relation between
Cynicism and Stoicism is that it does not disavow Cynicism, but incorporates
it as an immature, incomplete version of Stoicism. Stoics who held this
position, therefore, had no need to hide the fact that Zeno began his philosoph
ical career as a Cynic or that Zeno wrote treatises containing Cynic ideas,
even the outrageous shameless ideas. Such ideas could all be accommodated
as manifestations of an immature stage in Zeno's development, before he
came to understand the conception of appropriate action. Thus there was no
need to reject any of his writings or athetize any Cynic passages in them.
Zeno's authorship of the 'Republic' in his Cynic days could be frankly
acknowledged (III. A.4a) and stories of Zeno's life under Crates could be
rehabilitated, even to the extent of admitting that Zeno might at one time
have expressed complete satisfaction with his life under Crates (III.B.5a) and
contributed to Crates' support (VI.A.2). We may, therefore, conclude that the
account of Zeno's two phase career, with the alternative version of his
shipwreck remark, shares with the doxographies a common conception of
Stoicism as an ascent from or a perfecting of Cynicism.
Therefore, all three of these components of Diogenes' life of Zeno (the
Stoic doxography, Zeno's bibliography, and Apollonius' account of Zeno's
education) must have originated in the same philosophical milieu, one that
(a) was aware of the criticism of Cynic traits in Stoicism and of earlier Stoic
Zeno's successive teachers may have been presented as the basis for his learning logic
and physics which Cynicism lacked (6.103). Zeno's second teacher Stilpo was remembered
as a logician, "excelling in discovery of arguments and sophistry (eupeaiAoyiqi Kai
aocpioxeiqi 2.113, cf. 115) and came out of the school of Euclides of Megara (2.113), the
same school from which the dialectician Diodorus Cronus also came (2.111). Whether
Apollonius exploited this connection to ground Zeno's addition of logic to his philosophy
we do not know. Mansfeld (1986) 327 suspects he did. For physics, the other area in
which the Cynics were lacking (6.103), Apollonius' account of Zeno's curriculum
(III.B. 1-4) is less helpful, it does not explicitly name, but only cross-references, the
subsequent teachers. If, however, the entire list of the brief summary (III. A) was part of
the account of III.B.4, we might speculate that the two Platonists (Xenocrates and
Polemon) were believed to have helped Zeno fill out his philosophical education with
some physics; but it can be nothing more than speculation (cf. Mansfeld [1986] 327).
273 ANRW II 36.6
4158 DAVID E. HAHM
182 Apollonius' particular contribution to Diogenes' catalog (XI) and to his independent
biographies is distinguished from material derived from other sources in sect. XI, pp.
4135-45.
183 Sphaerus is also represented as leaving the school for a royal court (7.177), just as
Persaeus did; but since Sphaerus went to the court of Ptolemy Philopator, who reigned
in the last quarter of the third century B. C, his departure from Athens would not have
affected his chances of succeeding Zeno. The fact that his departure occurred long after
Zeno's death does, however, give further evidence that Sphaerus must have been very
young when Zeno died.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4159
the series, in both the catalog and in the independent biographies, we hear
that Cleanthes adhered faithfully to Zeno's doctrine (7.37, 168) and then in
the independent biography we are shown a series of events all of which
demonstrate that Cleanthes was an exceptionally committed and hardworking
philosopher (7.168-70). In this way Apollonius justifies Cleanthes' succession.
What is significant is the order of the three students who disqualified
themselves by deviating from Zeno's doctrine of the telos of life. In the
catalog they are arranged as follows: Ariston, Herillus, and Dionysius.184 The
doxographies of the beliefs of these three heterodox Stoics show that this
order displays a progression of increasing distance from Zeno's orthodoxy.185
Ariston agreed on the supreme importance of virtue and vice, but deviated
from Zeno in not recognizing a distinction in value among the things "between
virtue and vice" (7. 160). 186 Herillus held the same position as Ariston on the
absolute indifference of things between virtue and vice, but in addition,
abandoned the rigorous single end for all men and postulated lesser or
subordinate ends for everyone except the perfect wise man (7. 165). 187 Dionysius
departed altogether from the Stoic ethic of virtue and accepted pleasure as
the telos (7.166). In this way each of Zeno's rebellious students further relaxed
the rigorous ethic of stalwart virtue for which Zeno was famous, until it had
vanished without a trace. This is a pattern that would have been particularly
appropriate to a doxography that conceived of Stoicism as the endpoint in a
scale of comparative philosophical perfection. Then all three of Zeno's dissi
dent students would have fit into the same continuous scale that ranked the
philosophy of the Cynics and Ariston as an imperfect or incomplete form of
Stoicism, and the full four-stage scale of philosophical perfection would have
been: (1) Dionysius (Cyrenaic), (2) Herillus, (3) Ariston (Cynic), and (4) Zeno
(Stoic). Apollonius' ordering of Zeno's three heterodox students, therefore,
embodies a classification scheme already implicit in the Stoic doxographical
project.
The question now is: From where did Apollonius derive this order?
Apollonius' source of information on these philosophers was no doubt also
familiar with the characterization of Zeno's heterodox students in terms of
their beliefs. Philodemus, who I have argued depends on Stratocles, char
acterizes Zeno's students in the same way as does Apollonius, that is, in
terms of their heterodox beliefs (Ind. Stoic. 10). 188 This might suggest that
IM That Diogenes accurately reflects the order of his source may be inferred from the fact
that he first lists Sphaerus before Cleanthes and then explains that he is going to treat
Sphaerus after Cleanthes in the section of his book devoted to Cleanthes, giving as
grounds for this the fact that Sphaerus was a student also of Cleanthes. See above,
sect. XI, pp. 4135-36.
185 For a convenient, comparative survey of the beliefs of the three heterodox students see
Verbeke (1986) 110-12.
186 Compare the similar doxography of Ariston in Sextus Adv. Math. 7.12 (= SVF 1.356).
187 Cf. Ioppolo (1985) for a detailed discussion of Herillus' position and his relation to
Zeno.
188 For Stratocles as Philodemus' source see above sect. XI, pp. 4143 — 45.
27V
4160 DAVID E. HAHM
189 I have argued above (sect. XI, pp. 4142 — 45) that the hypothesis that Apollonius used
Stratocles as his source offers the best explanation for the evidence. The fact that
Philodemus cites both Stratocles and Apollonius as sources suggests that if they were
not the only two sources, they were at least the most important; and we need not
imagine a large number of other accounts of Zeno's students in existence at this time.
"° Philodemus Ind. Stoic. 10 also limits the disagreement between Ariston and Zeno to the
definition of the xéXoç and claims that in all other respects Zeno and Ariston agreed.
This would indicate that his source, Stratocles, was not familiar with the doxography
that made Ariston differ also in rejecting logic and physics.
1.1 The name of Cleanthes was probably preceded by that of Persaeus. We may infer this
from the series of independent biographies which, as we shall see, began with Persaeus
(Ind. Stoic. 12- 16), followed by Cleanthes (Ind. Stoic. 17-29). Since the other students
in the surviving fragments of the catalog (Dionysius [29-33] and Ariston [33-37])
follow Cleanthes in the same order as in the series of independent biographies, we may
infer that the catalog and the series of independent biographies were arranged in the
same order.
1.2 The story is also told in Plutarch Aratus 18 — 23. On Persaeus' role see esp. 18.1, 23.5.
For the historical background see Hammond and Walbank (1988) 3.303- 10; cf. also
Deichgraber (1937) 927.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4161
students had been covered.193 But whether or not "importance" was Philo-
demus' and Stratocles' principle of order in treating Zeno's students, there is
no evidence that either Philodemus or Stratocles was interested in the basis
of the choice of Zeno's successor or in conveying the degree of doctrinal
deviation of Zeno's heterodox students. Apollonius' concern with these issues,
therefore, would seem to be his own contribution to the literature of the Stoic
succession and, if so, would suggest personal knowledge of the analysis of Stoic
orthodoxy implicit in the Stoic doxographies and hence personal knowledge of
the doxography. 194
Chronological considerations point in the same direction. The orthodox
Stoic doxography contains not only a generous number of citations from
Stratocles' contemporaries, Posidonius and Hecaton, who were, like Stratocles,
students of Panaetius, but also citations from philosophers of the next genera
tion, Phanias, the student of Posidonius (7.41), and Antipater of Tyre (7.139,
140, 142, 148, 150, 157), a student of Stratocles himself (Ind. Stoic. 79). The
doxography thus seems to post-date Stratocles. Apollonius, on the other hand,
who lived in the generation after Stratocles, apparently carried his catalog
of the successors of Zeno at least through Antipater of Tyre.195 Thus the
as authors, and we need not be surprised that many were not heads of the school. From
this list, then, we may infer that Apollonius continued his account at least through
Antipater. It is possible that he also included Arius (Didymus), who must have been a
younger contemporary of Apollonius; but we will have to explain away the fact that
Philodemus knew Apollonius' list of Zeno's students before the middle of the first
century B.C. (see above, p. 4101, note 63), whereas Arius Didymus probably did not
begin writing until after the middle of the century (on Arius' date see Hahm [1990]
3040). The last Stoic in the list, Cornutus, lived in the mid-first century A. D.; so his
name could not have come from Apollonius. He may be Diogenes' own addition.
Whether Diogenes copied out or paraphrased all of Apollonius' sketches included is
impossible to say. It would not be surprising if he abridged Apollonius' accounts or even
omitted some entire sketches.
"» See above, sect. XI, pp. 4135 -45.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4163
by which he excerpted this material beginning with the list of Zeno's students
(XI), we may understand how Diogenes arrived at his present arrangement of
material for most of Book 7. He would have been inclined to excerpt Apol
lonius' list of six students virtually intact, as well as the list of Zeno's books,
the orthodox Stoic doxography, and the three heterodox doxographies. When
he came to the independent biographical sketches and bibliographies of Zeno's
students, however, he would have found himself faced with a dilemma. His
fundamental organizational premise was a series of independent topoi with a
minimum of overlap or repetition. Yet the sketches of Zeno's students intro
duced subjects that had already been treated twice. All of Zeno's students had
already been mentioned briefly in the list of students (XI), and three had been
discussed at some length in the series of heterodox doxographies (XIII. 1;
XIV.1; XV.1). There can be little question that it was this state of affairs that
motivated Diogenes to add the sketches and bibliographies of the heterodox
students to their already excerpted doxographies. That left him with two
more students (Persaeus and Sphaerus) to be discussed before moving on to
Zeno's successor, Cleanthes, to whom he intended to devote a new chapter.
Persaeus, like the heterodox students, had already been treated twice in the
book. He had been discussed under the topos of Zeno's honors, where
Diogenes had reported that Zeno sent Persaeus in his stead to Antigonus'
court (V.A [7.6]). 197 He had also been mentioned in the list of Zeno's students
(XI. 1). Hence there was no more justification for a third treatment of him
than there was in the case of Zeno's heterodox students. Yet there was no
preceding doxography to which to attach his biography and bibliography.
Diogenes' solution was to add Persaeus to his list of Zeno's students (XI. 1)
and to omit any reference to the already discussed subject of how Persaeus
came to live in the court of Antigonus, if any such reference occurred in
Apollonius' sketch (V.A).198 The biography of Sphaerus, in its turn, was moved
forward to present Sphaerus as a students of Cleanthes (7.177-78; cf. 7.37).
A procedure of direct excerpting of Apollonius' catalog, accompanied by
a conflation of the biobibliographies of Zeno's students either with their
doxographies or (in one case) with the student's entry in the preliminary
catalog, will account for the arrangement of most of Diogenes' principal text.
There are, however, still two elements of Apollonius' catalog that require
further consideration: (1) the brief sketch of Zeno's life that preceded the list
of his students in Apollonius' catalog, and (2) Zeno's bibliography, which has
been removed from its original position between the list of Zeno's students
Here I must anticipate. I shall presently argue that the brief surveys (III.A and V.A)
came from Apollonius' brief sketch of Zeno in his 'Catalog of Philosophers after Zeno
and their Books,' and that V.A had already been excerpted by the time that Diogenes
came to the sketches of Zeno's students.
If Apollonius was consistent in calling attention to elements that affected the succession,
we would have expected him to have mentioned this fact in his sketch of Persaeus' life.
We can well imagine, however, that Diogenes would have omitted it (or later deleted
it), since he chose to deal with that story under the topos of honors (7.6, 9).
4164 DAVID E. HAHM
m See above, sect. V, pp. 4103 - 04 and sect. VII, pp. 4108 - 10.
200 He may, of course, have felt his principal source was adequately attested by his citation
of Apollonius for supplementary items from Apollonius' full-scale biography, especially
since the first such citation occurred in the fourth line of the book.
201 See above, sect. V, p. 4089.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4165
forth between two books.202 Hence we may (cautiously) assume that the
bibliography was moved to its present location in the course of a revision.203
But, if so, a host of unanswerable questions arise. If Diogenes made the
move by copying the passage into its new position in the course of recopying
the manuscript, why did he leave the transitional sentence referring to the
books in 7.38, where it interrupts his thought and serves no purpose? Since
he had to delete the list of books there, why did he not delete the transitional
sentence? Why did he simply convert it into a cross-reference? Or must we
assume that he made the move by actually cutting the manuscript and repasting
it, later changing only a very few words here and there to eliminate egregious
discontinuities?204 If rearrangement was accomplished primarily by mechanical
cutting and pasting, rather than by editorial deletion and insertion during
recopying, we can better explain the remnants. But if he was able to carry
out a major rearrangement of an existing version of his book, how are we to
explain the cases where he did not perform an expected reordering of excerpts?
For example, why did Diogenes not move the elements of the supplementary
account of Zeno's life, taken from Demetrius (VIII [7.31-32]), into their
appropriate positions?205 Or do we now have to assume that the mechanics of
interpolation somehow made it easier to introduce Demetrius' supplementary
material and the criticisms of Zeno all in one place after the account of Zeno's
death rather than spreading them out into various more appropriate locations?
If we knew more about the mechanics of manuscript revision in ancient times,
we might be better able to answer these questions.206 In the current state of
our knowledge, we can only continue to examine Diogenes' work in the hope
of finding more examples of revision that may potentially shed light on his
practice. The location of Zeno's bibliography by itself is not enough to answer
all the questions that can be asked about Diogenes' procedure.
207 One cannot tell whether Strabo is giving us the title of one of Apollonius' works or
merely a description of its contents. In any event, it could be either a separate work, or
a title or description for a portion of the book that Diogenes entitles 'On Zeno'. The
question of the physical structure of Apollonius' book is not essential for understanding
Diogenes' use of it; but the fact that Diogenes knows both the full-scale biography of
Zeno and the catalog of his students and integrates their content, while he does not
integrate the material from Demetrius (VIII), suggests that he read the two accounts of
Apollonius consecutively and tells in favor of the traditional hypothesis that Strabo's
"Catalog" was part of 'On Zeno'.
я» See above, sect. VIII, pp. 4113 -18.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4167
209 Along with its connection in the broader picture to both the Cynic school and to the
school of Stilpo.
210 See above, sect. XII, p. 4161 and note 195.
2,1 In broad terms, it appears that Diogenes' overall structure (biography of Zeno, doxogra
phy, successions) conforms fairly closely to the apparent arrangement of Apollonius'
treatise; but Diogenes' internal rearrangement of the parts of Apollonius' treatise shows
that he was more concerned with the completeness of individual topics and the avoidance
of duplication in minutiae, than he was with the overall structure.
4168 DAVID E. HAHM
of length and detail, for he expanded it with selected excerpts from Apollonius'
full-scale life of Zeno. In these additions we also see the other limit of his
standard of length and detail; for he was just as concerned to keep the Stoic
book from becoming too long. He expressed this concern in quoting the
doxography, which he thought was important to quote (ëSocjé uoi, 7.38), but
only in summary form (KeçâAxna), because, as he took pains to explain, he
aimed at proportion (auuuexpia) in his work (7.160). A detailed account of
Stoic doctrine, such as he found acceptable for the otherwise brief logical
topos, would presumably have stretched the boundaries of the book beyond
all proportion.212 We can probably see a similar concern in his composition
of Zeno's biography, where some of the excerpts are obviously torn out of a
much fuller context.213
Diogenes' abridgement allows us to see more of his editorial criteria.
First of all, he shows a commitment to topical rather than chronological
arrangement. He has no compunction against inserting Zeno's entire list of
books, presumably composed throughout his long career, into a parenthetical
remark that one of his works was composed early in his career when he was
still a follower of Crates the Cynic (7.4). Nor does he keep Apollonius' stories
of Zeno's pre-philosophical commercial career (VI.A.3 [7.13]) or of Crates'
irritation at the loss of his student Zeno to Stilpo (VI. C [7.24]) in their proper
chronological location, but collects these stories of Zeno's early life with other
stories indicative of Zeno's personality in a topos (VI) situated after his
account of events that occurred later in his life, viz. his teaching in the Stoa
(IV), his dispatch of Persaeus to Antigonus in his eightieth year (V.B.1), and
the decree regarding his tomb (V.B.2). Secondly, Diogenes' particular selection
of insertions from Apollonius' full-scale biography of Zeno reveals his prefer
ence for certain subjects. These include physical characteristics (II. 2 — 3),
teachers (III.B.1-4), evidence of public recognition (V.B.1 -2), character
(VI. F), and death (VII. 1-3). We gather this from the fact that he included
something from Apollonius' long biography under each of these topics.
Thirdly, Diogenes' commitment to brevity and due proportion obliged him to
attempt to eliminate duplication at almost any cost. This usually resulted in
a cross-reference, even if the cross-reference saved him only a few words, as
in his refusal to repeat the names of Zeno's three teachers after Crates
(III.B.4~ III.A). In other cases, it resulted in a rearrangement of Apollonius'
material, as, e. g., his conflation of the biographies of Zeno's dissident students
with their doxographies. The depth of his commitment to this principle may
212 Apollonius' summary version of the logical portion (XII. B.1, XII. B.3) is only six para
graphs (7.41b-48, 83), compared to 47 paragraphs for ethics (7.84-131) and 28 for
physics (7.132-60). The detailed logical supplement (XII.B.2 [7.49-82]) expanded the
logical section to 42 chapters, which was still less than ethics. On proportion as an
editorial criterion in Diogenes' composition see Gigante (1986) 79 — 81.
213 The two letters of Antigonus and Zeno (V.B.1 [7.7-9]) are a good example, especially
if, as I have suggested, the introduction (V.A) came from a different work, viz.,
Apollonius' sketch in his catalog. Another example is the item about Demochares
(VI. A. 12 [7.14]).
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4169
Biographical Works:
Diocles of Magnesia, 'Lives of the Philosophers' (?) (Early 1st cent. B. C.?)
Hecaton of Rhodes, 'Anecdotes' (Late 2nd cent. B. C.)
Hermippus of Smyrna, 'Lives' (?) (Late 3rd or early 2nd cent. B. C.)
Doxographical Works:
Diocles of Magnesia, 'Synopsis of the Philosophers' (Early 1st cent. B. C.?)
[Anonymous], 'Introductory Handbook' (2nd or early 1st cent. B. C.)
Apollodorus of Athens, Collection of Doctrines (?) (Mid-2nd cent. B. C.)
Succession Literature:
Alexander, 'Successions' (2nd quarter of 1st cent. B. C.)
Antisthenes of Rhodes, 'Successions' (Late 1st cent. B. C.?)
Hippobotus, 'Catalog of Philosophers' (Mid-2nd cent. B.C.?)
Miscellaneous:
Apollodorus of Athens, 'Chronology' (Mid-2nd cent. B. C.)
Demetrius of Magnesia, 'Men of the Same Name' (Mid-lst cent. B. C.)
Isidorus of Pergamum
In addition he may have used four other sources, although the possibility of
indirect use of these cannot be excluded:
Timon of Phlius, 'Silloi' (3rd cent. B. C.)
Panaetius of Rhodes (2nd cent. B.C.)
Sosicrates of Rhodes, 'Successions' (?) (Mid-2nd cent. B.C.)
Timotheus of Athens, 'On Lives' (unknown date).
2.5 Even though it looks as if Diogenes was careful to name his direct sources, we must
always keep open the possibility that the name of a source has been inadvertently omitted
in excerpting or deleted in revision. Such deletion could have occurred if one of several
excerpts in a topos had been deleted and the one deleted had been the one that mentioned
the source. A topos where we are likely to find such accidental deletion is VI, since this
topos shows traces of rearrangement. One source we might have expected Diogenes to
have used was Heracleides' epitome of Sotion's 'Successions'. Diogenes certainly knew
it, since he cites it in 2.120 for the claim that Zeno was a student of Stilpo; but there is
no positive evidence of any excerpt from it in Book 7. Another place where an unnamed
source may be quoted is the list of Chrysippus' sophistic arguments in XVI.6 (7.186-
187). These cannot be securely attributed to any particular source and hence may or
may not derive from one of the sources that Diogenes names. Though the possibility of
the use of Heracleides and of other unnamed sources in Book 7 must be kept open, we
need not think the number of such sources was very high.
2.6 I have followed the traditional dating of most of the authors that Diogenes used, adding
a question mark to the date where there is substantial uncertainly. For Antisthenes,
however, I have followed the new dating of Janda (1966), who has shown that Antisthe
nes most likely wrote after Demetrius of Magnesia.
217 The only exception may be Timon of Phlius, if Diogenes used him directly; but there is
substantial reason to doubt that he used even Timon directly (see above, sect. VIII, pp.
4121-22).
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4171
2,8 See above, sect. VIII, p. 4125; sect. XI, pp. 4139 -41.
219 Cf. above, sect. XI, pp. 4138 — 41. Homonyms are problematic. If Diogenes added them
himself directly from Demetrius, we would have to regard homonyms in this same
category; but see above sect. X, p. 4130 and note 126.
220 See above, sect. X, pp. 4130-34.
221 See above, sect. XI, pp.4137 — 41.
4172 DAVID E. HAHM
m Gigante (1986) 33 is, I believe, correct in seeing the seventh book as among the less
finished of the ten books.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4173
Appendix 1:
Topical Outline of Diogenes' Life of Zeno
223 Cf. Diog. Laert. 10.29 for Diogenes' statement of this objective.
274 ANRW II 36.6
4174 DAVID E. HAHM
13. After Zeno's death Antigonus praised Zeno and used Thraso
as agent to get the Athenians to build Zeno a tomb in
Ceramicus (7.15 [302.15-23])
B. Two characterizations with literary or anecdotal support (7.15 - 17
[302.24 - 303.19])
1. Inquisitive and logically precise (7.15-16 [302.24-303.9])
2. Sullen, mean, frowning, stingy, and concise in criticism
(7.16-17 [303.10-19])
C. Apophthegms and quotations (7.17-24 [303.19 - 307.14])
D. Another characterization with anecdotal support (7.25 — 26
[307.15-22])
E. More apophthegms (7.26 [307.23 - 308.12])
F. Coherent characterization with literary support (7.26-28
[308.13-309.12])
VII. Death (7.28-31 [309.12-310.6])
1. Age at death (7.28 [309.12-17])
2. Manner of death (7.28 [309.17-21])
3. Burial (7.29 [309.21-23])
4. Epigrams (7.29-31 [309.24-311.6])
a. Antipater of Sidon (7.29 [309.24-310.4])
b. Zenodotus the Stoic (7.30 [310.5-11])
c. Athenaeus the Epigrammatist (7.30 [310.12-19])
d. Diogenes Laertius (7.31 [310.20-311.6])
VIII. Supplementary Account of Zeno's Life (7.31-32 [311.7-13])
IX. Criticisms (7.32-34 [311.13-312.14])
1. Inconsistent or Paradoxical Beliefs (7.32 [311.13-19])
2. Anti-social Beliefs (7.33-34 [311.20-312.9])
3. Rejected Writings (7.34 [312.9-14])
X. Men of the Same Name (Homonyms) (7.35 [312.15-24])
XI. Students (7.36-38 [312.25-314.5])
1. Famous Students (7.36-37 [312.25-314.2])
2. Other Students (7.38 [314.2-5])
XII. Doxography (7.38-160 [314.6-366.11])
A. Divisions of Philosophy (7.39-41 (314.12-315.14])
B. Logic (7.41-83 [315.14-332.18])
1. General Survey (7.41-48 [315.14-318.4])
2. Detailed Supplements (7.48-82 [318.5-332.9])
a. Diocles (7.49-53 [318.9-320.3])
b. Introductory Handbook (7.54-82 [320.4-332.9])
3. General Survey Concluded and Transition to Ethics (7.83
[332.10-18])
Z74'
4176 DAVID E. HAHM
Appendix II:
Diogenes Laetius 7.32 — 33
ànocpaiveiv Xéyovxa èv àpxfj xfjç IloXixeìaç, balancing Xéyeiv ... nâXiv èv tij
noXixeig Ttapiaxavxa.
The problem with this solution is that the content of lines 20-22
duplicates the content of lines 16-19. We may be able to tolerate the
duplication of lines 16-17 by lines 20-21 on the grounds that 16-17 make
the point negatively and lines 20-21 make it in positive terms; but the woxe
clause (lines 21 - 22) is not only redundant, but seems to be oblivious of the
fact that lines 16 - 19 have just preceded it. It draws as an inference from a
syllogism the claim that parents and children are enemies. This is the same
claim that in line 18 was expressed as part of the original quotation (cf. Xéyeiv,
311.17). The way the inference is introduced ("so that it turns out for the
Stoics") also implies that the author believes he is giving his readers new
information about the Stoics. It is hard to imagine why even a verbose ped
ant would feel obliged to add the ûctxe clause after the quotation of lines
16-19.
The &axe clause, on the other hand, does offer an illuminating and
appropriate criticism if it follows only lines 20-21. Thus the logic of the
fixrxe clause implies not only a new sentence beginning with nâXiv in line 20,
but a quotation from a different source, one that did not contain lines 16 - 19.
We are led to the same conclusion by the manner in which the items are
linked together: npc&xov uèv (311.15), Seikepov (311.16), (thW.iv [311.20]), xe
(311.23), xe (312.1), kcù (312.3), xe (312.6). The numerical links and the xe ...
xe ... kcù ... xe seem to represent two different series of items. If so, nàXiv
makes an ideal transition to the second series.
That brings us back again to the problem from which we began: the
participle napiaxdvxa in line 20 is left as the only verb in the sentence. An
emendation is an attractive solution. If we read napiaxâvai for napiaxdvxct,
we will have a consistent series of infinitives running through a series of five
charges (311.15-312.3). This does not yet give us a main verb for the sentence,
but it does remove Ttapiaxàvxa from its anomolous position and allows us to
construe lines 20-22 as a logically distinct charge from lines 16-19. Its
grammatical position can then be explained in whatever way we choose to
explain Aiyeiv in line 17 (i.e., dependent either on an implied cpaai or on
Aiyouai if Xéyovxa in line 16 is so emended). Thus emendation of ntapiaxàvxa
to Ttapiaxâvai seems to be the best way to normalize the grammar without
muddling the logic of the criticism contained in lines 20 - 22.
Yet as soon as we consider why napiaxâvai might have been corrupted
to napiaxàvxa, we come face to face with the real dilemma posed by this text.
The change to the participle must have been motivated by an attempt to make
the verb (Ttapiaxâvai/napiaxàvxa) modify the subject of Xéyeiv and so continue
the charge expressed in lines 16 - 19. It suggests that the author of the change
in text recognized that lines 16-19 and lines 20 - 22 make essentially the
same accusation and could be taken as a single charge. But, if so, it was not
only a medieval copyist who could have made the change in the text. If, as it
appears, the text consists of a combination of two originally distinct sets of
charges and the last charge of the first set (311.16-19) was essentially the
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII 4179
same as the first charge of the second set (311.20 — 22), anyone who transmitted
the composite set could have noticed the similarity and attempted to make a
single charge out of them by writing Ttapiazàvxa. Hence Diogenes, or even his
source for these charges, could have conflated the two charges by writing
Ttapiaxâvxa.
The upshot is that we are here confronted with an insoluble textual
problem. If the list consists of a conflation of two sets of charges against
Zeno and one charge was found in both sets, we have no way to determine
whether Diogenes presented this common charge twice as two grammatically
distinct sentences or whether he linked them into one, as the medieval manu
scripts seem to do. All we can say is that the original author of the conflation
found lines 16 - 19 in one source and lines 20 - 22 in the other, creating a text
that was easily susceptible of further grammatical conflation.
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L'VIII libro delle 'Vite' di Diogene Laerzio
Sommario
Introduzione
I. Il problema delle fonti 4185
II. (Vita di) Pitagora 4188
1. Gli scritti e la precettistica 4188
2. Gli hypomnemata pitagorici 4^93
A. Problemi generali 4193
B. Dottrina dei principi 4^^
C. Cosmologia 4197
D. Psicologia 4199
E. Conclusioni 42^
3. Morte di Pitagora. Conclusioni 4202
III. (Vita di) Empedocle 4205
1. Natali e discepolato 4205
2. Morte di Empedocle 4209
IV. (Vita di) Epicarmo 4211
V. (Vita di) Archita 4212
VI. (Vita di) Alcmeone 4213
VII. (Vita di) Ippaso 4214
VIII. (Vita di) Filolao 4114
IX. (Vita di) Eudosso 4215
X. Conclusioni 4216
Introduzione
1 Questa notizia compare nel Proemio delle 'Vite' (I 12), mentre nell'VIII libro la medesima
storia (Sosicrate-Eraclide) è narrata senza la menzione del primato. Nel proemio (I 41)
4184 BRUNO CENTRONE
figlio di Pitagora, figura nel proemio, ma non ha una vita autonoma a lui
dedicata. Il programma descritto nel § 50 e il bilancio tratto nel § 91 lasciano
presumere che Diogene abbia condotto a termine il piano previsto e che
dunque l'ottavo libro possa considerarsi ultimato2: dopo aver trattato Pitagora,
Diogene annuncia (§ 50) di voler trattare dei pitagorici più famosi, e subito
dopo dei cosiddetti 'sporadici', poi di continuare la successione sino a Epicuro.
Le scarne notizie fornite su Teano e Telauge nel corso della vita di Pitagora
(§§ 42 - 43) valgono ai suoi occhi come una trattazione esaurita; quanto egli
dichiara al termine del libro (§ 91), di aver trattato i pitagorici più famosi,
non contrasta pertanto con la concisione dei capitoli dedicati ad alcuni di
questi (Epicarmo, Ippaso, Alcmeone, Filolao) e può ritenersi definitivo.
L'autore fonte del proemio non parla dei pitagorici, ma anche Diogene
tratta molto sbrigativamente i pitagorici che pure definisce èM.óyiuoi; il suo
interesse è rivolto principalmente alla figura di Pitagora, nella quale finisce
per confluire anche gran parte di ciò che la tradizione attribuisce ai pitagorici3.
La maggiore difformità del proemio sta invece nel fatto che lì la succes
sione del ramo italico della filosofia comprende, dopo il figlio di Pitagora
Telauge, Senofane, mentre nel seguito delle 'Vite' Senofane viene annoverato
tra gli 'sporadici', senza maestro. Maestro di Senofane è tutt'al più Archelao
(IX 18), che rientra nella successione ionica; Senofane anzi si oppone (àvxiSoÇâ-
aai, ibidem) a Pitagora, come del resto a Talete, dunque a entrambi gli
originatori dei due rami della filosofia (Talete è maestro di Anassimandro).
Vengono invece mantenuti il rapporto di discepolato Ferecide-Pitagora (§ 2,
cf. I 13; 15; 118) e la successione Pitagora-Telauge (43), mentre Empedocle,
che non figura nel proemio, viene saldato ai precedenti in maniera incerta4.
L'interruzione della successione dovuta all'isolamento di Senofane fa sì che la
scuola pitagorica finisca in un cul de sac, e Diogene sa del resto della sua fine,
come mostra la citazione degli 'ultimi' pitagorici conosciuti da Aristosseno
(§ 46), mentre la successione riprende da Senofane secondo la direzione indicata
nel proemio (I 15) Senofane - Parmenide - Zenone - Leucippo - Democrito -
Epicuro. La continuità della successione sembra però idealmente recuperata
sia nella connessione di Parmenide ad Aminia pitagorico (Sozione), mentre
la dipendenza di Parmenide da Senofane è ridimensionata (àKoûaaç ... oùk
f|KoXoûGr|aev, IX 21), sia nel tentativo di attestare, mediante il ricorso a più
fonti (Trasillo, Glauco di Reggio, ApoIIodoro) e nonostante la cronologia
Pitagora figura tra i sette saggi. Su Pitagora inventore del termine cfr. W. Burkert,
Platon oder Pythagoras? Zum Ursprung des Wortes 'Philosophie', Hermes 88, 1960,
159-177; H. Gottschalk, Heraclides of Pontus, Oxford 1980, stt. 23 - 36, con lettera
tura critica.
2 J. Meier, Diogenes Laertius and his hellenistic Background (Hermes Einzelschriften 40),
Wiesbaden 1978, 16 n.31.
3 A. Delatte, La vie de Pythagore de Diogène Laërce. Edition critique avec introduction &
commentaire (Académie royale des sciences, des lettres et des beaux-arts de Belgique.
Classe des Lettres et des Sciences morales et politiques, Ser. II, 17,2), Bruxelles 1922,
51-52; 173.
« Cfr. infra, pp. 4206 - 4207.
L'VIII LIBRO DI DIOGENE LAERZIO 4185
5 Nella vita di Pitagora (§41) Ippoboto è citato per la notizia di Empedocle discepolo di
Telauge.
6 J. Bidez, La Biographie d'Empédocle, Diss., Gand 1894, rist. Hildesheim - New York
1973, 8-16, riteneva che la vita di Empedocle fosse interamente riconducibile a Ippoboto,
cfr. infra, n. 19.
7 J. MeiER, op. cit. (n. 2), 42; cfr. le notizie sulla fine dei pitagorici e sulla predilezione di
Pitagora per le fave.
4186 BRUNO CENTRONE
Empedocle (§55, 58, 72). Manca di Neante una notazione importante quale
l'origine sira di Pitagora8, che tuttavia è una versione assai rara. Sono d'altro
canto comuni a Diogene e Neante le molteplici versioni, tra cui quella di
Aristosseno, sull'origine di Pitagora, la notizia dei fratelli di Pitagora Eunosto
(Eunomo in Diogene) e Tirreno; sulla notizia di Ferecide ed Ermodamante
maestri di Pitagora, con Neante concorda Esichio, che si basa probabilmente
su una fonte comune a Diogene Laerzio. Perció W. Burkert ha avanzato
l'ipotesi che Neante possa essere9 l'archetipo da cui deriva la fonte comune a
Esichio e Diogene, e dunque costituire il fondo primario delia biografia di
Pitagora contenuta nelle 'Vite'. Si puó notare in proposito che a) l'episodio
dei pitagorici Timica e Millia10, che si trova in forma corrotta al § 39, dove è
riferito probabilmente allo stesso Pitagora, si trovava anch'esso in Neante;
b) la notizia del § 15 sulla divulgazione del segreto pitagorico da parte di
Filolao (e Platone) concorda sostanzialmente con quella del § 55 proveniente
da Neante; с) la notizia di Liside rifugiatosi a Tebe e divenuto maestro di
Epaminonda (§7) è parimenti testimoniata per Neante11; d) in Neante si
trovava anche il computo degli anni di Pitagora all'Ade (§ 14) u. Nessuna di
queste notizie ha inoltre carattere di inserzione posteriore.
Colpisce la disparità di riferimenti a Timeo, numerosi nella vita di
Empedocle, rari nella vita di Pitagora, dove il confronto con brani corrispon-
denti in Giamblico13 mostra che si tratta di resoconti abbreviati. Timeo non
viene usato né per i discorsi di Pitagora, né per il racconto delle vicende finali
della scuola legate alla morte di Pitagora, e ció dimostra che Diogene non ne
ha conoscenza diretta. Per la vita di Empedocle gran parte del materiale di
base proviene comunque da Timeo14; gli interventi di Neante in proposito
mostrano di essere correzioni e precisazioni apportate a Timeo15; è dunque
probabile che Timeo arrivi a Diogene con la mediazione di Neante. Anche nel
racconto della morte di Empedocle l'uso di Timeo è mediato.
E' da escludere anche che Diogene abbia conoscenza diretta dell'opera di
Aristotele sui pitagorici. Aristotele non è citato direttamente per notizie che
risalgono in ultima analisi al nepi xcòv rIuGayopeicov, opera del resto largamente
usata dalla successiva tradizione16. Al § 51 Diogene riconosce la sua conoscenza
indiretta di Aristotele ('EpaxoaGévnc, ... uâpxupi xprôuevoç 'Apio-toxéA,ei). La
citazione del Iiepi xôv nuGayopeicov (§§34 — 36), che si trovasse nel fondo
precedente, o che l'uso di Aristotele sia dovuto ad Alessandro, risale certamente
a un'altra fonte17. Da notare ancora che al § 88, a proposito della tesi piacere —
bene di Eudosso, Diogene cita quale fonte NiKóuaxoç ó 'ApurioxéXouç; ciò è
indizio del fatto che egli si serve di un manuale precedente al lavoro editoriale
di Andronico, in cui T'Etica Nicomachea' era ancora attribuita al figlio di
Aristotele18.
Se è certamente impossibile individuare una fonte unica19, le affinità con
la voce Pitagora nella 'Suda' e con uno scolio alla 'Repubblica' di Platone
(Schol. in remp. 600 c), permettono di stabilire che la fonte principale di
Diogene è il medesimo autore da cui deriva Esichio, al quale vengono ricondotti
lo scolio platonico e la voce della 'Suda'20.
perseguita da Empedocle, Bidez, op. cit., 61 — 67; inoltre la polemica sull'esistenza della
tomba di Empedocle (§72). Per Timeo Empedocle sarebbe diretto discepolo di Pitagora
(ma è dubbia l'attribuzione a Timeo, cfr. infra, pp. 4206 - 4207), per Neante semplice
mente pitagorico.
16 Cfr. VIII 11; 18, J. Meier, op. cit. (n.2), 35.
17 Cfr. infra, pp. 4193 - 4194.
18 P. Moraux, Diogène Laërce et le Peripatos, in: Diogene Laerzio, storico del pensiero
antico. Atti del Convegno internazionale tenutosi a Napoli e Amalfi dal 30 sert, al 3 ott.
1985, Elenchos7, 1986, 293-294; cfr. Cic. fin. V12.
" E. Maass, De biographis Graecis quaestiones selectae (Philologische Untersuchungen 3),
Berlin 1880, 87-93, sostenne l'ipotesi che la vita di Pitagora derivasse dalla 'Omnigena
Historia' di Favorino, arricchita da escerti dagli 'Apomnemoneumata'. Per F. Leo, op.
cit. (n. 14), 81 — 83, la parte principale della vita viene da una 8ia8oxr|, cne deve molto
all''Epitome' di Eraclide Lembo. Alessandro Polistore sarebbe il più probabile mediatore
tra Eraclide Lembo e la compilazione rielaborata da Diogene. J. Bidez, op. cit. (n. 6),
8-16, riteneva che la vita di Empedocle fosse interamente riconducibile a Ippoboto;
secondo Leo, op. cit., 77 il materiale principale di questa vita viene da Timeo, utilizzato
da Satiro, il mediatore per la compilazione finale è Eraclide Lembo, Ippoboto è incerto
se sia aggiunto dopo o se si situi tra il Lembo e la compilazione finale. Tutte le
ipotesi unitarie si lasciano confutare sia mediante analisi interne al libro, sia sulla base
dell'impossibilità, messa gradualmente in luce dalla storiografia moderna, di ricondurre
l'opera di Diogene a una fonte unica.
20 Sono comuni a Diogene Laerzio, 'Suda' e lo scolio le seguenti notizie: figlio di Mnesarco
incisore di anelli, fu in Egitto e presso i Caldei, di ritorno a Samo trovò la tirannide di
Policrate e si recò a Crotone; ebbe due fratelli, Eunomo e Tirreno; come schiavo
Zalmossi, cui i Geti sacrificano come a Crono; per moglie Teano (figlia di Brotino in
'Suda' e D.), da cui i figli Telauge e Damone (in D. Damo, femmina); scrisse tre libri,
mentre uno dei libri attribuitigli è di Liside, pitagorico fuggito a Tebe e maestro di
Epaminonda. 'Suda' e lo scolio hanno in comune: origine tirrena (che D. riporta come
4188 BRUNO CENTRONE
una delle tradizioni), udì Ferecide e Ermodamante, entrambi a Samo (per D. udì Ferecide
a Lesbo, Ermodamante a Samo); inoltre le seguenti notizie, del tutto assenti in Diogene:
udì Abari iperboreo e il mago Zarata; ebbe per figli Mnesarco e Myia, o Arignote.
21 Cfr. infra, pp. 4202.
22 Su cui si veda F. Wehrli, Die Schule des Aristoteles, Heft7: Herakleides Pontikos,
Basel - Stuttgart 21969, 90; H. Gottschalk, op. cit. (n. 1), 114-127.
23 Porph. V. Pyth. 27; Iambl. V. Pyth. 134 - 135. Questi tratti della figura di Pitagora
risalgono in ultima analisi ad Aristotele (fr. 191 Rose3, cfr. A. Burkert, Weisheit, cit.
(n.9), 27 n.77, 117).
24 H. Diels, Ein gefàlschtes Pythagorasbuch, AGPh 3, 1890, 451-472, stt. 452 (= 1d.,
Kleine Schriften zur Geschichte der antiken Philosophie, hrsg. v. W. Burkert, Darmstadt
1969, 266-287, stt. 267); A. Delatte, Vie, cit. (n.3), 45.
L'VIII LIBRO DI DIOGENE LAERZIO 4189
35 Questa notizia razionalizza il rapporto Pitagora-Apollo delfico cfr. F. Wehrli, Die Schule
des Aristoteles, Heft II: Aristoxenos, Basel - Stuttgart 21967, p. 51.
36 Per la corretta interpretazione di questa notizia cfr. W. Burkert, Weisheit, cit. (n.9),
105. Non si tratta di falsificazioni recanti il nome di Pitagora, ma di 'OpcpiKo il cui vero
autore si ritiene di individuare in Pitagora.
37 Secondo P. Corssen, Die Schrift des Arztes Androkydes rIepi nuGayopiKcov auuf3óXa>v,
Rh. Mus. 67, 1912, 240 - 263, esso deriva dal medico Androcide, come mostrerebbero
il dialetto ionico (ver|vir|ç) e il confronto con lambl. V. Pyth. 145, in cui l'episodio di
Timarida, che deriva dallo scritto sui symbola di Androcide, serve da illustrazione al
precetto del § 9 (non pregare per sé, perché nessuno sa ciò che è bene). La vaghezza del
riferimento rende dubbia l'attribuzione ad Androcide (cfr. A. Delatte, op. cit. [n.3]
167), inoltre il parallelo in Giamblico non è cosi preciso. L'ipotesi di Androcide è
accettata da C. J. de Vogel, Pythagoras and Early Pythagoreanism. An Interpretation
of neglected Evidence on the Philosopher Pythagoras, Assen 1966, 168 e n. 1.
38 Diod. X 9, 3 - 8 (233, 1-23 Thesleff). In Diogene: divieto di pregare per se stessi;
aphrodisia in inverno; apoftegma; età della vita umana. In Diodoro si ha la stessa
sequenza, salvo che il divieto di pregare viene per ultimo.
39 H. Thesleff, An Introduction to the Pythagorean Writings of the Hellenistic Period
(Acta Academiae Aboensis, Humaniora XXIV, 3), Abo 1961, 108 n.3: l'anonimo ha
usato il tripartitum o la sua fonte. Cfr. W. Burkert, Weisheit, cit. (n. 9), 93 n. 36 per le
diverse fonti di Diodoro.
40 acouxoù àaGevéaxepoç, mentre in Diodoro l'espressione è fjxxcov aùxoù, cfr. PI. resp. 430
d 11; in Plut, sympos. 654 l'apoftegma è attribuito al pitagorico Clinia (il verbo usato
è BXa(3fjvai).
41 lambl. V. Pyth. 71 -73 = Timeo Fr. 13 Jacoby.
27S"
4192 BRUNO CENTRONE
A. Problemi generali
Al § 24 Diogene riporta un'affermazione di Alessandro Polistore secondo
cui egli avrebbe trovato negli 'hypomnemata pitagorici le dottrine che seguono
e si estendono sino al § 36. All'interno di questo resoconto ha luogo (§ 34)
una citazione dall'opera di Aristotele sui Pitagorici, al termine della quale
Diogene ripete (§ 36) l'asserzione di Alessandro del § 24 e precisa che quanto
ha seguito risale ad Aristotele. E' incerto se la citazione di Aristotele provenga
da Alessandro o si trovasse nel fondo precedente, ma molti elementi fanno
propendere per la seconda ipotesi. La collocazione della dossografia è insolita;
se questa avesse costituito un blocco unico, con citazione aristotelica da parte
di Alessandro, non sarebbe stato collocata a questo punto. E' poi da notare
che al § 34 Diogene riprende la trattazione dal punto in cui l'aveva lasciata al
§ 24 prima dell'inserzione di Alessandro, cioè la proibizione delle fave. La
conclusione degli hypomnemata riguarda proprio divieti alimentari (§ 33) e
47 In contrasto con la mantica senza l'uso del fuoco praticata da Pitagora. Da qui l'integra
zione uavxiKf|v <où> nòaav xiuàv (Casaubonus).
48 Il gallo è sacro al mese, alcuni dei pesci sono sacri; sistoichie pitagoriche (il bianco è
della natura del bene); il pane e l'ade.
4194 BRUNO CENTRONE
qui viene reinserito Aristotele, che espone le motivazioni per l'astensione dalle
fave. La testimonianza di Aristotele si trovava dunque nel fondo precedente49;
terminando gli hypomnemata con i divieti alimentan, viene istituita una
continuità artificiale, per non interrompere la quale Diogene rinvia la precisa-
zione finale sulle fonti al termine della testimonianza aristotelica.
La datazione e l'interpretazione degli hypomnemata pitagorici usati da
Alessandro50 sono assai controverse. Ció è dovuto in primo luogo alla natura
composita di tale resoconto, che in alcune sue parti sembra costituire un tutto
unitario, ma considerato nel suo insieme presenta, almeno in apparenza,
contraddizioni interne, dottrine eterogenee e di diversa provenienza. Già sul
piano formale si puó notare un'alternanza di discorso diretto e indiretto (cfr.
KaXeï, SoYuaxiÇei, § 29), che indica che l'autore della compilazione segue un
modello preesistente. Espressioni come KaXeТ, KоЛoтЗai introducono spiegazioni
che probabilmente non erano presenti in origine, cf. la frase v6v Se eaтiv èv
olç f|Mou JHÄac, KaЫ тoùç ócpGaXuoùç (§ 29), ritenuta un'aggiunta posteriore,
e cosi KаXoùai Sè etc. (§ 27).
Tutto ció ha indotto in alcuni casi ad ipotizzare interpolazioni e aggiunte
successive, spesso per salvare ipotesi di datazioni alte o per sanare contraddi
zioni interne. Se è indubbia la presenza di interpolazioni e sovrapposizioni,
nondimeno non risulta sempre corretto attribuire eventuali stonature a inter
venu posteriori. Non sempre, inoltre, risulta chiaro se le discrepanze si spie-
ghino mediante il ricorso a fonti disparate o se possano essere interne alle
concezioni esposte. Pone pero problemi la discrepanza visibile e difficilmente
sanabile tra la prima parte del resoconto e la sezione finale di contenuto etico
ed escatologico (cfr. infra, pp. 4201 -4202).
La presenza di dottrine per le quali si possono trovare paralleli nell'antico
pitagorismo e nella riflessione dei presocratici ha sorretto le ipotesi di datazioni
alte o quelle di chi vedeva negli hypomnemata un documento antico genuina-
mente pitagorico. Da un lato, pero, molti elementi 'pitagorici' non sono
più considerabili tali dopo gli aggiustamenti della prospettiva storiografica
sull'antico pitagorismo verificatisi negli ultimi decenni (si pensi ad. es., alla
49 E. Schwartz, op. cit. (n. 30), 747 (= Id., Griech. Geschichtschr., 467): Alessandro ha
usato pseudo Aristotele; A. Delatte, op. cit. (n.3), 48; J-MeIer, op. cit. (n.2), 4 n. 11;
35 (cfr. Id., Diogenes Laertius and the Transmission of Greek Philosophy, ANRW II
36,5, hrsg. v. W. Haase, Berlin -New York 1992, 3597 - 3599): Diogene ha trovato la
citazione di Aristotele in un'altra fonte.
!0 La denominazione di hypomnemata si ritrova spesso nella tradizione pitagorica, cfr.
Iambl. V. Pyth. 157-158; Porph. V. Pyth. 6-7; Diog. Laert. VIII 42 (letrera di Liside);
secondo I. Lévy, Recherches, cit. (n. 12), 73 - 75, gli hypomnemata di Alessandro non
erano da separare dal tripartitum attribuito a Pitagora; contra cfr. W. Burkert, Hellen.,
cit. (n.30), 26 - 28, che ha invece posto un collegamento tra gli hypomnemata di
Alessandro e la 'Lettera apocrifa' di Liside (cfr. § 42). Gli hypomnemata furono inseriti
(incluso il §33), sulla base dell'articolo di M. Wellmann (infra n. 51), nei Fragmente
der Vorsokratiker, 58 B la; W. Theiler Ii ha inseriti nella raccolta di frammenti di
Posidonio, cfr. Poseidonios. Die Fragmente, I: Texte; II: Erläuterungen, Berlin — New
York 1982, vol.I, 319-321 (testo, sino al §31, óuoiav тф аwцcт); vol.II, 344 - 349
(commento); il testo si trova inoltre in Jacoby, FGrHist 273 F 93 (Alessandro Polistore).
L'VIII LIBRO DI DIOGENE LAERZIO 4195
dottrina dell'uno e della diade). Gran parte dei paralleli sui quali si è basata
l'ipotesi di una datazione alta sono inoltre molto generici e non probanti; ció
è dovuto in parte alla sommarietà e alla poca precisione dell'esposizione,
scarsamente approfondita; innegabile è un fondo di dottrine antiche, ma è
sempre possibile, in alcuni casi dimostrabile con sicurezza, che tali dottrine
siano state riprese in età ellenistica. D'altro canto la presenza di influssi stoici,
ammessa in qualche misura anche dai fautori del carattere pitagorico del
documento dossografico, ha fatto propendere per una datazione più tarda, e
ció spiega l'oscillazione della cronologia proposta, che va dal IV al I secolo
a. C. Dagli studiosi che di recente si sono espressi a riguardo, sembra accanto-
nata l'ipotesi che ci si trovi di fronte a un documento antico e il dissenso verte
sul termine più basso, circa la possibilità di datare gli hypomnemata prima o
dopo Posidonio51.
51 Agli inizi del neopitagorismo, del quale non sono ravvisabili influenze, erano datati gli
hypomnemata da E. Zeller, Die Philosophie der Griechen in ihrer geschichtlichen
Entwicklung, III, 25: Die nacharistotelische Philosophie, zweite Hälfte, Leipzig 1923,
103 — 108, che metteva in luce l'eclettismo, con prevalent! influssi stoici, del resoconto e
proponeva una datazione all'inizio del I o al più all'ultimo quarto del II secolo (seguito
da Jacoby, cfr. supra, n.50).
M. Wellmann, Eine pythagoreische Urkunde des IV. Jahrhunderts v. Chr., Hermes 54,
1919, 225-248, ha creduto di individuare negli hypomnemata un documento del IV
secolo a. C. proveniente dalla cerchia dei giovani pitagorici riunitisi in Grecia sotto la
guida di Filolao ed Eurito; l'autore degli hypomnemata sarebbe addirittura identificabile
con la fonte del mito del Fedone platonico, gli elementi stoicizzanti costituirebbero
unicamente una superficiale coloritura data successivamente. Una datazione alta era il
risultato anche delle analisi di Delatte, op. cit. 198 - 237 stt. 232 - 237, il quale vedeva
negli hypomnemata un fondo di dottrine pitagoriche antiche depurate da elementi
religiosi e indirizzate in senso scientifico; egli individuava paralleli dottrinari nella fisica
presocratica, dalla scuola ionica ad Alcmeone, da Parmenide, Empedocle, Eraclito, al
Corpus Hippocraticum.
Sulla base di un'analisi precisa e dettagliata A. J. Festugière, Les Mémoires pythagori-
ques cités par Alexandre Polyhistor, REG 58, 1945, 1 -65 (= Id., Etudes de philosophie
grecque, Paris 1971, 371 —336) mettendo in evidenza il carattere compilatorio del reso
conto, che non esita a ricorrere a dottrine di diversa provenienza, ha individuato tre
termini post quem in relazione alle sezioni sui principi, sull'anima, sul mondo (etere);
la sezione sui principi non è anteriore alla prima accademia, quella sull'anima a Diocle
di Caristo, quella sull'etere all"Epinomide' e al 'De generatione animalium'; al II secolo
risalirebbe l'assemblaggio delle tre sezioni e l'aggiunta della frase stoica sull'heimarmene.
D'accordo con la datazione proposta da Festugière W. Burkert, Hellen., cit., 16; Id.,
Weisheit, cit. 47 e n. 1, che collega gli hypomnemata alla 'Lettera' di Liside; H. Thesleff,
Introduction, cit., 109.
Sulla eterogeneità interna degli hypomnemata ha puntato l'attenzione W. Wiersma, Das
Referat des Alexandres Polyhistor über die pythagoreische Philosophie, Mnemosyne,
Ser. III, 10, 1942, 97— 112, individuando elementi contraddittori all'interno del resoconto
che rendono plausibile una loro diversa provenienza. Il $ 25 proverrebbe da Sozione, i
§§ 26 - 30 costituirebbero un resoconto di dottrine pitagoriche del V secolo, le conclusioni
deriverebbero da un'altra fonte, non determinabile con sicurezza. Saremmo in definitiva
di fronte a un documento pitagorico antico, mentre gli influssi stoici non sarebbero da
sopravvalutare.
4196 BRUNO CENTRONE
C. Cosmologia
E' visibile (§ 26) un influsso della cosmologia aristotelica con la divisione
tra mondo sublunare e sopralunare59: l'aria intorno alla terra è impura e sede
*0 Anche questa dottrina trova paralleli nello stoicismo, SVF II 30, 18-20; 168, 28-31;
187, 7-10; 300, 20-21; 306, 23 - 25; 315, 21-23; fr. 1077. M.Wellmann, op. cit.
(n.51), 231-232, la pone in relazione ad Alcmeone; A. Delatte, op. cit. (n. 51), 207
pensa a Ippaso.
61 A. Delatte, op. cit. (n.51), 212; W. Wiersma, op. cit. (n.51), 103. Paralleli nello stoi
cismo: cfr. J. Mansfeld, op. cit. (n. 51), 100 e n. 170.
62 A. J. Festugière, op. cit. (n.51), 28 (= Id., Etudes de philosophie grecque, 398);
P. Boyancé, op. cit. (n.51), 203.
« SVF I fr. 102 - Stob. I 17, 3; II fr.324 = Aet. 307, 22-5; eraclitea, secondo M.Well
mann, op. cit. (n.51), 231, ma è piuttosto eraclitismo stoico. Non sono visibili le
limitazioni alla trasmutazione reciproca poste nel Timeo di Platone, cf. Pl. Tim. 56 c;
78 a.
M W. Wiersma, op. cit. (n. 51), 99 - 103, 108, parla di monismo improntato alla concezione
presocratica dell'àpxfi (Diogene d'Apollonia); secondo A. J. Festugière, op. cit. (n.51),
22-31 (= Id., Etudes de philosophie grecque, 392-401) la dottrina dell'etere risulta da
una combinazione di dottrine platoniche (Timeo ed Epinomide) e aristoteliche.
P. Boyancì, op. cit., 205 ridimensiona le affinità con Platone e Aristotele e parla di
un'impronta arcaica.
éS M.Wellmann, op. cit. (n.51), 229-30 (Eraclito, Ippaso, Filolao).
** J. Mansfeld, op. cit. (n.51), 100-1.
L'VIII LIBRO DI DIOGENE LAERZIO 4199
D. Psicologia
L'anima è un frammento (ànóonaaua) dell'etere caldo e freddo, dunque
di natura ignea ed aerea, conformemente alla importanza dei principi, etere
e calore. Anche questa concezione trova paralleli decisivi nello stoicismo70.
L'anima è immortale in quanto frammento da un immortale e differisce dalla
67 Paralleli per la dottrina della generazione dalla terra possono rintracciarsi anche tra i
presocratici. M.Wellmann, op. cit. (n.51), 229 rimanda a Empedocle A 75. Cfr. anche
Archelao A 1 ( = Diog. Laert. II 17); Porph. V. Pyth. 44.
68 La presenza della dottrina deH'eluapuévr| costituisce un notevole ostacolo per gli inter
preti inclini a sottovalutare le influenze stoiche. A. Delatte, op. cit. (n. 51), 209 rimanda
a passaggi di dossografi che attribuiscono la dottrina ai pitagorici; W. Wellmann, op.
cit. (n. 51), 230 n. 2 si limita ad affermare che questa dottrina stoica risale a Eraclito.
A.J. Festugière, op. cit. (n.51), 38-42 (= Id., Etudes de philosophie grecque, 408-
412) ammette che l'autore della formula non può essere anteriore allo stoicismo, e
dunque la ritiene un'aggiunta posteriore, da attribuirsi (cfr. 59) al compilatore finale
degli hypomnemata (II sec.). E' invece visibile una linea di continuità, calore - avyyéveia
Dio uomo - npóvoia — heimarmene. Che l'heimarmene non sia isolata è mostrato
anche da J. Mansfeld, op. cit. (n.51), 179 n. 134 (e 99 n. 168, che pone un'acuta
connessione con l'embriologia: il bambino ha in sé tutti i rapporti numerici della vita,
tenuti insieme in serie continua secondo rapporti armonici (elpouévcov, §29).
'» Per questa connessione cf. SVF I 24, 34 - 35; II 169, 33; 264, 14-15; 19; 268, 16; 280,
14; 197, 8-9. Analisi dettagliata dei precedenti in A.J. Festugière, op. cit. (n.51),
38 - 42 ( = Id., Etudes de philosophie grecque, 408 - 412); cfr. 41 : in Platone Yheimarmene
è cieca necessità, non connessa con la 8ioiKnaiç. W. Wiersma, op. cit. (n.51), 112
ammette la provenienza stoica del termine 8ioirnaiç.
70 SVF II 786; J. Mansfeld, op. cit. (n.51), 99 e n. 169. Il termine ànóonaoua in questo
senso è stoico, cfr. SVF I 36, 3; 13; 18, Zenone: lo sperma è à. dell'anima; Cic. nat. deor.
4200 BRUNO CENTRONE
semplice vita, di cui partecipano anche le piante. Essa viene insieme alla
sensazione dal vapore dello sperma. Dopo questi cenni sull'anima generale
viene trattata l'embriologia, poi la divisione della specifica anima umana.
Lo sperma è una distillazione dal cervello che contiene in sé un vapore
caldo; unendosi alla madre produce icore, umido e sangue, dai quali deriva il
corpo con tutte le sue componenti. Il feto si forma in quaranta giorni e giunge
a compimento in sette, nove o dieci mesi; esso ha in sé tutti i rapporti vitali
tenuti insieme secondo le leggi dell'armonia.
L'anima umana si divide in voùç, cppéveç, 9uuôç, i primi due situati nel
cervello, il terzo nel cuore71; il cppóviuov è immortale, le altre parti mortali.
Questa inconsueta tripartizione ha fatto molto discutere gli interpreti72. L'attri
buzione del voùç agli animali e la qualificazione della parte razionale dell'uomo
in termini di cppéveç hanno fatto pensare che si trattasse di una dottrina
arcaica, anteriore alla più consueta divisione bi- o tripartita che si trova a
partire da Platone73. Ma l'accezione di «ppéveç nel senso della parte razionale
dell'anima è frequente soprattutto nella più tarda letteratura medica e si trova
occasionalmente anche in altri scrittori; altrettanto può dirsi per l'attribuzione
del voùç agli animali74, che indica in questo caso una facoltà di percezione
sensibile comune all'uomo e all'animale. Istruttivo e importante un parallelo
in Aet. IV 5,10 (391 Dox. Gr.): Pitagora pose lo ÇamKôv nel cuore, il XoyiKÓv
e voepóv nella testa: al binomio cppéveç-voùç degli hypomnemata corrisponde
dunque quello XoyiKóv-voepóv, che si trova in formulazioni stoiche75.
E. Conclusioni
Alla divisione segue una sezione escatologica comprendente il destino
delle anime dopo la morte, che è stata ritenuta di diversa provenienza e in cui
riecheggiano formulazioni e dottrine di sapore platonico e pitagorico e meno
affini alle formulazioni stoiche. Evidente appare la sfasatura tra la mentalità
scientifica predominante nella sezione 26 — 31 e gli aspetti escatologici dei parr.
successivi78. Questa sezione è ancor più compressa della precedente, che
costituiva, sia pur nella sua stringatezza, un blocco abbastanza compatto; essa
inanella una serie di definizioni sommarie su svariati argomenti. I legami
dell'anima sono vene, nervi, arterie, ma quando l'anima si raccoglie in se
stessa e sta ferma i suoi legami sono le opere e i ragionamenti; Ermes è custode
delle anime, delle quali quelle pure sono portate nel luogo più alto, quelle
impure sono avvinte dalle Erinni in legami indissolubili. L'aria è piena di
anime, demoni ed eroi, che mandano a uomini e animali presagi di malattie
e salute79. Il raccogliersi in se stessa dell'anima e il suo f|peueïv fanno pensare
al 'Fedone' platonico80, così come le differenti destinazioni in base alla purezza
conseguita. In relazione all'r|peueîv è definita anche Yeudaimonia, che è possi
bile quando si ha una buona anima, e implica un buon corso di vita (póov)81.
La virtù, la divinità, il bene, la salute sono definiti come armonia. L'amicizia
76 A. Delatte, op. cit. (n.51), 215; W. Wiersma, op. cit. (n.51), 106. Per lo stesso motivo
l'affinità con il divino, fondata sulla partecipazione al 9epuóv, dovrebbe essere estesa a
tutti gli animali.
77 W. Wiersma, op. cit. (n.51), 106; J.Mansfeld, op. cit. (n.51), 100 n. 169.
78 FestugiÈre, ha preso in esame nella sua analisi esclusivamente i §§24-31 (prima
proposizione), considerando evidentemente un'aggiunta posteriore i paragrafi successivi.
W. Wiersma, op. cit. (n. 51), 108 - 109 ritiene problematico stabilire se la parte successiva
derivi da una medesima fonte, ma insiste sulla diversità di ispirazione e sulle incongruenze
tra le due sezioni. La discrepanza non è avvertita da Wellmann, il quale ritiene gli
hypomnemata un documento pitagorico autentico e anzi si serve della sezione finale e
dei paralleli con il 'Fedone' per rafforzare la sua tesi.
79 Va notata la diversità di linguaggio delle sue sezioni, gli animali sono in precedenza
indicati semplicemente come Çcpa (§ 30), al § 32 npoPàxoiç e Kxf|veaiv.
80 ripeueïv in PI. Phaed. 96 b 8; M. Wf.i.lmann, op. cit. (n.51), 239 rimanda all'àxpeueïv
dell'ippocratico 'De morbo sacro' (14, VI 387 L.), riferito ad Alcmeone (cosi come il
passo platonico, cfr. Alcmeone A 11 DK).
81 Proveniendo probabilmente la forma póov da un fiKouCTua ionico, non è necessario
supporre che gli hypomnemata fossero scritti in ionico o dorico, cfr. H.Thesleff,
Introduction, cit. (n.39), 109.
4202 BRUNO CENTRONE
82 W. Wiersma, op. cit. 109: vede una contraddizione tra il § 32 (invio dei ar|ueïa delle
malattie da parte dei demoni) e la patologia scientifica del § 26, concepita come prevalenza
di un elemento sugli altri; inoltre tra la concezione della divinità come armonia (§ 33) e
quella della divinità degli astri (§27).
u Il § 33 appartiene comunque ancora agli hypomnemata, a torto inserito tra i frammenti
di Aristotele (Rose2 fr. 190; Rose, fr. 195), cfr. supra, pp. 4193-4194.
84 E. Schwartz, op. cit. (n. 30), 760 ( = Id., Griech. Geschichtschr., 486), M. Gigante, Biografia
e dossografia, Elenchos 7, 1986, 9-102, cfr. 85 — 86 approva questa tesi e vede nella
registrazione degli hypomnemata un segno del buon talento storiografico del Laerzio.
L'VIII LIBRO DI DIOGENE LAERZIO 4203
notizia da Satiro-Eraclide (§ 40)85. Essendo difficile che egli non trovasse tale
versione nelle sue fonti, è probabile che l'abbia ignorata in quanto interessato
unicamente a Pitagora e non alla comunità pitagorica86. Non per niente nella
versione da Satiro l'attenzione è comunque incentrata nuovamente su Pitagora
che, di ritorno da Delo, trova Cilone intento a grandi festeggiamenti (evidente
mente dopo il successo delle sue macchinazioni contro i pitagorici). La possibi
lità che Diogene abbia modificato i dati a lui presenti, riferendo tutto a
Pitagora in prima persona, rende difficile la comparazione con le versioni, già
complicate, che si trovano nelle altre fonti.
Il paragrafo iniziale mostra punti di contatto con la versione di Aristos-
seno87; uno dei non ammessi a far parte della comunità, mosso dall'invidia,
dà fuoco alla casa di Milone in cui è in corso il sinedrio dei pitagorici. In
Diogene è però data per presupposta la presenza di Pitagora, mentre per
Aristosseno Pitagora si è già ritirato anni prima a Metaponto. La fonte di
questo paragrafo è stata allora individuata in Neante sulla base del confronto
con Porfirio (V. Pyth. 55-57)88, ma tale ipotesi è incerta, dipendendo dall'e
stensione del frammento. Questa versione, in linea con la tradizione di parte
che riconduce la causa della disgrazia unicamente all'invidia di Cilone, giusti
fica la successiva precisazione, proveniente da Timeo, che secondo alcuni gli
autori dell'attacco furono gli stessi crotoniati per prevenire la tirannide (non
si tratta cioè del gesto casuale di un isolato)89. Segue un passo mutilo, in cui
viene riferita a Pitagora una vicenda che resterebbe di per sé incomprensibile,
se non ricevesse luce dall'episodio di Timica e Millia narrato in Giamblico, la
cui fonte è Neante-Ippoboto90. Ammesso che qui Neante sia la fonte di
85 Diogene conosce (I 118) la versione per cui Pitagora era a Delo per la morte di Ferecide
(ma non necessariamente tale avvenimento si situa durante l'attacco, cfr. F. Wehrli,
Aristoxenos, cit., 53: prima della partenza per l'Italia).
86 Se falsa è la notizia in Iambl. V. Pyth. 248 che tutti concordano sull'assenza, cfr. la
testimonianza contraria di Dicearco (fr. 34 Wehrli = Porph. V. Pyth. 56), nondimeno
altrettanto improbabile è che una fonte non ne facesse alcuna menzione.
87 Aristox. fr. 18 Wehrli = Iambl., V. Pyth. 248 sgg.: Porph. V. Pyth. 54sgg. (tranne che
in Aristosseno solo Archippo e Liside si salvano).
88 I. Lévy, Recherches, cit. (n. 12), 62. Le ipotesi possibili sono due: 1) a Neante risale la
parte da xoùvxeùGev a yéyovev. Poi vengono citati gli àKpiBéaxepoi, Dicearco, poi ancora
altri (§ 57 ol 8é) i quali sostengono la versione del ponte umano. Neante dunque
sosterebbe l'assenza di Pitagora (Nicomaco in lambl. 251-2 userebbe dunque Neante),
anche se tale versione non risale certamente a Neante, perché già Dicearco vi polemizza.
Il S 39 non potrebbe derivare dunque da Neante, a meno che Diogene, non trovando
una versione con la presenza di Pitagora, ricorra alla versione delle fave. Oppure Neante
narra le due versioni, [1) rogo durante l'assenza di Pitagora; 2) § 57, rogo con il ponte
di fuoco per salvare Pitagora, con l'inserzione di Dicearco (§ 56) a opera di Porfirio] alla
seconda delle quali andrebbe ricollegata la versione, mutila, di Diogene Laerzio.
Bisogna comunque rimarcare che in Porfirio-Neante (come in Giamblico) è detto che
solo due si salvarono, in Diogene che pochi, tra cui Archippo e Liside. Difficilmente,
inoltre, Diogene avrebbe omesso di riferire la versione del ponte umano.
" A. Delatte, op. cit. (n.3), 241, cfr. lambl, v. Pyth. 256, Nicomaco (Timeo); questa
variante si trova in Arnobio 1 40.
50 lambl. V. Pyth. 189-194.
4204 BRUNO CENTRONE
Diogene Laerzio, difficilmente egli può avere riferito questo aneddoto alla
morte di Pitagora. Potremmo allora essere qui di fronte ad un intervento di
Diogene, che ha riferito al caposcuola, secondo il suo costume, un episodio
riguardante dei pitagorici altrimenti sconosciuti. La confusione del passo, con
alternanza di discorso diretto e indiretto, rende difficile trarre conclusioni
sicure. Subito dopo questo passo è riportata la notizia della uccisione dei
pitagorici presenti in numero quaranta, con la fuga di Archippo e Liside, che
va collegata piuttosto alla prima parte del racconto91. Va notato che la
corrispondenza con Giamblico e Porfirio (Aristosseno-Neante) sarebbe in
questo modo perfetta, salvo l'assenza di Pitagora. Non è dunque azzardata
l'ipotesi che Diogene abbia modificato la versione semplicemente dando per
presupposta la presenza di Pitagora.
Il paragrafo successivo (§ 40) presenta un sunto estremamente conciso
della versione di Dicearco, poi le versioni di Eraclide Lembo ed Ermippo, cui
segue un altro aneddoto da Ermippo (§ 41) che rientra nel tema solo in quanto
vi si parla di Pitagora all'Ade92; in esso è visibile, oltre all'intento dissacratore
di Ermippo, l'intento da parte di Diogene di ridimensionare i contorni mitici
della figura di Pitagora.
I §§42-3 con i dati della famiglia e la lettera di Liside a Ippaso93
(Ipparco) provengono da una tradizione scarsamente affidabile. L'esistenza
della figlia Damo, alla quale risalirebbe la trasmissione segreta degli scritti è
escogitata dalla tradizione che ha prodotto apocrifi pitagorici per giustificare
l'esistenza di scritti nonostante il divieto pitagorico di divulgazione. Come
nella vita di Empedocle (cfr. le notizie sul padre, § 53 e la versione della morte
contenuta nella lettera di Telauge, § 74), la collocazione di queste notizie fa
pensare ad aggiunte posteriori estranee al fondo primitivo della biografia.
L'esistenza di una moglie e di figli, non testimoniata nel fondo originario della
biografia, mal si concilia con la totale astinenza sessuale ascritta a Pitagora
(§ 19). La notizia di Telauge maestro di Empedocle non si trova nella vita del
filosofo di Agrigento; la citazione di Ippoboto difficilmente comprova tale
rapporto di discepolato, ma non si tratta probabilmente di una deduzione
arbitraria di Diogene (cfr. infra, p. 4206).
La vita si conclude, dopo gli epigrammi (ben 4) dedicati a Pitagora da
Diogene (§§ 44 — 45) 94, la consueta rubrica degli omonimi, e altre notizie sparse
(§§ 46 — 49), con una lettera apocrifa di Pitagora ad Anassimene.
Si può dunque distinguere, secondo quanto visto, un fondo primitivo della
biografia, incentrato sull'aspetto mitico-taumaturgico, sulla natura divina della
figura di Pitagora e contaminato da fonti inclini ad una razionalizzazione del
materiale. Questa contaminazione è in qualche modo presente in tutta la tradizione
dossografica riguardante il pitagorismo, ma in Diogene Laerzio l'accumulo di
materiale di diversa provenienza, unito ad una tendenza ironica e dissacratoria,
rende la biografia di Pitagora ancor più composita. La figura di Pitagora emerge,
sia pure confusamente, nei suoi molteplici risvolti, il filosofo, il taumaturgo, il
matematico, il politico, ma anche il ciarlatano, il potenziale tiranno95; in questa
sintesi libera da preconcetti è da vedersi il pregio principale di questa vita.
1. Natali e discepolato
94 Sui quali si veda M. Gigante, op. cit. (n. 84), 37-38 e infra, le conclusioni.
»s Cfr. M. Gigante, op. cit. (n.84), stt. 82-86.
96 Sulla biografia di Empedocle cfr. J. Bidez, op. cit. (n. 14); E. Bignone, I poeti filosofi
della Grecia. Empedocle, Torino 1916; A. Chitwood, The Death of Empedocles, AJPh
107, 1986, 175-191.
97 Eratosthenes, FGrHist 241 F 7; F. Wehrli, Herakleides, cit. (n. 22), 87. Il § 51 corrisponde
al frammento 71 R3 di Aristotele (rIepi Ttoit|xà>v).
276 ANRW 11 36.6
4206 BRUNO CENTRONE
106 I. Lévy, Recherches, cit. (n. 12) 2 e n.6; D. O'Brien, The Relation of Anaxagoras and
Empedocles, JHSt 88, 1968, 96.
107 J. Bidez, op. cit. (n. 14), 42; E. Bignone, op. cit. (n. 96), 59.
108 Cfr. Porph. v. Pyth. 30; Iambl, v. Pyth. 67.
,» Cfr. supra, p. 4186 n. 15.
110 Cfr. f|v xrâv nXouaicov, § 66; inoltre le notizie al § 70, la deviazione del fiume avviene a
proprie spese; e § 73, doti fornite alle cittadine indigenti.
111 A. Momigliano, Lo sviluppo della biografia greca, Torino 1974, 32-33 (trad. di Id.,
The Development of Greek Biography. Four Lectures, Cambridge, Mass. 1971, 30-32),
ritiene non improbabile che Xanto di Lidia abbia scritto una vita di Empedocle.
276'
4208 BRUNO CENTRONE
cle rifiuta il regno preferendo una vita semplice basata sulla Xixoxnç. Il rifiuto
del lusso e dell'opulenza può leggersi anche nell'apoftegma a proposito della
vita degli agrigentini, che vivono come se dovessero morire all'indomani, ma
costruiscono case in grado di sfidare i secoli112. Completano questo quadro
tre aneddoti da Timeo, l'arresto dell'âpxcov incline alla tirannide (§ 64); il
rifiuto della concessione ad Acrone di uno spazio tombale per la sua famiglia
nell'Acropoli (§ 65), che trova espressione in un epigramma allitterante, cor
rispondente allo stile empedocleo113; la soppressione dell'assemblea ostile alla
democrazia (§ 66).
La tradizione dei mirabilia di Empedocle si può invece riassumere nell'a
neddoto dei venti frenati dagli otri di pelle d'asino (§ 60), nell'episodio della
donna esanime riportata in vita e naturalmente nell'apoteosi che segue questo
fatto e della quale si ha traccia nella versione della morte proveniente da
Eraclide Pontico (§§ 67 — 68). Il primo di questi episodi, testimoniato da Timeo,
può essere la versione fantastica di un fatto più verisimile, lo sbarramento di
una gola montana testimoniato da Plutarco114, ma rappresenta comunque una
razionalizzazione del potere di Empedocle àXeÇavéuaç (Iambl., V. Pyth. 136).
In linea con questa tradizione sono i tratti che caratterizzano la figura di
Empedocle: l'autodeificazione (che gli vale l'accusa di alterigia da parte dello
stesso Timeo, § 66), il contegno regale, la connessione con Apollo che riconduce
Empedocle nell'ambito del pitagorismo (Empedocle compone un proemio ad
Apollo, § 57; indossa una veste di porpora, uno o~tpócpiov aureo e lo stemma
delfico, elementi che lo qualificano come un sacerdote di Apollo, §73115).
Tutti i dati provenienti dal filone dei mirabilia sono riconducibili a passi degli
scritti di Empedocle e giustificano il sospetto di un'origine puramente letteraria.
La notizia del sacrificio del bue di farina, variante della versione del bue di
mirra e incenso (cfr. supra, p.4206) si lega bene al fr. 128 dei 'Katharmoi';
nel fr. 111 (§59) del poema fisico il taumaturgo sarà in grado di riportare
dall'Ade il vigore di un uomo finito, di esercitare il dominio sui venti;
all'inizio dei 'Katharmoi' (§54 e 62, fr. 112) Empedocle, ornato con tratti
sacerdotali (cinto di bende e corone fiorite) proclama la propria natura
divina (Geôç ôuBpoxoç, oùkéxi Gvr|xôç). Analogo discorso può valere per le
versioni della morte, ciascuna delle quali può trovare corrispondenza nei
frammenti empedoclei116.
112 L'apoftegma si attaglia alla situazione storica di Agrigento ai tempi di Empedocle, e non
a quella dell'epoca dei viaggi di Platone in Sicilia, dunque sarà stato solo secondariamente
trasferito a Platone (in Aelian. var. hist. 12.29), cfr. da ultimo K. H. Stanzel, Dicta
Platonica. Die unter Platons Namen ùberlieferten Aussprùche, Diss. Univ. Wùrzburg
1987, 205 - 209.
C. Gallavotti, Empedocle. Poema fisico e lustrale, a cura di C. G., Milano 1975,
297.
Plut., curios. 515c; adv. Col. 1126b.
IU Favorino F 19 Mensching, 50 Barigazzi. Si veda in proposito il commento di E. Men-
sching, cit. (n. 101), 94 - 96.
116 Si veda in proposito A. Chitwood, op. cit. (n.96), passim.
L'VIII LIBRO DI DIOGENE LAERZIO 4209
2. Morte di Empedocle
117 Cfr. a riguardo E.Schwartz, op. cit. (n.30), 748 (= Id., Griech. Geschichtschr., 468).
118 Il Pausania storico secondo E. Rohde, Psiche. Culto delle anime e fede nell'immortalità
presse i Greci, trad. it. (Biblioteca di cultura moderna 71), Roma -Bari8 1916, 504, n.2
(trad. di Id., Psyche. Seelencult und Unsterblichkeitsglaube der Griechen, II, Tubingen
9/101925, 173, n. 3) che non dà fede all'epigramma del § 61 dal quale risulta che Pausania
morì prima di Empedocle. Contrario F. Wehrli, Herakleides, cit. (n.22), cfr. n.85, 89.
Da Timeo (§ 71) risulta che Empedocle muore prima di Pausania, perché questi avrebbe
dovuto elevargli un monumento. L'imperfetto àvxéXeye (69) conferma che Diogene si
riferisce al dialogo letterario. Si veda, sull'apoteosi di Empedocle nel dialogo eraclideo,
H. Gottschalk, op. cit. (n. 1), 13-22.
Secondo E.Schwartz, loc. cit. (n. 117), Diogene tralascia la parte di Eraclide che trova
anche nell'escerto di Ippoboto; secondo J.Meier, op. cit. (n.2), 21 n.42 Diogene non
trova la descrizione del salto nel vulcano nell'escerto da Eraclide.
120 Cfr. anche A. Chitwood, op. cit. (n. 96), 190.
4210 BRUNO CENTRONE
121 Così F.Leo, op. cit. (n. 13), 78; J.Bidez, op. cit. (n. 14), 6-7; J. Meier, op. cit. (n.2),
21.
122 J. Bidez, op. cit. (n. 14), 48; J. Meier, op. cit. (n. 2), 21; cf. inoltre 69 n. 26: il contrasto
è tra la statua, dapprima velata, poi non più tale, non tra Agrigento e Roma. La statua
sarebbe stata dunque trasportata non a Roma, ma alla curia romana presso Agrigento.
,2J Il frammento di Favorino va da 8iò 8f| sino a napàorinov, cfr. Jacoby FGrHist II C
comm., 148 (contro Crònert, Kolotes und Menedemos [Studien zur Palàographie und
Papyruskunde 6], Leipzig 1906, rist. Amsterdam 1965, 34). Così anche J.Bidez, op. cit.
(n. 14), 64 - 65; Mensching, op. cit. (n. 101), 94 - 97 (fr. F 19), Barigazzi, op. cit. (n. 99),
206 (fr. 50). C. Gallavom, op. cit. (n.113), 156 attribuisce a Favorino, come appare
dalla sua traduzione, anche la versione della morte.
124 E. Mensching, loc. cit.
L'VIII LIBRO DI DIOGENE LAERZIO 4211
del resto assai numerosi), come mostra la menzione degli acrostici portata
come prova di autenticità, la quale dimostra al contrario proprio la loro
natura di apocrifi127.
127 Gli acrostici non appaiono prima dell'età alessandrina, cfr. A. Pickard-Cambridge, op.
cit., 235. L'acrostico è un trucco frequentemente impiegato proprio dai falsari, si veda
in proposito E. Vogt, Das Akrostichon in der griechischen Literatur, A & A 13, 1967,
80-95; W. Spever, Die literarische Fàlschung im heidnischen und christlichen Altertum
(Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft I, 2), Mùnchen 1971, 59.
128 Si veda da ultimo O. Gigon, Das dritte Buch des Diogenes Laertios, Elenchos 7, 1986,
135- 182, stt. 156-158.
129 H. Thesleff, Okkelos, Archytas and Plato, Eranos 60, 1962, 8 - 36; su questa linea anche
L. Brisson, Platon. Lettres, Paris 1987, p. 272 - 4.
130 Datata negli anni tra il 366 e il 361 da P. Wuilleumier, Tarente des origines à la conquête
romaine (Bibliothèque de l'école française d'Athènes et de Rome 148), Paris 1939, 69;
cfr. anche E. L. Minar, Early Pythagorean Politics in Practice and Theory, Baltimore
1942, rist. New York 1979, p. 88.
131 F. Wehrli, Aristoxenos, cit. (n.35), 64 vede un'affinità tra il volontario ritirarsi dalla
carica di stratego di Archita e il volontario ritiro a Metaponto di Pitagora.
132 La IX lettera sembra mal conciliarsi con la intensa attività politica di Archita, cf.
O. Gigon, op. cit. (n. 128), 156.
L'VIII LIBRO DI DIOGENE LAERZIO 4213
133 Nel nome di Archita sono stati composti la maggior parte degli apocrifi pitagorici.
H.Thesleff, Introduction, cit. (n. 39), 76, parla di un vero e proprio corpus archy-
teum.
,M Alcmeone A3 = Arist. metaph. 986 a. II sincronismo del giovane Alcmeone con il vecchio
Pitagora (anche in Iambl. V. Pyth. 104) è frutto di un'interpolazione, cfr. W. Burkert,
Weisheit, cit. (n.9), 43 n. 171; 177 n. 12. Aristotele distingue nettamente Alcmeone dai
Pitagorici, come rimarca anche Simplicio (de anim. 32, 1-6 Hayduck).
135 A. Barigazzi, op. cit. (n. 99), 232.
136 E. L. Minar, cit. (130), 121 n. 102; H. Dörrie, art. Alkmaion, RE Suppl. XII, 1970,
22 - 26, cfr. 23.
1.7 Batillo e Leone figurano nel catalogo di Giamblico (Iambl. V. Pyth. 145, 10; 144, 2);
Bro(n)tino è detto padre o marito di Teano (§ 42); maestro di Empedocle (§ 55).
1.8 E. Mensching, op. cit. (n. 101), 130-131. Non si tratta dunque del primo libro di
medicina. Mensching ritiene che la fonte ultima dell'heurema sia Eraclide Pontico.
1.9 Cfr. J.Mansfeld, Alcmaeon 'Physikos' or 'Physician'?, in: Kephalaion. Studies in Greek
Philosophy and its Continuation offered to C. J. de Vogel, ed. by J. Mansfeld and L. M.
de RiIk, Assen 1975, 26-38.
140 J. Wachtler, De Alcmaeone crotoniate, Leipzig 1896, 32.
4214 BRUNO CENTRONF.
La fonte della vita di Filolao (§§ 84 — 85) propende per l'origine crotoniate,
mentre al § 46 egli è detto di origine tarantina143. Anche la biografia di Filolao,
come quella di Archita, è determinata dal rapporto con Platone, da un lato
per il presunto plagio operato sul nepi cpuaecoç, da cui sarebbe derivato il
'Timeo', dall'altro per l'acquisto da parte di Platone, con la mediazione di
Dione, dei libri pitagorici.
E' stato convincentemente mostrato da Burkert che si tratta, nonostante
le apparenze, di due tradizioni diverse: la prima, più antica, rientra nel
filone delle accuse di plagio rivolte frequentemente nell'antichità ai filosofi; la
seconda, più tarda, è strettamente connessa alla produzione e legittimazione
di apocrifi pitagorici144. La notizia del § 84 per cui Platone scrisse a Dione di
comprare i libri da Filolao è attribuita in III 9 ad alcuni, tra cui Satiro, in
VIII 15 è precisato che Filolao èÇiîveyKe i suddetti libri, cioè portò alla luce, non
scrisse in prima persona145. L'ultima proposizione, con citazione di Demetrio di
Magnesia dell'inizio del nepi cpùaecoç, si riferisce invece al vero e proprio libro
,4, Sulla relazione tra il ruolo di Ippaso matematico e la versione della diffamazione cfr.
W. Burkert, Weisheit, cit. (n.9), 200 - 201 e n.95.
142 Cfr. Theodoret. IV 12 ( = Aet. I 5,5, 292 t b2 Dox. Gr.): "lTtnaaoç ó Mexanovxïvo? ...
ev elvai xò nàv àsiKivnxov Kai TteTtepaauévov, àpx^v 8è xò nùp èa%r[Ktvai, da ricondursi
a Teofrasto (Dox. gr. 475, 14- 16 Diels, cfr. prol., 168).
143 Sull'oscillazione cf. le fonti in W. Burkert, op. cit. (n.9), 212 n. 52.
144 Cfr. W. Burkert, op. cit. (n. 9) 203 - 220. Ancora O. Gigon, op. cit. (n. 128), 154, ritiene
la notizia del libro fonte del 'Timeo' come una variante della tradizione dei tre libri.
145 W. Burkert, op. cit. (n.9), 209. In questa tradizione rientra anche la notizia di Neante
al § 55, secondo cui sino a Filolao i /ogo/ pitagorici furono di esclusiva pertinenza della
comunità.
L'VIII LIBRO DI DIOGENE LAERZIO 4215
Eudosso149 (§§ 86-91) è l'unico tra i filosofi dell'VIII libro a non essere
espressamente definito pitagorico, o uditore di Pitagora; di origine non italica,
anche la sua vita si svolge esclusivamente tra Cnido, Atene e l'Egitto; il
suo collegamento alla successione italica e l'inquadramento nel pitagorismo
trovano un punto di appoggio solo nel supposto discepolato presso Filistione
nella medicina e soprattutto in quello presso Archita nella geometria. Di
queste due tradizioni, provenienti dai nivaKeç di Callimaco, non si trovano
notizie esplicite nel successivo sviluppo della biografia, incentrata sui rapporti
(negativi) con Platone e l'Accademia, ma dalla loro esistenza si può dedurre
che almeno in un ramo della tradizione i rapporti con Archita avessero
un'importanza superiore a quelli con Platone; in effetti un riflesso di questa
tradizione si ha nella testimonianza di Apollodoro (§ 90), che pone l'acme di
Eudosso alla 103 Olimpiade e fa consistere la sua acquisizione più degna di
nota nella scoperta delle proprietà delle linee curve; ciò allude alla soluzione
del problema della duplicazione del cubo e rimanda al supposto incontro
tra Archita ed Eudosso testimoniato da Eratostene150. La biografia presenta
comunque analogie topiche con quella di Pitagora in relazione a una tappa
fondamentale, il viaggio in Egitto, con lettera di raccomandazione, iniziazione
X. Conclusioni
151 Agesilao e Nettanabi per Eudosso, Policrate e Amasi per Pitagora (Diog. Laert. VIII 3;
Porph. V. Pyth. 7), Eliopoli e Menfi come tappe. Al ritorno dall'Egitto Pitagora istituisce
un f|uiKuKXiov (Porph., V. Pyth. 9) e nella stessa direzione porta l'aneddoto del simposio
presso Platone cui partecipa Eudosso (§ 88, cfr. F. Lasserre, op. cit. [n. 149], 142, per
la connessione architettonica con l'Egitto).
152 Incerta è l'estensione della testimonianza di Sozione. Per Lasserre, loc. cit. il § 87 è
riconducibile a Sozione, mentre F. Wehrli, Sotion, cit. (n. 32), 49 vede una contraddizione
tra il nXdxcovoç àxoùaai e la non ammissione di Eudosso all'Accademia.
153 Si veda ancora, per altri particolari sulla vita di Eudosso, U. von Wilamowitz-Moellf.n-
dorff, Antigonos von Karystos (Philologische Untersuchungen 4), Berlin 1881 (rist.
Berlin - Zurich 1965), 324 - 326: la frase eupiaKouev ... ôuoicoç (§ 90) va spostata all'inizio
del paragrafo prima di yeyóvaai, pertanto il medico di Cnido sarebbe in realtà un altro
Crisippo (cfr. VII 186); E. Mensching, op. cit. (n. 101), 97-98 per la possibile storicità
dell'aneddoto del bue Api; P. Moraux, op. cit. (n. 18), 293-294 per l'uso che Diogene
fa di una fonte precedente all'edizione di Aristotele da parte di Andronico riguardo
all'identità piacere-bene (NiKôuaxoç ó 'ApicrtoxéXouç); O. Gigon, op. cit. (n. 128), 150-
151, dato che la tradizione presenta spesso Platone in Egitto insieme a Eudosso, segnala
la possibilità che Diogene Laerzio abbia eliminato Platone dagli aneddoti dei viaggi in
Egitto, per fare spazio alla versione di III 6-7. Questa possibilità è esclusa dal fatto che
la tradizione seguita da Diogene presenta rapporti ostili tra i due. (Cfr. L. Brisson,
Diogène Laërce, 'Vies et doctrines des philosophes illustres', Livre III: Structure et
contenu, ANRW II 36,5, hrsg. v. W. Haase, Berlin - New York 1992, 3642.)
L'VIII LIBRO DI DIOGENE LAERZIO 4217
15< Per un confronto tra la biografia scevra di pregiudizi di Diogene e quella agiografica di
Porfirio cfr. M. Gigante, op. cit. (n. 84), 82-86.
155 M. Gigante, op. cit. (n.84), 38 - 39.
Il libro IX delle "Vite dei filosofi' di Diogene Laerzio
Sommario
I. Preambolo 4218
II. Il pirronismo 4221
III. Eraclito 4223
IV. Senofane 4227
V. Parmenide 4231
VI. Protagora 4236
/. Preambolo
1 Si noti la parte finale, nella quale la relazione tra Democrito ed Epicuro non è lineare
come nei casi precedenti: ou AnuôKpixoç, 0ô noXXoi uév, èit' ôvôuaxoç Sè NauaKpàvnç
Kai NauKOÔnç, 6>v 'EniKoupoç. Diels riteneva che Naucide andasse espunto come variante
antica di Nausifane; l'espunzione esigerebbe anche la correzione de| pronome relativo
dal plurale al singolare. Per la secolare discussione sul proemio delIe 'Vite dei filosofi'
si veda ora B. A. Desbordes, Introduction à Diogène Laërce. Exposition de l'Altertums-
IL LIBRO IX DI DIOGENE LAERZIO 4219
Tra la Vita di Pitagora contenuta nel libro VIII e quella di Epicuro nel
X, i filosofi menzionati nella successione italica del proemio, a parte Nausifane
(e, naturalmente, Naucide), trovano posto nel libro IX. Tuttavia, ad essi se
ne aggiungono altri, non compresi nell'elenco di I 152.
La lista delle Vite del libro IX rispecchia piu da vicino, anche se non
completamente, gli elenchi di filosofi in successione, relativi alla tradizione
eleatica, riportati in Clemente Alessandrino (Strom. I xiv, 64, 2 — 4)
„Senofane di Colofone dà inizio all'indirizzo eleatico ...3; Parmenide
diviene discepolo di Senofane; di questi Zenone, poi Leucippo, poi Demo-
crito. Discepoli di Democrito furono Protagora di Abdera e Metrodoro
di Chio, di cui fu allievo Diogene di Smirne; di questi Anassarco e di
questi Pirrone; del quale fu allievo Nausifane, del quale alcuni dicono
che divenisse discepolo Epicuro."
e in Eusebio (PE XIV 17, 10):
„Di Senofane fu allievo Parmenide; di cui Melisso, di cui Zenone, di cui
Leucippo, di cui Democrito, di cui Protagora e Nessa; di Nessa Metro-
doro, di cui Diogene, di cui Anassarco. Di Anassarco ... Pirrone."4
E' tuttavia significativo il fatto che lo stesso Diogene richiama questi
legami di successione espressamente in IX 21 (Parmenide discepolo di Seno
fane); IX 24 (Melisso discepolo di Parmenide); IX 25 (Zenone discepolo di
Parmenide); IX 30 (Leucippo discepolo di Zenone); IX 34 (Democrito disce
polo di Leucippo); IX 50 (Protagora discepolo di Democrito); IX 58 (a propo
sito di Anassarco: „discepolo di Diogene di Smirne; questi, di Metrodoro di
5 L'espressione „dicono alcuni" indica anche, probabilmente, che Diogene ha in mente ciò
che scriverà nel libro successivo su Epicuro e i suoi maestri: cfr. X 13.
6 Sulla vita laerziana di Diogene di Apollonia e soprattutto contro l'ipotesi, a lungo
dominante, che essa sia stata inserita per errore nel libro IX per uno scambio con
l'abbastanza fantomatico Diogene di Smirne, si veda ora quanto scrive, in modo del
tutto persuasivo, A. Laks, Diogène d'Apollonie. La dernière cosmologie présocratique.
Cahiers de philologie 9, Université de Lille, 1983, Appendice 4, pp. 258 sgg., approvato
anche da M. Gigante, Syntakta. 1. La Vita laerziana di Diogene di Apollonia, Studi
italiani di filologia classica 77 (1984), pp. 136-137; Idem, Biografia e dossografia in
Diogene Laerzio, Elenchos 7 (1986), p.91. Le pp. 86-93 di questo saggio contengono
un'analisi di insieme del libro IX.
7 Secondo il modo di esprimersi di Diogene, questa notizia sembra una variante rispetto
alla tradizione accolta, che peraltro non viene esplicitamente indicata.
IL LIBRO IX DI DIOGENE LAERZIO 4221
//. // pirronismo
11 Essa doveva risalire a Sozione (cfr. IX 109, 112, 115 = frr. 31-33 Wehrli); è pero
probabile che le obiezioni contro la legittimità di tale inserzione siano successive, e che
ad esse rispondano gli scettici tardi (J. Glucker, Antiochus and the Late Academy
[Hypomnemata 56], Göttingen 1978, pp. 116 sgg., pensa ad Enesidemo; cfr. Aristocl. ap.
Eus. PE XIV 18, 30); Diogene riprende la loro risposta per giustificare la sua adesione
allo schema di Sozione, accolto forse proprio perché era quello che meglio gli consentiva
di includere i filosofi che gli interessavano. Su Sozione, oltre agli studi menzionati alla
nota 1 (sopra, pp. 4218 sgg.) e alla raccolta dei frammenti con commento di F. Wehrli,
Sotion. Die Schule des Aristoteles, Supplbd. II, Basel - Stuttgart 1978, si vedano G. Gian-
nantoni, Pirrone, cit.; F. Aronadio, Due fonti laerziane. Sozione e Demetrio di Magne
sia, Elenchos 11 (1990), pp. 203-255. Sozione disponeva delle biografie che Antigono
di Caristo aveva dedicato a Pirrone e Timone, di cui Diogene Laerzio si serve ampiamente.
Per l'analisi della biografia di Pirrone, si veda Decleva Caizzi, Pirrone. Testimonianze,
cit., passim; su Timone: Timone. Silli, a cura di M. Di Marco (Testi e commenti 10),
Roma 1989, p. 1 sgg.
12 Su cui si veda J. Barnes, Diogene Laerzio e il Pirronismo, Elenchos 7 (1986), pp. 385 —
427 e Idem, Diogenes Laertius IX 61-116: The Philosophy of Pyrrhonism, in questo
stesso volume (ANRW II, 36,6), pp. 4241 -4301.
13 Questo deve essere segnalato, senza trarne conclusioni non dimostrabili, e cioè che
Diogene Laerzio aderisse allo scetticismo (cosi pensava per es. E. Schwartz,
REV 1 [ 1905], col. 761 s.v. Diogenes Laertios = Idem, Griechische Geschichtschreiber,
Leipzig 1957, p. 472 — 473), ma senza neppure sottovalutare l'evidenza. Si veda Barnes,
Diogene, cit., p. 386 e n.4. Se avesse ragione Mansfeld, Diogenes Laertius, cit., p. 302,
proponendo (con Nietzsche) di emendare IX 116 Eатopvïvoç ó KuOnyàç in Eатopvïvoç
ó KаG' f|uàç, avremmo ulteriore conferma di ció che già emerge dall'opera, e cioè della
notevole familiarità di Diogene con la tradizione scettica.
" I 16; I 20.
" Questo corrisponde al riferimento, in IX 109, a Apollonide di Nicea, ó паp' f|Uôv, autore
di un commentario ai 'Silli' in età tiberiana; comunque si intenda l'espressione ó паp'
iíUfflv, si tratta di una nota personale di Diogene, che presuppone un qualche tipo di
familiarità con il personaggio in questione. Sui 'Silli' di Timone si veda ora la già citata
edizione critica, con ampio commento, a cura di M. Di Marco (la cui numerazione dei
frammenti corrisponde a quella dei 'Poetarum Philosophorum Fragmenta' di Dlels).
IL LIBRO IX DI DIOGENE LAERZIO 4223
Ancora: nello stesso libro IX, due passi appaiono particolarmente signifi-
cativi e meritano di essere esaminati più in dettaglio: il primo contiene il
giudizio di Sozione su Senofane e ció che Diogene (o la fonte con cui, in ogni
caso, egli concorda) ne pensa (IX 20 cpnai Sè Zcoтîwv npôxov aùxôv eÎпeïv
аKaтоЛr|nт' elvai та návта, nXavcbuevoç).
Il secondo è contenuto nella Vita di Parmenide (IX 22), dove, introdu-
cendo la citazione dei versi che Diels ha attribuito al fr. 7, Diogene scrive:
Kpiтflpiov Sè тôv Xóyov elne- таç тe alaGf|aeiç (if| аKpißeiç ûnápxeiv, e aggiunge
poi due versi di Timone su di lui (fr. 44 Diels).
Entrambi i passi trovano dei paralleli in Sesto Empirico ed indicano, da
parte di Diogene, familiarità con questioni che gli scettici appunto dibattevano,
o con il loro modo di impostare determinati problemi storiografici. L'analisi
mostrerà inoltre che egli, almeno in questi casi, usa le sue fonti in modo
tutt'altro che meccanico o banale.
Ul. Eraclito
Alla fine del libro VIII (§ 91), dopo aver trattato dei Pitagorici, Diogene
scrive: vùv fiSr| nepi тôv anopáSnv, ôç cpаai, SiaXexGôuev. Questo stesso punto
era stato già anticipato in VIII 50:
„Poiche abbiamo trattato di Pitagora, si deve parlare dei Pitagorici illu-
stri"; u£G' ouç nepi тôv аnopaSnv Kaта xivaç cpepouevwv ëneiO' oûxcoç
èÇayouev тт|v SiaSoxflv тôv àÇicov Xóyou êwç 'ЕniKoupou KaGа npoeipf|Ka-
(ISV.
Infine, in IX 20 la frase Kai oöтoi uèv oí anopáSr|v conclude la trattazione
di Eraclito (1 - 17) e di Senofane (18-20).
Non mancano in Diogene formule di passaggio16, ma la triplice ripetizione
dell'espressione oí anopaSr|v costituisce un caso peculiare, e indica che egli
tiene a sottolineare la particolare posizione che alcuni attribuiscono ad Eraclito
e Senofane e che egli riprende nel collocarli a questo punto della sua trattazione.
Si tratta dunque di un punto importante e meritevole di approfondimento;
per fortuna, lo stesso Diogene ci fornisce una serie di indizi che consentono
di ricostruire, almeno nelle linee generali, la fonte a cui questa scelta risaliva,
come essa veniva difesa ed alcune delle sue implicazioni.
Dei due filosofi cosi classificati, Eraclito, come si è visto, non è menzionato
affatto nel proemio del libro I (13sgg.), mentre Senofane risulta inserito nella
successione italica (I 15). Cosi come è normale la presenza di Senofane nelle
Successioni, non deve neppure stupire l'assenza di Eraclito, che per più ragioni
difficilmente si lasciava inquadrare in questo tipo di classificazione.
16 Per es. I 122; II 47; II 86; II 144; VI 105; VII 38; VII 83; VII 131; VII 160.
4224 FERNANDA DECLEVA CAIZZI
Nella Vita di Eraclito17, Diogene ci informa bensì che si formò una „setta
di discepoli, i cosiddetti eraclitei" (IX 6), ma dal passo risulta che ciò avvenne
non perché costoro ne avessero ascoltato l'insegnamento, ma tramite il suo
libro che divenne famosissimo18. I giudizi polemici nei confronti di poeti e
filosofi, che Eraclito non aveva lesinato, alimentarono indubbiamente la tradi
zione che lo volle autodidatta. Tuttavia, anche nel caso di Eraclito sono
attestate tradizioni di collegamento con maestri. Significativa, dal punto di
vista che ci interessa, è la testimonianza di 'Suida'19, dove, tra l'altro, si legge:
„Questi (sc. Eraclito) non fu discepolo di nessuno dei filosofi, ma si formò
da sé, per natura e per studio. Ammalatosi di idropisia, non permise ai
medici di curarlo come essi volevano (oùk èveSiSou xoîç iaxpoîç f|Ttep
èRouA,ovxo GepaTteûeiv aùxóv), ma, cospargendosi da sé tutto quanto di
sterco vaccino, lasciò che questo si seccasse al sole, e mentre giaceva,
delle cagne sopravvenute lo fecero a pezzi. Altri dicono che morì sepolto
nella sabbia. Alcuni dissero che fu discepolo di Senofane e di Ippaso il
pitagorico
Si noti prima di tutto come, in questo passo, la notizia relativa al fatto
che Eraclito fu autodidatta sia seguita da una sulla sua morte, e quindi da
un'altra che lo pone in relazione con maestri. Il collegamento con Ippaso
proviene dalla tradizione aristotelico-teofrastea, che associa Eraclito a Ippaso
per il tema del fuoco20 e non compare in Diogene; quello con Senofane, invece,
compare anche in IX 5:
„Fin dalla fanciullezza fu oggetto di ammirazione21, perché quando era
giovane diceva di non sapere nulla22; giunto a maturità, invece, di sapere
tutto. Non fu discepolo di nessuno, ma disse che aveva investigato se
stesso, ed aveva appreso tutto da sé medesimo. Sozione riferisce che
alcuni hanno affermato che fu discepolo di Senofane e che Aristone nel
suo scritto 'Su Eraclito' dice che dall'idropisia egli fu curato e morì di
d'Héraclite, cit., il quale tuttavia, a mio parere, non esamina la questione con la
necessaria completezza. Gli argomenti a favore di Aristone di Chio non hanno, per usare
una terminologia cara agli scettici, minor peso di quelli a favore di Aristone di Ceo (cfr.
anche infra, nota 31).
2* Nella frase xòv ùSepov aùxòv 9epaTteu9fjvai, diversamente da Gigante, Ippoboto, cit.,
p. 176, intendo il verbo come passivo: ambigua è la resa di Mondolfo („guarì dell'idropi
sia"); chiara invece quella di T. M. Robinson, Heraclitus. Fragments, Toronto 1987,
p. 166: "he was cured of dropsy".
2* Sotion, cit., p. 13.
Wl Per l'aggiunta finale ..questo lo dice anche Ippoboto" (cfr. anche, per la formula, V 90;
IX 40), che suscita il problema del rapporto tra Sozione e Ippoboto, si veda Wehrli,
Sotion, cit., p. 63 e Gigante, Ippoboto, cit., che propendono per l'ipotesi che Sozione
citasse Ippoboto e non viceversa.
11 Mouraviev, La Vie d'Héraclite, cit., pp. 19 e 21, si fonda anche su questo passo per la
sua ricostruzione del cosiddetto testo base della Vita di Eraclito come uno scritto
caratterologico sull'orgoglio, che attribuisce ad Aristone di Ceo. Ma altri dubbi, oltre a
questo, rispetto alla sua proposta, permangono: il fatto che dal passo di Filodemo, de
vitiis X, col. X (= fr. 13 1 Wehrli) non si evince che Aristone parlava di Eraclito,
Empedocle ecc. nella trattazione sull'orgoglio (cfr. l'esegesi di M. Capasso, Epicuro e
Eraclito. Contributo alla ricostruzione della critica epicurea alla filosofia presocratica,
in: Atti del Symposium Heracliteum, Roma 1983, I pp. 452-453, citata dallo stesso
Mouraviev, p. 23, n.24, che mi pare la più plausibile, rispetto allo stato attuale del
testo); il fatto che l'aneddoto su Socrate e la battuta sul palombaro, citati da Aristone,
IL LIBRO IX DI DIOGENE LAERZIO 4227
/V. Senofane
Diogene, sia che questi Io riponi dalla sua fonte, e evidente che ne condivide
li contenuto, e dunque prende posizione su una questione che, nell'ambito
della tradizione scettica, fu assai dibattuta3". La frase in IX 20 assume poi
ulteriore rilievo se viene posta in collegamento con altri due passi del|o stesso
libro: quello all'inizio della Vita di Pirrone3*, dove, dopo aver menzionato
Anassarco, i ginnosofisti e i magi, Diogene scrive:
óOkv yewaiôxaxa ôoKxï «piÂoaoQTÎCTai, xó rfjç aKaxoÀnvia; irai èTcozn; riòoc
daavavtóv, é*ç 'Acncavioç ó 'Apònptrnç f>noiv,
e quello posto alla sua conclusione (IX 70), dove, dopo aver esposto con brevi
spiegazioni i nomi degli scettici", Diogene riporta il parere di Teodosio il
quale, nei 'Capitoli scettici', afferma che lo scetticismo non deve chiamarsi
pirroniano e, tra le cause di cio, adduce il fatto che Pirrone non fu l'inventore
dello scetticismo: xpóq xq> unòè npòrtov eCpnKévai zr\v gkektikì]v nOppiava
17 Viene naxurale chiedersi, prima di tuxxo, se agli occhi di Sozione il fatto che Senofane
abbia sostenuto 'per primo' l'inapprensibilita di tutte le cose (IX 20) abbia cosxituito la
causa o una delle cause che lo hanno spinto a collocare il filosofo a pane rispetxo a
pitagorismo ed eleatismo. Ma la cosa non pare probabile perche, se cosi fosse, rifiutando
questa tesi Diogene avrebbe dovuto rifiutare anche la classifiDazione di Senofane tra i
filosofi 'isolati', cosa che invece non fa (per un tentativo di spiegare un possibile motivo
dell'adesione di Diogene alla scelta di Sozione, v. infra).
,* IX 61 = Pirrone, T 1; per i problemi interpretativi suscitati dal passo, si veda il
commento ad I., pp. 135 sgg.
» Cfr. Sext. PH I 7 - Pirrone, T 40.
*' Pirrone, T. 41, con il commento p. 201 sgg, per quanto riguarda il rapporto tra la
posizione di Teodosio e quello che Sesto scrive in difesa del diritto degli scettici a
chiamarsi pirroniani. Significativa, soprattutto alla luce della frequenza con cui il tema
del npflhoç eùpexfiç ricorre in Diogene Laerzio (v. infra), e l'enfasi con cui l'e0pr|ua viene
negato. Non c'è dubbio che questo dovesse risultare interessante agli occhi di Diogene.
Su 98 occorrenze nelle 'Vite' (salvo errore) della formula 'per primo', questa è l'unica
in forma negativa.
41 Galeno, In Hipp. de med. off. I, p. 658 K., osserva: aùxoi ol xoù nôppcovoç eiç naXaioxà-
joilç ûvSpaç àvùyoilrji xf|v éuuxmv Ttpoaipecuv ... A quali 'Pirroniani' si riferisce? Per
rispondere a questa domanda sarebbe necessario uno studio sistematico sulla presenza
degli scettici nella sua opera; alcune osservazioni interessanti si trovano in P. Donini,
Scetticismo, scettici e cattedre imperiali, in: Lo scetticismo antico, cit., pp. 679-687;
cfr. anche R. J. Hankinson, Galien: la médecine et la philosophie antisceptique, Revue
de Philosophie Ancienne 6 (1988), pp. 229 - 269.
*2 S 71 kux' uùxoùç; si noti anche che, finita questa parte, il discorso riprende ($ 74) con:
8icxéXouv 8r| ol okkiixikoi zà óóyuaxa navxa ànoxpénovxeç kzX. Non mi soffermo sulla
particolare struttura del brano, a sua volta, si direbbe, frutto di composizione di due
parti originariamente indipendenti (71 -72; 73).
IL LIBRO IX DI DIOGENE LAERZIO 4229
Senofane (di cui si cita B 34, vv. 1-2), Zenone, Democrito43, Empedocle,
Eraclito, Platone e Ippocrate.
E' importante rilevare che Diogene riporta la tesi sull'antichità dello
scetticismo come una sorta di parentesi; è possibile che il materiale ivi conte
nuto, che richiama la metodologia accademico-scettica volta a cercare prece
denti alle proprie posizioni, fosse riportato nello scritto di Teodosio44 a riprova
del fatto che Pirrone non fu 'inventore' dello scetticismo; in ogni caso, il modo
in cui sia la menzione di Teodosio, sia il brano seguente, sono presentati,
mostra che Diogene si mantiene coerente45 con il precedente rifiuto46 da lui
espresso nei confronti della tesi di Sozione su Senofane, ed accoglie, contro
Teodosio, la tesi che faceva risalire la dottrina dell'inapprensibilità a Pirrone47,
sia pure precisata con la particolare informazione che egli ne avrebbe intro
dotto il concetto (eiaayaycov) dall'Oriente48. Se è corretto porre in relazione
con il passo di Teodosio citato da Diogene quello che Sesto scrive in PH 1 749,
se ne ricava che Diogene segue in modo coerente la sua fonte, che rivendicava
la specificità della tradizione pirroniana e il primato di Pirrone.
La questione della relazione tra Senofane e la tradizione scettica percorre
la dossografia antica perlomeno a partire dai 'Silli' di Timone e giunge, oltre
che a Sesto, ad autori come Ippolito50 e Pseudo Galeno51.
Meier52 osserva che non è corretto, dalla frase in IX 20, inferire che
Sozione trattava della filosofia di Senofane in modo sistematico, in quanto la
forma della notizia è quella di un d3pr|ua; questo è possibile, anche se nulla
vieta che egli, se realmente deve essere identificato con il Sozione di Alessandria
43 Zenone compare come scettico, insieme ad Anassarco e Pirrone, in [Gal.] Hist. philos.,
7, p. 604 Diels; nello stesso passo, però, Senofane e Democrito appaiono come rappresen
tanti della hikxti aîpeaiç.
44 Cfr. Decleva Caizzi, Pirrone. Testimonianze, cit., pp. 200 - 204.
45 Non altrettanta coerenza si registra in Hippol. Philos. 14 (p. 565 Diels) dove non si
parla di maestri di Senofane, si dice che egli per primo sostenne l'àKaxaXiiVyia e si cita
a conferma B 34 3 - 4 DK; ma la stessa cosa era stata detta di Pirrone nel proemio.
46 Esso è significativo perché non sono frequenti, in lui, simili prese di posizione; cfr. I 3
e 5, contro coloro che attribuiscono ai barbari l'origine della filosofia (tra cui Sozione,
citato due volte); VIII 6, dove coloro che negano che Pitagora abbia lasciato scritti sono
detti naiÇovxeç.
47 Per il modo in cui questo va inteso, cfr. Decleva Caizzi, Pirrone. Testimonianze, pp.
135-136.
48 E' interessante il fatto che DL non la metta in discussione, malgrado la polemica condotta
nel 'Proemio' della sua opera contro coloro che negano l'origine greca della filosofia.
Benché fosse proprio Sozione a sostenere la tesi dell'origine orientale della sapienza
filosofica, è chiaro che, nel caso dell'àKaxaXrm/ia, egli non seguiva la linea orientalistica.
49 Pirrone, T. 40 e commento, p. 200.
50 Philos., p. 565 Diels, che cita B 34, 3-4.
" [Gal.] Hist. philos., 7, p. 604 Diels, cfr. infra, nota 56; per la ricezione del fr. 34, cfr.
G. Turrini, Il frammento 34 di Senofane e la tradizione dossografica, Prometheus 8
(1982), pp. 117-135 e, ora, A. Bachli, Untersuchungen zur pyrrhonischen Skepsis,
Bern - Stuttgart 1990, p. 20sgg., il quale peraltro sembra non conoscere lo studio di
Turrini.
a Diogenes, cit., p. 65 e n. 14, contro von Kienle, Sukzessionen, cit., pp. 86-88.
4230 FERNANDA DECLEVA CAIZZI
H Athen. VIII 336D, p. 31 Wehrli; Ateneo cita anche un Sozione di Alessandria autore di
Successioni (162D = fr. 21 Wehrli); l'identificazione è stata contestata, forse ipercritica
mente, come emerge dalla ricostruzione del 'problema Sozione' in: Desbordes, Introduc
tion à Diogène Laèrce, cit., I 7sgg.; cfr. II, p. 5, n. 21.
54 Questi era stato citato anche in Sesto (VII 15), alla fine di un passo sulla partizione della
filosofia in cui si fa riferimento, tra gli altri, anche a Senofane. Sulle citazioni di Senofane,
fr. 34, in Sesto, cfr. Turrini, Il framento 34, cit. passim.
55 Come fa von Kienle, Sukzessionen, cit., pp. 86-88.
,6 Più vicina a questa è la collocazione di Senofane nel genere misto, che è riportata nel
passo di [Gal.] Hist. philos., 7 (p. 604 Diels): „Sono dogmatici ... anche i seguaci di
Epicuro, scettici Zenone di Elea, Anassarco di Abdera e Pirrone ... Sono detti eristici
Euclide, Menedemo e Clinomaco. Fra coloro che appartengono al genere misto, è
Senofane, che fu aporetico su tutto e dogmatizzò solo sul fatto che tutto è uno, e che
esso è dio, razionale, immutabile; e Democrito, che analogamente su tutto il resto non
espresse nessuna teoria e accolse come unico dogma l'esistenza degli atomi, del vuoto e
dell'infinito". Ma, come si è già visto, l'insieme del passo è estremamente composito.
17 Da ciò si può dedurre che il suo commento ai 'Silli' non conteneva quella che poi sarebbe
diventata la posizione dei Pirroniani, così come è presentata da Sesto PH 1224 - 225,
contro Me|er, Diogenes, cit., p. 84.
118 Che Sozione sia per Diogene Laerzio una fonte con ogni probabilità indiretta, ma ritenuta
autorevole anche se non seguita pedissequamente, è la conclusione dello studio equilibrato
di Aronadio, Due fonti, cit.
IL LIBRO IX DI DIOGENE LAERZIO 4231
V. Parmenide
Wehrli61 pensava che si debba riferire a Sozione solo il passo che inizia
con ôucoç S' oûv. Concordemente, gli editori considerano come un inciso o
mettono tra parentesi la citazione da Teofrasto che precede immediatamente
(xoùxov ©eocppaaxoç kzX.) e ritengono che il pronome dimostrativo vada riferito
a Senofane e non, come l'uso normale vorrebbe, a Parmenide62; questo modo
di valutare la frase è tuttavia lungi dall'essere ovvio se si tiene presente un
fatto importante, cioè che il contenuto della citazione tratta dall"Epitome'
di Teofrasto si adatta singolarmente bene al sincronismo tra Senofane e
Anassimandro che Sozione proponeva (IX 18: koù, coç Eomcov cpnai, Kax' 'AvaÇi-
uavSpov f|v); se infatti Parmenide potè essere discepolo di Anassimandro e di
Senofane, è facile giungere alla conclusione che Senofane fosse contemporaneo
di Anassimandro; ed è proprio questo che Sozione sosteneva63. Questa con
gruenza tra i due passi di Diogene induce ad avanzare il suggerimento che
fosse lo stesso Sozione ad addurre la testimonianza di Teofrasto per datare
Senofane e che Diogene inserisse a questo punto la citazione senza porsi
problemi più generali di compatibilità cronologica tra Anassimandro, Senofane
e Parmenide. Quest'ipotesi urta, naturalmente, col fatto che è del tutto impro
babile che Teofrasto potesse commettere un simile errore di datazione, e le
proposte unanimi di riferire il pronome a Senofane invece che a Parmenide
muovono proprio da questo ragionevole presupposto. Esse non tengono conto,
tuttavia, dell'insieme delle testimonianze che stiamo discutendo e del fatto che
non è altrettanto improbabile che Sozione traesse conclusioni sbagliate da un
accostamento che trovava in Teofrasto per ricavarne un'informazione che
poteva tornargli utile. Questo tipo di equivoco, che trasformava una connes
sione concettuale in rapporti storici diretti, si è verificato più volte nel passag
gio dalla storiografia peripatetica di stampo concettuale a quella alessandrina
con interessi eminentemente biografici. Come Aristotele, Teofrasto 'schiaccia'
dal punto di vista dei contenuti del pensiero un filosofo sull'altro64 ed era
facile che questo 'schiacciamento' potesse avere conseguenze incresciose, cioè
generasse falsi accostamenti cronologici, tanto più in un'opera abbreviata
quale T'Epitome delle opinioni dei 'fisici".
Da quanto detto, risulta abbastanza probabile che la citazione di Sozione
debba iniziare da xoùxov ©eocppaaxoç kxX., subito dopo l'inizio del capitolo,
inizio che invece rispecchia la tradizionale connessione tra Senofane e Parme
nide. La lunga citazione da Sozione sui rapporti tra Parmenide e un filosofo
pitagorico indica l'interesse di Diogene per questo punto e dunque il fatto che
Sozione è per lui un autore significativo65.
D'altra parte, sorge inevitabile la domanda sul perché Diogene, che pure
si distacca da Sozione a proposito del presunto scetticismo di Senofane, lo
segua poi facendone un filosofo 'isolato' come Eraclito. La scelta di Timone
di farne un personaggio speciale nei 'Silli' (cfr. D. L. IX 111) non sembra
aver giocato nessun ruolo particolare. Piuttosto, possono aver pesato i dati
biografici, in particolare il fatto che anch'egli, come Eraclito, polemizzò sia
con i poeti, sia con i filosofi, non dando spazio, dunque, al riconoscimento
di maestri; il § 18 tratta tra l'altro proprio questo aspetto e la stessa citazione
di un verso dei 'Silli'66 sembra inserita in questa prospettiva, senza che
all'aggettivo imàxixpoç si attribuisca il significato 'pirroniano' che gli dà Sesto,
analizzando un più ampio insieme di versi a lui dedicati da Timone67.
Forse, agli occhi di Diogene, la notizia che Parmenide lo aveva ascoltato
risultava compatibile con la collocazione 'isolata' di Senofane proprio per il modo
in cui Sozione sottolineava che l'impulso alla scelta di un particolare tipo di vita
filosofica era venuto da un pitagorico, e non da Senofane. In effetti, il passo in
IX 21 sembra porre l'accento, piuttosto che su connessioni concettuali, su un
tema, quello della 'tranquillità' o della 'quiete' (elç f|auxiav npoexpâTtn); Diels68
lo ha ricondotto a tematiche tipicamente pitagoriche69, postulando addirittura
Timeo come fonte per l'informazione di Sozione, ma occorre ricordare che questo
motivo svolge un ruolo importante presso altri filosofi del libro IX, primo fra
tutti Pirrone70. Basti ricordare la descrizione che Timone fa del suo maestro e
che anche per altri versi richiama la terminologia eleatica71 (nòe, tiox' àvf|p Sià-
" Oltre alla triplice ripetizione dell'espressione ol CTTtopà8r|v, basti segnalare che, dei 28
frammenti di Sozione estratti da Diogene Laerzio e inclusi nella raccolta Wehrli, sette
derivano dal solo libro IX e contengono il nome di Sozione (con anche il nome di
Ippoboto in 1X5; IX 115); di quelli tratti complessivamente dagli altri nove libri, ben
11 sono tratti dall' Epitome' di Eraclide Lembo e solo 10 presentano il solo nome di
Sozione: lo scarto tra la presenza di Sozione nel libro IX e negli altri libri è dunque
molto significativo. Cfr. anche supra, p. 4222, nota 11.
66 Fr. 60, v. 1 Diels: Eeivocpàvt|ç ûnàxixpoç, 'Our| panaxne èTtiKôttxr|C,. Per la differente
versione del verso nel testo di Diogene, cfr. Di Marco, Timone, cit.
67 PH I 224 - 225.
68 Cfr. Diels, Parmenidea, Hermes 35 (1900), pp. 196-201; Untersteiner, Parmenide,
cit., p. 5; Wehrli, Sotion, cit., p. 59. Per la traduzione di r|ca>xia, cfr. Cic. Tim.9,
p. 997, 31, che rende con non tranquillum ei quietum il celebre oùx fiauxiav àyov di
Plat. Tim. 30 A e parla in Sull. 26 di tranquillo animo et quieto.
*9 Cfr. ViII 7, dove, dall'Epitome di Sozione di Eraclide Lembo, viene citato il verso iniziale
del Discorso sacro: ri> véoi. àXXà oépeo9e ueO' f|auxiaç xâÔe navxa e VlII 10: Ttevxaexiav
G' T|aùxaÇov ecc.
70 IX 65, da Timone, Indalmi, fr. 67 Diels = Pirrone, T 61, v. 2; Gal. Subf. emp., p. 64, 13
Bonnet = T68: sed piron quem laudai (sc. Minodotus), non erat talis, sed quietus
quidam et mansuetus ...
71 Cfr. Decleva Caizzi, Pirrone. Testimonianze, cit., pp.254sg.; ma la coincidenza fra
questo passo di Diogene su Parmenide e il verso 2 di Timone mi era a suo tempo
sfuggita.
4234 FERNANDA DEGLEVA CAIZZI
yeiç72 pqKXxa ux9' f|cruxir|ç); tramite l'associazione con il tema della yaXf|vii che
compare in una citazione di Timone in Sesto73 (Kai, cbç ëA.eyev ó Tiucov, èv f|enaia
kcù yaXr|vóxr|xi KaGeaxcóc,), arriviamo a Democrito (IX 45):
xéa-oç S' elvai xt|v eùGuuiav, où xt|v aòxr|v ouaav xr] f|Sovfj, cbç évioi napaKoi)-
Ciavxeç èÇeSéÇavxO, àÀAà KaO' f)v yaXr|vcôç Kaì eùcratGôç f| vyuxrì Siâyei kxX.
dove è appena il caso di segnalare che il participio napaKouaavxeç richiama
TtXavcouevoç di IX 2074.
Il filo comune che unisce questi personaggi, e che poteva trovare natural
mente spazio in una trattazione a carattere eminentemente biografico, quale era
con ogni probabilità quella di Sozione (che nel caso dei Pirroniani disponeva del
prezioso materiale di Antigono di Caristo), è l'etica come scelta di vita; solo
accennato nel caso di Parmenide, il tema ritorna nella dossografia etica su
Democrito, in Anassarco (IX 60), in Pirrone e in Timone.
Una volta individuata questa componente, che risaliva forse proprio a
Sozione, non si deve naturalmente trascurare quella legata a problematiche
più propriamente teoretiche, che a loro volta consentivano di stabilire connes
sioni tra i filosofi di questo gruppo. Come già abbiamo visto, essa svolge un
ruolo di notevole importanza nel libro IX.
Analizzando la parte dossografica della Vita di Parmenide, Rocca-
Serra75 propone di dividerla in due parti: la prima, di tipo eminentemente
fisico, termina con la citazione di Teofrasto come fonte:
KaGà uéuvnxai Koù ©eócppaoroç èv xoîç cDuaikoîç, Ttâvxcov axeSov èKxiGéuevoç
xa Sóyuaxa
la seconda contiene due citazioni di versi parmenidei (B 1, 28 — 30 e B 7, 3 — 5
DK) e i versi di Timone su di lui (fr. 44 Diels); in effetti, il parallelismo con
Sesto, M VII 111 — 114, è stretto, e riguarda sia il fatto che i due gruppi di
versi parmenidei citati in Diogene sono da Sesto accostati come se costituissero
parte integrante del proemio del poema (èvapxôuevoç yoùv xoù nepi cpûaecoç
ypâcpei xòv xpcmov xoùxov), con l'inserimento, a raccordo, di B 7, 276, sia il
contesto, e l'esegesi cui danno luogo. Subito prima era stato citato Senofane,
di cui si era detto che non aveva soppresso ogni sorta di apprensione (ut|
nàaav KaxàXn\(/iv àvaipeîv, àXXà xf|v èniaxnuoviKT|v kcù àSicnrtaytov); quindi
Parmenide, presentato come suo discepolo
xoù uèv SoÇacrtoù Xàyov Kaxéyvco ... xòv S' ènìaxnuoviKóv, xouxéaxi xòv
à8làTtxcOxoV, uTte9exo KplxlîpioV, àTIoatàç Kcti xfjç xGOv aÌo9flctecoV TtiaxeWÇ.
Anche il modo in cui Sesto si esprime nella parte conclusiva dell'esegesi
(xòv eTtiarr|uoviKôv Xàyov Kavôva xt)ç èv xoiç oùaiv àXnGdaç) ricorda sia la
terminologia degli 'Indalmi' di Timone77, sia Enesidemo78.
Forse è impossibile stabilire la precisa relazione tra Diogene e Sesto, ma
può essere utile aggiungere un altro dato significativo: che la terminologia con
cui Diogene introduce la citazione di Parm. B 7, 3 - 5 e di Timone (xpixiîpiov79
Sé xòv Xàyov elne- zâq xe aioGr|aeiç ut| àKpipeîç uraxpxeiv) trova un parallelo in
II 95, a proposito dei Cirenaici: àvf|pouv 8è kcù xùç aiaGf|c>etç <eoç> oùk ducpipoû-
ctaÇ xr|V ÈTÛyV<boIV.
All'inizio di questo studio era stato ricordato un passo di Eusebio conte
nente una successione abbastanza vicina al contenuto del libro IX di Diogene.
E' ora il momento di aggiungere che esso fa parte dei brani che raccordano
tra loro gli stralci della 'Storia della filosofia' di Aristocle di Messene; tuttavia,
Eusebio non sembra ricavare la successione da lui; tutt'al più ne trae elementi
di conferma per lo schema che inserisce alla fine del passo sugli Eleati e che
gli serve per introdurre quello sui Pirroniani; Aristocle parla infatti di Senofane,
Parmenide, Zenone e Melisso (rifiuto delle cpavxaaiai) (XIV 17, 1); poi di
Pirrone (XIV 18), di cui dice che fu discepolo di Anassarco e lesse i libri di
Democrito (XIV 18, 27); segue la trattazione di Aristocle intorno ad Aristippo
e i Cirenaici; quindi vengono introdotti coloro che dissero che si deve dar
fiducia alle sensazioni: viene menzionato Metrodoro di cui Eusebio dice che
fu discepolo di Democrito e che ispirò Pirrone80 e, più ampiamente, Protagora
(XIV 20)*". Alla fine del capitolo su Protagora, Aristocle polemizza contro
76 Diogene a sua volta taglia la citazione del fr. 7 Diels al v. .5. Questo modo di citare
liberamente, in funzione del contesto, costituisce un esempio significativo dei problemi
che comporta la ricostruzione del dettato originale delle opere antiche.
77 Pirrone, T 62, v. 2: u0Gov àXr|9etT|ç òpGòv ëxcov Kavóva.
* Aen. ap. Phot. Bibl., I69b21sg. (III p. 119 Henry); cfr. K.Janâcek, Ainesidemos und
Sextos Empeirikos, Eirene 17 (1980), p. 9.
" Il termine compare in: I 21 (Potamone); V 29 (Aristotele); 9 volte in VII (41, 42, 46, 49,
54, per .5 volte, cfr. J. Mansfeld, Diogenes Laertius, cit., spec. p. 361 sgg.); 11 volte in
IX (22, 92, 91 bis, 94bis, 95ter, 106, 107), 10 volte in X (sempre in citazioni di titoli o
da opere di Epicuro: 27, 30, 31, 34, 38, 51, 52, 82, 116, 147).
Metrodoro è menzionato da Aristocle all'inizio, ma senza le notizie del brano di Eusebio.
sl Eusebio cita B4, l'esilio, il rogo, cioè i dati biografici che tornano in Diogene Laerzio.
4236 FERNANDA DECLEVA CAIZZI
non meglio precisan suoi contemporanei che sostengono la verità delle cpavxa-
аiai: qui si aggancia Eusebio per introdurre Epicuro, osservando che secondo
alcuni sarebbe stato prima discepolo di Senocrate, poi di Nausifane, che era
stato compagno di Pirrone.
Nel suo insieme, il libro XIV della 'Praeparatio evangelica' costituisce un
esempio strutturalmente interessante di compenetrazione fra una storia a
impostazione eminentemente concettuale, che, per i filosofi che ci interessano,
tocca soprattutto problematiche gnoseologiche, e una storia di rapporti di
scuola, ritenuti preziosi, certamente, perché capaci di offrire termini di riferi-
mento anche cronologici82. II multiforme orizzonte culturale di Diogene non
costituiva affatto, in età imperiale, un caso unico.
V/. Protagora
*2 Puó valer la pena di segnalare che, come nel caso di Diogene Laerzio, le successioni di
Eusebio non corrispondono all'ordine del materiale del libro XIV (sul quale si veda PE
XIV 2). Anche in Eusebio esse sembrano svolgere analoga funzione 'orientativa', e come
tali vanno prese.
" Cfr. Sofisti. Testimonianze e frammenti, Fasc. I, a cura di M. Untersteiner (Bibl. di
studi superiori 4), Firenze 1949, pp. 16sgg.; M. Untersteiner, I sofisti, Milano 19672, 1
pp. 15 -25.
84 Cfr., oltre alle opere di Untersteinfr citate alla nota precedente, O. Gigon, II libro
Sugli dei di Protagora, Rivista di Storia della Filosofia 40 (1985), pp. 419-448, che nella
prima parte del suo studio esamina in dettaglio il formarsi della tradizione leggendaria
su Protagora nel IV secolo.
IL LIBRO IX DI DIOGENE LAERZIO 4237
cento mine; per primo distinse le parti del tempo e I'importanza del Kaipôç,
organizzó gare oratorie e insegno l'uso dei sofismi. Qui si aggancia l'afferma-
zione che le sue discussioni si svolsero a livello verbale e non concettuale85;
questa parte si conclude con l'osservazione che Protagora xo vùv èninoXaiov
yévoç тcôv èpiaxiKöv èyévvr|aev e la citazione del verso di Timone (fr. 47 Diels)
che caratterizza Protagora come un erista. Si tratta, come si vede, di un insieme
coerente, volto a caratterizzare l'attività professionale del sofista in modo
tutto sommato non positivo. L'aggettivo tmnóXaioq è un hapax in Diogene,
mentre l'avverbio vùv, riferito a qualcosa di contemporaneo rispetto a chi
scrive, non è per niente frequente86.
Il secondo gruppo inizia con l'affermazione che Protagora fu iniziatore,
o precursore, del metodo socratico. Segue una serie di eúprщата il cui elemento
comune sembra essere il fatto di essere accompagnati dall'indicazione degli
autori e delle opere da cui la notizia dipende: l''Eutidemo' di Platone per
l'antistenico „non è possibile contraddire"87; Artemidoro dialettico nel 'Contro
Crisippo' per le argomentazioni contro tesi proposte88; Aristotele nell'opera
'Sull'educazione' per l'invenzione del cercine89. Quindi, senza più menzione
della fonte, conclude la serie la notizia — arricchita di osservazioni dotte —
che per primo Protagora divise il discorso in quattro parti, cui diede il nome
di 'basamenti' dei discorsi.
II modo in cui questo materiale è raggruppato suggerisce già di per sé
che Diogene lo trovasse o in più fonti, o, se nella stessa fonte, sotto rubriche
o in capitoli differend.
Nell'intera sua opera sono numerosissime le notizie di scoperte più o
meno intellettuali o di attività introdotte per la prima volta dai vari filosofi.
Spesso esse compaiono isolate, ma vi sono alcuni casi simili, per densità, a
quello della Vita di Protagora: Talete (122-24), Platone (III 18, 24 - 25),
Pitagora (VIII 10, 11, 12, 14, 47, 48); soltanto nella Vita di Talete non compare
il nome di Favorino, che è invece nominato non solo per Platone e Pitagora,
ma anche in numerosi altri analoghi contesti proprio come fonte di eúpтщата90.
85 Per l'origine di quest'idea, cfr. per es. Plat. Tht. 154E; 165A; Arist. Soph, el., passim.
86 I 75; 110; II 40 (da Favorino); V 76 (in un contesto in cui è citato anche Favorino); VIII
35 (da Alessandro Poliistore); VIII 72.
87 Questo passo viene menzionato espressamente da A. Kleingünther, npcoтoç eùpeхf|ç.
Untersuchungen zur Geschichte einer Fragestellung, Philologus Supplb. XXVI (Leipzig
1934), p. 2, n. 6, a riprova di come nascessero queste notizie e di quanta cautela sia
necessaria nel servirsene.
88 Questa notizia sembra addotta essenzialmente per creare effetto di contrasto con la
precedente.
89 A questa si aggancia, con la menzione di Epicuro, la storia che Protagora era cpopuoçôpoç
e che Democrito lo avrebbe distolto dalla sua attività e rivolto alla filosofia perché era
rimasto ammirato dal modo in cui legava le fascine. Diogene introduce la notizia
di Epicuro in supporto alla spiegazione della precedente notizia sulla тúXn, mentre
probabilmente Epicuro deduceva che fosse facchino dal fatto che inventó la тúXn. Cfr.
Aristotele. I frammenti dei dialoghi, a cura di R. Laurenti, Napoli 1989, pp. 967 sgg.
90 Si tratta di DL III 24 (= fr. 57 Barigazzi); VIII 12 (= fr. 58); 47 (= fr. 59); II 1 - 2
(=fr.60); 11 (=fr.61); 20 (=fr.62); V9 (=fr.69); VIII 83 (= fr. 74); IX 23 e IX 25
278 ANRW II 36.6
4238 FERNANDA DECLEVA CAIZZI
Già da tempo gli studiosi avevano rilevato il ruolo che gli euprцшта
dovevano avere nella 'Varia Historia' (e probabilmente anche nei 'Commenta-
ria') e il fatto che Diogene attinge copiosamente a lui per questo tipo di
informazione91. Fra tutti i passi di questo genere dove il nome di Favorino
compare, particolarmente significativo appare quello su Platone, tratto dal
libro ottavo della 'Varia Historia' (III 24 = fr. 57 Barigazzi) perché, come
abbiamo visto, riunisce una serie numerosa di eupr|uaта: Barigazzi attribuisce
a Favorino solo i primi tre; Wilamowitz pensava solo al primo; ma la serie
continua al § 25 ed è conclusa dalla menzione del primo libro di un'altra
opera di Favorino, i 'Commentaria', il cui contenuto doveva per certi aspetti
sovrapporsi a quello della 'Varia Historia'. Situazione analoga si verifica in
VIII 12, dove la notizia su Pitagora è accompagnata dalla menzione del libro
ottavo dei 'Commentaria' e del libro ottavo della 'Varia Historia'. Sempre
nella Vita di Pitagora, Favorino (VH VIII) è citato, con la fonte che egli stesso
menzionava e cioè Eratostene, per la notizia che Pitagora per primo praticó
il pugilato; altri dati di questo tipo sono aggiunti al paragrafo successivo92
dove, a proposito della notizia che Pitagora per primo chiamó il cielo cosmo
e disse che la terra è rotonda si aggiunge che secondo Teofrasto primo fu
Parmenide, mentre secondo Zenone primo fu Esiodo93.
Anche in D. L. IX23 e 29 (fr. 75 Barigazzi) alla tesi di Favorino che
Parmenide inventó l'argomento detto Achille si affianca quella che ne fu
inventore Zenone. Tuttavia, non è necessario pensare che Diogene tragga
sempre queste notizie da fonti differenti: potrebbe darsi che lo stesso Favorino
presentasse la propria posizione sull'attribuzione di un particolare eupтщa
contrapponendola a quella di altri, e che Diogene riporti anche la versione
divergente. Questo consentirebbe di spiegare la presenza cosi intensiva, nelle
'Vite dei filosofi', del tema del npcoxoç eupeтf|ç in relazione ad aspetti della
attività intellettuale, più che come la presenza diretta e massiccia della tradi-
(= fr.75); IX34-35 (= fr.76). Cfr. anche fr. 83. Diogene attinge alla 'Varia Historia'
anche in II 20 (= h. 62).
91 Per la ricostruzione storiografica della questione di Favorino come fonte di Diogene
Laerzio, cfr. Desbordes, Diogène Laërce, cit., I pp.79sgg.; Favorino di Arelate. Opere.
Introduzione, testo critico e commento a cura di A. Barigazzi (testi greci e lat. con
comm. filol. 4), Firenze 1966, pp. 210 sgg. (cfr. anche Idem, Favorino di Arelate, ANRW
II 34,1, ed. W. Haase, Berlin - New York 1992); si veda anche: Favorin von Arelate. Der
erste Teil der Fragmente. Memorabilien und Omnigena Historia, herausgegeben und
kommentiert von E. Mensching (Texte 8c Komm. 3), Berlin 1963, pp. 8 sgg.; 61-62.
Che la presenza di Favorino in Diogene riguardasse in modo particolare proprio gli
eОptщата pensava Wilamowitz, Ad Ernestum Maassium epistula, in: E. Maass, De
biographie graecis quaestiones selectae, Philol. Unters. III, Berlin 1880, p. 145: „Concedo
latere pauca fortasse in historiolis, credo inter inventa latere conpluria, velut II 48
Xenophontem e philosophis primum historiam scripsisse, Protagoram JkoKpатiKôv elSoç
Xóvojv Kivfjaai /X 53, alia".
92 Dove Barigazzi, pp. 221 - 222, plausibilmente, propone di inserire npàтov nel testo
greco tra тoÛтov e cPaßwpivoc, a proposito dell'uso delle definizioni in ambito matematico.
" Si noti che il brano si conclude con un richiamo a Pitagora atleta, cioè al tema che aveva
introdotto la citazione da Favorino.
IL LIBRO IX DI DIOGENE LAERZIO 4239
zione peripatetica94, come il frutto che Diogene ricavava dalla lettura dei libri
di Favorino, che della ricca, eterogenea e pittoresca tradizione degli eúpr|цата
era evidentemente un appassionato raccoglitore95.
La Vita di Protagora, anche se il nome di Favorino appare solo al § 50,
in un contesto problematico che ha indotto gli editori dei frammenti di
Favorino a tagliare il frammento in modo drastico, potrebbe costituire uno
dei casi di cui parlava Wilamowitz, in cui cioè appare assai plausibile l'ipotesi
che molto del materiale dipenda da lui96.
Come abbiamo visto sopra, la citazione di Favorino viene introdotta con
la notizia che Protagora fu discepolo di Democrito:
SiiíKоucte S' ó Пpcoтayopaç АrщoKpгсоu — èKaШто [тe] Iocpia, &ç cpnai
Oaßcopwoç èv ПavxoSanfj iaropia — Kai npwxoç ёcpn ...
Che il soprannome Eocpia spetti a Democrito e non a Protagora risulta
da altre fonti97: di qui l'espunzione del тe da parte degli editori98.
Ma il confronto con 'Suida 99
Kai еneKлr|Gr| npcoxoç oûтoç aocpiaтr|ç, npcoxoç тe oùтoç тoùç èpiaтiKoùç
Xóyovq eÖpe Kai àyôva Xóyw ènoiiiaaто Kai uictSôv enpaçe тoùç uaGr|тàç
uvàç p'' Siô Kai ënekAт]Gr| Aóyoq ëuuictGoç
puó forse aiutare a capire quello che potrebbe essere successo. Diogene
aveva tratto da Favorino la notizia che Protagora fu discepolo di Democrito
(comunque sia sorta, essa veniva collegata all'attività di facchino e all'inven-
zione della хЬXr\, di cui parlava Aristotele). In collegamento, egli trovava nella
sua fonte una serie di informazioni, la prima delle quali era probabilmente
proprio quella che leggiamo in Suida (chiaramente derivata da Plat. Prot.
317B: ouoXoyö тe aocpicrrf|ç eIvai KтX.), cui facevano seguito altre informazioni
M Untersteiner, I Sofisti, cit., I p. 23, n.20, richiamandosi a Leo, Biographie, cit., pp.
45 — 46: questa sezione „doveva trovarsi già nella fonte di Diogene, ma corrisponde a
un'inserzione nella 'Vita originaria' del sofista, poiché interrompe la narrazione del
processo. L'inserzione è di origine peripatetica, poiché questa scuola appunto portava
grande interesse agli eúpf|ucrra". In realtà, c'è da chiedersi anche se si possa parlare di
una 'vita originaria' del sofista, date le incongruenze che lo stesso episodio principale,
quello del processo, presenta.
95 Non solo, quindi, del materiale peripatetico, ma anche di quello reperibile in altri ambiti,
per esempio presso gli storici. Cfr. Kleingünther, Ilpcoтoç eCpeтf|ç, cit., pp. 143 sgg.
% Cfr. Laurenti, Aristotele, cit., p. 979, che sembra essere l'unico studioso ad aver rilevato
la caratteristica del passo: „Tale massiccio ricorrere di npöтoç è indicativo e forse tutto
il brano risale ad un'unica fonte".
97 Suidas, s.v. Ar|uôKpiтоç, p. 44 Adler; Aelian. VH IV 20; Clem. AI. Strom. VI 32 =
II 446, 28 St. ( = Dem. A 18 DK).
" Barigazzi, Favorino, cit., p. 234, avanza in alternativa l'ipotesi (da non escludere) che
possa trattarsi di una nota marginale (èKcЛeйo тe Eocpta) insinuatasi nel testo e che
Favorino fosse menzionato, in tal caso, per i rapporti tra Protagora e Democrito;
Wilamowitz, Ad Ernestum Maassium epistula, cit., p. 150, pensa invece che l'errore fosse
di Favorino, ma questo è dettato da un giudizio eccessivamente severo sul personaggio.
99 s.v. Ilpcoтаyopaç, p. 247 Adler.
27»
4240 FERNANDA DECLEVA CAIZZI
Contents
1 This paper is based on Barnes [4]: it covers the same topics in the same order, and it
contains much of the same material. But I have made many changes, several of them
substantial: a number of errors have been corrected; some of the material has been
reorganised; a few topics which were overlooked in the original version have been
considered and discussed; the ancient texts have been quoted at somewhat greater length
than before; and I have tried to take note of at least some of the secondary literature
which has appeared since the original article was written. I should like to repeat my
thanks to Jacques Brunschwig, Fernanda Decleva Caizzi, Carol Clark, Marcello
Gigante, Hans Gottschalk, Anna Maria Ioppolo, Charles Kahn, and Mario
Mignucci; and I should like to acknowledge anew a large and general debt to Julia
Annas: this article was first nourished on numerous discussions with her, and any value
which it may possess is in large part of her making.
4242 JONATHAN BARNES
2 In this paper I use the word "scepticism" as a synonym for "Pyrrhonism": I do not
discuss the other ancient form of scepticism, which is associated with the Academy of
Arcesilaus and Carneades. For some remarks on Diogenes' treatment of Academic
scepticism - a treatment which is jejune from a philosophical point of view - see A. A.
Long.
3 On the SiaSoxr| - which has little claim to historical accuracy — see esp. Glucker,
pp. 351 -354; cf. Giannantoni [1]; Mansfeld [1], p. 302; [2], pp. 295 - 299; Decleva
Caizzi [2], pp. 41 -42; Aronadio, pp. 228-233.
4 They are thoughts about Diogenes. In this paper I am concerned only indirectly with
the nature and the history of ancient Pyrrhonism: my interest lies with Diogenes and
his work. Thus my occasional comments on the philosophy of Pyrrhonism will be at
best sketchy (and the appended bibliographical references will be highly selective).
5 See e.g. Me|er, pp. 2 — 7; 50-52. This attitude to Diogenes was not unknown in the
ancient world, if we may judge from the remarks of Sopater summarized by Photius,
bibl. 161, 104a2-10.
6 On the general character of Book IX of the Lives see esp. Gigante [3], pp. 86-93; and
now F. Decleva Caizzi, II libro IX delle 'Vite dei filosofi' di Diogene Laerzio, above
in this volume (ANRW II 36,6), 4218 - 4240.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS IX 61-116 4243
It may seem reasonable to infer that Diogenes himself found the philo
sophy of Pyrrhonism interesting. Some scholars have gone further, claiming
that Diogenes was a Pyrrhonist.7 The only serious evidence8 in favour of this
claim is a phrase at IX 109, where Diogenes adverts to a view expressed by
Apollonides of Nicaea in the commentary on Timon's 'Silloi' which he dedi
cated to the Emperor Tiberius. Diogenes refers to Apollonides as ô nap' f|umv:9
some scholars have taken this to mean "belonging to our school of thought";10
they suppose that Apollonides was a Pyrrhonist; and they conclude that
Diogenes himself was a Pyrrhonist. But this argument is worthless. First, there
is no reason at all to suppose that Apollonides was a Pyrrhonist: that he wrote
a commentary on Timon evidently shows nothing;11 and the other information
which we have about him12 does not suggest that he had any particular
philosophical views at all. Secondly, the phrase ô nap' fiucov is difficult (and
several scholars have suspected a corruption13). The general sense of the
phrase must be "on our side", "our man" - noster or nostras;1* but its
particular reference is unsure. Certainly it need not mean "belonging to our
school of thought"; and perhaps the least unlikely interpretation is "our
fellow-countryman".15 If this is right, then IX 109 gives us some information
about Diogenes' birthplace, but tells us nothing about his philosophical allegi
ance. And we have no reason to believe that he harboured Pyrrhonian
sympathies. 16
Why then did Diogenes spend so much time on the philosophy of
Pyrrhonism? Scepticism has fascinated philosophers of every school - and
laymen too. The extreme and rigorous scepticism of the Pyrrhonists presum
ably excited, or at least titillated, many a Greek;17 and it certainly scandalised
at least one late Emperor.18 Perhaps Diogenes was himself intellectually
aroused and surmised that his readers would be pleasantly tickled — or
pleasantly outraged. However that may be, in the rest of this paper I shall
concentrate on the philosophical part of Diogenes' Life of Pyrrho, leaving the
biographical part unexplored.19
13 Of the various conjectures 1 mention the simplest (ô npô f|ucov, Vossius [see B. A.
Desbordes, II, p. 246 n. 120], Menagius, p. 439 - and Nietzsche [1], p. 137) and the
most glamorous (ô Ttupoiuioypucpoç, Nietzsche - cf. Stephanus of Byzantium, s. v.
Tépiva [above, n. 12]: see Nietzsche [3], p. 201).
14 So already Kuhn (see Menagius, p. 543).
15 So, most recently, Mansfeld [1], pp. 300-301, who refers to Plato, soph. 242D (for the
text of which see Mansfeld [1], p. 301 n. 4). I have not been able to find any other
parallel; and the phrase remains a puzzle. (Note that Usener, who was the first scholar
to connect our text with soph. 242 D, appealed to Diogenes in order to explain Plato.)
For further remarks and references see e.g. Gigante [1], p. 567 n. 264; Decleva Caizzi
[1], pp. 208 - 209.
1* Then to what school did he belong? Various suggestions have been advanced, none of
them convincing. The truth has been clearly expressed by Gigante [1], p. XV: "Diogenes
Laertius belonged to no philosophical school: he was a man of many books. He should
not be thought of as a systematic philosopher: he was a man with an Aristotelian
curiosity for the lives and thought of the eminent philosophers".
17 Note the vigour of Aristocles' denunciation of Pyrrhonism, apud Eusebius, PE XIV xviii.
Yet it should be observed that surprisingly few references to Pyrrhonism are found in
the surviving writings and documents of the imperial period: we can name only a handful
of Pyrrhonists, we can find only a handful of allusions to Pyrrhonism in literature, and
there survives (so far as I am aware) only one Pyrrhonian inscription. On the inscrip
tion — and on the more general issue of the popularity of Pyrrhonism — see Barnes
[14]; cf. e.g. Donini.
18 See Julian, ep. 301CD.
" On the biographical section of the Life of Pyrrho see e.g. Wilamowitz, pp. 27 - 44; von
Fritz [3], pp. 90-93; Ferrari; and the notes to the relevant texts in Decleva Caizzi
[1]. — There are a few references to philosophical matters in the non-philosophical parts
of the Life: see IX 61 (the evidence of Ascanius - see below, n. 197; IX 62 (the view of
Aenesidemus to the effect that Pyrrhonian scepticism is a strictly philosophical position
which does not carry any odd implications for the ordinary conduct of life); IX 68
(Numenius: see below, pp. 4260-4262); IX 70 (Theodosius: see below pp. 4283 -4287).
DIOGENES LAERTIUS IX 61-116 4245
ènoxfl- And so Diogenes describes the Ten Modes (IX 79 — 88) and the Five
Modes (IX 88 -89). 23
Thus far, Diogenes' exposition has dealt with matters which Sextus places
in the 'general account' or kciGôa.ou Xoyoq of Pyrrhonism (PH 15-6) and
which he discusses in Book I of PH. Next Diogenes turns to matters which
Sextus places in the 'specific account', the eiStKôç Xàyoq, and which he discusses
in PH II - III and M VII - XI. Whether or not the Pyrrhonists - all or some
of them — rejected every belief whatsoever,24 they were certainly keen to
attack the 'dogmatic' philosophers; whether or not they genuinely sided with
pioç or ordinary life or common sense, they indubitably sided against the
Dogmatists. Hence they rejected - or cast doubt upon25 - all the central
concepts and theses of the dogmatic philosophers; and Diogenes proceeds to
describe their objections to proofs (IX 90 — 91), to criteria of truth (IX 94-
95), to sign-inferences (IX 96-97), to causes (IX 97-99), to motion (IX 99),
to learning and teaching (IX 100), to coming into being (IX 100), to naturalistic
ethics (IX 101). The connected attacks on proofs, signs and criteria are
the crucial manœuvres in the Pyrrhonian campaign; and to them Diogenes
reasonably gives most room.
After a clearly marked pause (IX 102),26 Diogenes rehearses the two
standard objections which the Dogmatists made to the Pyrrhonists: the
Pyrrhonists were alleged to slink surreptitiously into a dogmatism of their
own (IX 102- 104);27 and they were said to make life impossible (IX 104-
105). 28 Diogenes' exposition ends with a brief and dialectical discussion of the
Pyrrhonists' criterion of action (IX 106— 107) 29 and of the goal or xeXoq of
their philosophy (IX 107-108).
He ignores the Two Modes, which Sextus describes at PH I 178-179 (Mansfeld [3],
p. 247 n. 27, is reminded of the Two Modes by a passage in IX 88); and he ignores the
Eight Modes against ainoXovia, which Sextus describes at PH I 180-186. The Two
Modes have been neglected in the modern literature; but see Janàcek [23] for a spirited
defence of their importance (cf. Barnes [13], pp. 116- 119). On the Eight Modes see
Barnes [2], pp. 160- 170; Idem [10], pp. 2656-2668.
2* Large and controversial issues are involved here; see e.g. Burnyeat [1], [3]; Frede [1],
[2], [31; Barnes [1], [7], [10], pp. 2617 - 2649; Maudlin, pp. 187 - 192; Brunschwig [2];
Bailey.
25 On the important distinction between rejecting and doubting see below, pp. 4252 - 4253.
26 On this section see below, pp. 4260 — 4263.
27 Cf. Aristocles, apud Eusebius, PE XIV xviii 9-12; Sextus, PH I 23 - 24; M VII 30.
28 See e.g. Bàchli, pp. 10-19; cf. e.g. Aristocles, apud Eusebius, PE XIV xviii 25 - 26;
Sextus, PH I 23-24; M XI 162- 166; and note the essay by the Epicurean Colotes,
described and criticised by Plutarch in adv. Col., which strove to show that all philo
sophies other than Epicureanism made life impossible. On the issue itself see e.g.
Burnyeat [1]; Barnes [7], [15].
2* Me|er, p. 7 n. 16, cites the observation of Bahnsch, p. 44, that "the definition of a criterium
in this paragraph [i.e. in IX 106| does not correspond to 5 94". Ii does not - and it should
not. For IX 106 is concerned with the criterion of action and IX 94 is concerned with the
criterion of truth: the two criteria are perfectly distinct - and their distinctness is crucially
important for the Pyrrhonists in particular (see e.g. Sextus, PH I 21; II 14).
DIOGENES LAERTIUS IX 61-116 4247
Although we possess the ample works of Sextus Empiricus, all the writings of all the
other ancient sceptics have been lost — we are reduced to odd fragments and
paraphrastic reports. It is plain that Pyrrhonism had a history in the full sense of the
word: it grew and changed and developed. It is plain, too, that the ancient world
knew of several different varieties of Pyrrhonism. Our ignorance of these things is
fairly extensive.
4248 JONATHAN BARNES
There is little to say about the first question. The structure of the
Pyrrhonian antidoxography, like the structure of the Life as a whole, is for
the most part admirably clear and coherent.31 Were a modern scholar required
to write an account of Pyrrhonism in a dozen pages or so, he could do worse
than paraphrase Diogenes' text. He would, to be sure, thereby omit a number
of important items: he would, for example, say nothing about the Pyrrhonian
attitude to formal logic, which occupies some space in Sextus' writings;32 and
he would ignore all the material against the 'liberal arts' which occupies M I -
VI.33 But any summary will omit something; and had he wished, Diogenes
could have made a reasonable case for omitting what he chose to omit.
Diogenes' exposition is not immune to criticism. There are points at
which it is obscure. In some of these places, the obscurity is due to textual
corruption: in general, the text of the Lives is in a poor state (and we possess
no modern critical edition of the whole work); and the Life of Pyrrho has
its share of cruces.34 In other cases, the obscurity must be put down to the
curt and clipped mode of expression which Diogenes here favours. Thus his
account of the Ten Modes sometimes degenerates into a sequence of notes
and loses any logical connectedness. (At IX 82, for example, the references
to Theo the Stoic and to Pericles' slave are not attached to the main text in
any discernible fashion.35 At IX 86 the sentence "coldness or heat or ... "
seems out of place in a Mode which professedly depends on differences in
quantity.36) Elsewhere the text preserves an argumentative form, but so much
11 von Fritz [3], p. 99, asserts that "although the arguments [in the antidoxography] are
arranged under a sequence of rubrics, the arguments themselves evidently [offenbar]
have different origins". If von Fritz means that it is obvious that Diogenes used different
sources - that the antidoxography is like a patchwork quilt in which it is plain to the
eye that different pieces come from different stuffs - , then I think that he is wrong:
whether or not Diogenes did in fact use different sources, the text he has left us is
generally homogeneous in tone and style. There certainly are patchwork sections in the
Lives: the antidoxography of Pyrrhonism is not one of them.
32 See PH II 145-168; 193-203; 229-259; M VIII 424 - 447.
" On which see e.g. Barnes [8]; F. Desbordes [2].
M For some remarks on the text and on some of the textual problems in the Life of Pyrrho
see Appendix I, below pp. 4290-4293.
" See below, p. 4274.
*> IX 86: ôySooç ô Ttapà xàç Ttoaôxr|xaç aùxôv f\ Gepuôxnxaç fj yuxpoxrixaÇ. kxX. (so H. S.
Long, p. 481). The corresponding Mode in Sextus, PH I 129, deals with quantities and
not with qualities; and Diogenes' single illustrative example is quantitative. The word
Ttooôxtïtuç is found in B and P; in F and in cD we read Ttoiôxr|xaç. Cobet, p. 248, printed
noaóxnxaç Kai Ttoiôxnxaç; he is followed by e.g. Hicks, p. 498, Apelt, I, p. 204, and
Gigante [1], p. 338; and he may well be right: see Annas and Barnes, p. 188. In that
case, IX 86 will be a case of obscurity due to textual corruption rather than to concision
of expression.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS IX 61-116 4249
has been suppressed and omitted that all coherence is lost. (Take, for
example, IX 101, where Diogenes reproduces a sceptical argument to the
conclusion that "there is nothing by nature good or bad". The connexion
of thought is highly obscure, and we might be tempted to dismiss Diogenes'
report as irremediably confused. But the existence of a close parallel in
Sextus,37 where the argument is set out in a more expanded form, enables
us to make sense of Diogenes.)
More importantly, there are a few oddities in the order of Diogenes'
exposition. If we compare Diogenes with Sextus,38 we find four differences.
First, Diogenes begins his account with some remarks about the sceptical
cpcovai: the corresponding material in Sextus comes towards the end of PH I.
Secondly, and conversely, Diogenes ends with two items — the sceptical
criterion of action and the sceptical goal — which in Sextus occur near the
beginning of PH I. Neither of these differences suggests any incoherence or
carelessness on Diogenes' part: indeed, each could be regarded as producing
a structure more appropriate to Diogenes' particular purpose.
Thirdly, Diogenes discusses proofs before criteria and signs: in Sextus
proofs come after signs. Sextus' order is logical. Criteria are, in the Dogmatists'
eyes, concerned with xà èvapyfj, signs and proofs with rà âSr|Xa; so that it is
reasonable to take the former before the latter. And since proofs are a species
of sign, it is reasonable to take signs before proofs.39 It is hard to think up
any reason in favour of Diogenes' alternative ordering. Fourthly, in Diogenes,
the attack on generation is separated from its logical companion, the attack
on movement. In Sextus the order is the natural one.40 Again, I can think of
no decent explanation of the Laertian variant.
There is a fifth oddity in Diogenes which is potentially more disturbing.
In summarising the text I passed over a fairly long passage (IX 92 — 94) which
assembles a number of general arguments which the Pyrrhonists used against
the Dogmatists. The content of this text is clear enough in itself; but its
position in the antidoxography is peculiar. It follows the attack on the notion
of proof; but in content it has no connection with this attack, and it interrupts
the line of exposition which Diogenes had announced at the beginning of IX
90. 41 The passage would fit far more comfortably at the end of IX 89, before
the attack on proof. It is possible that it originally stood in just that place,
and that at some point in the transmission the text suffered a dislocation.
Unless this suggestion pleases, we must accuse Diogenes of negligent composi
tion: here, at least, he botched.
will not serve the Pyrrhonists in their attack on proofs: it would serve them
only if they could show of each particular proof that it is not warranted -
but, there being infinitely many particular proofs, they cannot hope to show
this. Yet although Diogenes does not stand in formal contradiction with the
text of Sextus, there is nonetheless a genuine discrepancy between the two
passages; for Diogenes produces his conditional sentence as part of his account
of the Pyrrhonian attack on proof: the Pyrrhonists, according to Diogenes, do
indeed reject proof in general by virtue of rejecting all proofs in particular.
But does this discrepancy show that Diogenes has traduced his source?
On the contrary, Sextus himself seems to imply that some Pyrrhonists had
actually proposed to attack proof in the way which Diogenes describes; for
why should Sextus have mentioned and rejected the idea unless other sceptics
had proposed and endorsed it?47 It seems likely that here in Diogenes there is
a trace of a Pyrrhonian tradition which differed mildly from the tradition
which Sextus represents in M VIII.
Secondly, in IX 96 — 97 Diogenes produces a set of arguments against
anueîa or sign-inferences which appear to be directed against signs of any
sort whatsoever. Sextus, on the other hand, distinguishes carefully between
two sorts of signs: there are 'indicative' signs (anueia èvSeiKxiKa), which are
inventions of the Dogmatists and which Sextus strenuously opposes; and there
are 'commemorative' signs (anueîa uTtouvnaxiKa), which are used by ordinary
men, by ô pioç, and which Sextus staunchly defends.48 Thus it seems that
Diogenes has omitted one half - and the positive half — of the Pyrrhonian
account of signs; and the omission must seem gravely misleading.49
Yet there are difficulties in the position which Sextus adopts. It is not
clear that he can consistently accept commemorative signs while doubting
indicative signs; or at any rate it is not clear that he can consistently accept
commemorative signs so long as he construes them in the way in which they
were ordinarily construed. Moreover, although he purports to attack only one
sort of sign, most of his arguments appear to work against signs in general if
they work at all.50 Now it is tempting to diagnose Sextus' discomfort by
hypothesising that he was trying, with only partial success, to modify an
earlier Pyrrhonian position; and there is indeed some evidence that earlier
Pyrrhonists had doubted or rejected all sign-inferences, either ignorant or
heedless of the distinction which so concerned Sextus.51 Hence we might
suppose that in the matter of signs Sextus - for whatever reason - preferred
47 Note too that Sextus himself is happy to attack particular proofs at PH II 171 - 176.
48 See PH II 100-102; M VIII 151 - 158; cf. Glidden; Ebert.
4* See Menagius's terse note (p. 437): "It|ueîôv xe oùk eivcu] 'EvSeikxikôv scilicet: 6nouvr|-
axiKôv enim relinquebant."
50 See Barnes [ 1], pp. 15 - 17; Idem [ 10], pp. 2646 - 2649; Glidden, pp. 241 -243; Chiesa.
" So Aenesidemus, according to Photius: èv Ss tô 8' [i.e. the fourth book of Aenesidemus'
rluppcoveioi Xôyoi] CTr|ueîa uev, ibonzp xà cpavepa cpauev zâv àcpavcov, où8' ôXcoç elvui
cpnaiv (Photius, bibl. 212, 170bl2 — 14). But note that Photius is offering a minimal
summary: from his failure to mention a distinction among signs we cannot safely infer
that Aenesidemus had not made the distinction.
4252 JONATHAN BARNES
an 'urbane' form of Pyrrhonism, and that the sceptics whose views Diogenes
reports were more 'rustic' in character.52 Here too, then, it may be that
Diogenes is true to his sceptical source — and that his source represented a
tradition different from the Sextan tradition.
Thirdly, there is a larger and a more difficult issue. Throughout IX 90 —
101 Diogenes presents the Pyrrhonists as rejecting certain items, as maintain
ing that certain things simply do not exist. "They did away with the crite
rion ... "; "Signs do not exist ... "; "They do away with causes ... "; "There
is no such thing as motion ... "; and so on.53 If Diogenes' sceptics do not
affirm anything positively, they appear perfectly happy to deny and to reject
any number of things: they appear to indulge, from time to time, in what we
may call 'negative dogmatism'.54 Now according to Sextus, Pyrrhonists are
decidedly not negative dogmatists. A Pyrrhonian inquiry ends in ènoxf], and
ènoxf| is "a standstill of the intellect whereby we neither deny nor affirm
anything".55 A Pyrrhonist will not hold that there is no criterion of truth -
to do so would be to maintain a dogmatic position.56 Rather, the Pyrrhonists
neither affirm nor deny the existence of a criterion. They do indeed produce
arguments against the existence of a criterion. But these arguments are, in
theory, balanced by equally powerful — or powerless — arguments on the
other side which conclude that there are criteria of truth. And the characteristic
ino%r\ of the Pyrrhonist derives precisely from this balancing act, from the
iaooGéveia xcov Xàywv.57
There are, it is true, many passages in Sextus from which an unwary
reader will get the impression that a Sextan Pyrrhonist actually rejects criteria
or signs or causes.58 But there are texts enough to show that this impression
is false; for Sextus sometimes explicitly alerts us to the fact that his negative
arguments are to be taken not as formal disproofs of dogmatic contentions
but rather as the negative side of an equipollent balance.59 Sextus might
52 For the different grades of sceptical involvement which we find in the ancient texts, and
(in my own view) even within the works of Sextus, see Barnes [1], pp. 2-3; Idem [2],
pp. 154-160; Idem [10], pp. 2617-2623.
u 'Avfjpouv 8è kcù xo Kptxr|piov (IX 94); ot|ueïôv xe oùk eivcu (IX 96); àvotipoùat 8è xo
aïxiov (IX 97); àXXà ufiv où8è Kivnaiç ècm (IX 99).
S4 This phrase is much bandied about in the literature, and it has been used to name more
than one philosophical position. I call someone a negative dogmatist if he holds some
negative doctrines but no positive ones; in other words, x is a negative dogmatist if and
only if (1) for some P x holds that P and (2) for all P, if x holds that P then "P" has the
form "It is not the case that Q".
i5 PH I 10: ènoxT| Ôé èan axàaiç Siavoiaç Si' fiv oûxe aîpouev n oûxe xiGeuev; cf. e.g. PH
I 190, 192, 193, 196, 197, 198, 201.
,6 PH II 79: siSévai 8è xPA ôxi où npoKeixai f|uîv ànocpT|vaaGai ôn àvùnapKxôv èaxi xô
Kpuf|piov xô xfjç àXnGeiaç- xoùxo yàp SoyuaxiKôv.
,7 See Sextus, PH I 8; cf. PH I 12 for the statement that iaoo9éveia is the àpxi\ of scepticism.
58 See PH II 69: ôoxe koù 8ià xaùxa àvùnapKxov fiv eïr\ xô Kpinipiov xô Si' oô; cf. e. g. PH
II 80, 123, 124, 126, 128, 132, 144, 177, 193; III 40 (and M will supply a further string
of references).
» See PH II 79 (quoted above, n. 56); cf. e.g.. PH II 103, 130, 192; III 29, 81, 135; M VII
444; VIII 159, 298, 477; IX 191, 207; X 6, 61, 168.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS IX 61-116 4253
perhaps have reminded his readers a little more often that the negative
arguments which occupy so much space in his works constitute only one half
of his sceptical strategy, and that their function will be misunderstood unless
it is realized that they serve as a counterpoise to the positive arguments. But
it would be uncharitable to doubt that Sextus himself had the balance in mind
throughout his writings.60
Then has Diogenes made a mistake, and a bad one at that? Perhaps he
has. We can readily see how he might have done so. No doubt his sources
often spoke in their unguarded moments in the same way as Sextus does,61
and no doubt it will have been easy for Diogenes to extract the negative
conclusions without heeding the fact that these conclusions are to be balanced
against the opposing positive conclusions. Yet there is another possibility:
perhaps Diogenes is reporting correctly; perhaps there were Pyrrhonists who,
unlike Sextus, genuinely did make negative claims. This suggestion is not
entirely capricious or far-fetched; for there is evidence in other texts - notably
in Photius' summary of Aenesidemus' Pyrrhonian Arguments62 - that some
Pyrrhonists did expressly and directly reject and deny certain dogmatic state
ments.63 The evidence demands careful assessment, and it would take me too
far afield to examine the texts here;64 but they do at least indicate that
the negative refrain in Diogenes' antidoxography may not be a misleading
presentation of Sextan scepticism but rather an accurate exposition of a non-
Sextan scepticism.
Finally, Diogenes often ascribes confessions of àyvcoaia to the Pyrrhonists:
"when things are in discord and arguments are equipollent, then ignorance of
the truth follows";65 "hence we are ignorant of how things are in themselves";66
60 See Woodruff, p. 139 n. 1, who suggests that the misleading impression given by certain
Sextan texts should be explained by reference to the way in which Sextus used and
adapted his sources.
61 Note that Aenesidemus acknowledged the difficulty of expressing his position clearly
and precisely: oùk ëxovxeç, vTialv, ôTtcoç xô vooùuevov èKXaXfiacouev, oûxco cppàÇouev
(Photius, bibl. 212, 170a12- 14).
62 See Photius, bibl. 212, 170bl2-14, 18-20, 30-35 (cf. Woodruff, p. 144); note also
e.g. Sextus, PH I 180 (Aenesidemus hands down eight modes by virtue of which he
thinks Ttàaav SoyucmKr|v akioXoyiav cbç uox9npàv èXéyxcov ànocpr|vaaGai) - on which
see Woodruff, p. 157, implicitly rejecting the interpretation advanced in Barnes [2],
pp. 160-161; Idem [10], pp. 2656-2657.
63 See esp. Woodruff, who argues that Aenesidemus and Agrippa were what he calls
'aporetic' sceptics (and what I call negative dogmatists); cf. Bachli, pp. 34-35.
M Two main questions concern (a) the quality of the texts which give evidence for this
variety of scepticism (cf. Woodruff, p. 144: "One might suppose that a source for
Aenesidemus simplified his story so as to make him violate his own scepticism by
indulging in negative dogmatism"), and (b) the internal consistency of the view itself
(see Woodruff, pp. 157-161, for an attempt to explain how Aenesidemus' negative
beliefs may be held consistently with a general scepticism).
u IX 76: xcov uèv yap npayuàxcov 8iaqxovoùvxcov xràv 8è Xôycov iaoaGevoûvxcov, dyvcooia
xfjç àXr|9eiaç ènaKoXouGeî.
66 IX 85: àyvooùuev oôv xô kox' lSiav.
279 ANRW 11 36.6
4254 JONATHAN BARNES
76 For àyvaxria see IX 85 [OCT p. 481.31], 86 [OCT p. 481.15], 88 [OCT p. 482.5]; for
ènoxiî see IX 79 [OCT p. 478.23], 81 [OCT p. 479.14], 84 [OCT p. 480.17].
77 Woodruff asserts that "in Diogenes <the Modes) are represented as demonstrations
that objects are unknown (IX 86) or unknowable (IX 88)" (p. 155), thus suppressing the
references to èno%T\ in Diogenes' text. He notes that "Diogenes introduces the Ten Modes
as ways of showing that opposite positions are equally persuasive (IX 79)", and infers
that "the last sentence of IX 78 and the first of 79 ... must be an interpolation of later
Pyrrhonism" (p. 155 n. 18).
78 Most shamelessly, perhaps, in Diogenes' report of Ascanius' account of Pyrrho's philo
sophy (IX 61, quoted below, n. 195). And with Photius, bibl. 212, 169bl9-21 (quoted
above, n. 74) compare 169b40 - 170a1: oi 8' ànà rluppcovoç dTtopT|xiKoi xé elai Kai navxôç
àKoXeXv\itvoi 8ôyuaxoç, koù oùSëiç aùxâv xo Ttapânav ofixe àKaxàXr|»txa nâvxa eîpr|Kev
ouxe KaxaXnTtxà.
79 PH I 200: oûxco 8è cpspôueGa kgù ôxav Xéyouev lTàvxa èaxiv àKaxdXr|Ttxa' ... xoùxo Sé
èaxiv où SiapeBaiouuévou Tiepi xoù xà Ttapà xoîç 8oynaxiKoîç Çi)xoûueva cpûaecoç elvai
xoiaùxr|ç cbç elvai àKaxàXr|Tixa àXXà xô êauxoù TtâGoç àitayyéXXovxoç.
80 See e.g. PH II 22, 110, 151, 184; II 23, 30, 45; M VII 284; VIII 170. But note the qualified
conclusions at e.g. M VIII 396, 406.
4256 JONATHAN BARNES
We may reasonably imagine, then, that Diogenes did not merely invent
when he ascribed àKcrtaXr|yia to the Pyrrhonists: he will in all likelihood
have found apparent statements of àKoxaXr|yia in his Pyrrhonian sources.
Nonetheless, we may also hold that the ascription is mistaken and that non-
Sextan Pyrrhonists were not proponents of inapprehensibility. If we take this
line, we shall conclude that Diogenes, insofar as he differs from Sextus on
this point, has erred; but we shall also hold that the error is readily intelligi
ble - and relatively trifling.
In sum, where we can check Diogenes against Sextus, we cannot find
him clearly guilty of serious misrepresentation. Often he agrees with Sextus;
sometimes he offers what we may plausibly take to be an account of an
authentic and non-Sextan version of Pyrrhonism; and where he is muddled or
misleading, his error is easily understood and easily diagnosed.
"1 Alongside the summary of Aenesidemus' Pyrrhonian Arguments in Photius, bibl. 212,
and the account in Aristocles, apud Eusebius, PE XIV xviii.
*2 For some comparisons between the treatments of the Ten Modes in Diogenes and in
Sextus see Annas and Barnes; cf. below, pp. 4273-4279.
u This remark will seem oracular: I have in mind the work of Karel Janâ£;ek, which
depends largely on just such a nice attention to apparently trifling facts. See below,
pp. 4268 - 4273.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS IX 61-116 4257
VII. 'Quellenforschung'
Thus far I have been talking about the content of the Life of Pyrrho. I
turn now to the author of the Life - and to the fourth of my questions. I
have suggested that the philosophical part of the Life presents a moderately
coherent and a reasonably reliable and a modestly useful account of ancient
scepticism. But this, in itself, does not yet reflect any particular credit on
Diogenes the man. Indeed, it is — or perhaps I should say "it was" — a
commonplace among scholars that Diogenes was a congenital idiot. The Lives
contain a number of sillinesses: every silliness is customarily ascribed to
Diogenes himself. The Lives contain much valuable information: the value is
attributed to the sources which Diogenes, more by luck than by intelligence,
decided to exploit. Any scholar who takes this view will naturally devote
84 In addition, of course, there are a number of notes bearing on the history of Pyrrhonism
which we do not find in Sextus.
85 See above, nn. 24, 28, for references.
4258 JONATHAN BARNES
one or both of these dimensions. Thus the theory that Diogenes largely put
together his Lives from excerpts which he had made from earlier authors is
close to conservatism with regard to the number of sources on which it
supposes him to have drawn and close to radicalism with regard to the extent
to which it supposes him to have modified these sources. Diogenes, on this
view, used a wide variety of sources; but by and large he merely copied from
them. On the other hand, the theory according to which Diogenes worked
over the material which he found in his one or two primary sources is close
to conservatism with regard to modification, close to radicalism with regard
to number. Diogenes used few sources, but he was prepared to modify them
substantially.88
At first blush, naive conservatism might seem to be not only the most
charitable answer to our fourth question but also the most reasonable. For,
on the one hand, the coherent structure of the Life, which I have already
remarked upon, suggests that Diogenes had worked up his material and
impressed his own stamp upon it. And on the other hand, Diogenes appeals
explicitly to numerous earlier works in the course of the Life: in IX 74 —
108, ten distinct authors are named89 and there are two further anonymous
references;90 and in addition, the non-philosophical part of the Life refers to
other writers, some of whom are known to have discussed philosophical as
well as biographical issues.91 What more natural than to take Diogenes at his
word and to vote conservative?
Few scholars, however, are conservative - in this sense. Rather, they
take a sceptical attitude to Diogenes' list of sceptical authors, and they suspect
that he often consulted 'his' sources at second or third hand: in truth, he only
read a few texts, and from them he lifted the rest of his learned references.92
The parade of learning is a sham. Seeing through it, we should embrace some
sort of radicalism.
Such general reflexions will not take us very far. Let us turn to the text.
The best starting point must be IX 102, where Diogenes himself seems to tell
us something about his sources.
88 The two theories which I have just sketched are caricatures of, respectively, the ideas
advanced by MeIer and by Nietzsche [1], [2], [3].
s, Viz. Timon (IX 76, 102, 105 [thrice], 107; add: 65 [thrice], 67, 69, 110, 115 [twice];
cf. 69), Aenesidemus (IX 78, 87, 102, 106 [four times], 107; add: 62; cf. 116), Favorinus
(IX 87 [twice]), Sextus (IX 87 [twice]; cf. 116), Agrippa (IX 88; cf. 106), Nausiphanes
(IX 102; add: 64; cf. 69), Numenius (IX 102; add: 68), Zeuxis (IX 106; cf. 116?), Antiochus
(IX 106; cf. 116), Apellas (IX 106).
w See êvioi at IX 71, and &Woi тoiouтoi at IX 102.
" Viz. Ascanius (IX 61), Philo (IX 67), Theodosius (IX 70), Menodotus (IX 115; cf. 116).
The other sources cited in the non-philosophical part of the Life are these: Apollodorus
(IX 61), Alexander (IX 61), Antigonus (IX 62 [twice], 110, 111, 112 [twice]), Diocles (IX
65), Eratosthenes (IX 66), Posidonius (IX 68), Apollonides (IX 109), Sotion (IX 110, 112,
115), Phylarchus (IX 115), Hippobotus (IX 116). Some of these writers too may well
have discussed, or at least reported, the philosophy of Pyrrhonism.
92 For some pertinent observations on this theme see MeIer, p. 7 n. 16.
4260 JONATHAN BARNES
n See Hirzf.l, p. 40: the glossator will have intended to give particularity to the anonymous
reference to "his companions".
94 The difficulty is even more acute if we accept Hirzel's excision.
95 If we accept Hirzel's excision, then we may suppose that the excised gloss came to
replace the original completion of the clause. (B reads, and P read, oi>vf|9eiç àn' aùxoù:
perhaps the àn' is the remains of an original àntXinov velsim.) Compare, then, Aristocles,
apud Eusebius, PE XIV xviii 2: aùxôç nèv oùSèv èv ypacpfj KaxaXéXoiitev, ô 8è ye uaGnjiii;
aùxoù Tiucov cpT|ai Seîv kxX.
96 On whom see most recently di Marco.
97 See e.g. Sextus, M I 2-3; Diogenes Laertius, I 15; cf. von Fritz [2].
98 For the date of Aenesidemus see e.g. Glucker, pp. 116-119. The evidence contains
some puzzling elements; but there can be no serious doubt that Aenesidemus flourished
in the first part of the first century BC.
99 Or can ctuvt|Gt|ç mean something like "sympathiser" or "follower" rather than "associ
ate", thus suggesting no particular chronological relationship between the men in the
list and Pyrrho himself? Whenever Diogenes uses the word, it is clear that it refers to a
contemporary and a companion (II 49; IV 54; V 70; VIII 39, 40). And I have come across
no text in which the word clearly bears a looser sense of association.
100 On Numenius see now Frede [5]; for Numenius' knowledge of Pyrrhonism see frag. 25
des Places, apud Eusebius, PE XIV v 12-14, vi 4-6.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS IX 61-116 4261
101 See e.g. Decleva Caizzi [1], pp. 204 - 205, with bibliography; add Stopper, p. 270.
102 IX 68: nôvoç 8è Nouufïvioç kcù Soyuaxiacu cpncùv aùxôv.
101 See the references in Decleva Caizzi [1], p. 204: she herself, like Menagius, p. 428,
does not believe that the Apamean can be intended.
,M See above, n. 27.
m One might also wonder how Diogenes knew that no-one other than Numenius had
advanced the charge.
m It is tempting to suppose that it has been displaced in the course of the transmission.
Thus it would fit well enough a page or so later, at IX 70, as a comment on Theodosius'
claim that un8' ëxeiv xi Soyua <Iluppcova).
107 IX 114: auvexéç xe imXtyeiv eicoGei npôç xoùç xàç aiaGïiaeiç uex' èntuapxupoùvxoç xoù
voù èyKpivovxaç, EuvfjAGev àxxayàç xe Kai vouufivioç.
km ^ Thompson, pp. 59 - 61, 207; cf. Menagius, pp. 441 -442.
"w See Hesychius, s. v. vouuf|vioç.
1,0 See Wilamowitz, p. 32 n. 8; cf. von Fritz [3], p. 99; and, hesitantly, Hicks, p. 524 n. b.
4262 JONATHAN BARNES
111 Some have taken the passage to refer to Numenius of Apamea: e.g. Frenkian, p. 752
n. 359; Frede [5], p. 1050. It must then be assumed that Diogenes - or, if Hirzel is
right, the glossator - was miserably confused.
1,2 A owayu>yr\ is, abstractly speaking, a bringing together or a collection. In philosophical
contexts it often refers to a logical 'collecting', i.e. a deduction. Thus Cobet, p. 251,
translates by "conclusio", Hicks, p. 512, by "inference", Apelt, I, p. 213, by „Schluftfol-
gerung", Gigante [1], p. 394, by „deduzioni conclusive". But it is hard to believe that
Diogenes has this sense in mind (and Gigante's plural is wrong). Elsewhere, a ouvaycoyr|
is a compilation, in the literary sense, or a collection of writings (in Diogenes himself
see III 47); but it is, again, hard to make this sense fit the present context. In Christian
authors (e.g. Asterius, in psalm. XII xiii 2; XIV xv 2; Philostorgius, hist. eccl. Ill 14) a
aijvaycoyfi is a group of people, a congregation (and sometimes the place where such a
group meets - hence "synagogue"); and I suppose that the word has something like
this sense in our passage - in other words, I take it to mean much the same as the
simple dycoyîi (so too Decleva Caizzi [1], p. 100). (Perhaps the prefix ouv- is a scribal
error - or a stylistic embellishment: note owiSeîv and ouvxâ^ecov in the same sentence.)
113 The word oùvxaÇiç probably here indicates a large work made up of several parts: see
e. g. Birt, pp. 35-36.
114 This will hold even if we accept Hirzel's excision.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS IX 61-116 4263
The Five Modes119 are used with some frequency in Sextus' destructive
essays — indeed, they form one of the main weapons in his sceptical armoury.
115 See III 47, where axoixewfaÔr|ç contrasts with Kax' el8oç, and VII 48 (cf. 38), where
KecpaXaicoSnç contrasts with Kaxà uépoç. - The closest parallel to our phrase in Diogenes
is at III 38: AtKaiapxoç Sè Kui xov xpôTtov xfjç ypcupfjç, [i.e. Plato's Phaedrus] ôXov
eniuèucpexai cbç cpopxiKôv (on which passage see L. Brisson, Diogène Laërce, 'Vie et
doctrines des philosophes illustres', Livre III: Structure et contenu, ANRW II 36,5, ed.
W. Haase [Berlin -New York, 1992], p. 3684); see also Photius, bibl. 212, 170b1-3:
Kaxà xôv aùxôv Xôyov Tipârxov [i.e. in the first Book of his Pyrrhonian Arguments] kcù
xf|v ôXtiv àywyi\v cbç xtmop Kai KecpaXaico8ôç xôv rIuppojvelov TtapaSiScoai Xàycov.
116 By Jacques Brunschwig, during the discussion of an earlier draft of this paper at the
Conference on Diogenes Laertius at Amalfi for which it was originally written.
117 And if a owtaÇiç is a multi-volume work, then it would presumably take a complete
and detailed account to fill one.
118 But the point cannot be pressed: there is many an odd Kai in Diogenes. In the Life of
Pyrrho see IX 61 [OCT p. 469.16], 64 [OCT p. 471.1], 66 [OCT p. 472.4], 69 [OCT
p. 473.13]. See also below, n. 246.
»» On which see Barnes [11], [12], [13].
4264 JONATHAN BARNES
In our surviving sources there are two descriptions of the Modes: one in
Sexrus, PH I 164 - 177, and the other in Diogenes, IX 88 - 89. I shall set down
in parallel columns the description in Diogenes and the first part of the
description in Sextus.120
Diogenes Sextus
oi ôè Trepi 'Avpixjrav xoûxoiç dXÂoix; ot ôè vefcrrepoi OKextiKoi xapaôi-
xévxe [sc. xpôxooç] npooeiaàyoïxn, ôoaoi xportouç xfjç èxoïfj; xévxe
xôv x' axo xi|ç ôiaqxaviaç Kai xôv dç xoOoôe- npôxov xôv àxo xf\z ôia-
ax£ipov èKBà/./.ovxa Kot xôv npôç xi qxoviaç, Ôeûxepov xôv dç âxeipov
5 Kai xôv &ç OTioGéaeoç Kai xov 6i' £K0âÂÂovxa, xpixov xôv àxô xoû
Ttpôç xi, xéxapxov xôv ûxoGexiKôv,
xèuTtxov xôv biàjJ.r\)jov.
à uëv oCv àjtô xfjç diacpwviaç ô âv Kai ô uèv ànô xfjç ôtaqxoviaç ècrri
npoxcOrj Çrjxr|ua napà xoîç q>iXoaô- Ka8' ôv Trepi xoC xpoxeOévxoç npây-
10 (poiç t) xrj cnjvr|9ëia xÀ£iaxT|ç na7.11ç uaxoç àvëjtiKpixov aràcnv Ttapâ xe
Kai xapaxiiç xXf\peq àKoàeiKvùa.\2\ xà> Biq> Kai tiapà xoîç cpi/.oaô<j>oiç
eûpioxouxv yeyevr|uevr|v Si' fjv où
ôuvàuevoi aipeîoOai n fj àxoôoiauà-
^eiv Kaxa/.tIyouev eïç èjto^r|v.
15 ô 6' eiç Ûneipov èKpâXÂ*ov oùk èâ ô 5è ànô xfjç eiç Ôneipov èKjtxoxj£ci>ç
(kpaioôaôai xô £nxoùuEvov 5ià xô èaxiv èv ô xô çepôuxvov dç xtaxiv
a/./.o an" âÂXou xt|v xiaxiv Xau- xoù TipoxeGévxoç Ttpayuaxoç Tricjxecoç
paveiv, Kai oCxcoç eiç Ôneipov. êxépaç xpfj^eiv Xèyouev, kokeîvo
âX/.r|ç, Kai uéxpiç àneipou, cbç uf|
20 èxôvxcov rjuiav tcôGev àpçôueOa xfjç
KaxaaKeufjç xf|v ènoxTiv cïkoXouGeîv.
ô ôè npôç xi otiôév cpnm KaG' èauxô122 ô Sè àno xoù npôç xi, Kafkbç xpo-
AxxuBuverjfJal12' àÂ/.à124 ue0' éxépou, eipr|KauEv, èv & npôç uèv xô Kpîvov
ôOev âyvwaza elvai. Kai xà auv9ecopoi,Ueva xoîov fj xoîov
25 cpcuvexai xô ùnoKeiuevov, ôTioîov Sè
ëctxi npôç xf|v cpûaiv ènéxousV.
ô ô' èç OnoGéaxc*; xpônoç aimaxaxai ô ôè èç ÙjtoGéoeojç êertiv ôxav eiç
oiouévcuv xivûv xu TtpàVta xeôv npay- âneipov èKBaXXôuevoi oi Soyuaxt-
uâxo>v aùxôGev Seîv Xaupaveiv cbç koï ànô xivoç âpÇcovxai ô où Kaxa-
30 Tiiaxà Kai uï| aixeîa9ar ô èaxi ud- o~Keuâ^oixnv à).X' ànÏMK, Kai àvano-
xaiov xô èvavxiov yâp xiç Ûno9iîoe- ÔeiKxtoç Kaxà crui'xci>pr|aiv Xxt|i-
xai. Bàveiv àçioùaiv.
120 Le. PHI 164- 169. In PH I 170- 177 Sextus proceeds to show "that it is possible to bring
every matter of inquiry under these modes". This section has no parallel in Diogenes.
121 For ànoSeiKvûeiv in the sense of "indicate", "show" (and not "prove") see àjtoSeiKxiKôç
at IX 77 (equivalent to Sextus' ànayyeXxiiCÔK; - e.g. PH I 197), npoanoSeiKvwxeç (IX
78), èSciKvuov (IX 79).
m ku9' èautà (Stephanus)] Kaxà jtàvxa codd.
121 Xaufkiveo9ui] KaxoXanBàveoBai KOhn [see Menagius, p. 542].
124 àX>M + xàvxa? (cf. Sextus, PH I 135).
DIOGENES LAERTIUS IX 61-116 4265
The two texts are very similar throughout; and at lines 33 — 36 they are
identical save for one word.127 Evidently, the similarity cannot be due to
chance. Hence we may infer a threefold disjunction: either Sextus copied
Diogenes, or Diogenes copied Sextus128, or both Sextus and Diogenes copied
a third author. Now no-one will think that Sextus copied Diogenes: the
suggestion is chronologically impossible,129 and in any case absurd. And we
are thus left with the two disjuncts: either Diogenes copied Sextus or else both
Sextus and Diogenes copied a third author.
Before I try to determine which of these disjuncts is true, let me draw
one immediate consequence: whichever disjunct is true, Diogenes was, in this
passage at least, a copyist. He copied his account of the Five Modes, in some
lines verbatim, from an earlier work. For the Five Modes at least, our answer
to the fourth question must be in one respect radical: Diogenes did not work
his learning up - he copied it down.
Now although the two accounts of the Five Modes are strikingly similar,
there are numerous differences, some minor and some major, between them.
Even the smallest difference may be of significance; but I shall limit my
attention here to the more striking variations.
One of these I have in effect already discussed.130 Diogenes does not
speak of E7ioxt| or suspension of judgement in his account of the Modes. He
does not say of any Mode that it induces eTioxtI; and he does say of the Third
Mode that it concludes to the unknowability of things (line 24). Presumably
he thought that the Five Modes were all ways of showing àKaxaXnyia. Sextus
explicitly calls the Modes zponoi xfjç E7toxfjç (line 2), and in the case of four
of the five he explicitly says that they lead to ènoxA (lines 14, 21, 26, 39). I
have nothing more to say here about the historical significance of Diogenes'
ascription of inapprehensibility to the Pyrrhonists. Here I am concerned only
with the way in which the differences between Diogenes and Sextus may bear
upon my fourth question, the question of Diogenes' sources. And it seems
reasonably clear that the absence of ènoxr| and the presence of àyvcoaia in
Diogenes strongly suggest that he did not copy his account of the Modes from
Sextus. He might, no doubt, have introduced the word âyvcoaxa himself,
while remaining generally true to his copy-text;131 but the hypothesis is
unattractive.
Secondly, Diogenes names the proponent of the five Modes: oi mpi
'AypiTtnav Ttpoaeiaàyouai — "Agrippa introduces five other modes" (lines 1 —
2). 132 Sextus refers to the 'more recent' sceptics, ol vecbxepoi cncenxiKoi
(line 1),133 and names no names. Nowhere else does Sextus refer to Agrippa,
who is known to us only from Diogenes Laertius.134 It follows that Diogenes
had some source other than (or in addition to) Sextus for the Five Modes.
Next, Diogenes gives — anomalously — a brief illustration of the Fifth
Mode (lines 37 — 41). No illustration is found in Sextus; and although refer
ences to the 'intelligible pores', whose existence is purportedly proved by
ànôppoiai or sweatings, are indeed found elsewhere in Sextus' writings,135 it
again seems clear that Diogenes cannot have relied uniquely on Sextus for his
account of the Five Modes.
13* It is not the word ôxav itself which is significant - it recurs in the account of the Fifth
Mode (line 34) and is trivial variant on KaG' ôv in the First Mode (line 9) and èv & in
the Second and Third Modes (lines 16, 23). The important point is that in line 34, the
word ôxav is followed not by a description of the Mode but rather by a statement of
when it can be used. See also Janâcek [23], who conjectures that the ôxav clause was
an ill-judged modification made by Sextus to his source.
1,7 See esp. PH I 173: ei uèv yàp ô ùnoxi9éuevoç niaxôç Êaxiv, f|ueîç àei xô àvxiKeìuevov
îmoxiGéuevoi oùk èaôusGa àniaxôxepoi; cf. PH I 173-174; M VIII 369-378; M III 7-
17; see Barnes [13], pp. 98 - 109.
IM With this curious phrase cf. Sextus, M VIII 371; see Barnes [13], p. 101.
", In Barnes [4], p. 406, I suggested that Diogenes used Peripatetic and Sextus Stoic
terminology; but see Mansfeld [4], pp. 243 n. 17.
140 On the significance of this cross-reference see Annas and Barnes, p. 142- 144; below,
pp. 4274 - 4275.
m Strictly speaking we cannot infer that each author modified his source: we might
indeed guess that Diogenes, the doxographer, copied his source-text with little or no
modification, whereas Sextus was more prepared to alter and embellish.
4268 JONATHAN BARNES
This common source or Quelle I shall, of course, call Q1. That Sextus
and Diogenes both copy Q1 for the Five Modes was urged by the most eminent
Sextan scholar of the century, Karel Janaéek.142
X. Janácek's Theory
142 See Janácek [23], pp. 47-48; cf. e.g. Dumont, pp. 190-192.
143 See esp. Janácek [9], [12], [14], [20], [23], [30]. In the Bibliography I have attempted to
list all Janaêek's writings on Pyrrhonian themes, even though I have not had occasion
to refer to each of the pieces in the body of this article. These works, numerous though
they are, represent only one part of Janácíek's scholarly output; there is a complete
bibliography up to 1975 in Graecolatina Pragensia 7 = Acta Universitatis Carolinae
Philologica 2, Prague 1976, 13-21.
1+4 See Janácek [9], [12].
145 For these paired texts see Appendix П, pp. 4294 - 4295; and note that Diogenes, I20,
may be set alongside Sextus, PH I 16 - 17.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS IX 61-116 4269
makes with regard to the text of PH".146 A simple example will show what
jANâèeK has in mind. At IX 97 [OCT p. 485.20] Diogenes writes: xà Sè npôç
xi ènivoeîxai uôvov. The corresponding sentence in M IX 208 reads thus: xà
8é ye Ttpôç xi ènivoevrai uôvov.147 Diogenes has Sé where Sextus offers Sé ye.
Now Diogenes himself uses Sé ye elsewhere, and so presumably would have
had no stylistic reasons of his own for preferring the simple Sé at IX 97 had
Sé ye been before his eyes in the text he was following. (In other words, had
M been his copy-text, he would have written Sé ye.) Moreover, Sé ye is rare
in PH, where it occurs only thrice, and common in M - where it is found
147 times and often replaces the simple Sé which the corresponding passage
in PH exhibits. Hence the style of Diogenes here agrees with the style of PH
rather than with the style of M.
If, therefore, we were to insist that M IX 208 is Diogenes' copy-text for
IX 97, we should be obliged to make a further supposition: Diogenes, we
should have to suppose, often and without any reason and in the most banal
of points deliberately modified the style of M in such a way that his own text
came to exhibit the style of PH. But we can hardly believe that Diogenes
deliberately adapted the style of his copy-text, in these minute particulars, to
the style of Sextus' earlier work; nor can we suppose that Diogenes hit upon
the PH style by pure chance. It must follow that in IX 97 - 99 Diogenes was
not copying M IX. And it must follow, further, that both Diogenes and Sextus
are copying from a common source. Finally, we may infer that Diogenes stays
closer to the copy-text than M does. For, given that Diogenes agrees in style
with PH, the differences between M and PH must be explained by the theory
that M departs further than PH from its model. Thus the common source "is
preserved in a form closer to the original by Diogenes, the later writer, than
by Sextus, the earlier; and if Diogenes refers to Sextus, he did not know -
or at any rate did not use - his writings".148
This common source - Diogenes' supposed copy-text for IX 90 149 -
101 - we may call Q2. Janaèek believes that his conclusion can be generalised:
throughout the entire account of Pyrrhonism, that is to say throughout the
whole of IX70- 108, Diogenes is copying a sceptical source - and copying
it more faithfully than Sextus had done. Moreover, we may take it that
Diogenes is using a single copy-text throughout the passage: thus Q1 and Q2
may be identified. If we add to this general conclusion certain theses which
jAnácek has advanced concerning the character and the chronology of Sextus'
writings,150 we shall form the following theory. There was a general account
of Pyrrhonism, now lost, which was available both to Sextus and to Diogenes.
This lost Quelle will have been used at least four times. First, by Sextus in
PH: here, Sextus will in general have stayed fairly close to Q, even if he chose
to add a few stylistic touches of his own. Secondly, by Sextus in M VII - XI:
here, Sextus' own style has undergone some refinement and elaboration, and
he follows Q more freely. Thirdly, in M I - VI: further stylistic developments
mean that Sextus departs still further from Q — although even here he is
copying Q in a literal sense of the word "copy". Finally, Diogenes Laertius
made use of Q in IX 70 - 108. He copied far less of Q than Sextus had done;
for he was only concerned to take excerpts. But he stayed close to Q, closer
even than PH - perhaps, indeed, Diogenes transcribed Q without altering it
at all.
Janácek's conclusions are of the last importance for our evaluation of
Diogenes as an historian and for our answer to the fourth of my four
questions. If Diogenes' Pyrrhonian antidoxography was based on a single
source, Q, and if Diogenes did little more than transcribe what he read in
Q, then we shall be compelled to adopt what I have called a naive radicalism:
in the Life of Pyrrho, at least, Diogenes took a single source and followed
it closely. 151
Janaíek's conclusions are also of the last importance for our assessment
of Sextus. For if Janá^ek is right, then Sextus, like Diogenes, was primarily
a copyist, even if, in his later writings, he made free stylistic alterations of his
own. Janácjek's view of Sextus is not based simply on the comparison between
him and Diogenes. In Hippolytus' work 'On the Refutation of all Heresies'
there are several passages which correspond closely to parts of M V, Sextus'
essay on astrology. 152 The correspondence amounts, here too, to an identity
of argument and even of language. Scholars have generally supposed that
150 He argues, again by appeal to a host of stylistic minutiae, that Sextus' works were
written in the order: PH, M VII — XI, M I — VI. (His arguments thus confirm a view
which was in any case widely held on the basis of other considerations.) Most scholars
have, I think, been happy to accept Janacek's conclusions here; but for dissentient voices
see e.g. Glidden, p. 246 n. 24; Brunschwig [1], p. 152 n. 9.
1,1 In his brief and charming assessment of Diogenes, Janácek himself insists that his
conclusions "do not at all mean that Diogenes was merely a copyist" (Janacek [20],
p. 448); and, quoting IV 1 (xа uèv nepi nXàxcovoç тocгаuта f|v èç тo Suvoтôv f|uïv
avvayayeïv, cpiXonôvcoç SieiXf|aaai та Xeyóueva nepi тàvSpoç), he remarks that "Dio
genes boasts - in my opinion justly - that he possesses the same quality [namely
quXonovia] which he stresses in the philosophers" (ibid., p. 449). I dare say that a copyist
may exhibit a form of cpiXonovia — but Janacek's thesis surely does imply that Diogenes
was merely a copyist.
,« The text is Hippolytus, ref. haer. IV 1 -7 (cf. V 12-18).
DIOGENES LAERTIUS IX 61-116 4271
153 See Janacjek [8] and [17]. Note that Janáéek's thesis, no less than the standard view,
leaves Hippolytus a mere copyist. This is also the view of Hippolytus' most recent editor,
who expresses it with trenchant vigour (Marcovich, pp. 36, 50). For a more generous
account of Hippolytus' procedure see Osborne — but note that even she allows that
Hippolytus was a copyist in the passages which concern us (pp. 14 n. 24, 21 -22). On
Hippolytus as a doxographer see now also I. Mueller, Heterodoxy and Doxography
in Hippolytus' 'Refutation of All Heresies', below in this volume (ANRW II 36,6),
pp. 4309 - 4374, and cf. Idem, The Author of the 'Refutation of All Heresies* and his
Writings, in: ANRW II 27,3, ed. W. Haase (to be published in 1993).
15,4 See, most recently, Janâ£ek [38], which deals with [Hero], def. 138.8, a text virtually
identical with M III 4. Note, too, the close connexions between the arguments in M II,
Against the Rhetoricians, and several earlier rhetorical texts: see Barnes [6], with
references.
155 In Janácek [9].
28(1'
4272 JONATHAN BARNES
writes: Kai xô Xomàv arâua ôv.156 Here KaGeaxcîx; has indeed given way to ôv —
but we should note that at the same time nàvxcoç has disappeared. Typical,
you might think of someone who is copying a text but who is not concerned,
as a scribe would or should be, with the utmost degree of verbal fidelity.
Again, there is no need to introduce PH and Q in order to explain what is
going on here: the hypothesis that Diogenes was copying M can cope with
the facts well enough.
The second example is different again. Diogenes: où Ttâpeoxi 8è npôç ô
voetxai xô aïxiov. Sextus: àXXà uf|v oùk z%zi xô aïxiov 0O ëaxiv aïxiov.157 The
two sentences say much the same thing in different ways: each sentence is a
rough paraphrase of the other, and each is appropriately expressed for its
context. But it is not by a particle that they differ from one another, and it
is misleading simply to say that Diogenes has Sé where M has àXXà uf|v.
These considerations do not refute any part of Janâêek's thesis. Rather,
they are intended to suggest two caveats. First, some at least of the examples
which Janâèek adduces can be perfectly well explained by the hypothesis that
Diogenes copied Sextus closely — for a copyist may admit minor variants.
Secondly, some at least of Janâêek's examples are not what they seem to be:
the relationship between Diogenes and M is sometimes more subtle than
JanâÊek implies, and the evidence does not always indicate that Diogenes is
closer in style to PH than he is to M.
Were Janâèek's minute contentions largely refuted, his general theory
would be thrown in doubt. Could we then propose Sextus as Diogenes' copy-
text for IX 90- 101? (After all, Diogenes apparently knew and admired Sextus'
works.158) We could not. It is quite clear, as Janaêek insists, that either
Diogenes copied Sextus or else Diogenes and Sextus copied a common source.
And the several gross differences between the two writers which I have
incidentally recorded159 are, I think, enough to rule out the first option.
I argued earlier, after Janâèek, that Diogenes and Sextus both copied a
common source, Q1, for their accounts of the Five Modes. We have now seen
that for much of the rest of the antidoxography our two authors are again
156 IX 98: o~ô>ua yttv oùv aconaxoç oùk fiv eîr| aîxiov, èneinep aucpôxepa xtiv aùxr|v êxei cpùaiv
Kai ei xô ëxepov aîxiov Xéyexai nap' ôaov èaxi o~à>na, Kai xô XoiTtôv ocôua ôv aïxiov
yevT|aexai. M XI 214: aà>na nèv oùv oûhoxoç oùk ôv eît| koxè aïnov, èneimp &ucpô?epa
xt|v aùxfiv ëxei cpùaiv Kai ei xô êxepov aïxiov Xéyexai nap' ôaov èCTxi acôpa, Ttàvxax; Ka*
xô Xoiiiôv oôjia koGeoxox; aïxiov yevfiaexai.
w IX 98: ... Kai ôaTtep ô Tiaxf|p, nf| napôvxoç xoù itpôç ô Myexai Tiaxr|p, oùk ûv eît| naxiîp,
ouxcooi Kai xô aïxiov où itàpeaxt Sè Ttpôç ô voeîxoi xô aïxiov oùxe yàp yéveaiç oùxe
cp9opà oùx' àXXo xr oùk 6p' èaxiv aïxiov. M XI 209: ... àXX' ôv xpônov xô SeÇiôv
napôvxoç xoù npôç ô Xtyzmi Se^iôv oùk èaxiv, oùxco Kai xô aïxiov uti Ttapôvxoç xoù npôç
ô voeîxoi oùk ëaxai aïxiov. àXXà \ir\v oùk 6xei xô aïxiov où eoxiv aïxiov Sià xô ufixe
yéveaiv nT|xe cpGopàv htixe iieioiv [?] uiixe koivcoç Kivr|aiv ûnàpXeiv, èiti xô>v oikeicov
yivôhevoi xôiiojv SiSù^ouev. oùk dpa eoxiv aïxiov.
"* IX 116: EéÇxoç ô èuTieipiKôç, où Kai xù 8éko xcov Skeiixikcov Kai &XXa KdXXiaxa. (On
this text see below, n. 187.)
IW See above, pp. 4249 - 4256, 4263 - 4268.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS IX 61-116 4273
I turn to the Ten Modes.160 Here, again, we shall find conclusive proof
that Diogenes did not follow Sextus. The Ten Modes, like the Five, are
described both by Diogenes and by Sextus. Unlike the Five, they are known
to have engaged the attention of several other authors:161 they were put
together by Aenesidemus;162 they underlie a passage in Philo's essay 'On the
Drunkenness of Noah' (169 — 205); Plutarch wrote a book about them,163 and
so did Favorinus;164 and Aristocles of Messene summarised them in his
voluminous work 'On Philosophy'.165 Thus Diogenes would not have had
difficulty in putting his hands on a suitable text to copy.
There are several substantial differences between the account of the Ten
Modes in Diogenes and the account in Sextus. I shall mention five of them.
First, a matter which I have already discussed. Sextus presents the Modes
uniformly as Modes of ènoxr|: appeal to, or application of, the Modes is
supposed in some fashion to induce suspension of judgement.166 Diogenes
160 On which see esp. Annas and Barnes; cf. e.g. Everson [1]; Striker [2]; Woodruff,
pp. 153-157.
161 For details see Annas and Barnes, pp. 26 - 30.
"■2 Sextus, M VII 345: ... KaOánep èSeiÇcuiev тoùç roxpà тф Aivr|cnÔr|ucp SéKa xponouç
èniovхeç. - It is striking that Photius' summary of Aenesidemus' Pyrrhonian Arguments
(bibl. 212) does not refer to the Ten Modes; but there is no reason to doubt that the
Modes were assembled by Aenesidemus. Although much of the material put together in
the Modes had been used for sceptical ends before Aenesidemus, it is fanciful to suppose
(pace e. g. von Fritz [3], pp. 101 — 104) that Aenesidemus simply enlarged and re
arranged a pre-existing set of Modes.
163 The work is known only from its title, which appears as item 158 in the so-called
Lamprias catalogue of Plutarch's works: ilept тcov nùppcovoç SéKa тóJkov [sic codd.,
тportwv nescioquis: cf. Annas and Barnes, p. 21].
164 Gellius, VI v 5: super qua re Favorinus quoque subtilissime argutissimeque decem libros
composuit, quos Iluppcoveiwv тponœv inscribit; see e.g. Barigazzi, pp. 172—175; and
cf. Idem, Favorino di Arelate, in: ANRW II 34,1, ed. W. Haase (Berlin -New York,
1992) [forthcoming].
16s Eusebius, PE XIV xviii 11-12: ónóxav ye ur|v Alvr|aiSr|uoç èv тfj 'Ynoтunáxtei тoùç
èvvéa Sie2,îtj тponouç .... The word èvvéa has given rise to flights of scholarly fancy.
No doubt it is a simple error for SéKа (see Annas and Barnes, p. 27).
"* See PH I 31 -35, 36, 59, 78, 79, 91, 99, 100, 117, 123, 129, 134, 135, 140, 144, 163.
4274 JONATHAN BARNES
different. The true situation is complicated; and here I shall state the case
briefly.172 The Relativity Mode in Sextus (PHI 135-140) differs utterly in
character and in presentation from his other nine Modes. In the account of
the Five Modes, Sextus indicates that he has already discussed the Mode of
Relativity. 173 The reference can only be to the discussion of the Relativity
Mode among the Ten Modes. Hence it is clear that Sextus used one of the
Five Modes twice: the Relativity Mode, which is properly third of the Five,
he presented both in its original place and also as the Eighth of the Ten
Modes. In using the Third of the Five as the Eighth of the Ten, Sextus deposed
and replaced what was originally the Relativity Mode among the Ten. And
this original Mode survives, no doubt in truncated form, in Diogenes' account.
Thus Diogenes preserves Aenesidemus' original Relativity Mode, which Sextus
chose to replace by the homonymous Mode from Agrippa's set. Diogenes did
not copy his Relativity Mode from Sextus.
A third difference invites a longer discussion. In certain Modes, the
argumentative structures of the two accounts differ. As I have already said,
the text of Diogenes is here uncommonly clipped and concise, and we must
often confess that we cannot discern any argumentative structure at all.174
Nonetheless, in some cases the structure can be conjectured; and in at least
one case it is perfectly plain.
The Ten Modes encourage us to collect and organise 'oppositions' or
àvxiGéaeiç of the general form:
x appears F in circumstances C
and
x appears F* in circumstances C*.
We suppose that x cannot actually be both F and F*; and we are intended to
think that we cannot prefer C to C*, or vice versa, as the more reliable
circumstances in which to perceive x. Hence suspension of judgement. The
different Modes specify different values for C and C*; and the accounts of
the Modes in Diogenes and in Sextus are, usually, made up of particular
illustrations of the sort of àvxiGeaiç in question.
The First Mode depends on the differences among animals; thus in
principle it collects àvxiGéaeiç of the form:
x appears F to animals of kind K
and
x appears F* to animals of kind K*.
Is the red flag really red? Well, it looks red to humans - but then it looks
grey to bulls. And we can have no reason for preferring one look to the other.
Hence ènoxf|.
172 For details and arguments see Annas and Barnes, pp. 138-144.
I7, PH I 167: KaGcbç npoeipf|Kauev. See above, p. 4267.
I7« See above, pp. 4248-4249.
4276 JONATHAN BARNES
It is evident that the Pyrrhonist will have some difficulty in applying this
Mode. We know how things appear to us. But do we know how things appear
to other animals? I am aware that the wine tastes corked to humans: it tastes
corked to me, and you tell me that it tastes corked to you. But how does it
taste to the cat? We do not know, and it is far from clear that we shall ever
find out. But if we do not know, then we cannot set up a Pyrrhonian àvxiOeaiç
of the form "This wine tastes corked to humans and - to cats". It is not
surprising, then, that the material which the accounts of the First Mode
assemble does not consist of illustrative examples. Rather, it consists of
arguments - and of anecdotes - designed to show that things do in fact
appear differently to different animals.175
The main argument in PH is simple enough:
The passage promises two lines of thought, which Sextus duly follows out.177
Thus:
(A) (1) Animals differ from one another in their modes of reproduction.
Therefore: (3) Animals receive different impressions from the same
things.
(B) (2) Animals differ from one another in the structure of their bodies.
Therefore: (3) Animals receive different impressions from the same
things.
The first of these arguments is odd: its premiss has no apparent connexion
with its conclusion. The second argument, on the other hand, seems rather
175 Thus the First Mode will not in fact collect instances of the antithetical schema:
X appears F in circumstances C
and
X appears F* in circumstances C*.
Rather, we shall get something along these lines:
X appears F to humans
and
X appears something other than F to cats.
But it is clear that, from a Pyrrhonian point of view, this second schema will work
equally well.
176 PH I 40: npâтоv èXéyouev elvai Xóyov KаG' ôv паpa хf|v Siacpopàv тôv Çcîxûv oùx ai
auтаi ànà хwv aùxwv únonirtтouai cpavтаaiai. тoùтo Sè èniXoyiÇôueGa £к тe хfjç nepi тас,
yevéaеiç aùтсôv Siaq>opàç Kai èK xfjç nepi тàç auaтáaeig тcÛv acouâтcov nаpaXXаyijç.
177 Line (A) at PH I 41 -43, line (B) at PH I 44-54.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS IX 61-116 4277
178 See PH I 44: àXXà Kai f| Siacpopà тôv Kupиoтатœv uepôv тoй огcbцатoc. Kai цcШата тôv
npàç тo èniKpiveiv Kai npôç тo alaOáveOGai netpuKoтcov ...
179 IX 79-80: npöтоç ó паpa тùç Siaфopàç тôv Çcîxûv npôç f|Sovr|v Kai áXyr|Sóva Kai
ßXaßr|v Kai tíxpéXeiav. auváyeтai Sè Si' aùтoù тo цr| тùç aùxàç ànó тôv oùтôv npoanînтeiv
cpavтaaiaç Kаi то Sióтi тtj тoiouтtj uáxt| аKOXouGeí тo ènéxeiv тôv yàp Çrixov та uèv
xcopiç uiÇecoç yiveaGai, ôç та nupißia Kai ó 'ApaßiOç cpoïvii; Kai eùXai, та S' ti, èntnXokfjç,
wç avOpamot Kai та йXXл' Kai та uèv oôтwç та S' oùтcoç аuyKéKpиаг Siô Kai тtj aiaGiíaei
Siacpépei, wç KípKot uèv ôÇûтoтoi [ôÇuSepKéaтaтоi Reiske (see Diels, p. 323)], kùveç S'
оaчppr|хikcoтатo1. eöXoyov oüv тoïç Siacpôpoiç тoùç ôcpGaXuoùç Siacpopa Kai та cpаvxаa-
иата rCpoartínтeiv . . .
4278 JONATHAN BARNES
Finally, the order of the Ten Modes is different in the two texts. From
our various sources, it emerges that the arrangement of the Modes was not
fixed: Philo and Aristocles each adopt or imply different orderings. 180 Diogenes
himself expressly mentions some of these differences.181 Having sketched the
Ninth Mode in a couple of sentences, he remarks:
тôv Svатov Oaßcopivoc, öySoov, EéÇтoç Sè Kai AlveaiSr|uoç SéKатov, àXXà
Kai тôv Sékoтov IeÇтoç. ôvSoov cpr|ai, cDaßmpwoç Sè evaxov (IX 87).
We are here given five distinct bits of information:
(a) the ninth Mode in Diogenes is eighth in Favorinus;
(b) the ninth Mode in Diogenes is tenth in Sextus;
(c) the ninth Mode in Diogenes is tenth in Aenesidemus;
(d) the tenth Mode in Diogenes is eighth in Sextus; and
(e) the tenth Mode in Diogenes is ninth in Favorinus.
From Sextus we know that Aenesidemus gave an account - presumably the
first account — of the Ten Modes;182 but we have nothing to confirm or to
disconfirm item (c). We know that Favorinus wrote ten books on the
Pyrrhonian Modes;183 but again we have nothing to confirm or to disconfirm
items (a) and (e).
Sextus has survived. If we consider the order of the Modes in PH I, then
we find that item (d) is true - but item (b) false. In fact it is Diogenes' fifth
Mode which comes tenth and last in Sextus.184 What shall we make of this?
There are, I think, three possible explanations of the mismatch between item
(b) and the text of PH. First, we may infer that Diogenes has made a careless
mistake — such mistakes are, after all, easily made. Secondly, we may suppose
that Diogenes' scribes have miscopied their text — few things are more liable
to corruption than numerals.185 Thirdly, we may imagine that Diogenes is not
thinking of PH when he here refers to Sextus:186 we know that Sextus wrote
a much longer version of the material contained in PH I, a version now lost;187
this text will have contained an extended account of the Ten Modes; the order
of the Modes there may have been different from the order in PH; and
Diogenes' item (b) may be true of that order.
I shall not attempt to decide among these options. Whichever we prefer,
it will remain the case that Diogenes was not using Sextus as his source for
the Ten Modes. That source, whoever it may be, I dub Q3.
Q1 was Diogenes' source for the Five Modes, Q2 his source for IX 90 -
101, Q3 his source for the Ten Modes. Q1 and Q2 were used by both Diogenes
and Sextus; Q3 was used by Diogenes alone. These several Qs may all be
parts of a single work, as Janácjek holds; and any two of them may be parts
of the same work. We may, in other words, have one or two or three sources
immediately behind the Pyrrhonian antidoxography. Can we give a local
habitation and a name to all or any of them?
If we are to answer this question, then our starting-point should no doubt
be the fourteen Pyrrhonian authorities cited by Diogenes in the course of his
Life of Pyrrho;188 for if Diogenes used his Qs extensively, it seems reasonable
to think that he will have named them somewhere.
Of these fourteen names, one of the initially most promising candidates
has already been eliminated: Diogenes knew Sextus, but he did not copy
him — Sextus, as we have seen, is not the proper name of any of the Qs.
185 Thus Hirzel, p. 116 n. 1, adds <xôv néцnтov) after Alvr|aiSr|uoç. Mansfeld [3], who
produces a pleasingly elaborate hypothesis, supposes that Diogenes misread his own
notes. Dumont, p. 161 n. 16, supposes that the whole passage is an ill-informed gloss.
186 So Pappenheim [1], pp. 18 — 19.
187 M VII -XI corresponds to PH II -III; and the five surviving books were originally
preceded by material corresponding to PH I: see the compelling argument in Janácek
[15]. At IX 116, Diogenes refers to Sextus oб Kai xà SéKa тwv ЕkenтiKœv Kai &XXа
кàXXioxa. The ten books of 'Sceptica' must have been M VII -XI with their lost
beginning, which will therefore have filled five books: see Blomqvist; cf. Janacek [18];
Mansfeld [3], p. 237 n. 8. Note that IX 116 thus establishes that Diogenes had heard
of the whole work of which M VII - XI is the torso.
188 Viz. Sextus, Philo, Nausiphanes, Timon, Zeuxis, Antiochus, Apellas, Agrippa, Ascanius,
Numenius, Menodotus, Favorinus, Aenesidemus, Theodosius. For references see above,
nn. 89, 91.
4280 JONATHAN BARNES
"associated with the gymnosophists in India and with the Mages. That
is why he is thought to have philosophised in such a noble fashion, in
troducing the form of inapprehensibility and suspension of judgement,
as Ascanius of Abdera says. For he said that nothing was fine or foul or
189 MeIer, p. 28 n. 59 says that "it seems safe to assume that Diogenes used II cent. AD
sources for at least the Platonic and Sceptical doxographies". In that case we could
eliminate several more names from the list. But I confess that MeIer's assumption does
not seem particularly safe to me. It is true that Diogenes names second century thinkers,
Sextus among them; but, as MeIer himself notes (p. 7 n. 16), we may reasonable allow
that he could have added a few later names to the texts which he was using.
190 I might note here that there is no reason to doubt that Diogenes had read Timon at
first hand: see MeIer, p. 29 n. 61.
191 See above, pp. 4260 - 4263.
1,2 No doubt some of the information purveyed by Diogenes may derive ultimately from
Timon and Nausiphanes; but neither can be identified with any of our Qs.
1,1 IX 106: àXXà кai ZeùÇiç ó Aivr|aiSr|uou yvcbpiuос, èv xfj nepi Sixтwv Xàyiov Kai 'Avxioxoç
ó AaoSiKeùç Kai 'AkeXXüc, èv тф 'Aypínna тiOéaai xà cpaivóueva uóva. (One might
wonder if a book-title has dropped out after Antiochus' name.) Zeuxis is usually
identified with ZeùÇiç ó ywvtónouc, in the Pyrrhonian бiaSoxr| (IX 1 16) — but this Zeuxis
is placed two generations after Aenesidemus. He has also been identified with the
Empiric doctor Zeuxis (on whom see Deichgräber, pp. 209, 263) - but see Barnes
[2], p. 189 n. 14; Idem [10], p. 2613 n. 20. Antiochus (on whom see Goulet, pp. 218-
219) was a pupil of Zeuxis ó ywviônouç: IX 116. On Apellas see above, n. 134.
194 But see below, p. 4289.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS IX 61-116 4281
19s IX 61: ö0ev yevvaióтaтa Sokeï cpiXoacHpfjaai, тo тfjç áKатаXr|уîcЦ Kai ènoxfjç eISoç
eiaaуaycov, caç 'AaKàvioç ó 'AßStipunç cpr|aiv. oùSèv yap êcpааkeУ ouтe KaXôv oöтe
aiaxpov ouтe SíKaiov ouт' üóiKov - Kai ôuoiwç èni nàvxcov ur|Sèv elvai тт¡ áXr|Geia,
vóucp Sè Kai ëOei navтa тoùç àvGpûnouç npáxтeiv où yàp цàXXov тôSe r) тóSe elvai
êkoctтov. On this see esp. Decleva Caizzi [1], pp. 131 - 146.
IW See Goulet, pp. 616-617.
1.7 Müller changed 'Acncavioç ro 'ЕKатаioç - at IX 69 Hecataeus of Abdera is mentioned
as a pupil of Pyrrho (see Decleva Caizzi [1], pp. 135-136). Although few scholars
have accepted the emendation, it has left a curious trace in the literature; for Ascanius
is often spoken of as a pupil of Pyrrho. In truth, all we know about the date of Ascanius
is that he was earlier than Diogenes Laertius. See also Ferrari, pp. 218-220; and note
Menagius' observation (p. 426): nescio qui fuerit, albus an ater homo.
1.8 Parts of the text are found in the Suda and in pseudo-Hesychius (see below, p. 4290);
but in these citations Ascanius' name does not reappear.
199 I assume that the Numenius cited at IX 68 is Numenius of Apamea (see above, pp.
4260 — 4263). Those scholars who think that he was an immediate pupil of Pyrrho's will,
of course, thereby reject him as the man behind the Qs.
200 On Numenius' writings see Frede [5], pp. 1038-1040.
201 See e.g. Schmekel, I, p. 309 n. 1. On Menodotus see Deichgräber, pp. 212-214, 264
265.
4282 JONATHAN BARNES
202 Galen, subf. emp. 64.13: sed piron quem laudat (minodotus}.
203 See IX 115: xouxou [sc. xoù nûppcovoç] 8ià8oxoç, cbç uèv Mr|vôÔoxôç cpnai, yéyovev
oùSetç, àXXà 8iéXinev rj àywyi\ ecoç aùxT|v rIxoXeuaîoç ô Kupr|vaîoç àveKxt|aaxo. Note
also Sextus, PH I 222: on this corrupt passage see most recently Bàchli, p. 6.
204 Note the just comment on Schmekel in BuRKhaRd, p. 14 n. 4: his thesis "is unproven
and unprovable".
205 See Meier, pp. 30 — 32. But in Book IX Favorinus is only mentioned in connexion with
the order of the Ten Modes.
206 On Favorinus see most recently Holford-Strevens, pp. 72-92; and A. Barigazzi,
Favorino di Arelate, in: ANRW II 34,1, ed. W. Haase (Berlin -New York, 1992)
[forthcoming].
207 See e.g. Maass.
208 See above, p. 4278.
209 IX 87; above, pp. 4278 - 4279.
210 On the Pyrrhonists' use of xaxa see Sextus, PH 1 194- 195.
211 IX 78: Ka9à cpnaiv AivnoiST|uoç èv ttj eiç xù nuppcbveia {moxunoxrei; IX 87: see above,
p. 4278; IX 102: see above, pp. 4260 - 4263; IX 106: Kai Aivr|aiÔr|uoç èv xcj> Ttpcoxca
nuppcoveicov Xoycov oùSév cpnaiv ôpiÇsiv xôv nùppcava So-juaxiKooç Sià xr|v àvnXoyiav,
xoîç 8è cpaivouivoiç àxoXouôetv xaÙxa [sic codd.; xaùxà Meibom, p. 598, edd.] Sè Xéyei
Kàv xcp Kaxa aocpiaç Kàv xcp rlepi Çî)xtio'ecoç; IX 106: àç Kai Aivr|ai8r|uôç cpTiaiv. Add,
from the Life of Timon, IX 116: ... AiveaiÔr|uoç Kvoxtioç, ôç Kai Iluppcoveicov Xôyov
ôkxù auvéypaye BiBXia.
212 Note also that the order of events in Diogenes' antidoxography is different from the
order in Aenesidemus' Pyrrhonian Arguments (which we know from Photius, bibl. 212):
this makes it unlikely that this particular work of Aenesidemus was Diogenes' copy-
text.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS IX 61-116 4283
21, See Nietzsche [1], [2], [3], to be read in the critical edition of Bornmann and
Carpitella, Nietzsche [5]. In addition, the Nachlafi contains an abundance of essays,
sketches, notes, and conjectures on Diogenes: see volumes IV and V of Nietzsche [4].
On Nietzsche and Diogenes see Barnes [5]; cf. Gigante [2].
2,4 Nietzsche [3], p. 207.
2IS The first person plurals are not evidence that Diogenes himself was a sceptic (see above,
n. 8); for all of them are pretty clearly in inverted commas. In some cases this is
evident. (E. g. IX 103: npôç ouç anoKpivovxar nept uèv cbv cbç fivGpawtoi Ttàaxouev,
ôuoXoyoùuev ... - here the first person is used by the imagined Pyrrhonists and not by
Diogenes himself.) In other cases the inverted commas are, so to speak, implicit. The
only difficult case occurs at IX 77 (cf. Hicks, p. 490 n. a: "Here ... the writer ... seems
to pose as a Sceptic himself"):
uôvov oùv SiaKôvoiç èxpcovxo xoîç Xôyoiç- où yàp olôv xe fjv ur| Xôyco Xôyov
àveXeïv, Ka9' ôv xpônov elcbôauev Xéyeiv xônov uf| eIvcu koù Ôëï Ttdvxcoç tôv xôTtov
eiTteîv, àXX' où SoyucmKcoç, ànoÔeiKxiKc*; Sé' Koi un8èv yiveaGai kcit' àvàyKnv Kai
Seî xf|v àvàyKr|v eitieîv. xoioùxco xivi TpôTtco xfjç épunveiaç èxprâvxo.
Here too, (unless the text is unsound) we must and may imagine a pair of inverted
commas beginning at où yàp and ending at àvàyKnv eineïv.
4284 JONATHAN BARNES
person unless it was a sceptical text. The argument is evidently not probative;
but it surely has some force. And in any event, we are unlikely to quarrel
with the claim that our Qs are Pyrrhonian.
As for Theodosius, we know little enough about him.216 Diogenes knew,
and paraphrased, his Sceptical Chapters (IX 70). The same work is referred
to in a muddled article in the Suda, from which we may probably infer that
Theodosius also wrote a commentary on the writings of Theudas.217 Hence
he will have lived in the second century, after Theudas218 and before Diogenes.
He is no doubt to be identified with the Theodosius whom Galen mentions
as an Empiric doctor.219
According to Nietzsche, Theodosius "was an opponent of Pyrrhonian
scepticism. His assertions that Pyrrho was not the founder of scepticism and
that he had no doctrines are set out in Diogenes Laertius and then explicitly
argued for. That he lived after Sextus is shown by the evident polemic against
PH I 7, which he had before him".220 The text on which Nietzsche relies
appears at IX 70, where Diogenes is discussing the nomenclature of the
Pyrrhonian sect:
... [nuppd>veioi 8è ànà nûppcovoç..221] ©eoSôctioç S' èv xoîç lKeTtxiKoîç
KeçcxXaioiÇ ou cpnai Seîv rIuppcoveiov KaXeîv xôv ctkettxikôv222 ei yàp xô
KaG' exepov Kivr|ua xfjç Siavoiaç âXr|Trtôv èauv, oùk eiaôuEGa xtiv nûppcovoç
SiôGectiv uf| eiSôxeç Sè o£>8è nuppcoVeioi KaXoiueG' âv, TtpôÇ xcO Ur|Ôe npcoxov
eûpnKévai xf|v oKeTtxiKf|v nûppcova u.n8' ëxeiv xl Sôyua.223
Theodosius thus offers three reasons why the sceptics should not call them
selves Pyrrhonists. First, we cannot know the mental state of anyone else;224
hence we cannot know what Pyrrho's mental state was; hence we cannot be
216 See e.g. Deichgraber, pp. 219, 268; von Fritz [1].
217 Suda, s. v. ©eoSôaioç: ©eoSôaioç, cpiXôaocpoç- eypaye [ZcpaipiKà èv ptp7.ioiç y',]
'YTtôuvr|ua eiç xà ©euSà kecpàXaia, [rlepi f|Ucpà>v kai wkxcov 8uo, 'YTtôuvr|na eiç
tô 'Apxi|Jr|Soui; 'Ecpô8iov, Aiaypacpàç oiKiov èv pipWoiç xpial,] Ikeiixiko KecpàXaia,
['AoxpoXoyiKd, rIepi oîKr|CTecov]. Square brackets mark off the items which surely do
not belong to our Theodosius: see Deichgraber, p. 219.
218 On whom see Deichgraber, pp. 214 — 215. His KecpdAaia appears on the fragmentary
book-list in PRossGeorg I 22.
216 Galen, Med. Exp. II 3 (but Walzer, p. 87 n. *, wonders if "Theudas" should be read
instead of "Theodosius"); cf. Cod. Hauniensis Lat. 1653f.73r: Emperici autem Serapion,
Heraclides, Glaucias, Menodotus, Teudas et Theodosius. (This text is known to me only
from Deichgraber, p. 41.)
220 Nietzsche [3], pp. 207.
221 The sentence was excised by Casaubon (see Meibom, p. 584 n. 13) and by Menagius
(p. 429), who noted that it is not found in the Suda, s. v. rIuppcbvetoi, an article which
derives from our passage.
222 So the Suda, s. v. rluppcovsioi; the manuscripts of Diogenes have xf|v CTKeTrtiKr|v.
121 Note that the Suda, s. v. nuppcbveioi, omits the word Ke<paXaicnç and has KaXeîoGai
instead of Seîv ... kctXetv.
224 For the interpretation of xô koG' exepov Kivr|ua xfjç Siavoiaç see (with Decleva Caizzi
[ 1 ], p. 202; Bàchli, p. 7 n. 5) Sextus, MI 101 .
DIOGENES LAERTIUS IX 61-116 4285
warranted in calling ourselves after Pyrrho. Secondly, Pyrrho was not the first
discoverer of scepticism; but - so we must adjoin - a sect should name itself
after the first discoverer of its position; hence sceptics should not call them
selves Pyrrhonists. Thirdly, Pyrrho had no doctrines;225 but - or so we must
adjoin226 — a sect should only name itself after someone if it shares his
doctrines; hence sceptics should not call themselves Pyrrhonists.
Does the text show that Theodosius "was an opponent of Pyrrhonian
scepticism"? The arguments are meant to show that Pyrrhonists should not
call themselves Pyrrhonists. They prove only that Theodosius was an opponent
of the title "Pyrrhonism"; they do not prove that he was an enemy of the
philosophy of Pyrrhonism. Theodosius' arguments all start from premisses
which the Pyrrhonists would have granted, and they reach a conclusion which
would no doubt have been mildly irritating to some Pyrrhonists. It seems to
me that Theodosius is arguing within the school; and the first person plural,
où8è Iiuppcbveioi KaXoineG' âv, may be taken to come from Theodosius' pen
and to indicate that he counted himself (what others would call) a Pyrrhonist.
Does the passage attack Sextus? The comparable text in Sextus, at PH
I 7, reads like this. The sceptical school is called
Kai nuppcoveioç àn0 xoù cpaiveoGai f|uÀv xôv nûpprova acouaxiKcbxepov Kai
èTtupavéaxepov xrâv npà aùxoù npoaeXr|A.u9évcxi xfj oxeyei.
There is plainly a connexion between Theodosius' objections to the nomen
clature and the explanation of it which Sextus offers. But a close inspection
of the two texts suggests that Sextus was implicitly answering Theodosius
rather than that Theodosius was attacking Sextus.
To Theodosius' first argument, that we cannot know the state of Pyrrho's
mind, Sextus answers with the word cpaiveaGai: in calling ourselves Pyrrhonists,
we do not claim to know the mind of Pyrrho — we simply rely, like good
sceptics, on how the matter appears to us. To Theodosius' second argument,
that Pyrrho was not the first sceptic, Sextus answers by claiming that Pyrrho
was a more thorough and eminent sceptic than anyone before him. To
Theodosius' third argument, that Pyrrho had no doctrines, Sextus answers by
insisting that it is Pyrrho's attitude to erKéyiç, and not any doctrine, which
warrants the label "Pyrrhonist".227
We may be inclined to find Theodosius' arguments quibbling and Sextus'
reply pedantic. But I think it is clear that Sextus was implicitly replying to
Theodosius.228 (And I think, too, that his reply is an excellent illustration of
the self-conscious and subtle way in which the later Pyrrhonists saw and
responded to the difficulties in expressing their position.) Thus we may safely
229 See e.g. Hirzel, p. 137 n. 1; Pappenheim [2], p. 9; von Fritz [3], p. 99; Janâcek [14];
Burkhard, p. 12; Decleva Caizzi [1], p. 203; Bachli, pp. 6-7.
!sa Janâcek [14], p. 136.
2,1 IX 91: Ttpôç xcô Kai ... finicnov elvai ... ; IX 95: Ttpôç xcp Kczi 8iacpcovetaGai xô Kpmipiov.
232 PH III 74: Ttpôç no Kai CTuvapTtâÇeaGai xô Çrïtoûuevov.
i» See also Gigante [1], p. 565 n. 225; Janâcek [37], p. 82.
114 I.e. Janâcek must construe the two infinitives, eùpnKévui and ëxeiv, and the accusative
nOpptovu as examples of the standard accusative + infinitive construction for reported
speech. So e.g. Hicks, p. 483.
2,5 So too Decleva Caizzi [1], p. 100, who (p. 204) rightly compares Sextus, M VIII 197.
DIOGENES LAERTIUS IX 61-116 4287
The second sentence is evidently corrupt: KaG' oùç makes no sense, ëv TtpàYtov
is not grammatical.
The editio princeps of Diogenes solved the first problem by omission:
KaG' oûç is simply dropped from the text. The most recent edition of Diogenes
similarly deletes the phrase, and then places a stop after xiGt|oiv.242 The change
is easy; for we can readily imagine that KaG' oOç was carelessly repeated from
the previous sentence. But the text which remains is unsatisfactory.243 "These
ten modes he sets down": a superfluous piece of informatioin (might anyone
otherwise have imagined that the Ten Modes were not set down?) and an
indeterminate piece of information (for who is spoken of? to whom does "he"
refer?). The need for a subject of xiGtIatv is pressing. We cannot think of
Pyrrho: he has not been mentioned for several pages — and in any event,
Diogenes is now in the process of giving a general account of Pyrrhonism.
Aenesidemus has been mentioned some ten lines earlier; but the reference is
too remote to be readily picked up - and in any case, Diogenes will not
follow Aenesidemus in his exposition of the Ten Modes.244
So perhaps KaG' oûç should not be expunged but rather emended. Nietz
sche suggested Kai ©eoSôaioç.245 The sentence now has sense and point: it
conveys pertinent information in an intelligible and a grammatical way.
And the Kai before ©eoSôaioç is stylistically right.246 The corruption which
Nietzsche assumes to have occurred is not unimaginable — especially if the
name ©eoSôaioç was put down in the abbreviated form as Geo.247
The conjecture is attractive. It is not, however, obligatory; and other
avenues can be explored. Thus the singular, xiGr|aiv, is odd, inasmuch as it
comes immediately after the plural àneSi6oaav: perhaps we should emend to
xiGéaaiv? And the offensive KaG' oùç may conceal something other than a
proper name.248 Thus we might dream up something like the following text:
IoûxouÇ 8è xoùç 8éKa xponouç oûxcoç xiGéaaiv. TtpâVtoç249 ô napà xàç Siaçopâç ...
I do not prefer this to Nietzsche's suggestion; but I cannot think that it is
any worse.
X///. Conclusions
"of those who conduct philosophical inquiries, some have said that they
have found the truth, others have affirmed that it is not possible for the
truth to be grasped, and others are still inquiring".251
I have used the edition of H. S. Long in the Oxford Classical Texts series.
The deficiencies of this edition are familiar,252 but for the Life of Pyrrho there
is nothing better to work from. I do not know how accurate are Long's
reports of the manuscript readings; certainly his references to the conjectures
of earlier scholars are often mistaken. Inasmuch as my argument in this paper
turns in part on textual questions, it may require revision — even drastic
revision - when a critical edition of Diogenes is at last available.253
Recent studies of the text of Diogenes254 have not, to the best of my
knowledge, dealt specifically with Book IX. In addition to the MSS, we have
an indirect tradition, represented by the excerpts in Codex ft255 (the Excerptum
Vaticanum and [Hesychius], vir. illustr. 56), and by various entries in the
Suda.256
I append a few comments on some problematical passages which the
body of the paper has not given me an opportunity to address.
IX 70 [OCT p. 474.5]: the Pyrrhonists are called 'aporetics' ànô xoO xoùç
SoyuaxiKoùç ànopeîv kcù aùxxoûç [Kai aùxouç (Frobenius): om. FcD, + Sé BP].
This can only mean "from the fact that the Dogmatists themselves also raised
puzzles". (So e.g. Cobet, p. 244; Apelt, II, p. 196; Gigante [1], p. 382; the
translations in Hicks, p. 482, and Decleva Caizzi [1], p. 99, will not do.)
But this is patent nonsense. (I am not convinced by Couloubaritsis' gallant
attempt, pp. 12- 15, to explain the text.) The parallel passage in Sextus, PH
1 7, has:
251 Sextus, PH I 2: Kai bn\ xcov Kaxa çiXoaocpiav ÇT|xouuévcov ol uèv eûpTiKévai xo àXr|9èç
ëcpaaav, oi S' ànecpf]vavxo ur| Suvaxôv xoùxo KaxaXr|cp9r|vai, ol 8è ëxi Çt|xoùoiv.
2'1 See now Knoepfler, pp. 111-116 (with bibliography at p. Il1 n. 2), on the «faiblesses,
vices et dangers de l'édition d'Oxford ».
253 A Teubner text edited by Miroslav Marcovich is announced.
254 See Egli, pp. 1-5; Gigante |1], pp. XCVI - XCIX; Giannantoni [31, IV, pp. 17-25;
S0i.i.eNBeRgeR [1], pp. 39-76, [2J. For an account of earlier work, up to 1950, see
Biedl, pp. 7-41. And now see B. A. Desbordes, I, pp. 108-153; and esp. Knoepfler.
255 On which see now Knoepfler, pp. 53-55, 116-122. On p. 154 Knoepfler draws a
tentative stemma for the main MSS of Diogenes.
2,6 There are five pertinent articles: s. vv. tnoxi\ = IX 61 [OCT p. 469.22]; uàXÀov uàAAov
= IX 75 [OCT p. 477.2- 10]; où8èv uàUov = IX 74-76 [OCT pp. 476.15 - 477.17]
+ IX 99 [OCT p. 478.17- 18]; Ttupipia = IX 79 [OCT pp. 478.23 - 479.1]; Iiuppcbveioi
= IX 69-70 [OCT pp. 473.21-475.4]. There are several differences between the text
of the Suda and the text preserved in the MSS of Diogenes. The article riç 8' olSev cites
two lines of Euripides which are also found in Diogenes at IX 74 [OCT p. 475.17 - 18].
(The article or|ueiov, to which H. S. Long, p. 485, refers in connexion with IX 96, does
not bear on Diogenes' text.)
DIOGENES LAERTIUS IX 61-116 4291
fjxoi ànà xoù nepi Ttavxoç ànopelv Kai Çnxeïv, cbç èvioi cpaaiv, f\ ànà xoù
àhr|xavetv npôç cruyKaxàGeaiv fj âpvr|aiv.
(The two exegeses depend on the two different senses of àTiopeîv: "raise
puzzles, inquire", and "be perplexed".) No simple emendation of Diogenes'
text will work. I incline to audacity: read ànà xoù nepi navxôç ànopeîv and
suppose that the correct text was replaced by a marginal note to the effect
that 'the Dogmatists also raise puzzles'.
IX 74 [OCT p. 477.1]:
... Kai zf\q navxi Xoya Xàyoq àvxiKeixai.
After Xàyoç Menagius, pp. 432-433, adds ïaoç, thus getting the standard
Pyrrhonian phrase (e. g. Sextus, PH I 202 — 205). The addition is attractive;
but the attraction must be resisted. For the received text is defended by IX
76 [OCT p. 477.17-18].
IX 78 [OCT p. 478.11-14]:
TteiGeiv yàp ... Kai xà xépnvovxa Kai xà GauuaÇôueva.
"We propose Kai xà <ur|) GauuaÇôueva. Surprising things do not persuade,
and the reference here must be to the Ninth Mode (in Sextus' numbering)"
(Annas and Barnes, p. 186). But there is no reference to a Mode at all; and
GauuaÇôueva might mean "admired" rather than "surprising".
IX 83 [OCT p. 480.5]:
. . . Ttapà xàç àyayàq Kai xoùç vôuouç Kai xàç uuGiKàç niaxeiç Kai xàç xexvikùç
ouvGiîKaç Kai <jàç> SoyuaxiKàç ùTtoXf|\)/eiç.
The MSS offer Kai xàç xexvikùç auvGf|Kaç, which can hardly be right. Mena
gius, p. 434, emended to xàç èGiKàç ouvGf|Kaç, referring to Sextus, PH I 145;
and the emendation is compelling (but it is resisted by e. g. Hubner, II p. 409;
Apelt, II, p. 203; Gigante [1], p. 387). The five items on which the Sextan
mode depends can now be identified with the five items on which the mode
in Diogenes depends, given that xàç èGiKàç auvGf|Kaç is equivalent to ëGoç.
There is a twist to the story. The text in Menagius is printed as follows:
"emendo Kai xàç èGviKàç auvGf|Kaç e Sexti verbis supra allatis." As the reference
to Sextus shows, the printer has erred, carelessly writing èGviKàç for eGikôç.
Later editors (e. g. Cobet, p. 247; Hicks, p. 494; H. S. Long, p. 480) have
preferred Menagius' printer to Menagius: they set down a misprint — and
ascribe the nonsense to Menagius himself.
IX 85 [OCT p. 481.9]:
ô yoùv r|Xioç napà xô Siàaxr|ua TtôppcoGev [xexpâycovoç 0] cpaivexai.
The text is plainly wrong, and numerous conjectures have been offered.
Meric Casaubon changed TiôppmGev to Ttaùpôv xi (see Meibom, p. 591 n. 25),
Menagius, p. 435, altered it to SiTtôSnç; Kuhn added uiKpôç after TtôppcoGev
(see Menagius, p. 542) and Hermann added où after TtôppcoGev (see Hubner,
II, p. VI). Most editors replace TtôppcoGev by uiKpôç (e. g. Hubner, II, p. 411;
4292 JONATHAN BARNES
Cobet, p. 248; Hicks, p. 496; Apelt, II, p. 204; H. S. Long, p. 481; Gigante,
[1], p. 388). Menagius is closest to the truth; for "Diogenes surely wrote
TtoSiaîoç" (Annas and Barnes, p. 188 - anticipated, as I have since dis
covered, by Triller: see Hubner, II, p. 411). That the sun looks a foot across
is an ancient commonplace.
IX 96 [OCT p. 485.7-8]:
vor|xôv 8' oùk ëoxiv [sc. xo ar|Ueîov], ènei xô vot|xov fjxoi cpaivôuevôv èori
cpcuvouévou ...
The text is patent nonsense. (But of editors, only Stephanus has seen so. He
suggests ènei ci eon vonjov for ènei xô vot|xôv.) It seems clear that we should
suppose a lacuna before fjxoi: in the lacuna there will have been, first, a brief
explanation of why signs cannot be vor|xâ, parallel to the preceding explanation
of why they cannot be aiaGr|xGt; and then something like êxi Sè xô or|ueîov.
IX 98 [OCT p. 485.21 -22]:
... Kai xô aïxiov oov èTtivooîxo âv uôvov. ènei eînep èaxiv aïxiov, ôcpeiXei
ëxeiv xô où Xéyexai aïxiov, ènei oùk ëaxcu amov.
The received text of the second sentence makes no sense. Diogenes is consider
ing sceptical arguments against causes; and it is clear that the first argument
(text cited above, n. 147) ends with the word uôvov in line 21. It is clear, too,
that the next words ènei eûtep introduce a second argument, a precise parallel
to which we find in Sextus at M IX 208 (see above, p. 4269). Earlier editions
of Diogenes recognised this by placing a full stop after uôvov and before ènei
(e.g. Meibom, p. 595 - modern scholars prefer an unintelligible comma: e.g.
Hubner, II, p. 420; Cobet, p. 250; Hicks, p. 508; H. S. Long, p. 485; Gigante
[1], p. 392). We must also get rid of the ungrammatical ènei: êu for ènei, or
[ènei] eïTtep <xe>, for example. In line 22 the clause ènei oùk ëaxai oïxiov must
be left untouched: it is protected by Sextus, M IX 209, where the very same
clause is found. (As far as I know, no-one has offered to meddle with Diogenes'
text; but in Sextus Bekker added uf| ëxov and Bury ei uf| ëxei after ènei.) The
clause means: "since otherwise it will not be a cause".
IX 98 [OCT p. 486.1-3]:
Kai ur|v ei ëauv aïxiov, fjxoi arâua ctcouoxôç èauv aïxiov f\ àacouaxov
àacouâxou' oùSèv Sè xouxcov oùk fip' èariv aïxiov.
The disjunction contains only two members: it is evidently incomplete. The
subsequent development of the argument in IX 98 (and also the parallel in Sextus,
MIX 210 — 217) shows that an exhaustive disjunction was intended. Hence
we should read (with Hirzel, III, p. 139 n. 1, and Janâcek [8], pp. 53-54):
r|xoi acoua acbuaxôç èariv a'mov fj àacouaxov àacouâxou <rj aacbuaxov acbua-
xoç fj oWua àacouâxou).
IX 107 [OCT p. 489.10-12]:
... ôx' àTtô xôv aùxgov Siâcpopoi Ttpooninxoixn <pavxaaiai, 6ç ànô xoù Ttûpyou
fj axpoyyûXou fj xexpaycbvou ...
DIOGENES LAERTIUS IX 61-116 4293
"... when different impressions strike us from the same objects, e. g. from
a tower which is either rounded or square."
The text gives us an illustration not of different appearances from the same
object but rather of appearances from an object of indeterminate nature. The
received text could perhaps be twisted to give the sense which Diogenes needs;
but it is more likely that there is a simple corruption: for axpoyyuXou and
xexpaycbvou read axpôyyuXoç and xexpàycovoç.
IX 107 [OCT p. 489. 14 -17]:
npôç ouç oi aKenxiKoi cpaaiv ôxi ôxe npoaTtiTixouaiv àXXoîai cpavxaaiai,
êKaxépaç èpoùuev cpaiveaGar Kai Sià xoùxo xù ipaivôpeva xiGévai ôxi cpaivexai.
The second ôxi, whether it is taken as "that" or as "because", gives no
intelligent sense. Read ôxe, to pick up the ôxe in the previous line:
"The sceptics say that when different impressions strike us, we shall say
that each appears - that is why we posit the appearances when they
appear".
In the case of the tower, the sceptic will never be obliged to say "It appears
both rounded and square"; rather, when it appears rounded he will say "It
appears rounded", and when it appears square he will say "It appears square".
IX 108 [OCT p. 490.1]:
Xeyôvxcov xcov SoyuaxiKô»v cbe, 8uvf|aexai pioùv ô ctkeTixikôç pf| cpeûycov xô ei
keXeuoGeiti Kpeoupyeîv xôv naxépa ...
It is hard to make any sense of this. "The Dogmatists say that the sceptic will
be able to live if ... " — but the Dogmatists usually say precisely the opposite,
that the sceptic will not be able to live. (Early editions had ttcôç for cbç — see
e.g. Meibom, p. 598. But the text remains unsatisfactory.) An easy emendation
will insert où before Suvr|ctexai. This is, I think, an improvement — yet I am
still unable to construe the text in an intelligible fashion. The phrase cbç
Suvf|aexai pioùv recurs in the main clause of the sentence (a clause which is
itself almost certainly corrupt). I suspect that its occurrence in the subordinate
clause is a slip, made by a scribe whose eye strayed down the page. (Reiske
proposed to remove the second occurrence of the phrase: Diels, p. 324.) Then
we should rewrite the text somewhat as follows:
Axyovxcov xcï>v SoynaxiKcov xôv ctkeTixik0v uf| cpeûyeiv xô kxX.
Diogenes IX Sextus
Pyrrhonian qxovai
74-77 {476.15-478.4} [PH I 187-208; II 1-10]
{477.18-20} PH I 206; II 188; M VIII 480
Sources of àvтiGéаeiç
78 {478.5-15}
{478.5-6} PH I 8
The Ten Modes
79 - 88 {478.16 - 482.6} [PH I 40 - 163]
The Five Modes
88 - 89 {482.7 - 22} PH I 164 - 169
{482.18-20} PH I 169
Against Proof
90-91 {482.23-483.15} [[PH II 144-192; M VIII 337-481]]
{483.9 - 10} [PH II 171 - 174; M VIII 337a - 339]
{483.10-12} PH II 183-184; M VIII 380
Against the Dogmatists
92-94 {483.16-484.15} [[PH I 170-171]]
{484.11-15} [M VIII 51 -54]
Against Criteria
94-95 {484.16-485.3} [[PH II 18-78; M VIII 263-446]]
{484.16-21} PH II 20
Against Signs
96- 97 {485.4-18} [[PH II 97-133; M VIII 159-298]]
{485.4-5} M VIH 176-177
{485.5-6} M VIII 188
{485.8 - 10} M VIII 171
{485. 10-15} M VIII 172 - 175
{485.15 - 16} PH II 119; M VIII 165
Against Causes
97- 99 {485.19-486.13} [[PH III 13-29; M IX 195-330]]
{485.19-20} M IX 207 - 208
{485.21-486.1} M IX 209
{486.1-11} M IX 210-217
Against Movement
99 {486.14 - 17} PH III 71, II 242; M X 87
DIOGENES LAERTIUS IX 61-116 429.5
Against Learning
100 {486.18 -22} MI 10; PH III 256 - 258; M XI 2Ï9 -
223
Against Generation
100 {486.23 - 25} PH III 1 12; M X 326 - 327
Against Natural Values
101 {487.1-11} M XI 69-75; [PH III 179-182]
Note on Sources
102 {487.12-15}
Do the Sceptics Dogmatize?
102 - 104 {487.16 - 488.8} [[PH I 13 - 15]]
Do the Sceptics Destroy Life?
104-105 {488.9-24}
The Sceptical Criterion
106-107 {489.1-17} [[PHI 21-22]]
The Goal of Scepticism
107 - 108 {489. 17 - 490.6} [PH I 25 - 30]
{489.17- 18} PHI 29
{489.22 - 490.5} M XI 162 - 166
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G. Striker [1]: Über den Unterschied zwischen den Pyrrhoneern und den Akademikern,
Phronesis 26, 1981, 153-169
G. Striker [2]: The Ten Tropes of Aenesidemus, in: Burnyeat [2], 95-116
DIOGENES LAERTIUS IX 61-116 4301
* Eine Auswahl der wichtigsten Publikationen über das zehnte Buch des Diogenes Laertios
habe ich in 'Diogene Laerzio. Vite dei filosofi', Roma - Bari 19874, LXXXVIII - XC und
642 gegeben. Vgl. auch die nützliche Sammlung von M. Capasso, Studi su Epicuro: Parte
seconda, in: Syzetesis, Studi sull'epicureismo greco e latino offerti a M. Gigante, II,
Napoli 1983, 464-480.
Die Übersetzung des vorliegenden Artikels ins Deutsche ist Jürgen Hammerstaedt
(Köln) zu verdanken.
1 Vgl. M. Gigante, Biografia e dossografia in Diogene Laerzio, Elenchos VII, 1986, 7 —
102.
2 Vgl. Gigante, Biografia e dossografia, 64-71 und jetzt L. Brisson, Diogène Laërce,
'Vies et doctrines des philosophes illustres', Livre III: Structure et contenu, ANRW II
36,5, hrsg. v. W. Haase, Berlin -New York 1992, 3619-3760.
, D.L. X 22 - 26.
4 D.L. I 15. Zur Abfolge der SiuSoxcn im Werk des Diogenes Laertios als ganzem vgl.
nun J. Me|er, Diogenes Laertius and the Transmission of Greek Philosophy, ANRW II
DAS ZEHNTE BUCH DES DIOGENES LAERTIOS 4303
ist von hohem Wert, und Diogenes disponiert sie gemüßlich mit einer retardie
renden Erzähltechnik, welche die Kunstschöpfung im Erkenntnishorizont auf
löst, der nicht nur von der philoplatonischen5 Dame, an die er sich erneut
wendet6, repräsentiert werden kann. Diogenes befindet sich nicht bloß am
Ende seines syggramma, sondern auch am kathartischen Abschluß einer Dar
stellungsmethode, in der stilistische Spannung und Bedeutsamkeit des Lehrstof
fes sich gegenseitig abwechselnd stützen. In keinem anderen ßioc, tritt das
methodische Bewußtsein klar hervor, daß die Eigenart des Philosophen, welche
sich in seinem Leben manifestiert, Ausdruck seiner Lehre und seines Werkes
ist. Diogenes stellt dem unwahren Epikurbild von des Wahnsinns bezichigten
Verleumdern die von der Vaterstadt und den Freunden bezeugte eùyvwuoowr|,
die ununterbrochene SiaSoxr| der Schule, die den Eltern gezeigte evxapiaxia,
die den Brüdern erwiesene eùnoïia, die mit den Sklaven geübte f|uepóxr|ç
und, als Höhepunkt und Summe aller dieser Tugenden, die allen erwiesene
cpiXavGpcokia entgegen7.
Diogenes weiß, daß nicht alle eine solche Darstellung akzeptieren können,
und behauptet deshalb, daß die Gestalt des Theoretikers des Vergnügens, der
in einem Athenaeusepigramm8 als Lehrer der natürlichen Grenze des Reich
tums und als Ankläger der unbegrenzten und streitlustigen Gier der Menschen
gepriesen worden ist, an Kontur gewinnen werde, wenn man von der Lehre
Epikurs seinen Ausgang nehme9:
тoioùтoç f|v ó xr|v f|Sovf|v elvai xtXoq SoyuатiÇcuv [...] eiaóueGa Sè Kai
uàXXov npoiovxeç ek тe xcôv Soyuатcov ek тe тôv рr|тóv aùxoù.
Das ist die erste Ankündigung der Lehre Epikurs, doch Diogenes fährt im Bios
mit den verschiedensten Nachrichten und beigefügten Quellen fort, mit dem
Hinweis auf seinen ganz persönlichen Stil, mit den Etappen seines philosophi
schen her und mit seinem Tod10. Aber noch nicht einmal mit der xeXevxr\
endet die Vita: Diogenes fügt das Testament11, ferner den wunderschönen Brief
an Idomemeus über den letzten Tag von Epikurs Leben unter den gewaltigen
Schmerzen, denen seine Seele die in der Vergangenheit geführten Unterredun
gen entgegenhält12, sodann eine Liste seiner hochangesehenen (глpoSpa èXXóyi-
uoi) Schüler13 und schließlich eine Auswahlbibliographie der Werke Epikurs14
(kcù та аuyypauuата uèv 'ЕniKoupou xoааùта Kai тnллKaùxa, àv та Рëл-ткуто èaxi
таSe) hinzu.
An diesem Punkt kündigt Diogenes den Darstellungsplan der Soyuатa
und der pr|тá Epikurs an:
„Die Lehre (ö Sè aiköi Sokeï), welche er in diesen Werken ausarbeitet,
werde ich darzustellen versuchen (èKGéaGai neipaaouai), indem ich seine
'Drei Briefe' vorlege, in welchen er seine gesamte Philosophie zusammen
gefaßt hat. Aber wir werden auch seine 'Hauptlehren' und eine Auswahl
dessen, was er verkündet hat (Кai eï тi ëSoÇev èKXoyfjç àÇùoç àvecpGéуxGai),
anführen, damit du alle Aspekte der Persönlichkeit dieses Mannes zur
Kenntnis zu nehmen (navтаxóGev KaтацаGeïv тôv avSpa) und zugleich zu
beurteilen weißt."
Er kündigt den Inhalt der 'Drei Briefe' nepi тôv cpuaiKôv ... nepi ueтаpaícov
... nepi ßiwv an und verzögert, obgleich er ápKxéov Sí| ànà щс, npcoтr|ç
schreibt, den Gang des Textes von § 30 bis § 34, indem er noch einen
Abschnitt, eine stoicheiosis, ganz und gar eine elementare Zusammenfassung
von isagogischem Charakter über die Einteilung der Philosophie und über
das Kriterium15 (nepi xfjç Siaipéaecoç Kai xoù Kpiтr|píou aтoixeicoSôç), einfügt:
Dies ist eine Art Vorwort16 (оХлyа npoeinóvта), in dem zusätzlich zu den
Briefen, insbesondere dem Brief 'An Herodot', auch auf die Schrift 'Kanon
oder Über das Kriterium', auf die Werke 'Über die Natur', 'Über die Lebens
weise' und 'Über das Endziel' bezuggenommen wird. An den Text des 'Briefes
an Herodot' nepi тôv cpuaiKôv17 und des 'Briefes an Pythokles' nepi т©v
ueтecopœv oder ueтаpaiwv18 schließt sich nicht unmittelbar der Text des
dritten an. Wie dem ersten die Zusammenfassung des Kriteriums vorangegan
gen ist19, geht dem dritten die komplizierte, möglicherweise durcheinanderge-
11 D.L. X 16-21. Vgl. D. Clay, Epicurus' Last Will and Testament, AGPh LV, 1973, 252-
280 (= Ders., Lucretius and Epicurus, ch. 2, Ithaca - London 1983, 54-81).
12 D. L. X 22. Diogenes Laertios zufolge war der Brief an Idomeneus gerichtet (fr. 23
Angelí), Cicero zufolge an Hermarch (fr. 5 Longo). Vgl. A. Angelí, I frammenti di
Idomeneo di Lampsaco, CErc XI, 1981, 91 -92; Epicuro, Scritti morali, trad. di C. Diano
(Milano 1987), 110-112, 167.
» D. L. X 22.
m D.L. X 27 - 28.
" D. L. X 34.
" D. L. X 29.
17 D.L. X 35-83.
» D.L. X 84-115.
" D.L. X 31-34.
DAS ZEHNTE BUCH DES DIOGENES LAERTIOS 4305
20 D.L. X 117.
21 D.L. X 122-135.
22 Das ist ein für Diogenes typischer Ausdruck, vgl. K. Janacek, Zur Würdigung des
Diogenes Laertios, Helikon VIII, 1968, 448 - 451, und Ders., Zum Stil des Diogenes
Laertios, in: Studia Minora Facultatis Philosophicae Universitatis Brunensis XXIV, 1979,
35-39.
" D.L. X 117-121.
24 D.L. X 122-135.
" D.L. X 135.
26 D.L. X 136-137.
27 H. Usener, Epicurea, Lipsiae 1887, XXXIII - XXXIV.
28 Vgl. M. Gigante, Classico e mediazione. Contributi alla storia della filologia antica,
Roma 1989, 29-49, 51-53. Zu Nietzsches Diokles-These vgl. auch eingehend J.
Barnes, Diogenes Laertius IX 61 — 116: The Philosophy of Pyrrhonism, ob. in diesem
Band (ANRW II 36,6), 4283-4289.
29 E. Bignone, Epicuro. Opere, frammenti, testimonianze sulla sua vita, Bari 1920, 212
Anm. 8.
30 D. L., Lives of Eminent Philosophers with an English Translation by R. D. Hicks, II,
London 1925, 646 Anm. b.
31 C. Bailey, Epicurus. The extant remains, Oxford 1926, 166 f.
4306 MARCELLO GIGANTE
Contents
Abbreviations 4310
Works Cited 4310
I. The Text of the 'Refutatio' 4313
II. The Contents of the 'Refutatio' 4316
III. Pagans and the 'Refutation of Heresies' in Books 5-9 4319
A. Book 5 4320
1. The Naassenes and Thales 4321
2. The Peratae 4322
3. The Sethians 4323
4. Justin 4324
B. Book 6 4324
1. Simon Magus 4325
2. Valentinus and Pythagoreanism 4326
3. Marcus 4332
C. Book 7 4332
1. Basilides and Aristotle 4334
- Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle in book 1 4338
2. Marcion and Empedocles 4341
D. Book 8 4347
E. Book 9 4350
1. Noetus and Heraclitus 4350
2. Elkesaites, Jews, and Stoics 4354
IV. The Self-contained Doxography of Book 1 4357
A. The physicists 4360
1. The successors of Thaïes 4360
a) Anaximander 4360
b) Anaximenes 4361
c) Anaxagoras 4362
d) Archelaus 4363
2. The other natural philosophers 4365
a) Eleatics and atomists 4365
a) Xenophanes and Parmenides 4365
p) Leucippus and Democritus 4368
b) Ekphantus and Hippon 4369
B. The "others" 4371
1. Epicurus and the Academics (Skeptics) 4371
2. Brahmans, Druids, and Hesiod 4373
4310 IAN MUELLER
Abbreviations
Works Cited
Werner Förster, Die Naassener, Studi di storia religiosa della tarda antichità, Messina
1968, pp. 21-33
Josef Frickel, Die „Apophasis Megale" in Hippolyts Refutatio (Orientalia Christiana
Analecta 182), Rome 1968
Richard Ganschinietz, Hippolytos' Capitel gegen die Magier (TU 39.2), Leipzig 1913
Otto Gilbert, Die meteorologischen Theorien des griechischen Altertums, Leipzig 1907
Bernard R. Goldstein, The Arabic Version of Ptolemy's Planetary Hypotheses (Transac
tions of the American Philosophical Society 57.4), Philadelphia 1967
W. Gundel, Individualschicksal, Menschentypen und Berufe in der antiken Astrologie,
Jahrbuch der Charakterologie 4 (1927), 133-193
Ernst Haenchen, Das Buch Baruch, Zeitschrift für Theologie und Kirche 50 (1953),
123-158
Günther Christian Hansen, Alexander und die Brahmanen, Clio 43-45 (1965), 351 -380
Albert Henrichs, Mani and the Babylonian Baptists: a historical confrontation, Harvard
Studies in Classical Philology 77 (1973), 23 - 59
Jackson P. Hershbell, Hippolytus' Elenchos as a source for Empedocles re-examined,
Phronesis 18 (1973), 97-114, 187-203
Karl Holl, Fragmente vornicänischer Kirchenväter aus den Sacra Parallela (TU 20.2),
Leipzig 1899
René Hoven, Stoïcisme et stoïciens face au problème de l'au-delà (Bibliothèque de la Faculté
de Philosophie et Lettres de l'Université de Liège 197), Paris 1971
Wolfgang Hubfr, Passa und Ostern (Zeitschrift für neutestamentliche Wissenschaft und
die Kunde der älteren Kirche, Beiheft 35), Berlin 1969
Karel Janácek, Hippolytus and Sextus Empiricus, Eunomia (Ephemeridis Listy Filologické
Supplementum) 3.1 (1959), 19-21
Charles H. Kahn, Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology, New York 1960
Charles H. Kahn, The Art and Thought of Heraclitus, Cambridge, England 1979
Walter von Kienle, Die Berichte über die Sukzessionen der Philosophen in der hellenisti
schen und spätantiken Literatur, Berlin 1961
G. S. Kirk, Heraclitus, the Cosmic Fragments, Cambridge, England 1954
G. S. Kirk, The Michigan Alcidamas papyrus; Heraclitus fr. 56 D; the riddle of the lice.
Classical Quarterly 44 (1950), 149- 167
A. F. J. Kli|n and G. J. Reinink, Elchasai and Mani, Vigiliae Christianae 28 (1974), 277-
289
A. F. J. Kli|n and G. J. Reinink, Patristic Evidence for Jewish-Christian Sects (Supplements
to Novum Testamentum 31), Leiden 1973
Klaus Koschorke, Hippolyt's Ketzerbekämpfung und Polemik gegen die Gnostiker (Göttin
ger Orientforschungen 6. Reihe 4), Wiesbaden 1975
Martin Krause, Die Paraphrase des Seem und der Bericht Hippolyts, PICG, pp. 101- 110
André Laks, Diogène d'Apollonie, Lille 1983
Diego Lanza, Anassagora. Testimonianze e frammenti (Biblioteca di studi superiori 52),
Florence 1966
A. A. Long, Chance and natural law in Epicureanism, Phronesis 22 (1977), 63 — 88
A. A. Long and D. N. Sedley, The Hellenistic Philosophers, 2 vols., Cambridge, England
1987
Salomo Luria, Democritea, Leningrad 1970
Jaap Mansffi.d, Resurrection added: the interpretatio Christiana of a Stoic doctrine, Vigiliae
Christianae 37 (1983), 218 - 233
Miroslav Marcovich, Heraclitus, editio maior, Mérida 1967
Miroslav Marcovich, Hippolytus and Heraclitus (TU 92 = Studia Patristica 7.1), Leipzig
1966,255-264
4312 IAN MUELLER
Miroslav Marcovich, Phanes, Phicola, and the Sethians, Journal of Theological Studies
n.s. 25 (1974), 447 - 451
Miroslav Marcovich, Pythagorica, Philologus 108 (1964), 29-44
Miroslav Marcovich, Textkritisches I zu Hippolyt Refutatio B. IIl - X, Rheinisches
Museum für Philologie 107 (1964), 139-158, 305 - 315
Jorgen MeIer, Diogenes Laertius and his Hellenistic Background (Hermes Einzelschriften
40), Wiesbaden 1978
Paul Moraux, Der Aristotelismus bei den Griechen 1 (Peripatoi 5), Berlin and New York
1973
Claudio Moreschini, La doxa di Platone nella Refutatio di Ippolito (I 19), Studi Classici
e Orientali 21 (1972), 254 - 260
Ian Mueller, The author of the 'Refutation of all Heresies' and his writings, Aufstieg und
Niedergang der Römischen Welt (ANRW) II 27,4, ed. W. Haase, Berlin and New York
(forthcoming)
Otto Neugebauer, A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy, 3 vols., New York,
Heidelberg, Berlin 1975
D. O'Brien, Pour interpréter Empédocle (Philosophia Antiqua 38), Paris and Leiden 1981
Catherine Osborne, Archimedes on the dimensions of the cosmos, Isis 74 (1983), 234 - 242
Catherine Osborne, Rethinking Early Greek Philosophy, Ithaca 1987
Stuart Piggott, The Druids, New York 1985
Mario Dal Pra, Lo scetticismo greco, 2nd ed., Rome and Bari 1975
John Rist, The Heracliteanism of Aenesidemus, Phoenix 24 (1970), 309 - 319
C. Ramnoux, Études présocratiques (Publications de la Faculté des lettres et sciences
humaines de Paris - Nanterre, Essais 4), Paris 1970
Giovanni Reale, Teofrasto e la sua aporetica metafisica, Brescia 1964
Kurt Rudolph, Die Gnosis: Wesen und Geschichte einer spätantiken Religion, 2nd ed.,
Leipzig 1980 (English translation, Edinburgh 1984)
François-M.-M. Sagnard, La Gnose valentinienne et le témoignage de Saint Irénée, Paris
1947
David M. Scholer, Nag Hammadi Bibliography 1948-1969 (Nag Hammadi Studies 1),
Leiden 1971
Kurt Schubert, Die jüdischen Religionsparteien in neutestamentlicher Zeit (Stuttgarter
Bibelstudien 43), Stuttgart 1970
Walter Spoerri, A propos d'un texte d'Hippolyte, Revue des études anciennes 57 (1955),
267 - 290
G. C. Stead, In search of Valentinus, ReGn 1, pp. 75-102
Thomas Alexander Szlezák, Pseudo-Archytas über die Kategorien (Peripatoi 4), Berlin
and New York 1972
Paul Tannery, Mémoires scientifiques, 17 vols., Paris 1912-50
Holger Thesleff, The Pythagorean Texts of the Hellenistic Period (Acta Academiae
Aboensis, ser. A, 30.1), Abo 1965
N. van der Ben, The Proem of Empedocles' Peri Physios, Amsterdam 1975
R. T. Wallis, Neoplatonism, London 1972
Frederik Wisse, Stalking those elusive Sethians, ReGn 2, pp. 563-576
M. R. Wright, Empedocles: The Extant Fragments, New Haven and London 1981
Eduard Zeller, Die Philosophie der Griechen in ihrer geschichtlichen Entwicklung, 6 vol
umes (various editions from 4th to 6th), Leipzig 1920- 1923 (reprinted Hildesheim 1963)
E. Zeller and R. Mondolfo, La filosofia dei greci nel suo sviluppo storico 1.3 Eleati, a
cura di Giovanni Reale (Il pensiero storico 52), Florence 1967
Günther Zuntz, Persephone, Oxford 1971
HIPPOLYTUS' 'REFUTATION OF ALL HERESIES' 4313
I have described the basic facts about the history of the text known as
the 'Refutado Omnium Haeresium' in my essay 'The author of the 'Refutation
of all Heresies' and his writings'.1 Readers wishing more information are
referred to the new edition of the work by Miroslav Marcovich.2 The
standard edition of the 'Refutado' for the past 70 years has been that of Paul
Wendland.3 Except in the case of book 1, which was carefully edited by
Diels in DG, there is only one manuscript (P) for the 'Refutado'. That
manuscript is very defective, Hippolytus' Greek is very rough, and the heretical
doctrines he describes are obscure and bizarre. Marcovich has chosen to try
to print as main text what he thinks Hippolytus wrote and to indicate in the
apparatus all manuscript variations, and a large number of emendations
suggested by other editors and scholars. The result is a heavily emended text.
Scholars who prefer an edition which gives a sense of what the manuscript
says with mainly straightforward corrections4 will probably choose to use
Wendland and check Marcovich when they run into difficulties, as they
frequently will; for in many cases Marcovich prints an alternative to the
mss. mentioned in Wendland's apparatus. But those who prefer a text which
reads more easily or who are doing detailed textual work anyway will be well
served by the new edition. For there are surprisingly many cases where
Wendland has misreported or not reported what is in P.5 For the most part
these misreadings do not affect the printed text or affect it in an insubstantial
way (as in the case of the substitution of oôxcoç for oбтco or the marking of
the page break of the manuscript). The most serious mistakes in Wendland's
reports on P which I have noticed are dropped words in the printed text.
I cannot here discuss Marcovich's emendations in detail. We are dealing
with such a corrupt text that no uncontroversial restoration of it is possible.
Many of Marcovich's emendations are what might be called cosmetic,
changes which make the text easier to read without changing the sense, e. g.,
the insertion of an article or a Sé or a yap. Some of the more substantial seem
to me clear improvements over Wendland, e.g., the restoration of the ms.
Xapeîv for fiaX£iv in 5.8.44 and Ttveûuaxoç for aTtépuaxoç in 5.7.25. But most
of the substantial ones are uncertain and might be better left as suggestions
in the apparatus. Here are some examples, which will indicate the kinds of
thing Marcovich does.
At 1.21.5, in a discussion of Stoic theory, Marcovich prints cràua Sià
acouaxoç uèv xcopeîv, àXXà àvâKpaaiv elvai, where Wendland has f àvôaxuaiv
and gives editorial emendations in his apparatus. The reader of Marcovich
has to check the apparatus to realize that a change has been made. There he
finds the reading of the manuscripts and essentially the same evidence of prior
editorial suggestions. Marcovich's àvâKpaaiv is apparently a new suggestion;
we are not told why its greater simplicity makes it preferable to Diels'
àvxinapéKaxaaiv for which there are clear parallels.6
In 4.14.12 Hippolytus gives a rule used in translating names into numbers.
Wendland prints:
ôxav uévxoi yncpiÇrj xà ôvôuaxa Kai eùpiaKr| 8iç xo aùxô ypâuua, &nat, aùxô
i|/r|cpiÇei oïov xô nâxpoKXoç ôvoua f kcù n a Siç ëxet Kai xô o Siç.7
The n seems obviously intrusive, and in what follows the name nàxpoKXoç is
implied to have two cx's and two o's. Wendland notes two solutions. One
which prints naTiâxpoKXoç and leaves all else the same (Duncker), one which
writes after the obelus Kai xo o Siç exei (Miller). Neither is particularly
satisfactory, but reading Wendland's text one is warned of the corruption
and can check possible solutions. Marcovich perfers to incorporate another
solution into the text itself:
ôxav uévxoi <xiç> yr|quÇrj xà ôvôuaxa Kai eùpiaKrj Siç xô aùxô <cpcovfjev>
ypâuua, anaç aùxô yr|cpiÇei olov xô nàxpoK<a>Xoç ôvoua Kai xô [»i] a Siç
ëxei Kai xô o Siç.
The inserted xiç is what I call cosmetic. The qxovfjev is said to be added
computationis gratia. What is meant is that in calculations vowels which
occur twice are counted only once, but, as is shown by subsequent calculations
for Odysseus and Asteropaios, recurring consonants are counted each time
they occur. So the cpcovfjsv makes the statement of the rule more precise, and
certainly it is a help to the reader to know how calculations are done. But
how likely is it that Hippolytus wrote cpcovfjev when the calculation immediately
at hand does not require marking the distinction which it introduces?8 IMxpo-
KaXoq is certainly preferable to Duncker's nanàxpoKXoç, and is admitted by
' At the end of section III.E.2 (p. 4357) I point out that Hippolytus may well have written
(the admittedly difficult) avâcrtacnv.
7 I adopt the convention of printing Greek numerals in bold face.
8 Note that Hippolytus does not state the further restriction that only one of co and r| is
counted until he has given a computation using that rule.
HIPPOLYTUS' 'REFUTATION OF ALL HERESIES' 4315
9 See Tannery 1, pp. 393-394. For further discussion see Neugebauer 2, pp. 647-651
and Osborne, Archimedes.
4316 IAN MUELLER
right, so one can say at least that Hippolytus should have written it. However,
I cannot see that the major change is any help. For the radius of the cosmos
has to be approximately XA of a great circle on it (ti = 3); so there is no way
the figure for the perimeter and the figure for Saturn can be maintained
together.
For this paper I shall use Wendland's text and indicate where I have
departed from it. However, I wish to make clear that I could not have written
this paper without Marcovich's edition and consider it an indispensable tool
for anyone working on the 'Refutatio'. It includes a valuable and concise
introduction and very complete indices, and its footnotes give good informa
tion on parallel passages, citations, and relevant modern literature up to about
1980. The richness of this material has made it possible for me to forego the
discussion of certain points which would have only served to lengthen an
already lengthy essay.
10 Book 4 shows more connection with the body of the 'Refutatio' than book 1 does. In
4.3 Hippolytus looks forward to his discussion of the 'Peratic' heresy allegedly based on
astrological ideas. This kind of forward reference recurs in 4.13 (Kolarbasus, who is not
discussed subsequently but is paired with Marcus at the beginning and end of book 6),
4.42 (no specific heresy), 4.47-48 (no specific heresy), 4.51 (Simon Magus and Valen-
tinus), and intermixed in the discussion of Aratus (4.47 - 49; no specific heresy). There
are no analogous references in book 1 .
11 M. 5.37- 105. The arguments of JanAcek based on Sextus' predilection for Kai ur|v in
M. seem inadequate to establish the claim that he and Hippolytus used a common
source.
There are extant works of 3 authors, Sextus, Josephus, and Irenaeus, which show that
Hippolytus copied and excerpted on occasion. It seems to me undeniable that he must
have done the same thing in some cases which we can no longer check, but the
HIPPOLYTUS' 'REFUTATION OF ALL HERESIES' 4317
assumption that the 'Refutatio' is just a stringing together of copies and excerpts is
unjustified although not disprovable.
12 Hippolytus gives mainly numbers he ascribes to Archimedes, but mentions that Hip-
parchus and Apollonius provide different values. He contrasts the complex results of
these people with the simple ratios involving 2 and 3 found in the 'Timaeus', and then
offers his own account in which the intervals between successive planets are d, 2d, 3d,
22d, 32d, 23d, and 33d, where d is the distance of earth to moon. Hippolytus indicates
that he has been using Ptolemy, whose work renders that of his predecessors empty.
This early reference to Ptolemy's stature is striking, but nothing Hippolytus says suggests
that he knew Ptolemy's estimates of the distances. For not only does Ptolemy choose
astronomical accuracy over Platonic simplicity, he places Mercury and Venus below
rather than above the sun. See Goldstein.
13 On this material see Dornseiff, pp. 113-117 and Tannery, Mémoires I, 185-188.
14 Hippolytus calls this science by the apparent misnomer metôposkopikë (ms. metôpisko-
pikë) manteia; obviously it is some kind of astrology and has nothing to do with the
divination through the examination of a person's face, which is called metoposcopy
by Pliny (Nat. 35.36.88). Bouché-Leclercq (1, pp. 266 - 267) calls it « morphoscopie
astrologique». The passage is discussed by Gundel (157-159) in a paper which sets
the Hippolytus material in its context.
15 The lacuna undoubtedly comes close to the end of the discussion of metoposcopy, but
it is not clear how much else has been omitted. In his discussion of Marcus the Valentinian
Hippolytus refers twice (6.39.3 and 40.3) to a treatment of magic. Only the first of these
references corresponds to something (28.13) in the extant text of 4.
16 Ganschinietz, pp. 30-75, provides a detailed analysis of this section, citing many
parallels for Hippolytus' descriptions. Ganschinietz believes that Hippolytus has ex
cerpted in a rather mindless way from a popular work explaining wondrous natural
effects.
17 This material may be derived from a source attempting to show the derivation of Greek
philosophy from the barbarians; cp. Clement, Prot. 5. The notion that the Persians
worshipped light or fire is standard; the claim that the Babylonians took darkness as
their god may depend entirely on Hippolytus' search for a witticism.
18 For further discussion of this passage and 51.1 -9 see section III.B.2 (p. 4328).
283 ANRW II 36.6
4318 IAN MUELLER
" Marcovich quite justifiably suspects a lacuna toward the very end of the chapter,
presumably because the text as it stands connects this treatment of the brain with Simon
and Valentinus, but in the detailed treatment of heresies it is connected with the Peratics
(5.17.11 - 12). For a brief discussion of this material see below section III.A.2 (p. 4323).
20 So Marcovich, p. 5. In general attempts to say specifically what, if anything, substantial
is missing from our text have not been persuasive.
21 I have discussed Hippolytus' relation to Callistus in 'The author'.
n M. 10.310-318. I shall refer to this passage in Hippolytus (10.6.2-7.6) as the Sextus
summary.
n There is a table of correlations at the beginning of the next section. Frickel's arguments
(pp. 45-74) that the summary material in book 10 is an earlier work written before the
body of the 'Refutado' and incorporated into it have been satisfactorily answered by
Koschorke (pp. 102-104).
HIPPOLYTUS' 'REFUTATION OF ALL HERESIES' 4319
book 10 and also deal with the parts of the philosophical doxography of
book 1 relating to materials in 5 - 9, namely the reports on Thales, Pythagoras,
Empedocles, Heraclitus, Socrates, Aristotle, Plato, and the Stoics. In the
concluding section IV I will deal with the remainder of the doxography in
book 1, self-contained reports with no apparent connection with the body of
the 'Refutatio'.
See, for example, Scholer and subsequent bibliographical supplements published almost
every year in 'Novum Testamentum". Two useful general works for approaching gnosti
cism are Fôrster, Gnosis, and Rudolph. On the question of the general character of
the gnostics see Wisse and the discussion in ReGn 2, pp. 578-587.
28!
4320 IAN MUELLER
A. Book 5
is This at least seems to be Hippolytus' explanation of the name (5.16.1); for others and
for the names of individuals associated with this sect by Hippolytus consult DCB 1, s. v.
Acembes, and 2, s.v. Euphrates (1).
26 Sithians almost always in the manuscript of the 'Refutatio", but Sethians in other sources.
27 The accounts of the Sethians given by Epiphanius (Haer. 39) and Pseudo-Tertullian (De
Praescript. 67) are quite different from that of Hippolytus.
HIPPOLYTUS' 'REFUTATION OF ALL HERESIES' 4321
Herodotus. Of these sources, only the Greek philosophers and astrology are
discussed in the surviving parts of books 1 - 4.28
who, like Hippolytus, saw the recognition of a single god as the creator of
all things as absolutely fundamental to true Christianity.32
In any case, this is the only 'use' Hippolytus makes of the book 1 report
on Thales.33 The report itself (1.1) does not contain anything very striking in
the context of the doxographic tradition, but it has a couple of somewhat
unusual features. It tells us that Thales came from Miletus, was one of the
seven sages, was the first person to undertake natural philosophy, and brought
the study of astronomy to the Greeks. Thales' water is charcterized as the
beginning and end of the universe, perhaps to insure its identification with
god, who is said to be what has neither beginning nor end, a statement
commonly ascribed to Thales.34 The mechanism by which things are said to
come from water is solidification and dissolving (Siavinui, an unusual word
substituted for àpcuôco or uavôco). Water is also said to be the source of
earthquakes, collections of winds, and the motion of stars; indeed, everything
is said to flow because of the primacy of water. The assignment to Thales of the
mechanism of rarefaction and condensation is common, but almost certainly
mistaken.35 1 know of no analogue for connecting water in Thales with winds
and astral movement or with the universal flux normally associated with
Heraclitus; the latter is our first example of a doxographical syncretism
frequent in Hippolytus.36 His report ends with a slightly garbled version of
the story of Thales falling into a well while looking at the heavens (Plato,
Theat. 174a), and he informs us that Thales was a contemporary of Croesus.37
2. The Peratae38
u There are, however, other indications in Hippolytus' report on their doctrine that the
Naassenes assigned an important role to water; see, e.g., 5.8.41 and 5.9.15 — 20.
33 Elsewhere in the 'Refutatio', Thales is referred to only in a general list of Greek sages
dependent on the Egyptians (9.16.2) and in the Sextus summary.
M E.g., in DL 1.36.
35 See Zeller, 1.1, p. 267.
36 For the possible sources of this case of blending see von Kienle, pp. 39 - 40.
37 Hippolytus makes an analogous remark about Xenophanes and Cyrus (1.14.1). He also
gives the Olympiad and year for the birth of Anaximander and the acmes of Anaximenes
(1.7.8) and Anaxagoras (1.8.13), but otherwise he shows no interest in chronology.
Diels' (DG, p. 146) attempt to incorporate these few chronological remarks into his
analysis of sources is unsatisfactory. See Osborne, Rethinking, pp. 196- 197.
38 There is a brief summary of Hippolytus' description of the Peratai in Fôrster, Gnosis,
1, pp. 283-284.
HIPPOLYTUS' 'REFUTATION OF ALL HERESIES' 4323
3. The Sethians41
Hippolytus' Sethians also offer a triad of principles out of which all things
are mixed together: light, darkness, and pure (akeraios) pneuma intermediate
between them (5.19.1-6). Hippolytus repeats (5.20.4) the accusation in the
table of contents of borrowing from Musaeus, Linus, and, especially, Orpheus;
the missing parts of the 'Refutatio' on ta mystika might have given us more
39 The fragment is preserved by Clement (Strom. 6.2.17,2), who uses it as a case of Greek
plagiarism (in this case by Heraclitus from Orpheus).
40 The only other significant references to the brain in the 'Refutatio' are in the account
of the Naassenes, but none of them is developed. The book 4 description of the brain
and its interaction with the body is more detailed than the one in 5, but it does not
include 5's comparison of the cerebellum to the son, and it introduces in an artificial
way the significant number 7, a number which seems to have no important function for
the Peratae. The two descriptions are otherwise quite similar.
41 On the Sethians see Krause or Wisse.
4324 IAN MUELLER
idea of what he has in mind. However, his account of the generation of things
according to Sethians involves cosmic sexual processes, and it is this aspect
of the Greek mysteries that he invokes explicitly in his accusation.42 He also
accuses (5.21.1) the Sethians of referring their followers to theories of mixture,
such as those put forward by the Peripatetic Andronicus. This is the only
mention of Andronicus in the 'Refutado', and we have no independent
knowledge of his views on mixture; they were presumably fundamentally
Aristotelian.43 The examples of mixture which follow (undoubtedly used to
confirm the view that the three Sethian principles could at one time be totally
fused together and at the same time discriminated and at a later time separated)
do suggest an explicit reliance on physical theory.44
4. Justin45
B. Book 6
42 Marcovich, Phanes, suggests that the Sethians may, in fact, have invoked Orphic
cosmogonical ideas in support of their own views.
43 For an example of the kind of thing Hippolytus presumably has in mind see Arius
Didymus fragment 4 Diels and the discussion of it in Moraux, pp. 280-283.
44 Hippolytus also indicates (5.21.11) that the Sethians took an illustration of the separation
of things blended together from Herodotus 6.119.
45 A good brief account of Hippolytus' discussion of Justin is given by Haenchen in
Förster, Gnosis 1, pp. 48 — 52. See also Haenchen, Das Buch Baruch.
46 Hippolytus also says (5.26.32-35) that Justin assimilated the stones of Leda and the
swan and of Danae and Zeus to the Elohim/Eden cosmogony, and Zeus's abduction of
Ganymede to Naas's alleged intercourse with Adam. He also says that they called the
Good Priapus, a problematic claim; see Förster, Gnosis 1, p. 52.
HIPPOLYTUS' 'REFUTATION OF ALL HERESIES' 4325
Peratae, and Sethians are the first three heresies treated in the epitome, but
Justin is dropped behind heretics who are known to us from other sources
besides Hippolytus: Simon Magus and Valentinus, the first two heretics of
book 6, and Basilides, the first heretic of book 7. Marcus, the third and final
heretic of book 6, is not mentioned in the epitome, presumably because
Hippolytus, following Irenaeus, views him as another Valentinian. (See, e. g.,
6.55.3.) The table of contents of book 6 (1—5) associates Simon with "magici
ans and poets," Valentinus with Platonists and Pythagoreans, and Marcus
with magic and Pythagorean numbers.
1. Simon Magus47
next charge seems equally well founded and equally general (6.9.6); he says
that in distinguishing between the hidden and manifest natures of this fire,
Simon is making the same distinction which Aristotle makes between the
potential and actual and Plato makes between the intelligible and the sensible.
That Simon, like all gnostics, utilized a form of the standard Platonic dichot
omy seems certain, and it emerges from Hippolytus' presentation of Simon's
'Great Statement' that he did employ the Aristotelian concepts; for the contrast
between what is actually and what is potentially occurs four times in the
presentation (6.12.2; 14.6; 16.5; 17.1). Finally Simon is said (6.11) to have
cited Empedocles for the doctrine that all the parts of fire have thought.51
Given the obvious strength of the charge that Simon borrowed from the
philosophers, it is natural to ask why Hippolytus seems to lay more explicit
stress on magic and the poets. The accusation of magic has, of course, the
authority of the New Testament, but the only explanation I can think of for
his not laying more stress on the philosophers is that Hippolytus intends to
invoke the connections of Heraclitus, Empedocles, Aristotle, and Plato with
other heretics.
51 The passage in question (6.11) is corrupt, and I have relied on Marcovich's restoration.
There is, however, no question that Hippolytus quotes Empedocles fragment 109; since
this fragment is preserved by Aristotle, there is good reason to think Simon used it.
Hippolytus goes on (6.12.1) to quote part of the last line of fragment 110, a fragment
for which he is the only source (7.29.25). The association of Empedocles with the fire
of Heraclitus and with Platonic/Aristotelian ideas is one of several examples of the
blending of these philosophers in the 'Refutatio'.
52 The source materials for Valentinus and the Valentinians are more extensive than for
any other brand of gnosticism, but the varieties of Valentinianism and the uneasy fit
between direct quotations and descriptions in the sources raise serious issues of interpreta
tion which have not been resolved. Forster, Gnosis 1, pp. 121 -243 provides a good
introduction to the issues. The standard work on Valentinus is Sagnard. See also Stead.
In the context of this paper Valentinus is the Valentinus described by Hippolytus.
n See also 9.17.2, where Hippolytus refers to the Egyptian origins of the views of Pytha
goras, Thales, Solon, and Plato, and 8.14.1 -2, where the 'Timaeus' theory of the four
elements is mentioned ("the cubes, octahedrons, and pyramids and all the figures similar
to these from which fire, air, water, and earth are composed ... ") in a context in which
Hippolytus is mainly thinking about Pythagoreans.
HIPPOLYTUS' 'REFUTATION OF ALL HERESIF.S' 4327
indeed it does seem very clear that Valentinian theory did rely in an explicit
way on Platonic-Pythagorean concepts such as the tetraktys and the perfection
of the number ten; and it perhaps depended in a looser way on the idea of
the generation of the intelligible world from a primary being or beings and
of the sensible world from the intelligible world. However, Hippolytus' account
does not make clear very many explicit and precise parallels perhaps because
the Valentinians themselves were neither explicit nor precise nor consistent.54
I shall, therefore, concentrate on Hippolytus' exposition of certain Pythagorean
ideas, making some comparisons with what he says about Valentinus. The
main idea which I wish to discuss is the generation of the universe from an
ultimate and ungenerated monad.55 This and related ideas crop up in numerous
places in the 'Refutatio',56 not always labelled Pythagorean.
In the first Pythagorean cosmogony in the doxography of book 1 Hippo
lytus begins (1.2.6) by asserting that the first principle is an incomprehensible,
indefinite, male monad which generates "in a fatherly way" all the other
numbers. After it come two, three and four, alternatingly female and male,
even and odd. Hippolytus asserts that, although number is infinite, "all the
numbers taken by genus (XncpGévxeç ànà yévouç) are four," and from these four
by addition is reached the perfect number, 10, which is called the tetraktys
and treated as the source of eternal nature. Other numbers such as 11 or 12
depend for their being on 10. Hippolytus continues the stress on 4 by saying
that there are four parts of the perfect number: number, monad, square, and
cube. He then manages to get three more basic things and so a total of seven
by adding certain combinations of these four, namely squared squares, cubed
squares, and cubed cubes. The description breaks off at this point (1.2.10)
54 At the end of his discussion of Valentinus (6.37) Hippolytus does make one quite specific
charge of borrowing from Plato, but the psalm of Valentinus he invokes to back it up
only shows a general correlation. Hippolytus quotes the famous passage in Plato's second
letter (312d7-e4) about the king and cause of all — of whom Plato says he has never
written - and a secondary and a tertiary cause. He then accuses Valentinus of translating
these statements into his own theory of the Father, the Pleroma, and the sensible world
outside it. Although there can be no question about the general dependency of the
Valentinian system on forms of Platonic hierarchy, the assertion that Valentinus was
influenced by this specific passage is a variant of a common dispute between Christians
and Pagans. Origen (Cels. 6.18-19) indicates that Celsus quoted the second letter as
part of a charge of Jewish/Christian borrowing from the Greeks. Origen argues for a
reverse direction of influence, as does Justin (Apol. 1.59). The second letter passage is
also cited by Athenagoras (Leg. 23).
55 I shall not discuss the biographical materials on Pythagoras in book 1, which are for the
most part quite standard. (See the apparatus in Marcovich's edition.) The most
interesting anecdote (unique to Hippolytus) concerns Zalmoxis, who is said (1.2.17) to
have brought Pythagoreanism to the Celtic Druids. The story is repeated in the book 1
entry on the Druids (1.25), where the Druids are said to use Pythagorean numerical
techniques for predicting the future and to practice magic; Hippolytus does not mention
transmigration, the belief normally taken as the Pythagorean/Druid link. For some
debunking discussion of the alleged connection between Pythagoreans and Druids see
Piggott, pp. 112-129. The Druids are not mentioned elsewhere by Hippolytus.
56 See especially the discussion of Monoimus (8.15, discussed in section III.D [p. 4348]).
4328 IAN MUELLER
remainder is even or odd. Here Hippolytus gives a 'justification' for the use
of 9: the divisibility of the 360-degree cosmic circle into 90-degree quadrants.60
The point of the stress on seven found in the book 1 Pythagorean
cosmogony is made somewhat clearer by the discussion of 'arithmetic' in 4.51,
which Hippolytus begins by referring to measures of sevens used by "almost
all" heretics. Shortly thereafter he introduces a standard account of the
generation of a line by the movement of a point, of a surface by the movement
of a line, of a solid by the movement of a surface, and says that Simon used
this mathematical description to illustrate the claim that the little will be
large.61 Hippolytus now inserts the book 1 account of the Pythagorean cosmo
gony and says that Simon and Valentinus make use of this seven (number,
monad, square, cube, squared square, cubed square, and cubed cube), Simon
calling it Nous, Epinoia, Name, Voice, Logismos, Enthumêsis, and He who
has stood, stands, and will stand; Valentinus Nous, Truth, Logos, Life, Man,
Church, and the Father "who is counted together with them" (sunarithmou-
menos). Hippolytus here lists Simon's three pairs of cosmic roots and their
generator, and Valentinus' three pairs of primary eons and their ultimate
generator. But he nowhere provides any direct evidence that Simon or Valen
tinus stressed the number seven in connection with them, let alone that they
associated them with the alleged fundamental Pythagorean seven.62
Hippolytus' account of Pythagoreanism in book 6 begins by sounding
much like those of its predecessors which rely on a single male principle. The
ultimate principle is said (6.23.1) to be an ungenerated male monad which
generates a female dyad and the other numbers. But then we are told that the
dyad is the mother of all generated things, and the doctrine of one as father
and two as mother is ascribed to Zaratas, the teacher of Pythagoras. It seems
reasonably clear that Hippolytus' wavering here is due to the fact that some
Valentinians abandoned Valentinus' view that a male monad generates the
dyad of Nous and Truth, which, in turn, generates ten "eons," and postulated
Sigë as the monad's spouse (6.29.2-3). Hippolytus does call the dyad of Nous
and Truth the mother of these eons (6.29.6), but it seems likely that in the
system he is describing Nous functions as masculine, Truth as feminine.63
60 Towards the end of his description (4.44.2-3) Hippolytus connects the association of
numbers and names with healing.
61 For Simon's use of the illustration see 6.14.6. See also 5.9.5 in Hippolytus' discussion of
Naassenes.
62 Seven does play an important role in the system of Hippolytus' Valentinus, but its only
clear association is with the Demiurge (6.32.7). In other Valentinian systems the seven
listed by Hippolytus become eight because the Father is given a consort. Then one gets
a contrast between the seven of the sensible world and the eight of the intelligible world,
which appears to be playing a role in Hippolytus' account shortly after 6.32.7. There is
a similar contrast of seven and eight in Basilides (7.25 ff.), and seven plays a role in
some systems assigning numbers to words; see, e.g., 4.14.9.
6, The members of each pair of eons are designated by one masculine and one feminine
word; Valentinus uses adjectives for the masculine entities and so is able to invoke
Aùxocpuf|ç, MovoyevT|ç, and even MrixpiKôç (!).
4330 IAN MUELLER
Hippolytus makes (6.23.3) the contrast between ten as perfect and eleven or
twelve as imperfect, and subsequently (6.29.7 — 30.2) says that this contrast
was used by Valentinus in having Nous and Truth produce ten eons, while
having their major offspring Logos and Life produce twelve. Hippolytus goes
on (6.23.4) to make the tetraktys play the role of generator in the sensible
world analogous to the role of the monad in the intelligible. He does not
make the point very clearly since he repeats the idea of the generation of line
by point, surface by line, and solid by surface without bringing in the standard
correlation of point with one, line with two, surface with three, and solid with
four. It seems clear that Hippolytus stresses the contrast sensible/intelligible in
book 6 because he would like to correlate the idea of the generation of the
sensible world from the tetraktys with the Valentinian generation of the world
from the imposition of form on the abortion generated by Wisdom. But the
correlation is very weak, the Valentinian doctrine being a gnostic formulation
of the generally Platonic conception of the sensible world as a corruption of
the intelligible one. Hippolytus next (6.24.1) brings together the Pythagorean
dekad and the ten Aristotelian categories,64 substance and "the nine incorpo
real accidental kinds which cannot exist apart from substance." The closest
surviving analogue of this material is Pseudo-Archytas' treatment of the
categories in 'Peri tön katholou logon '. 65 There are also lesser parallels between
the insistence on the distinction between the intelligible and the sensible which
follows in the 'Refutatio' and fragments of Pseudo-Archytas' 'Peri noи kai
aisthasios' .66 Hippolytus never makes any specific comparison between Valen-
tinianism and the doctrine of the categories, but he may think there is some
relation between the categories and the ten eons.
Hippolytus turns next (6.24.6) to the role of number in ordering the
cosmos in a way which involves the kind of blending of Heraclitean and
Empedoclean elements which we already encountered in his treatment of
Simon. Just as there is addition or composition of numbers and subtraction
or analysis, so, according to Pythagoras, the cosmos is held together by an
arithmetic and musical bond, and is always and everywhere preserved without
corruption by tightening and loosening and adding and subtracting. To support
this broadly Heraclitean picture of the cosmos67 Hippolytus cites as Pythago-
64 Hippolytus does not mention Aristotle in this connection, although in the doxography
of book 1 (20.1-2) he lists (and gives examples of) the same categories in the same
order as the doctrine of Aristotle. In 8.14.9 Hippolytus accuses Monoimus of following
the Greeks who say that there is substance, quality, quantity, relation, place, time,
position, action, and undergoing. The context indicates that he has Pythagoreans in
mind.
65 See Szlezák, pp. 89-90.
66 Thesleff, pp. 36 - 39. This material is basically a reformulation of the four mental states
of the Divided Line passage of Plato's 'Republic'. Hippolytus invokes only the intelligible/
sensible distinction and adds material insisting on the distinction of the objects of the
five senses.
67 Cр., e.g., Heraclitus fragments 10 and 91. See also the last sentence of Hippolytus'
account of Pythagorean doctrine in 6.28.4.
HIPPOLYTUS' 'REFUTATION OF ALL HERESIES' 4331
I discuss Hippolytus' interpretation of this fragment in section III.C.2 (p. 4343). His
basic interpretation is the same there when he assigns it to Empedocles and here when
he assigns it to Pythagoreans, but only here does he compare the dividing activity of
Strife to arithmetical division, the unifying activity of Love to addition.
The corresponding material in Timaeus Locrus comes just before the correlation of souls
with heavenly bodies. (See Thesleff, pp. 217-218.)
On the symbola see Burkert, Lore and Science, pp. 166-192.
At 9.14.1 the Elkesaites are said to have taken over this belief from the Pythagoreans.
See below, section 1II.E.2 (p. 4355).
4332 IAN MUF.LLER
3. Marcus72
The last part of book 6, which is taken directly from Irenaeus (Adv. Haer.
1.11 — 17),73 deals with followers of Valentinus, of whom only Marcus is given
an extended treatment. Marcus' 'contribution' to Valentinianism seems to
have been largely a matter of ascribing mystical powers to letters and numbers,
and other magical practices. Hippolytus' charge that Marcus' numerical
mumbo jumbo is Pythagorean seems to depend on the fact that it involves
numbers rather than on anything very specifically Pythagorean. Toward the
end of his treatment of Marcus, Hippolytus presents (6.54 — 55) some of his
cosmological and astronomical ideas, which again involve the finding of
'significant' numbers. Here there are certainly borrowings from pagan the
ories,74 but presumably not of an objectionable kind. What is objectionable
to Hippolytus is the belief that the numbers have hidden significance and in
particular reveal things about the Valentinian spiritual universe.
C. Book 7
72 On Marcus one may consult Dornseiff, pp. 126-133, but a glance at a page of
Hippolytus' or Irenaeus' account is adequate for taking in his kind of pompous emptiness.
75 Hippolytus twice names Irenaus in this section (6.42.1 and 55.2) without, of course,
mentioning that he is borrowing from his predecessor, as he also does in most of his
brief descriptions in books 7 and 8.
74 There is one curious aspect of Marcus' world picture. Like the Pythagoreans described
by Aristotle at De Caelo 2.13.293a20ff. as believing in ten heavenly bodies, including
the earth and counter-earth, Marcus somehow managed to get the number ten into the
heavens. Unfortunately, Hippolytus' (6.53.2) and Irenaeus' (1.17.1) description of this
system is not decipherable. We are told only that Marcus believed in seven heavens, an
eighth containing them (i.e., the fixed stars), plus the sun and moon. One would have
expected the sun and moon to have been included already in the seven heavens.
HIPPOLYTUS' 'REFUTATION OF ALL HERESIES' 4333
pagan forebears of the other heretics treated in 7 are barely invoked; moreover,
the treatments themselves are very brief and in many cases derived from
Irenaeus. The following table compares the orders of presentation of Hippo-
lytus and Irenaeus; when subjects are the same there are no inconsistencies
between the two authors and sometimes Hippolytus has simply excerpted
Irenaeus.
Hippolytus 7 Irenaeus 1
Carpocrates75 (32) Carpocrates (25)
Cerinthus (33) Cerinthus (26.1)
Ebionaioi (34) Ebionaioi (26.2)
Theodotus 1 (35)
Theodotus 2 (36.1)
Nicolaus (36.3) Nicolaitae & Nicolaus (26.3)
Cerdon (37) Cerdon (27.1)
Marcion (27.2-4)
Apelles (38)
Only Cerinthus, Cerdon, and Apelles are connected in any way with non-
Christian roots by Hippolytus. In the table of contents (7.1 — 12) and in the
text (and in Irenaeus) Cerinthus is said to have learned from the Egyptians,
but Hippolytus makes nothing of this. Cerdon is said in the table of contents
to have followed Empedocles, but this claim is probably based simply on his
association with Marcion. Finally the table of contents says that Apelles was
influenced by physical dogmata; although this charge is not repeated in the
text, Apelles is said to have held that Christ was not born of a virgin but
made his body from parts of the substance of the universe, i. e., from the hot
and the cold and the moist and the dry, and that at his death he released these
components back into the universe.
It seems to me probable that Hippolytus, having run out of steam on his
project of reducing heresies to paganism, started to follow Irenaeus, but
inserted the accounts of the two Theodotoi because, like the people discussed
just before them, they denied the divinity of Jesus. He added Apelles after
Cerdon because the two were associated with Marcion. The same sort of
considerations presumably played a role in the sequencing of these people in
the epitome of book 10, where one finds the following order (Carpocrates
and Nicolaus not being treated):
Marcion (with Cerdon mentioned as his teacher)
Apelles
Cerinthus
Ebionaioi
Theodotus I
Melchisidechians (of whom Theodotus 2 was one)
7S Hippolytus' account of Carpocrates is essentially an excerpted version of Irenaeus'
account, but curiously Hippolytus leaves out the point (Adv. Haer. 1.25.6) that the
Carpocrateans honored statues of the Greek philosophers.
284 ANRW II 36.f.
4334 IAN MUELLER
76 For a brief treatment of Basilides with good bibliography see the article on him in TRE 5.
77 I leave out of account 7.22.10 where Hippolytus compares the role of the holy spirit in
the ascent of the "coarser sonship" with that played by the wings given to the soul by
Aristotle's teacher Plato in the 'Phaedrus* (ms. 'Phaedo'). One cannot rule out the
possibility that the comparison was made by Basilides himself, but this seems unlikely
to me.
78 I am not persuaded by Osborne's claim (Rethinking, pp. 36 - 40) that the account
derives from skeptical sources and shows considerable insight.
HIPPOLYTUS' 'REFUTATION OF ALL HERESIES' 4335
Hippolytus appears to be picking up on Aristotle' claim (Cat. 5.2a 19 -21) that when
something is said of a subject both its name and its definition are predicated of the
subject.
Hippolytus may here refer to all the categories other than substance, but he immediately
reduces them to quality: xcov auupepr|Kôxcov 6Kaaxov xf| oùaiçt, ô KaXeÙai noiôxT|ç. His
examples are colors and virtues. It is clear, in any case, that the crucial distinction is
between substance and accident and not among the various non-substantial categories.
Aristotle is not, of course, entirely clear on this latter point, and later commentators
tend to slide over the issue in the way Hippolytus does.
HIPPOLYTUS' 'REFUTATION OF ALL HERESIES' 4337
M Fragments 3 and 8 (Eusebius, P. E. 15.5.800a, and 15.12). Atticus also criticizes Aristotle's
fifth element (fragment 5 [RE. 15.7]). (Cp. C. Morf.schini, Attico: una figura singolare
del medioplatonismo, ANRW II 36,1, ed. W. Haase, Berlin -New York 1987, pp. 477-
491.) The notion of a connection between the superlunar and sublunar worlds is essential
for astrology and is stressed by Hippolytus in his discussion of the Peratae.
M See Reale, pp. 156-161.
4338 IAN MUELLER
the fifth element to the whole heavens down to and including the moon.85
Moreover, we have no other knowledge of a work called 'On the fifth
substance'. It seems probable that Hippolytus has in this case assigned to
Aristotle a division of the universe and a way of talking about it which is
only Basilidean.86 For here is part of his description of Basilides' system:
"Thus all the aitherial things87 ... are governed and foreknown by the
actuality (entelecheia) of the great ruler; for from there air is distinguished
from aither. All the aitherial things having been set in order, another
ruler, greater than all things lying below except for the sonship which
had been left below, but much inferior to the first ruler, rose up again
from the panspermia. This ruler is also called ineffable by them, and its
place is called seven {presumably for the seven planets}, and he is the
ruler and demiurge of all things lying below him; he also made for himself
from the panspermia a son more intelligent and wiser than himself as in
the description of the first ruler. Basilides says that the heap or panspermia
is in this interval [i. e., the sublunar region, the one we occupy], and what
happens <in it) happens naturally, their happening being anticipated by
the being who has reckoned the future, what, how and in what way it
must be; and no one is the governor or manager or creator of these
things; for the reckoning which the non-being reckoned when he created
suffices for them." (7.24.3 - 5)
The remainder of Hippolytus' description of Aristotelianism consists of the
passage on the 'De Anima' and Aristotle's god quoted above, a remark that
the cosmos is eternal for Aristotle88 and a mention of ethical works written
by Aristotle to improve the character of his students. Hippolytus' other
references to Aristotle, to which I now turn, are in book 1.
85 See also the pseudo-Aristotelian De Mundo 2.392a5 - 31 and, indeed, the Sextus summary
at 10.7.4. On the other hand, at P. 3.218 Sextus ascribes to Aristotle the view that god
is the incorporeal limit (peras) of the heaven.
86 There may be confusion here caused by Xenarchus' attack on the 'De Caelo' called
'Against (Pros) the fifth substance' (Simplicius, In Cael. 13.22-25 et passim). One might
locate all three of the 'treatises' mentioned by Hippolytus in Metaphysics A: 'Physics"
= chapters 1—5, 'Metaphysics' = chapter 8. 'On the fifth substance' = chapters 6, 7,
9. Hippolytus' division of branches of philosophy corresponds to the division of substan
ces in A.1.
87 I here omit the phrase "which exist as far as the moon," which, following Fôrster,
Gnosis 1, p. 69, I take to be a mistake on Hippolytus' part. The "aitherial things" of
Basilides correspond to the upper part of the alleged three-tiered universe. This upper
part is also called hypercosmic in 7.23.1 -2.
88 For the connection between eternity and the absence of providence in Atticus see
fragment 4 (Eusebius, P. E. 15.6.801c).
HIPPOLYTUS' 'REFUTATION OF ALL HERESIES' 4339
95 I note that Albinus' very Aristotelian god (Intro. 10) is missing from Hippolytus' account.
" At 10.8.7 Hippolytus appends to the Sextus summary a statement about Plato's three
principles, but says that matter is divided into four principles (the four elements) and
calls the paradigm nous.
97 An indication of this is perhaps his ascription (1.19.21) to the 'Republic" of a garbled
quotation from the 'Cleitophon'.
98 Cp. Albinus, Intro. 8.
99 The way in which Hippolytus describes Aristotle's position on this question is very
Platonic: "The soul of the whole cosmos is immortal, and the cosmos itself is eternal"
(1.20.6). The Stoics, of course, also believed in a cosmic soul (SVF 2.633 ff.).
100 Cp. Philo, Aet. Mund. 3.8-9. On this material see Moreschini, p. 257.
101 Cp. Cicero N.D. 1.12.30 with Pease's note.
wl The claim that the soul for Plato is mortal seems to turn only on the account of the
creation of the soul in the Timaeus' (41d). The claim that Plato did not believe in
reincarnation is harder to understand; Hippolytus indicates that it was based on a
reading of Phaedrus 250b. Immediately hereafter in discussing Aristotle (1.20.4) Hippo
lytus assigns Plato a belief in immortality of the soul, as one would expect.
"" Hippolytus refers to this as a ocoua uùyoei8t)ç. On this concept and its history see
Appendix II to Dodds's edition of Proclus' 'Elements of Theology' and Dillon, Iamblichi
Fragmenta, pp. 371 -372.
"M I here pass over an interesting passage (1.19.14) with no analogue in Albinus, in which
Hippolytus distinguishes among means, things without means, and things with means;
HIPPOLYTUS' 'RF.FUTATION OF ALL HERESIES' 4341
that Hippolytus treats the question of fate and free will as a question of ethics
rather than physics. Moreover, although both assign to Plato the Aristotelian
doctrine that virtue is a mean, Hippolytus gives it much more prominence
than Albinus does. To illustrate the doctrine he gives (1.19.16) the extremes
between which phronësis, temperance, justice, and courage are means.105 Plato
is said by Hippolytus (1.19.23) to have believed that evil results by opposition
to and as a consequence of good; for Aristotle he mentions (1.20.6) only the
consequence relation. In any case the position is Stoic. 106 Hippolytus does not
discuss Plato's 'dialectic' at all.
The much briefer account of Aristotle in 1.20 contains a number of
assertions one would expect from what has already been said about Hippolytus'
treatment of him: Aristotle made philosophy more technical and logical (1.20.1);
he believed that the elements of all things are substance and the nine other
categories or accidents (1.20.1); he held that bad things only occur below the
moon and not above it (1.20.6). Hippolytus says that Aristotle and Plato agreed
on most points (axeSôv xà nXziam, 1.20.3); I have indicated in the preceding
discussion of Plato the ones he mentions. Hippolytus is explicit about only two
exceptions: 1) whereas Plato believed in the immortality of the soul, Aristotle
thought it disappeared into a fifth element "like pneumd" (1.20.4); 2) Plato
thought that happiness presupposed only psychic goods, but Aristotle thought
it required bodily and external goods as well (1.20.5). The doctrine that
happiness depends only on psychic goods is much more clearly Stoic than
Platonic (SVF 3.20-28 [Chrysippus]), although Atticus (frag. 3, Eusebius, P. E.
15.4.794c) already assigns it to Plato and rounds on Aristotle for denigrating
the power of virtue. And the view that the souls are somehow derived from
a fifth element, although commonly ascribed to Aristotle,107 seems to represent
a fusion of Stoic theory (SVF 2.809-822) with the account of the heavens in
'De Caelo';108 assigning Plato the doctrine of an astral vehicle for the soul
facilitates assimilating his incorporeal soul to the Stoic corporeal one.
1,0 The motivation behind the postulation of a third principle would seem to be to distinguish
Christ from the good god without making him a product of the action of the evil god.
111 Hippolytus also gives most of the last line of this fragment at 6.12.1, the accepted version
of which is given by Sextus at M. 8.268. For an attempt to explain Hippolytus' baffling
use of the fragment see Osborne, Rethinking, pp. 129 — 131. The situation with regard
to the number of principles in the Marcionite system is made even more complex by
the discussion of Marcion and Cerdon in the epitome (10.19). There Marcion and
Cerdon are said to believe in three principles, one good, one just, one matter, to which
someone else added a base (poneros, the term applied to Marcion's second principle at
7.29.1 and 30.2) principle.
112 See also Burkert, Plotin, Osborne, Rethinking, pp. 87- 131, and Ramnoux, pp. 94
121.
HIPPOLYTUS' 'REFUTATION OF ALL HERESIES' 4343
composed. The six are standard, but the classification of them is unique to
Hippolytus: two, earth and water, are material; two, fire and air, are instru
ments (organa) by which the material elements are ordered and moved; and
two are things which act on and fashion (Snuioupyeco) the matter by means
of the instruments, Strife and Love.113 The idea that the six fundamentals of
Empedocles' natural philosophy are of different kinds can be traced back to
Aristotle, who distinguishes earth, air, fire and water as material causes from
Love and Strife as efficient ones;114 Hippolytus' formulation seems likely to
be a combination of the idea that fire and air are active, water and earth
passive with the idea of Love and Strife as analogous to the gods of Marcion.
Hippolytus characterizes (7.29.8) Love as "a certain peace and likemindedness
and affection which wishes the cosmos to be one complete, ordered thing,"
Strife as always dividing the One and breaking it into bits, making many
things out of one. It is the action of Strife which brings about our world
which, for Marcion and Empedocles, is a bad place. Therefore, Hippolytus
says (7.29.9), Empedocles called Strife execrable,115 i.e., destructive. Love, on
the other hand, is the cause of leading things out of the cosmos and changing
them and restoring them into the One.116 Hippolytus cites (7.29.13) fragment
29, for which he is, again, the only source, as a description of what he shortly
thereafter (7.29.17) calls the 'intelligible' cosmos under the aegis of Love.
The central part of Hippolytus' exposition of Empedocles (7.29.14-21)
involves lines which make up the core of fragment 115, lines which Hippolytus
quotes with interspersed explications. For the fragment I adopt (with two
exceptions to be noted) the text of Wright:117
", Here Hippolytus invokes the frequently cited fragment 6, which does not mention Love
and Strife and refers to earth, air, fire, and water as Hera, Aidoneus, Zeus, and 'Nestis'.
On Hippolytus' correlation of names with stuffs see Hershbell, 113 — 114.
1M For references see Bonitz, 241b56-61. Aristotle also claims that Empedocles' treatment
of the four roots was binary, but he suggests an opposition between fire on the one
hand and earth, air, water on the other (GC. 2.3.330b19-21; Metaph. A.4.985a33 - b3).
Independently of the interpretation of Empedocles, Aristotle himself characterizes the
hot and cold as active, the dry and moist as passive at Meteor. 4.1.378bl2- 13; and,
according to Galen (SVF 2.439), the Stoics treated earth and water as material, fire and
air as "pneumatic."
1,5 Oulomenos, which is applied to Strife in fragment 17.19 (quoted in the Sextus summary
at 10.7.5).
116 Hippolytus quotes (7.29.10) fragment 16 as evidence for the eternity of Love and Strife.
He is the only source for this fragment, and his supplying of Love and Strife as subjects
has, I think, never been questioned. (The same fragment is quoted and interpreted in
the same way, but ascribed to the Pythagoreans in the treatment of Valentinus [6.25.1].)
Hippolytus also says that fire, water, earth, and air are destroyed ("die") when Love
acts on them, thereby contradicting the standard interpretation, which can be traced
back to Aristotle (Metaph. A.3.984a8- 11) of the 'roots' as eternal. (Note also that at
7.29.23 Hippolytus calls the roots mortal.) This deviation is probably due to the treatment
of the One of Love as an intelligible entity and the assimilation of Love's activity to the
cosmic ekpyrôsis associated with Heraclitus. I discuss this assimilation at the end of this
section.
117 My treatment of 115 is largely dependent on Zuntz, pp. 193- 198.
4344 IAN MUELLER
11" This is an emendation due to Stephanus, according to Wright, who prints Plutarch's
cpo(5o> cpiXa yma fuivf.
"* Asclepius (In Metaph. 197.20-21) and Philoponus (In GC 266.4-5, In Ph. 24.20 - 21,
In de An. 73.32) have cbç kcù èycb Seùp' eiui (or elut). They and Hierocles (In CA. 54.2
Koehler), who has nothing corresponding to the first words of 13, are the source of
line 14. Editors of the 'Refutatio' assume Hippolytus quotes line 14: veikeî yàp cpnai
uui<vouevco niauvoç, veîkoç uai)vôuevov ... xôv 8r|uioupyov ... uTtoKctXcÏJv (7.29.15).
120 Beginning with Satuôvioi xe.
121 See Zuntz, pp. 194-195.
HIPPOLYTUS' 'REFUTATION OF ALL HERESIES' 4345
122 Lines 9 - 12 do not affect this point, since acpe can be singular.
123 See Zuntz, p. 196.
124 In the explication Hippolytus compares the treatment of the soul with a smith's tempering
of iron by plunging it in water, a comparison which seems to be Stoic in origin. See
J. H. Waszink ad Tertullian, De An. 25.2.
4346 IAN MUELLER
D. Book 8
tites. In the table of contents to book 8 (1—7) Docetist views1'4 are said to
derive from natural philosophy. The charge is made more general at the end
(8.11.2) of the description of the views: "The belief of these people was
previously sophized (prosophidzomai) long ago by the Greek sophists." But,
although the doctrines described suggest a variant of Valentinianism, and
hence Pythagoreanism, and the description uses some Stoic ideas,155 Hippolytus
says nothing to suggest a link with a specific philosopher. Monoimos136 is
charged with dependence on poets, geometers, and arithmeticians in the table
of contents; the first of these is dropped in the description, although it begins
(8.12.1—2) by saying that Monoimos developed his idea of the primal man
from the words of the poet "Ocean, origin (genesis) of gods and origin of
men," probably derived from Iliad 14.201 and 246. The description of this
primal man suggests the combining of Pythagoras and Heraclitus; he is "one
monad without composition without division, composed divided, loving all
things at peace with all things, fighting all things at war with all things before
itself (?), unlike like, a kind of musical harmony having in itself all things
whether said or left unsaid and unknown, showing all things and giving birth
to all things." (8.12.5) The Pythagoreanism becomes even stronger when we
are told that the monad generates the numbers up to ten, and the elements
of creation are associated with the solids of the 'Timaeus'. There is also other
numerical mumbo jumbo, and, as I have already suggested, when Hippolytus
associates Monoimus with the Greeks who believe in the categories, he
probably has Pythagoreans in mind. In the case of Monoimus Hippolytus
seems perfectly justified to say that he need not make comparisons with the
Greeks since it is clear that Monoimus' views are "put together from the
geometric and arithmetic art, which the pupils of Pythagoras set out more
nobly." (8.15.3)
Of the remaining five figures treated in book 8 only Hermogenes has a
substantial connection to pagan philosophy. 137 Of the other four, only the
Encratites are assigned any direct association at all with pagan thought in
book 9, their ascetic life leading Hippolytus to charge them with being Cynics,
not Christians (9.20.1); in the table of contents they are associated with the
Indian gumnosophists rather than the Cynics.138 I have already referrred to
Hermogenes' Platonizing. I now quote Hippolytus' description of it:
"A certain Hermogenes ... said that god has made everything out of a
cotemporal and ungenerated matter, since god could not make the things
which come to be except out of beings. God is always lord and maker,
matter always slave and coming to be, but not all of it. For when it was
always being moved in a wild and disorderly way <god) made a cosmos
by this logos: seeing [matter] seething like a kettle being heated from
below, he partially separated <(it); taking one part from the whole, he
pacified it, but the rest he allowed to move in a disorderly way. He says
that that which has been pacified is the cosmos, but that which remains
wild is also called acosmic matter. He says that this is the ousia of all
things, as if he were introducing a new view to his pupils, not conceiving
that this myth is in fact Socrates' and worked out better by Plato than
Hermogenes." (9.17.1-2)
It seems clear that, except for the business about acosmic matter surviving
outside the cosmos, Hermogenes' ideas do indeed derive ultimately from
Plato,139 but, of course, the whole framework for the Christian discussion of
creation is due to Plato.
Book 8 is the least well-worked out book in the 'Refutatio', and may
well have been left in an incomplete state by Hippolytus. It is the source of
much of the discrepancy between the books 5 — 9 and the epitome in book
10. For in the epitome, the Docetae, Monoimus, and Tatian are moved up
behind Justin and before Marcion. This change produces somewhat greater
coherence since the Docetae and Monoimus show clear affinities with heretics
discussed before Marcion, and Hippolytus associates Tatian with Marcion.
Hermogenes is moved back to almost the end of the epitome, after Callistus
and before the Elkesaites, a change which has no clear motivation but does
not create any special problems; in the epitome the rise of the Elkesaite heresy
is not connected with Callistus. The Quartodecimans and Encratites are
dropped from the epitome, as one might expect. Given this and the other
changes already described, the Phrygians take the position before Noetus and
after Theodotus 1 and the Melchisidechians. This change is reasonable enough
since, according to Hippolytus, some of the Phrygians took over the Monarchi-
anism of Noetus. This Monarchianism is Hippolytus' main heretical target.
He addresses it in book 9.
dependent on the Encratites. The Quartodecimans, Phrygians, and Encratites are not
heretics in the ordinary doctrinal sense. The Quartodecimans wished to retain the Jewish
method of determining Passover, the Phrygians believed in the continued operation of
the holy spirit and adopted certain innovations in dietary practice, and the Encratites
were extreme ascetics. On Tatian see Elze; on the Quartodecimans, Huber; on the
Phrygians, DS 10, s. v. Montanisme; and on encraticism in the ancient world, RAC, s. v.
Enkrateia.
Tertullian (Adv. Herm. 1) says that Hermogenes took over the postulating of matter
along with god from Stoics, but he is presumably just invoking the shibboleth of Stoic
materialism.
285 ANRW II 36.6
4350 IAN MUELLER
E. Book 9
Hippolytus pitches directly (9.9.1) into his attack on Noetus with the
quotation of a string of sayings of Heraclitus and interspersed commentary.
He then (9.10.9- 12) gives a brief account of Noetus' heresy. The Refutario'
and Hippolytus' 'Contra Noetum' are the chief sources for Noetus' views,
but, unfortunately, they do not tell us anything very specific except that
Noetus identified father and son. Hippolytus' linkage of Noetus and Heraclitus
really turns on nothing but Heralitus' fusion of opposites or identification of all
things as one. The specific formulations of Noetus' position which Hippolytus
addresses are these:
A. God is invisible (qua creator) and visible (qua son). (9.10.9—10)
Hippolytus takes this point up in connection with fragments 54 — 56.
(9.9.5-6)
B. He does not occupy space (achôrëtos) when he does not wish to
and he does when he does; he is also unsubduable and subduable,
ungenerated <and generated), immortal and mortal. (9.10.10) Hippo
lytus takes Heraclitus to hold that all opposites obtain simultaneously.
(9.10.2-6, 8) Of the four contradictions mentioned here Hippolytus
explicitly deals with the last two only (in connection with fragments
53 and 62 [9.9.4, 6]).
C. The same thing is father and son, but is called by the name 'father'
or 'son' "according to the turning of time." (9.10.10-11) This is
taken up by Hippolytus in connection with fragment 52. (9.9.4)
Hippolytus begins (9.9.1) his description of Heraclitus' views by saying
that for him the universe (to pan) is divisible indivisible, generated ungenerated,
mortal immortal, logos eternal, father son, god just, citing
oùk èuoù, àXXà xoù Xàyov {6oy\iaxoq} àKoùaavxaç, ôuoXoyeîv acxpôv ècmv
êv {èv} navra elvai {ei5évai}. (50) 141
Presumably the basis for Hippolytus' list of features of the universe is the
assertion that all things are one, taken as meaning that opposites hold of the
140 Discussions of Noetus usually take place in the context of the treatment of a heresy
which is ascribed to him, e.g., Monarchianism, Sabellianism, Modalism, or Patripassian-
ism. See, for example, DTC 10.2, s. v. Monarchisme. For discussion of Hippolytus'
treatment of Heraclitus and Noetus see Ramnoux, pp. 67 - 94, Marcovich, Hippolyxus
and Heraclitus, and Osborne, Rethinking, pp. 132-182, and now also S. N. Moura-
viev, Hippolyte, Heraclite et Noët (Commentaire d'Hippolyte, Refut. omn. haer. IX
8-10), below in this same volume (ANRW II.36.6) pp. 4375 - 4402.
141 1 shall present the Heraclitus fragments in the text of DK with occasional variations,
and bracket indications of deviations of the 'Refutatio' from the version given here;
phrases taken to be Hippolytean additions are set off in dashes.
HIPPOLYTUS' 'REFUTATION OF ALL HERESIES' 4351
142 The pairs logos eternal and god just do not fit neatly in here. Although it is not
unreasonable to say that for Heraclitus the universe is an eternal logos, Hippolytus never
establishes the point. Moreover, since Hippolytus identifies Heraclitus' universe with
god and associates both with something like the last judgment, he might well say that
the Heraclitean universe is a just god. But he does not deal specifically with either of
these claims. For discussion of the whole list and further references see Osborne,
Rethinking, pp. 144- 147.
m The fragment as preserved by Sextus (M. 7.132) adds the words xoùç 8è fiXXouç
àvGpcbnouç XavGdvei ôKôaa èyep9évxeÇ noioôaiv, ôK<oonep ôKôaa eûSovieç èTtiXav9àvov-
xai.
144 Apparently yivouévcov yàp nàvxcov Kaxà xôv Xôyov xôvSe is enough for saying that the
logos permeates everything. For an attempt to justify Hippolytus' suggestion that Hera
clitus is talking about to pan see Osborne, Rethinking, pp. 154- 155.
28S
4352 IAN MUELLER
It seems that Hippolytus must be thinking of war (which he does not mention
in his commentary) as like the Strife of Empedocles, the creator of this cosmos.
Hippolytus next (9.9.5) 145 directs his attention to Noetus' view that the
same god is visible and invisible. To show that Heraclitus held the same
position he invokes two fragments:
ápuovín àcpavf|ç cpavepfjç. Кpeirtcov. (54)
öacov {öaov} ôyiç àKor| uáOnaic,, таuта èyà npoxiцёco. (55) 146
These lines do express a paradox, but apparently one which Heraclitus
willingly embraced, namely that the truth is both apparent and hidden, that
is, there for anyone to see, but readily overlooked. Heraclitus might even accept
the assertion that god was both visible and invisible, but not, presumably, in
the flat, theological sense given it by Hippolytus.
Hippolytus now cites (9.10.2 — 6) a series of fragments taken to indicate
the Heraclitean identification of various opposites:
light and dark. SiSàOKaXoç Sè kXcíaтcov 'HaioSoç/ xoùxov ènicrтаvтаi
nKclma eiSêvai, ôaxiç f|uépr|v Kai eùcppovr|v {eùcppoаôvnv} oùk èyivcoaKev
ëaxi yàp iv. (57)
good and bad. oí - yoùv - iатpoi тéuvovтeç, koîovxeç - nàvxíj ßaaaviÇov-
тeç KaKwс, xoùç àppcoaxoùvтаç —, ènamcovтаi unSév' aÇiov uiOGôv {unSèv
aÇiov uiaGôv} Xaußaveiv — napà xwv àppcoaxoùvxwv — , хаùха èpyaÇôцevoi,
fxà àyaGà Kai xàç voаouç. f (58) 147
straight and twisted, yvácpcov {ypacpécov} ôoôç eùGeïa Kai aKoХлr| - f| хoù
ópyàvou хoù KaXouuévou Koxллou èv тф yvacpeicp {ypacpeicp} nepiaxpocpf|
eùGeîa Kai аKoAлт)* avw yàp ôuoù Kai KÙKл-co nepié<p>xexai - uia èaxi Kai
f, aùxfl- (59) 148
up and down: ôSôç avco Kàхco uia Kai ároxf| {cbuxf|}. (60) 149
145 After a passage with a lacuna in which he cites fragment 51 again to illustrate something
about Heraclitus' god or universe.
146 After these fragments there is another lacuna and the citation of a disputed fragment
the meaning of which in itself and for Hippolytus is unclear (9.9.6): èçnnáxг|vxш oí
üvGpconoi npôç тf|v yvôaiv xôv cpavepôv nаpanXr|аш>ç 'Ouiípcp, ôç èyévexo xd>v 'EXXf|vwv
aocpfflтepoç návтcov ekeïvov тe yàp naïSeç q>Oeîpaç KатaKxeivovxeç èÇnrtàxr|aav einovтeç'
öaa eïSouîv Kai sXaßouev {KатeXaßouev}, тaûтa anoXeínohev, öaa Se oöтe eïSou.ev ouт'
eXaßouev, тaûтa cpépouev. (56) For discussion see Kirk, The Michigan Alcidamas
papyrus.
147 Kirk's text. Diels wished to include yoùv and navxtj in the fragment, and accepted the
emendation ènaixéovxai nr|Sèv aÇioi utaGov of the ms. enamôvтai unSèv aÇiov цiaGcov;
he also read тaùтà for the ms. xaùтa. Of the various attempts to make sense of the last
words I mention Marcovich's тaùтà èpyaÇouevot Kai ai voñaot.
148 Marcovich's text.
149 For a thorough discussion of this fragment see Kirk, Heraclitus, pp. 105-112. It is
striking that, unlike other authors, including, apparently, Theophrastus, Hippolytus does
not ascribe any cosmological significance to the "path up and down."
HIPPOLYTUS' 'REFUTATION OF ALL HERESIES' 4353
150 Other versions of this fragment suggest that Heraclitus wrote Oeoi Gvnтoí, üvOpwnoi
àGàvатoi. See Marcovich, Heraclitus, pp. 236 - 237.
151 To be sure, Hippolytus is not the inventor of this kind of transformation. Aristotle
assigns to Heraclitus the view that good and bad are the same at Topics 8.5.159b30-
31 and Ph. 1.2.185b20 - 22.
152 In her discussion of Hippolytus' sources for Heraclitus Osborne (Rethinking, pp. 132 —
134) points out the interests of Aenesidemus in Heraclitus' position on opposites.
153 Cp. the extract from 'Against Plato or On the Cause of the Universe or Against the
Greeks' in the 'Sacra Parallela' of John Damascene printed by Holl, 47 - 76.
1M See, e.g. KRS, pp. 207 - 208.
155 On this section see Kirk, Heraclitus, pp. 349 — 361.
156 In the ms. 66 is associated with making things happen, 64 with judgment. Marcovich
accepts extensive transpositions proposed by Hermann Frankel, which certainly im
prove the sense.
4354 IAN MUELLER
We are also told that Heraclitus called fire "want and surfeit" (chrësmosunè
kai koros [65]), which, according to Hippolytus, stand for cosmic order
(diakosmësis) and ekpyrôsis. Hippolytus ends (9.10.8) his presentation of
Heracliteanism by citing one more fragment relevant to his attack on Noetus:
ô Geôç f|uépr| ewppovn {eùcppàvGr|}, x^Mmv Gépoç, Ttôtauoç eipf|vn, Kôpoç
XIUôÇ - xàvavxia finavxa, oûxoç ô voùç - à.A.XoioOxai 8è ôkoxttiep <Tiùp>
ônoxav {ôkcoctitep óKôxav} auuuiyfi Oucouaaiv ôvouâÇexai ko.G' f|Sovr|v éKàa-
xou. (67) 157
Hippolytus interprets this fragment as showing that for Heraclitus the world
creates itself, and it certainly does show that for Heraclitus god is, or underlies,
the world.158
Since the refutation of the Monarchianism of Noetus and Callistus is
undoubtedly Hippolytus' central concern, the presentation of Heracliteanism
is his most important attempt at doxography, a fact which explains his
extensive use of quotation. The attempt clearly fails both as a refutation and
as an account of the views of Heraclitus, but the account is not a mindless
citation of fragments, and it does not seem satisfactory to treat Hippolytus
as merely reproducing some source or other. He presumably was using one
or more handbooks for his quotations, and some of his interpretation he no
doubt took from his sources. But it seems to me very likely that he selected
most of his fragments specifically for the purpose of refuting Noetus, and
there is no reason to doubt that the method of refutation and its application
in this case is pure Hippolytus.
After exposing the heresy and chicanery of his arch rival Callistus (9.11 -
12), Hippolytus turns (9.13) to the Elkesaites,159 the importation of whose
157 There is no clear analogue of this fragment in other authors, but it may be reflected in
Hippolytus' discussion of the Sethians (5.19.4, 5.21.2-3, 10.11.3), who seem to have
used the notion of fragrances spread by fire to explain the operation of the spirit.
158 Before quoting this last fragment Hippolytus says, "in this chapter he has set out his
own meaning all together and at the same time the heresy of Noetus, whom I have
shown briefly to be a follower of Heraclitus, not of Christ (èv 8è xoûxco xcp KecpaXaicp
Ttàvxa ôuoù xôv îSiov voùv èÇé9exo, aua Ôè Kai xôv xfjç NoT|xoO alpéoeoç, <ôv> Si'
ôXiycov èné8eiÇa oùk ôvxa Xpiaxoù àXXà 'HpaxXtixou ua9r|xr|v). For he says in this
fashion that the cosmos which is made creates itself and is the maker of itself."
Marcovich (Hippolytus and Heraclitus, 255 - 256) takes the chapter in question to be
from "some Alexandrian anthology with Stoic explanations," but I see no reason why
Hippolytus cannot be taken to be referring to the present chapter of the 'Refutatio'
where Heraclitus has been allowed to speak for himself. For another reading of the
sentence also eliminating reference to another work see Osborne, pp. 179- 181.
159 On the Elkesaites see Kliin and Reinink, Patristic Evidence, pp. 54-67 and Idd.,
Elchasai and Mani, and Henrichs.
HIPPOLYTUS' 'REFUTATION OF ALL HERESIES' 4355
160 Astrology and magic are also mentioned in the table of contents of book 9 (1 -5).
161 For a full discussion of Hippolytus' dependence on Josephus and references to other
interpretations involving a common or intermediate source see Burchard.
162 For information on these sects see Schubert.
,63 The idea that Greek ideas were borrowed from the Jews is a commonplace of Christian
apologetics which can be traced back to Philo. It is not clear how Hippolytus would
bring it together with his negative attitude toward Greek thought. At 10.30, after a
lacuna following the summary presentation of Elkesaite opinions, Hippolytus is in the
midst of arguing for the greater antiquity of the Jews compared to Chaldaeans, Egyptians,
and Greeks, but he does not mention borrowing in this case, since he wishes to associate
his own 'truth' with the antiquity of the Jews and, of course, dissociate it from pagan
ideas.
4356 IAN MUELLER
to the Stoics is the just mentioned charge that they derived their ideas from
the Jews. Hippolytus begins his doxographic presentation of the Stoics in
book 1 (21) by remarking that they made philosophy more syllogistic and
almost covered it with definitions. He then states some fairly standard Stoic
doctrines concerning god and human actions: god is a very pure body and
the principle of everything; god's providence pervades everything; there is a
universal fate, which a human is free to accept or not, but which will unfold
whatever attitude a human takes. In connection with this last doctrine,
Hippolytus gives (1.21.2) a striking illustration, which he alone preserves: a
dog tied to a cart will be pulled along by it, but it 'chooses' whether to run
along with it or be dragged.164
Hippolytus next (1.21.3) turns to the soul, ascribing to the Stoics positions
generally assigned to them: the soul is corporeal, a product of the cooling
(peripsuxis, whence the name psuche) of the surrounding air {i. e., the pneu-
ma}, and immortal. Here the term 'immortal' ought to indicate survival after
death rather than perpetual existence. 165 However, Hippolytus goes on to
ascribe to the Stoics a belief in reincarnation (metensömatösis) . The accuracy
of this ascription, first found here and repeated in a few, mainly Christian, later
writers, is very doubtful,166 although Seneca seems to espouse reincarnation in
one of his letters (36.10-11) and leaves it open as a possibility in others
(65.20, 88.34, 108.17 - 22). 167 It is difficult to see how the belief in reincarnation
is reconciliable with the view that the soul is created by a cooling of the
cosmic pneuma or (in its traditional form which involves the indestructibility
of the soul) with the doctrine of periodic universal conflagration, a doctrine
which Hippolytus next invokes. But here again he introduces a wrinkle, by
asserting that some Stoics believed in partial rather than total conflagrations.
Although there is independent evidence of some kind of disagreement about
universal conflagrations among Stoics,168 there is none which specifically
affirms the substitution of partial for universal ones. Hippolytus may, however,
be more precise than our other sources.
The final substantive sentence in Hippolytus' report on the Stoics is full of
difficulty. Having described the conflagration as a purification,169 Hippolytus
proceeds with physical theory:
164 For texts, discussion, and bibliography on Stoic conceptions of fate and free will see
Long and Sedley 1, pp. 333 — 343 and 386-394. The Pharisees and Sadducees are also
said to have held positions on fate and free will by Hippolytus (9.28, 29) and Josephus
(2.162-165), the Pharisees somehow combining a belief in both (like the Stoics), the
Sadducees denying the existence of fate.
165 See Hoven, pp. 44-65 and, in particular, 44 - 46.
l« See Hoven, p. 91.
167 However, the last of these passages makes clear that for Seneca reincarnation is a
Pythagorean rather than a Stoic doctrine.
168 See Mansfeld, 219-220. The paper is a useful discussion of Hippolytus' Stoic doxogra-
phy.
169 Katharsis. The term is apparently not Stoic, but, as Mansfeld (pp. 220 - 221) points
out, the general point of view is reasonably enough ascribed to Stoicism.
HIPPOLYTUS' 'REFUTATION OF ALL HERESIES' 4357
ocb|iaxa 8è navxa ûTtéGevxo, koù crâna Sià aa>uaxoe, \ir\ xcopeîv, àXXà àvàaxa-
aiv elvai koù nenXnprâarGai itâvxa Kai hr|Sèv elvai kevôv.
Stoic corporealism and denial of a void (inside the cosmos) are well-known
doctrines (SVF 2.357-368, 501-508). So is the view that bodies do flow
through one another (SVF 2.463 — 481); hence the universal acceptance of the
emendation of uf| to uev. But the notion that the Stoics believed in resurrection
is incredible in itself and apparently irrelevant to the present context. Hence
the many suggested emendations of àvâaxaaiv; of those which accept the
emendation to nèv,170 the most widely accepted is Diels' àvxutapéKxaaiv. This
change renders the text intelligible, but we have already seen that Hippolytus
assigns a belief in resurrection to Heraclitus. Clement brings Heraclitus and
the Stoics together on this point in a passage quite reminiscent of the present
one:
"[Heraclitus,] learning from the barbarian [= Jewish] philosophy, also
knows of the purification by fire of those who have led bad lives, which
the Stoics afterwards called ekpyrôsis, with respect to which they include
the resurrection, teaching the resurrection of the individual (KaG' ôv Kai
xov iSicoç ttoiôv àvacnf|aeaGai SoyucmÇouai, xoux' èKeîvo xr|v avacrraaiv
Ttepiéxovxeç)." (Strom. 5.1.9,4)
Thus, it seems likely that Hippolytus did write avaaxaaiv here, but, if he did
so, he surely sacrificed intelligibility. But intelligibility does not seem to be a
strong point of Hippolytus, and the evidence for his assimilation of Jewish/
Christian ideas to Stoic/Heraclitean(/Empedoclean/Pythagorean/PIatonic)
ones is weighty.
170 Retaining the ur| does not, of course, provide any help with the reference to resurrection.
4358 IAN MUELLER
8. Anaxagoras
9. Archelaus
Other important natural philosophers
11. Parmenides
12. Leucippus
13. Democritus
14. Xenophanes
15. Ekphantus
16. Hippon
[The founders of ethics and dialectic
18. Socrates
19. Plato
20. Aristotle
Post-Aristotelians
21. the Stoics (Zeno and Chrysippus)]
22. Epicurus
23. Academics (Skeptics)
Others
24. Brahmans
25. Druids
26. Hesiod
In this outline names inside brackets correspond to figures already treated.
None of the other figures, whom I will be discussing in this section, are
invoked by Hippolytus after book 1 except perhaps in the Sextus summary.
Von Kien le 171 has argued that there is a basic ancient account of
philosophical successions for which there are numerous variants. One strand
of this account, usually called Ionian, begins with Thales and moves through
Anaximander, Anaximenes, Anaxagoras, and Archelaus. The other strand,
usually called Italian, begins with Pythagoras and develops in various ways.
Particularly important for the description of the Italian school is the question
whether Xenophanes is a member or an independent figure. For from Xeno
phanes a strand, usually called Eleatic and including Parmenides, Zeno,
Leucippus, and Democritus, develops;172 Melissus is sometimes included in
171 See pp. 32-37. On pp. 9-31 von Kienle gives a perspicuous overview of the ancient
texts describing philosophical successions. (On the successions in DL now also see J.
MeIer, Diogenes Laertius and the Transmission of Greek Philosophy, ANRW II.36.5,
ed. W. Haase, Berlin -New York 1992, pp. 3557 - 3560; M. G. Sollenberger, The
Lives of the Peripatetics: An Analysis of the Contents and Structure of Diogenes Laertius'
'Vitae philosophorum" Book 5, above in this same volume [ANRW II.36.6} pp. 3794 —
3798 ['The Place of the Peripatos among the other Schools of Philosophy'], and F.
Decleva Caizzi, II libro IX delle 'Vite dei filosofi' di Diogene Laerzio, above pp. 4218 —
4221.)
172 At 1.15 Diogenes Laertius treats the Eleatics as Italians. Clement (Strom. 1.14.62,1;
64,2 — 4) makes them a separate school.
HIPPOLYTUS' 'REFUTATION OF ALL HERESIES' 4359
this branch before Zeno,173 but he is often just omitted from a set of succes
sions. The major 'presocratics' not included in these two sequences are
Empedocles and Heraclitus, whom, as we have seen, Hippolytus treats as
Pythagoreans. The notion that Empedocles was a Pythagorean appears to go
back to the fourth century, but also to have been a matter of dispute (DL,
8.54 — 56). Diogenes Laertius treats Heraclitus right after the Pythagoreans
and calls him an "isolated" (oTtopa8r|v) figure (8.91). Similarly Eusebius (P. E.
10.14.504c) mentions Heraclitus after the Pythagorean Empedocles, but only
as a contemporary not as a fellow Pythagorean. Moreover, Heraclitus is
frequently paired in doxographical reports with the Pythagorean Hippasos
because both took fire as the fundamental principle. 174
Hippolytus' Italian succession is then unusual but not without precedent.
His Ionian one, the members of which he refers to as "those after Thales"
(1.5), is standard. However, his handling of the Xenophanes succession is
much harder to understand, both in terms of its order and of its inclusion of
Ekphantus and Hippon. Hippolytus introduces the members of this group
simply as the most important other natural philosophers (1.10). I shall discuss
the problems raised by the group in section A.2 (p. 4365 below).
The succession situation starting from Socrates is more complicated. For,
although Hippolytus adopts the standard account that Socrates was the student
of Archelaus, since he takes Socrates to have changed the principal subject of
philosophy from physics to ethics, the transition from Archelaus to Socrates
is essentially a new beginning. Hippolytus attempts to combine the subject
division physics, ethics, dialectic with the teacher/student succession Socrates,
Plato, Aristotle, but his attempt breaks down because he wants both to make
Aristotle the founder of dialectic (1.5), and to say that Plato, while emphasizing
ethics, pursued all three branches of philosophy (1.17-18).
Hippolytus' treatment of post-Aristotelian philosophy involves no at
tempt to establish successions and no attempt to separate out branches of
philosophy. The transition from Aristotle to the Stoics is made in terms of
two contrasts: between Zeno's teaching in the stoa poikilê and Aristotle's
teaching in the Lyceum, and between the name 'Stoic' and the name 'Peripa
tetic' (1.20.7). Epicurus is introduced as holding opinions practically opposite
to everyone else (1.22.1), and Pyrrho is made the founder of philosophizing
in the Academy (1.23.1). It seems reasonably clear that, as far as Hippolytus
is concerned, philosophical successions end with Aristotle. The so-called
Socratic schools (Megarians, Cynics, Cyrenaics) are of no interest to him, but
he wants to include mention of the three major extant schools. It is, however,
not at all clear why he goes on to add a treatment of Brahmans, Druids, and
Hesiod, a procedure for which he offers no justification of any kind.
m E.g., by Eusebius (RE. 10.14.504c -d; 14.17.757d -758a); but he is omitted by DL and
Clement in the passages mentioned in the previous note. On the other hand, DL treats
him between Parmenides and Zeno at 9.24.
174 DK18A7- 10. The pairing goes back to Aristotle (Metaph. A.3.984a7-8).
4360 IAN MUELLER
In his treatment of book 1 (DG, pp. 144 — 154) Diels concentrated almost
entirely on the question of sources, but only one of his claims has found
widespread acceptance: Hippolytus' treatment of the successors of Thales is
derived from a 'good' 'Theophrastean' doxography. 175 As I have already
suggested, the report on Plato is clearly assignable to what we call middle
Platonism and that on Pythagoras to what we call Neopythagoreanism.
Moreover, one finds in the treatments of them and of Empedocles, Heraclitus,
Aristotle, and the Stoics a kind of eclecticism which becomes even stronger
in the subsequent books. For the rest very little can be said with confidence
about Hippolytus' sources.176 Book 1 is obviously something of a rag bag, but
some of the rags have played an important role in patching together the
history of Greek philosophy. In dealing with the parts of book 1 which I have
not already treated, I shall emphasize the relation of Hippolytus' account to
other sources of information.
A. The physicists
a) Anaximander177
The only fundamental discrepancy with the rest of the doxography in
Hippolytus' treatment of Anaximander is his inscrutable remark about time
in which he says (1.6.1) that for Anaximander coming to be and being and
destruction is finite,178 despite the fact that he shortly after mentions an eternal
motion. His description (1.6.1-2) of the apeiron and reference to the eternal
motion and the many kosmoi are standard, although he does not mention
that the kosmoi are infinite in number, as is customary; and only he says
explicitly that the apeiron is eternal and ageless and surrounds the kosmoi, a
point which is confirmed in Aristotle (Ph. 3.4.203b4 — 15). Hippolytus is also
the only doxographer to tell us (1.6.3) about the earth maintaining its position
at the center of the cosmos because of its equidistance from the heaven,
another point confirmed by Aristotle (Cael. 2.13.295Ы1 — 16);179 and he is the
175 On the other hand, Diels' attempt to make the source of snippets from the treatment
of Thales' successors a "biographical work" has been largely rejected. See, e.g. von
Kienle, p. 24, Osborne, Rethinking, pp. 196 - 197.
176 Cp. MeIer (p. 87): "The conclusion must be that we know next to nothing about that
part of the doxographical tradition which seems to be the source of ... Hippolytus ...
except that ... [Hippolytus'] ... doxographical sections on Plato and Pythagoras are
similar to II cent. AD sources."
177 A good source for the doxography on Anaximander is Kahn, Anaximander.
178 Xéyei Sè xpóvov ôç ôpiauévr|ç тfjç yevéaecoç Kai xfjç oùaiaç Kai rfjç cpOopàç.
179 Simplicius (In Cael. 532.13-14), commenting on the Aristotle passage, ascribes both
this explanation and support by the air to Anaximander. He or his source has probably
blended Anaximander and Anaxagoras.
HIPPOLYTUS' 'REFUTATION OF ALL HERESIES' 4361
only source for the Anaximandrian doctrine that we live on the upper side of a
cylindrical earth, the 'Placita' passage (3.10.2) which contained the information
having a lacuna. What Hippolytus says (1.6.4 — 5) about the formation of the
heavenly bodies and the corrupted passages on sizes and distances need to be
supplemented, the former by Pseudo-Plutarch, Strom. 2, the latter by Aetius
(2.15.6, 20.1, 21.1, 25.1). Hippolytus is the only person to mention that
Anaximander attempted to explain the phases of the moon. The passages
(1.6.6) in which Hippolytus explains the origin of living things is also corrupt,
and his treatment of the origin of human beings too brief to make much of;
these require supplementation from 'Placita' 5.19.4 and Strom. 2. Hippolytus
also omits any reference to the formation of the sea and the drying up of the
primal moisture (Placita 3.16.1, Theophrastus, Ph. Op. 23). The 'Placita'
account (3.7.1) of winds is somewhat clearer than Hippolytus' (1.6.7), whose
treatment of rain is corrupt but receives no supplementation from elsewhere;
Hippolytus' account of lightning coincides with a more general description of
meteorological phenomena in Aetius 3.3.1. 180
b) Anaximenes
Hippolytus' report on Anaximenes is generally quite in line with other
material on him. I shall mention only the most significant deviations from
what might be called the standard Theophrastean doxography. In describing
air neither Hippolytus (1.7.1-2) nor Aetius (1.3.4) includes the remark that
it is infinite in magnitude and definite in quality, which is found in Theo
phrastus, Ph. Op. 2 and in Strom. 3. Augustine (Civ. Dei 8.2) is the only other
source which mentions that the gods come from air, but Hippolytus, unlike
Aetius (1.7.13) and Cicero (N.D. 1.10.26), does not ascribe divinity to air. At
the end of the description (1.7.3) of the first products of the rarefaction and
condensation of air, Hippolytus adds a remark unique to him that the most
influential components of generation are opposites, hot and cold. This may
represent an incursion of ideas from Anaximander.181 Only Hippolytus (1.7.6)
uses the famous simile of the felt cap on the head to describe the motion of
the heavenly bodies; it may well derive ultimately from Anaximenes himself.
The explanation of night is paralleled in Aristotle (Meteor. 2.1.354a28-32),
and there is additional information on the stars in Aetius (2.14.3 and 2.19.2).
Hippolytus is our only source of information for winds, but the rest of the
material in 7-8 is filled out by Aetius. (3.4.1, 3.3.2, 3.5.10, 3.15.13; on
earthquakes see also Aristotle, Meteor. 2.7.365b6- 12). 182
180 On Hippolytus' birthdate for Anaximander see KRS, pp. 100- 102.
181 See Strom. 2, where the first step in Anaximander's cosmogony is said to be the
production of something generative of the hot and the cold.
182 On the date of Anaximenes' floruit (1.7.9) see KRS, pp. 143 — 144. It is perhaps worth
mentioning that Hippolytus says nothing about soul in Anaximenes (cp. Aetius 4.3.2
and DK13A23).
4362 IAN MUELLER
с) Anaxagoras
Hippolytus' chronology for Anaxagoras is impossible. He begins (1.8.1)
with the statement that Anaxagoras lived "after" Anaximenes, but concludes
(1.8.13) by assigning Anaxagoras a floruit of 428, 120 years later than the one
he has assigned to Anaximenes. There may well be confusion of Anaxagoras'
floruit with the date assigned to his death, but the vagueness of Hippolytus'
opening sentence suggests that he may have seen the difficulty of reconciling
the dates he had with treating Anaxagoras as a pupil of Anaximenes, as is
usual in the accounts of philosophical succession.
The doxogoraphy on Anaxagoras is rich and complex.183 Hippolytus
gives (1.8.1) a standard account of Anaxagoras' principles as matter and an
ordering mind, but he does not treat Anaxagoras' mind as god, as Aetius
(1.7.5 and 15) and Cicero (N.D. 1.11.26) do. Most of the doxographers focus
on the alleged homoiomereiai of Anaxagoras, but Hippolytus does not mention
them; he says only that the material principles and their smallness are infinite.
The brief cosmogony (1.8.2 — 3) has no real parallel in other accounts of
Anaxagoras,184 and is a reasonable reflection of what we know from Anax
agoras' own words. That Anaxagoras believed the earth to be flat and held
up by air is well-attested (although not by Aetius); the assertion that the earth
stays up because of its size reflects a criticism of Aristotle (Cael. 2.13.294ЫЗ —
30), not a view of Anaxagoras himself, who invoked the earth's flatness rather
than its size. The only thing easily authenticated in Hippolytus' representation
(1.8.4-5) of Anaxagoras' view of the water on the earth is his explanation
of the rising of the Nile as due to melted snow, although even here the
description of the snows as èv тoîç йpKxoiç makes no sense and calls for
emendation, probably to èv xoïç àvтаpKтiKoïç. The first sentence of the repre
sentation is corrupt, and cannot be restored with confidence, since our infor
mation about Anaxagoras' theories concerning the sea is vague.185 The second
sentence may be a straightforward claim that rivers get water from rain
and from lakes and springs, but the claim is not elsewhere associated with
Anaxagoras.
Many of Anaxagoras' astronomical speculations mentioned by Hippolytus
(1.8.6— 10) are independently attested, e.g., that the heavenly bodies are fiery
stones carried around by the cosmic whirl, that the heavens contain invisible
bodies which sometimes cause eclipses, that solar eclipses are also caused by
the interposition of the moon, lunar eclipses by the earth's shadow, that the
moon is closer to us than the sun,186 that the sun is bigger than the Peloponnese,
that the moon's light is a reflection, that the turnings of sun and moon are
due to the resistance of cold air, that the moon is made of earth and has
plains and ravines on it, that the Milky Way is the reflection of the light of
the stars not illumined by the sun. The main problem with these reports is
their apparent inconsistencies; for example, it is not clear how the sun and
moon can encounter cold air since the cosmic whirl moves cold things toward
the middle and hot things outward. This same problem arises for Hippolytus'
not independently attested attribution to Anaxagoras of the view that the
stars are not as hot as the sun because they occupy a colder region. On the
other hand, one would expect Anaxagoras to have said that the heavenly
bodies go under the earth, although only Hippolytus tells us he did.187
We have no independent account of Anaxagoras on winds, and the one
offered by Hippolytus (1.8.11) is not easily deciphered and seems incompatible
with fragment 19 of Anaxagoras.188 The account of thunder and lightning is
easily supplemented by Aetius 3.3.4 and other texts printed as DK59A84. The
situation is less satisfactory in the case of earthquakes, because Hippolytus'
report (1.8.12) is hardly transparent and other surviving accounts (DK59A89)
do not fit together in any obvious way. It seems likely that Hippolytus should
have spoken of air (or more probably aither) falling under the earth and
causing earthquakes by its motion.189 Hippolytus' statement that for Anax
agoras living things first come to be from water and then reproduce themselves
is plausible enough but has no independent confirmation. His account of
Anaxagoras' view of sex determination is incompatible with Pseudo-Plutarch's
account in the 'Placita' (5.7.4), but it may well be correct since it agrees with
Aristotle's (Gen. An. 4.1.763Ь30- 764a 1). 190
d) Archelaus
We know remarkably little about Archelaus, given the central position
assigned to him in the history of philosophy by Hippolytus and other doxogra-
phers as the person who brought natural philosophy from Ionia to Athens
m This is not explicitly said elsewhere, but is implied by the attribution to Anaxagoras of
a correct explanation of solar eclipses.
187 Hippolytus also ascribes to Anaxagoras the view that metabainontes stars are like sparks
leaping out from the motion of the heaven (polos). This ascription must correspond to
statements by DL (2.9) and Aetius (3.2.9) concerning shooting (Si^rtovтeç) stars, although
it is not clear to me how they came to be called metabainontes.
m See Lanza, pp. 62 - 63.
189 This would be taken care of by reading eiç тf|v [únо] yr\v èuniJrtovтoç.
!9o Pseudo-Plutarch's statement that for Anaxagoras sperm from the testicle on one side
produces a male if it lodges in the same side of the womb, a female if it lodges in the
opposite side may well be a rationalizing expansion of the theory ascribed to Anaxagoras
by Aristotle and Hippolytus, which only allows right/right (male) and left/left (female)
correlations.
4364 IAN MUELLER
and taught Socrates, the alleged founder of ethics. Hippolytus, in fact, says
nothing about Archelaus as an ethicist, making no connection between Socra
tes' turning to ethics and his days as a student with Archelaus. Diogenes
Laertius (2.16), Sextus Empiricus (M. 7.14), and the 'Suda' (s.v. 'ApxéXaoç)
indicate that Archelaus touched on ethical questions, although this report may
be a rationalization to deal with the problem of motivation I have indicated.191
DK offer us but one 'fragment' (f|ç [sc. xf¡ç yqç] f| \|/uxpoттIÇ Sectuoç èaxiv) for
Archelaus, and Hippolytus' account of him is our main source of information.
He begins with a somewhat opaque comparison between Archelaus and
Anaxagoras:
"[Archelaus] believed in the mixture of matter, like Anaxagoras, and his
principles were the same, but he maintained that from the outset there
was a certain mixture inhering in mind." (1.9.1)
The claim that Archelaus largely followed Anaxagoras appears to go back to
Theophrastus (Ph. Op. 4). The mixture of matter is presumably Anaxagoras'
initial state of "all things together." The point of the contrast is apparently
that Archelaus did not take mind to be separate from matter as Anaxagoras
did.192 It would appear from Hippolytus' description (1.9.2) that, according
to Archelaus, the generation of the cosmos was basically due to the separation
of the hot and the cold to the outer and central part of the cosmos respectively,
the hot acting as a source of volatility, the cold of stability.193 Archelaus
apparently recognized the insignificant size of the earth compared to the whole
cosmos (oùSèv uépoç oüactv, coç eitteïv, xoù navrôç), but the fact that he made
the sun the largest heavenly body suggests that he had no conception of the
vastly greater distance of the stars from the earth (1.9.3). 194
1,1 A corresponding rationalization for Archelaus' interest in physics may underlie the
reports that he was a Milesian by birth in Diogenes and the 'Suda'; ср. Epiphanius, Exp.
Fid. 9.9 (DG 590.1-3).
192 A similar contrast is suggested by Augustine (Civ. Dei 8.2), who speaks of an "inherent"
(messe) mind which causes everything by combining and dispersing eternal bodies, and
by Aetius (1.7.14 and 15), who says that for Archelaus god is air and nous, but nous
does not make the cosmos, and then that fot Anaxagoras god is nous and does make
the cosmos. On the other hand, Clement (Prot. 5.66,1) lumps Anaxagoras and Archelaus
together (in contrast to Anaximander) as putting nous above the apeiron. Unfortunately
we know no more about this topic.
I93 Cp. DL 2.16 — 17, whose report largely overlaps with that of Hippolytus. Pseudo-Justin
(Coh. Gr. 3) and Hermias 11 make hot and cold Archelaus' fundamental principles (cp.
Aetius 2.4.5), whereas Sextus (M. 9.360) says his fundamental principle is air. Aetius
(1.3.6) manages to bring everything together by saying that for Archelaus the principle
is "infinite air and its denseness and rarity; of these the one is fire, the other water."
This variation makes it likely that Hippolytus' lack of specificity is a more accurate
reflection of Archelaus' doctrines. (The report of Epiphanius, Exp. Fid. 9.9 [DG 590.1 —
3] that earth was Archelaus' fundamental principle is a further indication of the obscurity
surrounding him.)
194 For some details of physical theory not in Hippolytus see DL 2.17 (sound as the striking
of air), Aetius (Stobaeus) 2.13.6 (heavenly bodies as red-hot stones), 3.3.5 (thunder and
lightning, etc.), 4.3.2 (soul as air), and Seneca, Quaest. Nat. 6.12.1 (earthquakes).
HIPPOLYTUS' 'REFUTATION OF ALL HERESIES' 4365
195 The absence of Diogenes of Apollonia (who is never mentioned by Hippolytus) from
this list need not occasion surprise. For, although Augustine (Civ. Dei 8.2) mentions him
as a pupil of Anaxagoras and includes him among the "sons of Thales," he does not
occur in Aetius' lengthy account of views of the principles (1.3), and he is not even
mentioned in the lists of philosophers in the prologue of DL. (In book 9 Diogenes,
although making Diogenes of Apollonia a pupil of Anaximenes and contemporary of
Anaxagoras, includes him between Protagoras and Anaxarchus, and after Heraclitus,
Xenophanes, the Eleatics, and Leucippus and Democritus.) Cicero (N. D. 1.11.29) has
him at the end of his list of 'presocratics' preceded by the Milesians, Anaxagoras,
Alcmaeon, Pythagoras, Xenophanes, Parmenides, Empedocles, Protagoras, and Demo
critus, and followed by Plato. Similarly, in Pseudo-Plutarch (Strom. 12) Diogenes comes
at the very end (after the three Milesians, Xenophanes, Permenides, Zeno of Elea,
Democritus, Epicurus, Aristippus, Empedocles, and Metrodorus). For discussion of the
place of Diogenes in the philosophical succession see Laks, pp. 258 - 263.
196 Cp. Pseudo-Plutarch's remark about Zeno (Strom. 6).
1,7 "|"je livecl until the time of Cyrus" (1.14.1). This statement appears to derive ultimately
from Apollodorus, but the difficulties involved in the chronology of Xenophanes are
enormous. See KRS, pp. 163-165.
198 Diogenes (9.18) says that some assign Xenophanes no teacher and then mentions as the
view of others two impossibilities, Boton and Archelaus. (See the note on DK 113.17 ff.)
In the prologue (1.15) Diogenes puts Xenophanes in the Pythagorean tradition as the
successor of Pherekydes, Pythagoras, and Pythagoras' son Telauges. According to DK
(p. 217), Diogenes' account of Parmenides provides evidence that Theophrastus made
Xenophanes the pupil of Anaximander: Eevocpàvouç Sè Sif|Kouae riapueviÔr|ç nùpnjoç
'EXeàтr|ç - тoùтov ©eôcppaoroç èv тr¡ 'Eniтоufj 'AvaÇiuàvSpou cpr|aiv áKoùaai - . (9.21)
286 ANRW II 36.6
4366 IAN MUELLER
kosmoi to Xenophanes (cp. the end of Hippolytus' account), and the (suspect) Aetius
2.24.9 ascribes to him the view that different parts of the earth have different suns and
moons.
206 The attribution to Xenophanes of the view that earth is the principle of all things is
common in the doxography and goes back ultimately to fragment 27.
207 For the parallels on the Metrodorus remark see DG, p. 141.
208 The only analogue of this remark is in Pseudo-Plutarch, Strom. 4.
209 Marcovich refers in this connection to fragment 19 of Parmenides.
210 The fragment is taken from Alexander's comment on Metaph. А.3.984Ы - 8 where
Aristotle makes his strongest statement about earth being a material cause, fire an
efficient cause for Parmenides.
2NA1
4368 IAN MUELLER
fragment 27.] These words are utterly incompatible. ... And Parmenides
of Elea, son of Pyrrhe and disciple of Xenophanes, wrote in agreement
with his master according to the first theory. [Theodoret cites a version of
Parmenides fragment 8.4.] But he said that the cause of the universe is not
just earth, as Xenophanes said, but also fire." (Graec. Affect. 4.5—7)
The only features of the universe mentioned by Hippolytus but not found in
Theodoret's list are similarity and placelessness. But Parmenides himself as
serted similarity and denied at least change of place (fragment 8.23 and 41).
211 For other passages on these points see Luria, pp. 15-16 and 21 — 22.
HIPPOLYTUS' 'REFUTATION OF ALL HERESIES' 4369
elements are the full or being and the void or not being. But then Hippolytus
offers an unparalleled account of the great variation among the infinitely
many Democritean kosmoi.212 He also provides our clearest description of
Democritus' view of the order of the heavenly bodies: "the moon is lowest,
then the sun, then the fixed stars; the planets and the fixed stars are not at
the same height."213
The assertion that for Hippon the soul is sometimes brain perhaps
corresponds to Censorinus' Empedocles ... ante omnia cor judicavit increscere,
quod hominis vitam maxime contineat: Hippon vero caput, in quo est animi
principale (6.1). The evidence that for Hippon the soul comes from and is
water is stronger.223 The last sentence in Hippolytus' report is reflected
especially in Aristotle's remark in 'De Anima' (I.2.405b1 — 3) that people such
as Hippon make the soul water, apparently being persuaded by the fact that
the gone of all things is moist.224 The same sort of consideration is invoked
by Aristotle in his explanation of why Thales made the first principle of all
things water in a passage which makes clear the basis for Hippolytus' descrip
tion of the cosmogony of Hippon:
"[Thales perhaps got his view that the principle of all things is moist] from
seeing that the nutriment of all things is moist and that the hot itself comes
to be from this and lives by it ... and also from the fact that the spermata
of all things have a moist nature." (Metaph. A.3.983b22 — 26)
It seems quite likely that Aristotle read Hippon's essentially biological ideas
back into Thales225 and turned them into cosmological ones. We know too
little about either Thales or Hippon to be able to speak about accuracy of
representaion, but there is reason to think that Hippolytus' brief description
of Hippon derives ultimately from a Peripatetic source. Another reason to
think so (and in any case a striking fact about Hippolytus' report) is that
Hippolytus says nothing about Hippon's infamous 'atheism',226 a widely
repeated claim not found in Aristotle and perhaps not in Theophrastus.227
B. The "others"
being identified with the matter of all things, the latter with place.228 Hippo-
lytus says (1.22.2) that the atoms are not only indivisible but have no center
or point, presumably implying that they are mathematically indivisible.229 He
correctly asserts (1.22.3) that for Epicurus there is no providence or fate, but
insists that for him everything happens spontaneously (kata automatismon).
This is a standard interpretation of (or charge against) Epicurus, but its textual
basis is insubstantial.230 Hippolytus also gives the standard account of the
Epicurean notion of a god, a perfectly happy, self-contained being dwelling
in an intercosmic space and having no concern with our cosmos or anything
else.231 Surprisingly Hippolytus does not round on Epicurean hedonism, but,
much more reasonably, says (1.22.4) that, according to Epicurus, wisdom has
pleasure as its goal, although some people associate pleasure with appetite
rather than with virtue. (Cp. DL 10.132.) Hippolytus ends (1.22.5) his account
of Epicurus by mentioning the view that the existence of the soul is coterminous
with the body, so that there is no possibility of punishment after death.232
Hippolytus appears to think that Pyrrho (not Plato) was the founder of
the Academy, and so makes no distinction between Pyrrhonian and Academic
skepticism, as, for example, the 'neo-Pyrrhonist' Sextus Empiricus does.233
Hippolytus ascribes the following 'views' to Pyrrho (1.23.1—2):
a. that nothing can be apprehended;
b. that either side of a question can be argued;
c. that one can argue in this way without asserting anything;
d. that nothing sensible or intelligible is true;
e. that all substance changes and is never the same.
a — с are characteristic of Academic skepticism,234 and, provided they are
properly interpreted, of ancient skepticism in general, d and e are more
problematic since they appear to involve 'dogmatic' assertions about the
nature of things. However, d is almost certainly a position of Aenesidemus,235
228 Apparently with empty place since it is compared to the place of things which will be.
229 Hippolytus also calls them the most leptomerës thing. I suspect that he chose this
inappropriate word since he frequently uses it to describe his own discussions or
investigations (5.13.41, 6.42.5, 8.19.18, 10.15.7). Judging from his account, it was also
used by Basilides (7.22 - 26 and 10.14).
230 See Long.
231 For criticism of the accuracy of this account for Epicurus himself see Sedley and Long 1,
pp. 144 - 149.
ш Inexplicably Hippolytus says that the Epicurean soul is blood, a doctrine perhaps
assignable to Empedocles (fragment 105).
233 See P. 1.220 - 235. I shall largely use Sextus for indicating sources of skeptical doctrines
without entering into the vexed issue of the relations among Pyrrho, the Academic
skepticism started by Arcesilaus, and the revival of Pyrrhonism started by Aenesidemus.
On these topics one can consult Dal Pra.
234 See Sextus, P. 1.3, Cicero, Acad. 1.12.43 - 46 and Fin. 2.1.2, Plutarch, Adv. Col. 1121f-
1122a, and DL 4.28.
235 See Sextus, M. 8.40 - 47; on the other hand, Photius (Bibl. 212 [120.6-11 Henry]) says
that Aenesidemus held that there is neither truth nor falsity and that the same thing is
no more true than false.
HIPPOLYTUS' 'REFUTATION OF ALL HERESIES* 4373
Je vais donc proposer dans cet article une analyse nouvelle de l'argumenta
tion qu'Hippolyte utilise au livre IX (8 — 10) pour démontrer la thèse centrale
qu'il y défend, à savoir: Noët et ses disciples ont emprunté leur doctrine non
au Christ, mais au philosophe païen Héraclite*.
Il est devenu traditionnel d'accuser Hippolyte de tous les péchés. Non
seulement aurait-il été de mauvaise foi (ce qui n'est pas tout à fait exclu),
mais il aurait encore eu recours à une argumentation absolument fallacieuse
et illogique, « puérile », sans aucun système1.
* Je reprends, développe et corrige ici des résultats que j'ai déjà eu l'occasion d'exprimer
très brièvement dans mon article: C. H. MyPaBbEB, HnnojiHt UHtHpyet repaKJiHta [Hip
polyte cite Héraclite], in: M3 HcropHH aHtHHHoit Kyjibtypw (MocicBa, H3A. MTy, 1976)
p. 120- 142 (essai d'édition critique, de Ref. IX 7- 10, avec traduction russe et très bref
commentaire) et d'expliciter partiellement lors d'une conférence présentée le 29 février
1980 à Moscou, au séminaire d'histoire de la science et de la philosophie antiques que
dirige le Professeur Ivan D. Rozanskii. - Cet article - que j'ai pu terminer grâce à
une bourse de recherche généreuse qui m'a été accordée par le Fonds National Suisse de
la recherche scientifique - contient sous une forme abrégée la deuxième partie d'une
plus grande étude que je consacre à la tradition héraclitéenne chez Hippolyte et qui
devra servir de commentaire à l'édition des textes pertinents d'Hippolyte dans le cadre
de mon grand projet 'Traditio Heraclitea'. - Pour les chapitres déjà publiés, cf.: C. H.
MyPABbeB, Traditio Heraclitea (A). Cbo/i apeBHHX hctohhhkob o TepaKJiHte [Corpus des
sources antiques sur Héraclite. Edition critique et traduction en russe des textes originaux
grecs et latin]: BecrHHK /ipeBHefi HcropHH (1984) N° 4/171, p. 31 -44 [ch. 1. Epicharmus -
10. Scythinus]; (1985) N° 2/173, p. 16-28; N° 3/174, p. 30 - 35; N° 4/175, p. 35 - 42 [11.
Cratylus, Testimonia omnia de eo et Heraclitismo eius; 12. Pap. de Derveni]; (1986)
N° 3/178, p. 33 -67 [12. Plato-15. Heraclides Ponticus]; (1990) Nc 2/193 p. 41 -69 [16.
Aristoteles (1)]. - Une édition séparée avec commentaire détaillé, intitulée 'Hippolyte
cite Héraclite', est également en préparation. — Sur l'auteur de la 'Réfutation' et ses
autres écrits ainsi que sur le contenu général de la 'Réfutation', cf. aussi les deux articles
de Ian Mueller cités à la fin de la n. 1 infra, p. 4377. La brève analyse que Ian Mueller
y propose (supra, p. 4350-4354) du chapitre héraclitéen de la 'Réfutation' reflète assez
fidèlement l'opinio communis, ou plus exactement la confusio communis, qui règne à
son sujet.
1 „Was er selber zu erreichen sucht, und zwar durch jedes Mittel der Verleumdung und
Verdàchtigung, ist die Vernichtung des Noetianeriums; um dieses heiligen Xweck.es willen
scheut er selbst vor dem abgeschmackiesten Einfall nicht zurtick, er wirft den Noetianern
vor, Erneuerer des Heraklitischen Heidentums zu sein" (K. Reinhardt, Parmenides und
die Geschichte der griechischen Philosophie, Bonn, 1916, p. 158); "In carrying out this
pious aim Hippolytus shows a strangely defective sense of logical connections. Choosing
some of the most paradoxical of Heraclitus' utterances (...) he throws them together in
a hit-or-miss fashion, occasionally making farfetched comparisons with elements of
Christian doctrine'" (Philip Wheelwright, Heraclitus, Princeton, 1959, p. 133). Geof-
frey S. Kirk qualifie ses arguments de "childish" et estime qu'il "was clearly not
exacting on the subject of relevance" (G. S. Kirk, Heraclitus, The cosmic fragments,
Cambridge, 1954, p. 245). Miroslav Marcovich publie même une liste d'exemples de
'Hippolytus' lack of unity and system' (Hippolytus and Heraclitus, Studia Patristica VII
[Texte und Untersuchungen XCII], Berlin, 1966, p. 255 - 264; cité infra Marcovich,
1966]) et dans l'introduction de sa belle édition nouvelle de la 'Refutatio' parle de son
HIPPOLYTE, HÉRACLITE ET NOËT 4377
Nul cloute, quand il accuse les Noétiens d'« héraclitisme », Hippolyte est
injuste à leur égard et fait preuve d'anhistorisme. Mais les historiens de la
pensée qui, au XXe s., lui en font grief, sont encore plus injustes à son propre
égard. Primo, ils se rendent coupables du même crime d'anhistorisme, et,
secundo, — circonstance aggravante — ils n'ont même pas l'excuse d'ignorer
ce qu'ils font. Au lieu d'exiger de lui un historisme dont, en homme du IIIe s.,
il ne pouvait avoir la moindre notion, ils auraient mieux fait de s'interroger
sur les vrais motifs de ses allégations. D'abord cela leur aurait permis de
constater qu'elles étaient beaucoup moins futiles qu'il peut paraître au
jourd'hui. Et ensuite cela leur aurait fourni des critères plus sûrs pour corriger
certains défauts du texte qui (Marcovich a absolument raison sur ce point)
nous a été transmis en fort piteux état2.
/. L'hérésie noétienne
"futile effort to make out of Heraclitus a "Christian" who is saying the same things as
Noetus and Callistus" (Hippolytus, Refutatio omnium haeresium, ed. by M. M. [Patristi-
sche Texte und Studien, Bd. 25, Berlin -New York, De Gruyter, 1986, p. 39 (cité infra
Marcovich 1986)]. C'est naturellement de cette édition que je me sers ici). - Dans une
étude récente dont je n'ai eu connaissance que lorsque ce travail était terminé, Catherine
Osborne a eu la première le mérite de prendre le contrepied de cette attitude dénigrante.
Cf. mes remarques à son sujet dans les notes ci-dessous et la note additionnelle à la fin
de cet article. Voir aussi le traitement général d'Hippolyte doxographe par I. Mueller,
Heterodoxy and Doxography in Hippolytus' 'Refutation of All Heresies', dans ce même
volume (ANRW II 36,6), supra, p. 4309 — 4374, et, dans un proche avenir, Id., The
Author of the 'Refutation of All Heresies' and his Writing, ANRW II 27,4, hrsg. v. W.
Haase, Berlin -New York, 1993.
2 Cf. Marcovich, 1986, p. 6 -7: "Apart from physical damages, the codex is plagued
with huge textual gaps, countless word omissions, displacement of words and even entire
clauses, intrusive marginal glosses, and above all many scribal errors. In brief, the text
of the Elenchos IV - X as transmitted is extremely corrupt."
! A une réserve (cf. ci-dessous) près, Hippolyte est notre seule source sur le noétisme. Le
chapitre que lui consacre Epiphane de Salamine (Panar. haer. 57, 1, 8-2,6) se fonde
entièrement sur le 'Contre Noët', tandis que le texte de Théodoret (Haeret. fab. comp.
III 2-3 [PG 83, 404 B -405 A]) n'est qu'une paraphrase de Ref. X 26-27. - C.Os
borne, 135 n. 10, cite aussi à bon escient le traité de Tertullien 'Aduersus Praxean' et
insiste avec raison sur l'importance pour Hippolyte de la variante de noétisme défendue
par Calliste, mais ce sont là des sources secondaires qui n'ajoutent rien aux autres.
L'énoncé que C. Osborne donne elle-même du noétisme et de sa réfutation par Hippolyte
(135 — 139) est foncièrement correct, mais trop sommaire (cf. ma note additionnelle). -
4378 SERGE N. MOURAVIEV
Je laisse ouverte ici la question de savoir combien correcte est l'opinion communément
admise (mais contestée avec vigueur et force arguments percutants par Pierre Nautîn)
en vertu de laquelle l'auteur de la 'Réfutation' et celui du 'Contre Noët' (du 'Syntagme')
sont un seul et même homme, l'évêque de Rome et antipape Hippolyte. Mon article est
consacré à la 'Réfutation' quel qu'en ait été l'auteur. Si celui-ci n'est pas identique à
l'auteur du "Contre Noët' et si (ce qui est douteux) aucun d'entre eux ne doit rien à
l'autre, le témoignage (unanime) de ces deux sources n'en aura que plus de poids; et en
cas d'emprunt, nous sommes ramenés à la situation initiale. [Cf. P. Nautin, Hippolyte
et Josipe. Contribution à la littérature chrétienne du troisième siècle. (Paris, Ed. du Cerf,
1948); Idem, Hippolyte. Contre les hérésies. Fragment, étude et édition critique (Paris,
Ed. du Cerf, 1949), 215-230 et passim (c'est cette édition du CN que j'utilise); Idem,
La controverse sur l'auteur de VElenchos, Revue d'histoire ecclésiastique 47 (1952)
p. 5 -43; Idem, L'auteur du comput pascal de 222 et de la Chronique anonyme de 235,
Recherches de sciences religieuses 42, 1954, pp. 226 — 257; Idem, Lettres et écrivains
chrétiens des IF et IIIe siècles (Paris, Ed. du Cerf, 1961) p. 177-191. Pour le point de
vue traditionnel, cf. Marcovich, 1986, p. 8 - 17 (et la littérature citée tant dans les
ouvrages de P. Nautin que dans celui de Marcovich).] A notre avis, cette controverse
est loin d'être close et exige une analyse méticuleuse de la méthode utilisée et des
arguments invoqués de part et d'autre.
4 Cette appellation n'implique pas nécessairement que le 'Contre Noët' a été écrit avant
la 'Réfutation' (comme le veut le point de vue traditionnel - défendu par Marcovich -
qui attribue les deux textes à un même Hippolyte), autrement dit elle n'exclue pas la
possibilité qu'il ait été écrit après la 'Réfutation' et par un autre auteur qui se serait
inspiré de cet ouvrage (comme le soutient P. Nautin qui attribue la 'Réfutation' à un
antipape Josipe [Joseph] par ailleurs inconnu). La seule chose que j'affirme est que la
doctrine qu'on trouve dans le CN (et dont des échos figurent aussi dans la R), primo,
n'est prêtée qu'à Noët et des disciples anonymes (qualifiés de montanistes dans la R)
et, secundo, est structurellement plus primitive et moins élaborée que celle que l'auteur
de la R prête aux successeurs de Noët (dont plusieurs, notamment le pape Calliste,
sont nommés). Cette constatation semble compatible avec les deux approches indiquées.
En effet, dans l'optique traditionnelle défendue par Marcovich, Hippolyte aurait repris
dans la R et réexaminé sous un angle différent, grâce à des sources philosophico-
gnostiques nouvelles par lui trouvées, un thème qu'il avait déjà abordé dans le 'Syntagme'.
Et dans l'optique de P. Nautin, l'auteur du CN Hippolyte se serait inspiré de l'ouvrage
de Josipe, mais en le « scripturisant », en le théologisant et en omettant tout ce qui
concernait de près ou de loin le pape Calliste (que, vu sa dignité pontificale, il ne pouvait
se permettre de critiquer), c'est-à-dire précisément la doctrine plus sophistiquée des
diadoques.
HIPPOLYTE, HÉRACLITE ET NOËT 4379
Elle n'est représentée que par les thèses III et IV plus une cinquième thèse
absente dans le 'Contre Noët'.
III. Le Fils est le Père: R. VIII 19, 3 xôv Ttaxépa aùxôv eIvai xôv uiôv Xéyouoi
(338,16 M), IX 10, 10 xôv aùxôv oiôv eIvai Xèyei Kai Ttaxépa (348,56; cf. 11 ëv
4380 SERGE N. MOURAVIEV
Kai xo aùxô cpàaKcov ûTtâpxeiv naxépa Kai uiôv [348,60]), X 26,1 aùxôv (sc. xôv
xàv ôXcov naxépa5) elvai uiôv Kai Ttaxépa (402,3).
IV. C'est le Père qui est né, a souffert et est mort (la thèse patripassienne):
R VIII 19,3 xôv naxépa aùxôv ... ôttô yéveaiv Kai TtâGoç Kai Gâvaxov èXnXuGévai
(338,16 M; cf. IX 10, 10, 11 - 12 [348,61-349,70]).
V. On appelle « Père » le Père non né (non nascible) et « Fils » le Père
ayant jugé bon de naître: R IX 10, 11 (348,57 — 59) ôxe nèv oùv uf| <ye>yévexo
ô Ttaxf|p, SiKaicoç naxr|p npoanyopeuxo- ôxe 8è t|ù8ôkt|cte yéveaiv <ek napGévou)
unoneîvai, ye<v>v(n)9eiç ô <Ttaxf|p> uiôç èyévexo [aùxôç èauxoù, oùx èxépou] (les
mots entre crochets sont aussi [cf. supra § 1.2, p. 4379, et infra § 1.6, p. 4385 —
4386], sans nul doute, une addition ironique de l'auteur; cf. 348,61).
L'absence, dans la R, des thèses (non hérétiques) I et II n'a rien de
surprenant. La première a cédé la place à la formule Ia des diadoques (cf.
infra, § I.4); la seconde est impliquée par la thèse III en tant que sa prémisse.
Quant à la nouvelle thèse V, son appartenance à la doctrine primitive est
sujette à caution: non seulement manque-t-elle dans le CN, mais encore elle
ressemble de façon surprenante à la thèse IIIa des diadoques (cf. infra, § 1.4).
L'introduction hippolytienne n'en est pas moins catégorique: Xéyei yàp oûxcoç
(sc. Nonxôç).
Telle que décrite en R IX 10, elle n'a que trois thèses correspondant
respectivement aux thèses I, III et IV de la doctrine primitive:
Ia. Il n'y a qu'un seul Dieu, le créateur et Père de l'univers (la thèse
monarchienne): 10, 9 (348,47 — 48) ëva Kai xôv aùxôv Geôv elvai, <xà>v addidi)
Ttûvxcuv 8r|uioupyôv Kai Ttaxépa6.
5 A moins d'insérer avec Volkmar un xôv devant aùxôv, ce qui ne modifie guère le sens
général, mais améliore le style.
6 Il est indispensable d'écarter ici deux erreurs commises par M. Marcovich dans son
petit article de 1966. Pour M. Marcovich (qui ne fait aucune distinction entre les
diverses versions du noétisme), "the teaching ofNoeius consisted in two topics: (A) God
Creator of the World = Faiher of Jesus-Christ ... (B) Father = Son ('Patripassianism')" .
Et il ajoute plus bas: "Hippolytus is not attacking thesis (A), obviously because he agreed
with it" (p. 256-257). Si la thèse B est indéniable (= nos thèses III ou III>), la thèse A
est fausse, et cela à deux égards.
Tout d'abord, l'identification du Père et du Créateur repose sur une traduction incorrecte
de notre texte, une traduction faussée de surcroît par des corrections injustifiées. Marco
vich interprète nâvxcov 8r|uioupyôv Kai Ttaxépa non comme l'apposition du sujet d'une
existentielle (il y a un seul et même Dieu, le créateur et Père de tout), mais
comme le double sujet d'une identificative (le Créateur, d'une part, et le Père, d'autre
part, sont le même Dieu) et se croit donc autorisé d'insérer deux xôv dans le texte
transmis, l'un devant Ttdvxcov (ce qui n'est pas impossible) et l'autre devant naxépa, ce
qui a pour effet d'exclure totalement l'interprétation existentielle (monarchienne)
HIPPOLYTE, HÉRACLITE ET NOËT 4381
IIIa. Ce Dieu unique, non manifeste, invisible et inintelligible peut, quand
il le veut, se manifester et devenir visible et intelligible: 10,9-10 (348,48-
51) ... eùSoKf|aavxa uèv necpr|vévai ... ôvxa <Ôè> àôpaxov. ôxe uèv yàp ov>x ôpàxai
ècrtiv àôpaxoç, <ôxe 8è ôpàxai ôpaxôç- Kai>, àxàpnxoç Sè ôxe \ir\ xcopeïa9ai Géa.ei,
Xcopr|xôç Sè ôxe xcopeîxai7-
normale. Marcovich justifie d'ordinaire ce genre de corrections (qui dans son édition
se comptent par centaines) en invoquant la répétitivité d'Hippolyte ou l'existence de
textes parallèles (Marcovich, 1986, p. 8, points a, b, c). Or en l'occurrence nous
possédons justement une répétition et un texte parallèle de celle-ci: dans le résumé de
X 27, 1 (403,4) le manuscrit donne ëva xôv naxépa Kai Geôv xôv ôXcov, et chez Théodoret
Haer. f. c. III 3 (404 C) cette dernière phrase est rendue par ëva elvai Oeôv Kai itaxépa,
xôv ôXcov 8r|uioupyóv. Ce dernier texte justifie (sans l'exiger vraiment) l'insertion d'un
elvai après ëva et de 8r|uioupyôv après xôv ôXcov dans le résumé. Et c'est tout. L'article
xôv devant ôXcov dans nos deux phrases témoigne à son tour en faveur de l'insertion
d'un xôv devant Ttdvxcov dans le texte principal (encore que cela non plus n'ajoute rien
au sens). Et chacune des trois phrases, celle de l'original, celle du résumé et celle de
Théodoret supportent l'interprétation existentielle normale suggérée par le contexte (cf.
infra). Par contre, rien dans les textes ne justifie les autres changements introduits par
Marcovich comme dans le but délibéré d'éliminer à tout prix cette interprétation
normale: ëva elvai 9eàv xôv Ttaxépa Kai xov xôv ôXcov Sr|uioupyôv, fait-il dire à Hippolyte
dans le résumé, et ëva elvai Geôv naxèpa Kai xôv ôXcov Ôr|uioupvôv à Théodoret (l'éditeur
nous a communiqué cette dernière leçon dans sa lettre du 5 mars 1971). Marcovich a
donc systématiquement adapté les textes transmis à la fausse thèse qu'il croit y lire, si
bien que celle-ci ne repose en fait sur aucun témoignage écrit.
Deuxième erreur, moins grave, elle: il n'est pas question ici du Père de Jésus-Christ.
Faute du moindre article devant naxépa dans le texte principal et chez Théodoret, et
devant Geôv dans le résumé, Ttâvxcov (ou xôv ôAcov) se rapporte à Snuioupyôv Kai naxépa
ou Tiaxépa Kai 8r|uioupyóv pris ensemble. Les exemples de Ttaxrjp xôv nàvxoov (xôv
ôXcov, xoù navxôç) ne se comptent pas: cf. e.g. Justin. Apol. 132; 46; 65; Dial. 58; 61;
114; Theoph. Ad Autol. 11; 22; Hippol. Ref. X, 26, 1 (402,3) etc., ainsi que l'explication
de Theoph. ibid. 4 Ttaxf|p 8è (sc. Xéyexai ô 9eôç) Sià xo elvai aùxôv Ttpô xôv '6Xcùv ...
Autrement dit, Dieu est le Père parce qu'il est antérieur à l'Univers qu'il a créé, naxiîp
est ici presque synonyme de 8t|uioupyôç.
C'est bien pour cela que la formule Geôç Kai xôv navxcov (xôv ôXtov, toù Ttavxôç) naxrip
Kai 8r|nioupyôç (Ttoir|xrjç) était — déjà chez les apologistes - une expression courante
figée désignant Dieu le Père, le Dieu de l'AT: cf. Justin. Apol. 1,8; Dial. 7; 56; 67;
Athenag. Suppl. 13; et Theoph. Ad Autol. 4 (suite de la citation précédente) ... 8r|uioupyôç
Sè Kai noir|xf|ç Sià xô aùxôv elvai kxìoxt)v Kai TtoiTixf|v xôv ôXcov; Symb. Sirm. 3
niaxeûouev elç ëva xôv uôvov ... Ttaxépa ... 8r|nioupyôv xôv navxcov. Certes, cette
expression figée pouvait, à l'origine, avoir été une réaction contre "the Marcionite
distinction between God the Creator (9eôç 8iKaioç or Yahwe) and God the Father of
Jesus Christ (9eôç àyaQàq)" (Marcovich, 1966, p. 257) ou contre quelque autre hérésie
analogue, mais elle n'est certainement plus une à l'époque d'Hippolyte, comme le
prouvent les textes cités supra.
7 N'en déplaise à Marcovich (1966, p. 257), les termes négatifs (non manifeste, invisi
ble, inintelligible) se rapportent ici au Père, et les termes positifs (manifeste,
visible, intelligible), au Fils, et non respectivement au Père de Jésus, le « Dieu bon -
de Marcion, et au Créateur du monde, le « Dieu juste » de Marcion. S'il est vrai que
pour Marcion le premier était connaissable et le second inconnaissable (Iren. Adv. haer.
1,27, 1—2; Hippol. Ref. VII, 37, 1-2; 38, 1), il est également vrai qu'à l'exclusion de
gnostiques du genre de Marcion (qui avaient tendance à multiplier le nombre des
2S7 ANRW 11 36.6
4382 SERGE N. MOURAVIEV
IVa. Ce Dieu unique, invincible, non né (non nascible), immortel, est
aussi vincible, né (nascible), mortel: 10, 10 (348,51 - 53) oùxcoç <8è Kai> Kaxà xôv
aùxôv Xàyov <èaxiv> àKpâxr|xoç <Kai> [à]Kpaxr|xôç, àvévvr|xoç., <Kai y8vvr|xôç>,
àGâvaxoç Kai 9vt|xôç.
Les différences d'avec la doctrine primitive sont assez frappantes:
— la thèse monarchienne (I) est explicitée: le Dieu unique est le Père et
démiurge du monde;
— le Christ (CN), ou le Fils (R), brille par son absence: la thèse centrale
de la doctrine primitive (III) ne peut être lue dans la thèse III2 que dans la
mesure où l'on accepte que
ô àôpaxoç kcù àcpavr|ç kcù àxcbpn,xoç = ô naxf|p
et
ô ôpaxôç Kai cpaivôuevoç Kai xcopnxôç = ô ulôç.
(Que telle était l'interprétation courante, nous l'avons montré dans la n.7;
que telle était bien aussi l'interprétation d'Hippolyte ressort de la façon dont
il enchaîne ibid. [348.56] ôu 8è Kai <Not|xôç> etc.; et de son commentaire
[348,63] xôv cpavévxa, [64-66] uiov uèv ... xoîç ôprâaiv Ttaxépa 8è ... Kai xoîç
Xcopoùaiv et de R X 26, 1 (402,3-4) ulôv Kai Ttaxépa ... ôpaxôv Kai àôpaxov);
— la thèse « patripassienne » (IV) a perdu précisément l'élément auquel
elle doit son nom: au lieu d'ànaGf|ç Kai TtaGr|xôç, c'est àKpàxr|xoç Kai Kpaxnxôç
que nous trouvons dans la thèse IVa8, et ce couple précède les deux autres au
lieu de s'intercaler entre eux; l'appartenance même de IVa aux diadoques est
suspecte, le oOxcoç ... Kortà xôv aùxôv Xàyov pouvant être une extrapolation
d'Hippolyte qui l'aurait déduite de IV et IIIa.
Notons enfin la parenté de forme des thèses V et IIIa: cf. X 10, 11 (348,58)
t|ù8ôkt|ae et 10,9 (348,48) euSoKiîeravxa, 10, 11 (348,57-58) ôxe ... ôxe... et
10, 10 (348,49-51) ôxe ... ôxe ... (bis).
8 Un rapport de sens subsiste quand même avec la Passion, cf. Epiph. Panar. 66, 78
(p. 119,19) [à propos de la mort du Christ] ô àGâvaxoÇ Gavcbv, ô ûKpàxr|xoç Kpaxr|xôç
yevôuevoç.
* Nous avons vu dans la note 6 comment Marcovich corrigeait la première et la troisième
de ces citations. Voici comment il corrige la seconde: R X 27, 3 (403,15 - 16) ëva elvai
<Geov> xôv Ttaxépa Kai [9eôv] xôv Silnioupyôv xoù navxôç. Là aussi, donc, avec un esprit
de système digne d'un meilleur usage, il adapte la source à sa propre idée fausse de ce
qu'elle devrait affirmer.
2«7
4384 SERGE N. MOURAVIEV
(404 C — 405 A) xoùxov Kai ulôv ôvouàÇouai Kai Ttaxépa npôç xàç xpeiaÇ xoùxo
KàKeîvo KaXouuevov.]
Différences d'avec la doctrine des diadoques de R IX 10, 9-10 (348,47 - 53):
— omission du couple inintelligible/intelligible (IIIa);
— substitution au couple invincible/vincible (placé premier) du cou
ple impassible/passible (placé second) rapprochant la thèse IVa de la thèse
patripassienne IV;
— formulation explicite selon le modèle de IIIa des implications des mots
Kaxà xôv aùxôv Xàyov (IVa);
— extension, en Va, à tous les attributs imaginables, de ce que la thèse
V de la doctrine primitive (?) n'affirme que de la naissance/non naissance du
Père, cette thèse V ou Va faisant totalement défaut dans la doctrine des
diadoques.
A noter que la thèse Va remplace ici la thèse III (absente chez les
diadoques) de l'identité du Fils et du Père et lève tous les doutes concernant
l'attribution respectivement au Père appelé « Père » et au Père appelé « Fils »
des qualités négative et positive de chacun des couples de contraires de IIIa et
IVa. Dans R IX 10, ce rôle complexe était joué par le commentaire d'Hippolyte
(10, 10 — 12) qui suivait les énoncés de la doctrine des diadoques et de Noët.
10 Voici les différences essentielles entre mon texte et celui de Marcovich: 348,61 yevouevov
scripsi (yivôuevov Marcovich: kcxAoùuevov cod.); 61—62 èauxoù, ôvôuaxi interpunxi;
62 — 63 xponiîv êva 8è [elvai] (delevi) xoùxov (xponf|v, ëva 8è <ôvxa. Kai> xoùxov eivai
Marcovich); 64 — 65 ulov uiv <yàp> (add. Marcovich) èawôv <elvai> (addidi)
naxépa 8è elvai (cod.: ôvxoi Marcovich) 66 xoùxov <xov> (<kcù> xoùxov <elvai xov>
Marcovich) toGei ...; 349,71 Geôv Kai naxépa elvai (<ulôv> elvai Marcovich) Xkyei ...
HIPPOLYTE, HERACLITE ET NOËT 4385
.Noët.
IIIa manifeste
IV né
(Père = Fils) Un IIP visible
III I IIIa intelligible
[sc. le Christ]
IV passible
<Un> Dieu et Père de l'univers
IV mort I3
[sc. le Christ]
Cléomène et al..
yevônevov oùx êxepov èxépou, àXX' aùxôv èauxoù (348,61), naxépa 8è elvai
Kai xoîç xopoùai \if\ ànoKpûvj/avxa (les noétiens prétendent avoir compris
Jésus en tant que Père inintelligible!) (348,65), Kai èauxcoi xô Ttveùua napa-
Sovxa, <xôv> ànoGavôvxa Kai uf| ànoGavôvxa Kai êauxov xfji xpixm f|uépai àvaaxii-
aavxa (348,65). Cf. supra, §§1.2, p. 4379 (thèse IV) et 1.3, p. 4380 (thèse V).
Chapitre 1
1 (1-4)
2 (4-7)
3 (7-12)
4 (12-14)
(14-18)
11 Les numéros précédés d'un B renvoient à l'édition de Hermann Diels - Walther Kranz
(Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, 6' éd. [Berlin, Weidmann, 1951] vol. I, p. 150-182
[nombreuses réimpressions]), les numéros suivis d'un M. à celles de Miroslav Marco-
vich (Heraclitus, Greek text with a short commentary, Editio Maior [Mérida, Venezuela,
4388 SERGE N. MOURAVIEV
Chapitre 3 - IX 10,2-6(345,5-346,26)
2(5 — 7) introduction du ch. 3
(7 - 10) P57 + B 57 (43 M.)
3 (11-346,15) Pis + B 58 (46 M.) avec
4 (15 - 19) P59 + B 59 (32 M.) avec
(19-20) Рбо + B 60 (33 M.)
5 (20 - 23) P6i + B 61 (35 M.)
6(24-26) Рб2 + B 62 (47 M.)
Los Andes Univ. Pr., 1967]; Id., Eraclito. Frammenti [Bibl. di stud. sup. Filos, ant., 64,
Florence, La Nuova Italia, 1978]).
HIPPOLYTE, HERACLITE ET NOËT 4389
La définition des limites des chapitres proposée dans le § II. 1 (p. 4387-
4388) ne suscitera sans doute guère d'objections sérieuses. Il en va autrement
des définitions, que nous venons de donner, des quatre propositions « noétien-
nes » attribuées à Héraclite (§ II.2, p. 4388 - 4390), sans parler d'autres divisions
plus subtiles (comme la division tripartite du ch. 1 dont il sera question au
§11.4, p. 4391) et de certains problèmes de critique textuelle et d'attribution
de passages concrets, que nous examinerons ultérieurement.
Ces observations non évidentes seront, certes, démontrées chacune séparé
ment, mais comme leur démonstration reposera sur un certain nombre d'élé
ments généraux communs, il est bon de les énumérer et de les justifier d'avance.
Ce seront, d'une part, les résultats de la reconstitution de la doctrine noétienne
que nous avons déjà obtenus (§1.1—1.7, p. 4377 — 4387) et, d'autre part, les
trois postulats importants suivants:
1) L'auteur de la 'Réfutation', loin de négliger la qualité de son argumen
tation, s'est employé à la rendre aussi persuasive que possible pour ceux à qui
elle s'adressait.
2) Toutes les divergences entre l'« héraclitisme », tel que reconstruit par
Hippolyte (autrement dit la doctrine « noétoïde » qu'il attribue au philosophe),
et le noétisme par lui décrit, primo, ne sont pour lui que des divergences de
forme et non de contenu, et secundo, sont dues à la résistance déjà évoquée
du texte héraclitéen à toute « noétisation » trop poussée.
3) Tous les désaccords entre le texte même de toute citation héraclitéenne
et son interprétation hippolytienne (dans la paraphrase et, s'il y a lieu, dans
le commentaire explicatif) ne sont qu'apparents et dûs soit à l'incapacité
des modernes de comprendre correctement (c'est-à-dire de la même façon
qu'Hippolyte) le grec qu'ils lisent, soit à des corruptions du texte du genre de
celles, si nombreuses, que Marcovich a décelées et corrigées avec plus ou
moins de bonheur dans son édition.
HIPPOLYTE, HERACLITE ET NOËT 4391
Pour ce qui est des couples Xoyov alöva, nатépa uíóv, ils ne sont pas
d'Héraclite, mais jouent, comme on verra, un rôle capital dans la structure
hippolytienne de ce chapitre. En effet, on a peine à imaginer pourquoi Héraclite
aurait accouplé ces termes (et en particulier dans le contexte de B 50). En
revanche, il saute aux yeux - pour peu qu'on les ouvre — que ces quatre
concepts reviennent dans trois fragments qu'Hippolyte cite juste après en tant
que démonstration de la prop. 2: Xóyoç dans B 1, aicov dans B 52, naтr|p dans
B 53 et uiôç (représenté par naïç) dans B 52. La conclusion s'impose: il s'agit
d'une glose d'Hippolyte expliquant d'avance le sens qu'il faudra donner à ces
termes, à savoir: yevт|тóv et Gvr|xôv correspondent à Xóyoç, lequel désigne donc
le Fils, et àyévг|xov et àGávатov, à aicov, qui désigne le Père16.
L'introduction du chapitre 1 est donc en fait une citation d'Héraclite
signifiant, dans le contexte hippolytien, que Dieu est entièrement divisible et
indivisible, nascible et non nascible, mortel et immortel, c'est-à-dire Logos et
Eon, Père et Fils. L'indivisibilité de Dieu suggère son unité (thèse I), sa divisibi
lité suggère sa multiplicité17; ses qualités de nascible et de mortel indiquent
qu'il s'agit du Fils (ou du Logos); ses qualités de non nascible et d'immortel,
qu'il s'agit du Père (ou de l'Eon).
18 Cet echo exclue totalement la correction elvat proposée par Miller et adoptée par la
majorité des modernes.
" J'insère iv devant Siaq>еpóuevov compte tenu de la convergence de trois observations:
1) ce ëv est exigé par le contexte d'Hippolyte (le ëv du fr. B 50), 2) il en reste une trace
dans le ms. sous la forme corrompue du verbe ôuoXoyéeiv (fruit de l'insertion erronée
dans ôuoXoyeï d'un ëv supralinéaire ou marginal) et 3) ce ëv est attesté dans la version
platonicienne du fragment (Symp. 187 A).
20 Ceci n'est qu'une des nombreuses traductions possibles de l'interprétation d'Hippolyte
(qui ne l'explicite pas), mais ce qui nous importe ici, c'est la structure logique: même
s'il paraît multiple, l'Un ne se contredit pas lui-même. Pour ce qui est de son sens
héraclitéen, prière de tenir compte de la n. 14, supra.
HIPPOLYTE, HERACLITE ET NOËT 4395
21 Cf. LSJ s. nôç D.III. 1 .a. Je n'ai trouvé la bonne traduction de тô nàv que dans un seul
ouvrage (dont l'auteur était d'ailleurs présent à la conférence indiquée supra dans la
note *): cf. Фраrменты ранних rречесKих филoсoфoв, Ч. I, изд. пoдr. A. В. Лебедев (М
oсKва, НауKа, 1989) р. 189-190 («...всё..., ...всецелo..., ...всецелo...»). - Cf. aussi
Mueller, Heterodoxy supra, p. 4350 et 4351.
22 Cf. C. Osborne, 144.
23 Cf. Cl. Ramnoux, Commentaire à la Réfutation des Hérésies, Revue philosophique 151
(1961) 103, n. 1; 152 (1962) 80-81 (= Ead., Etudes présocratiques [Publ. Fac. des Lett. Sc
Sc. hum. de Paris - Nanterre, Essais, 4, Paris, Klincksieck, 1970] 76, n. 6; 83). Marcovich
(1966, p. 260, n.2) rejette à tort cette identification correcte.
24 Si elle est correcte elle fait également justice de la thèse de Marcovich (1966, p. 258 s.)
selon laquelle, pour Hippolyte, Héraclite aurait enseigné "that God = the World". Cette
idée (qu'il trouve lui-même "somewhat unusual") lui a été suggérée par tous ces то nôv
(dans B 50, devant B 1 et devant B 52) qu'il comprend comme désignant le monde, alors
qu'Hippolyte, « imitant » sans doute (peut-être à tort) Héraclite dans B 50, les utilise
comme de vulgaires adverbes de manière, en prenant d'ailleurs bien soin, pour plus de
clarté, de leur adjoindre d'autres locutions adverbiales. Quant aux arguments que
Marcovich étale dans sa table de la p. 258, ils ne tiennent pas debout: noinxöv Kоaцov
en IX 10, 8 (347,39) est une correction mal inspirée que Bernays a proposée pour un
texte corrompu (cf. § II. 8, p. 4398-4399, et n. 29); тàvavтia ünavxa (347,41) est une glose
déchiffrant la métaphore héraclitéenne (B 67 guerre - paix, hiver — été etc.) précisément
comme une métaphore des noms divins contraires (ôvouâÇexai) et non comme une
description du monde; kxîotç et Ôr|uioupvôç IX 9,4 (344,15) se rapportent respectivement
au Fils et au Père qu'Héraclite est supposé identifier l'un à l'autre; Empédocle n'a
4396 SERGE N. MOURAVIEV
absolument rien à voir avec notre sujet actuel et Hippolyte n'avait aucune raison ni
aucun besoin d'identifier nôXeUoÇ avec le monde. Pour ce qui est de B 50, cf. supra,
§ II.4 et n. 13. Finalement, toute la théorie de Marcovich (1966, p. 259 - 260) qui fait
de « l'équation Dieu = le Monde ou Dieu = la Création, ce dernier mot impliquant le
Christ, le fondement même de la réfutation de Noët par Hippolyte dans ces chapitres »,
repose sur une série de malentendus, est tirée par les cheveux, embrouillée à l'extrême
et parfaitement insoutenable (cf. la table qu'il nous propose p. 260 à la Table II ci-
dessous). - Les arguments de Marcovich semblent avoir partiellement convaincu
C. Osborne — qui conserve à тo näv le sens de « monde » - mais elle est sensible à
son incongruité, d'où ses hésitations entre l'acceptation mitigée et le rejet de la thèse
(p. 142 ["is not the only relevant theme"]; 153 n.65; 157). - Cf. aussi Mueller,
Heterodoxy supra, p. 4351 et p. 4354, n. 158.
zs Curieusement, Marcovich (1966, p. 260 et n.2) prend le contrepied de toute la
tradition chrétienne et identifie le Logos à Dieu (le Père). [Et l'Eon à (Jésus-)Christ.J
Le nombre de textes qu'on pourrait citer à l'appui de l'identité Logos = Dieu le Fils
est infini. J'omets les nombreuses références glanées au hasard de mes lectures, car il
suffit maintenant de consulter le LPG de Lampe, s. v. Xôyoç, II. "theol. of second Person
of Trinity" (plus de 5 colonnes de références!). Pour ce qui est de l'Eon, ce terme n'a
pratiquement jamais été utilisé (sauf par les gnostiques) pour désigner Dieu, un person
nage divin ou une personne de la Trinité, et si Hippolyte s'en sert ici, c'est à n'en pas
douter pour pouvoir citer B 52 qui joue un rôle capital dans l'identification du Logos-
Fils de B 1 au Père de B 53. Vu le contexte, aicbv doit évidemment désigner ici le Père,
ce qui cadre bien tant avec le sens originel («éternité») et - étymologique» («éternelle
ment étant ») de ce mot qu'avec des textes comme Dion. Areop. De div. nom. V 5 (817 D)
ó Oeôç ßaaiXeùç Xeveтcп тwv aicbvcov. ... aùxôç ... ècrnv ó aicbv тôv aicbvcov.
26 On trouvera une interprétation foncièrement identique à la nôtre chez C. Osborne,
153-157 (mais sans la cohérence que rétablit notre leçon des trois introductions)
HIPPOLYTE, HÉRACLITE ET NOËT 4397
27 Voici comment, pour ma part, je crois possible de combler cette lacune: ö(т)i Sé èaтiv
<apuovla (тôv èvavxicov?) ó Geôç, èv тoùтoiç Xéyer «ëv Siacpepóцevov écouтöi ouoXoyer
naXivxponoç) ápaovíт] oKcoаnep тóÇod Kai Mipnç». L'omission serait due à une haplogra-
phie (devant ápuovia/ápuovír|).
28 Voilà pourquoi - mais compte tenu aussi du contexte et du contenu du fragment - je
propose de combler ainsi la lacune devant B 56: <öтi S' où Siacpépei Kат' aùтôv та бpaта
тöv aoparav) аno тôv тoioúтo>v oùтoù Xóywv Kaтavoeïv £>áiÔiov. Comme dans la note
précédente, je suppose ici une haplographie (après аopaтwv). — C. Osborne semble
s'être complètement mépris sur le sens des contextes de ce ch. 2, ce qui l'incite à déplacer
l'introduction de B 54 devant la deuxième citation de B 51: elle a sans doute omis de
remarquer (ou sous-estimé l'importance de) la paire d'attributs divins « visible : invisi
ble » dans la doctrine noétienne et qui se rapportent, le premier, au modus Fils et le
second au modus Père du Dieu unique (cf. supra, p. 4381 -4382, n.7).
29 Cette interpolation présente quelques difficultés textuelles, voici comment je crois néces
saire de la lire: тîç (sic cod.) yap cpr|aiv ápuovia, f) (scripsi: ápuovia [a corr. ex r\] f|
cod.) àq>avr|ç„ «cpavepfjç Kpeíттcov»; Kai «öacûv ôyiç аKOr| uâGnaiç», тouтéoтi та бpaта
(scripsi: öpyava cod.), «тайта», cpnaiv, «èycb rtpoтiuéсo», où та àqravfj npoтiuiiaac,.
288 ANRW II 36.6
4398 SERGE N. MOURAVIEV
propre artisan: (B 67) 'Dieu: jour nuit, hiver été, guerre paix, abondance
famine' - tous les contraires, voilà l'idée — 'mais il change comme <le
feu qui), quand on le mélange à des parfums, est dénommé selon le
plaisir (la saveur?) de chacun'. »
Pour bien saisir la portée de ce passage, il faut d'abord comprendre qu'il
y est avant tout question du Fils, car seul le Fils, dans son interprétation
noétienne, peut (ironiquement) être appelé «son propre créateur et [son
propre] artisan »: d'où la leçon nouvelle signalée dans la note 31. Il faut ensuite
tenir compte que les couples jour nuit, hiver été, guerre paix, etc. du
fr. B 67 font écho52 aux antithèses jour nuit (!), bien-être douleur, etc.
B 1 + B 52 + B 53
Logos = Eon = Fils (Enfant = Roi) = Père
des fr. B 57 à B 62, représentent de ce fait tous les noms contraires possibles
(comme le confirme d'ailleurs la glose d'Hippolyte) et en font donc des
attributs de Dieu: Qeàç TtôXeuoç eipT|vr| ... Enfin, il importe de savoir que
le verbe « changer » (àAAoioùaGai, xpéTteoGai) et le substantif « changement »
(àAAolaxriç, xponf|) étaient des termes dont les théologiens des premiers siècles
condamnaient l'usage s'agissant de Dieu et de l'incarnation33. (D'où l'impor
tance du mot yivôuevov dans la paraphrase hippolytienne.)
Bref, le ch. 3 démontre à coup de citations qu'« Héraclite » identifiait
entre elles toutes les qualités contraires possibles et imaginables (fr. B 57 à
B 62), les attribuait à Dieu (B 67(a)) et prétendait hérétiquement que celui-ci
pouvait changer et recevoir tel ou tel nom, devenir ceci ou cela KaG' f|Sovf|v
êKàaxou, phrase qu'on peut aussi traduire par « selon le bon plaisir de chacun »
(67(b)). Tel ou tel nom implique automatiquement, bien sûr, les noms de
Père ou Fils, Créateur ou créature, Géniteur ou progéniture, Eon ou Logos,
non né ou (Premier) né, etc. etc. Quod erat demonstrandum.
C'est de cette doctrine « héraclitéenne » (qui, en fait, est une généralisation
outrancière du noétisme, s'appuyant sur une utilisation — je tiens à le sou
ligner — extrêmement astucieuse et savante d'un nombre impression
nant de fragments de l'Ephésien) qu'Hippolyte « déduit » juste après toute la
doctrine des diadoques noétiens et la réfute (cf. supra, § 1.5 et 1.6, p. 4383 -
4386). Cf. Table II où sont comparées la doctrine « héraclitéenne » des diado
ques noétiens et la doctrine « noétienne » d'Héraclite.
35 Toutes ces observations figurent déjà chez Kirk, op. cit., p. 349 -351.
36 Note additionnelle. Au moment d'expédier la première version de ce texte à l'éditeur
(été 1990), je n'avais toujours pas réussi, malgré plusieurs tentatives, à prendre connais
sance du récent ouvrage (introuvable à Moscou) de Catherine Osborne, Rethinking
early Greek philosophy. Hippolytus of Rome and the Presocratics (Londres, Duckworth,
1987). Aujourd'hui (mars 1991, à Fribourg et Paris), c'est chose faite et je puis finalement
émettre une opinion sur ce livre qui est loin de mériter tous les reproches sévères que
lui adresse J. Barnes dans Phronesis 33 (1988), p. 327 — 344 (The Presocratics in Context)
du moins en ce qui concerne son analyse du livre IX. Non seulement C. Osborne défend-
elle des principes méthodologiques sains et négligés, elle les applique aussi parfois avec
de bons résultats. Il n'en reste pas moins que, consciente de l'importance qu'il y a —
pour comprendre Héraclite - de comprendre d'abord son citateur Hippolyte et l'idée
que celui-ci se faisait de l'Ephésien, elle demeure assez indifférente à d'autres impératifs
importants de la méthode philologique en général et de son application à un cas aussi
difficile que celui d'Héraclite - à propos desquels on consultera: S. N. Mouraviev,
Comment interpréter Héraclite: vers une méthodologie scientifique des études héraclitéen-
nes, in: K. Boudouris (éd.), Ionian Philosophy (Athens, Int. Assoc. for Greek Philosophy,
1989) 270 — 9; Id., Comprendre Héraclite. [Réflexions sur la méthode des études héracli-
téennes suggérées par deux éditions françaises des fragments de l'Ephésien], L'Age de la
science 3 (1990) 181-232. (= Compte rendu de: M. Conche, Héraclite. Fragments
[Paris, 1986] et J. Bollack - H. Wismann, Héraclite ou la Séparation [Paris, 1972].).
Voici les principaux reproches que je ferais à sa façon de traiter le texte d'Hippolyte.
Premièrement, elle ne tient pas compte de l'état lamentable du textus receptus, se fie
entièrement à l'édition de Wendland (celle de Marcovich n'ayant pas encore paru
quand elle finissait son travail) et ne semble pas avoir eu la curiosité d'étudier l'unique
manuscrit de la 'Réfutation' ne fût-ce que sous la forme de microfilm ou de photocopies;
d'où une pénétration insuffisante dans la structure grammaticale et logique, une sous-
estimation de la cohérence non seulement interne, mais aussi externe du texte et la
conservation de nombreuses erreurs de lecture et d'interprétation introduites par les
éditeurs et interprètes antérieurs [par exemple, du traitement traditionnel du début du
fr. B 50 comme d'une introduction hippolytienne; de nombreux amendements arbitraires,
289 ANRW II 36.6
4402 SERGE N. MOURAVIEV
Indices
2. Index of Names
For additional references to ancient authors see 'Index of Passages Cited' (p. 4404).
Alexander Polyhistor, 4102 (64), 4140, Arrhenides (archon of Athens), 4108 and
4167, 4169 (78, 80)
Antigonus Gonatas, 4098, 4107, 4109, Athenaeus (epigrammatist), 4128, 4129
4110, 4111, 4113 (93), 4114, 4115, 4117, (123), 4170, 4174
4118, 4136, 4138, 4160, 4163, 4168 and Athenodorus of Soli, 4143
(213), 4174, 4175 Athenodorus of Tarsus (Cananites), 4161
Antigonus of Carystus, 4113 (93), 4117 (195)
(97), 4118 and (99), 4121 and (106), 4125 Athenodorus of Tarsus (Cordylion), 4091
and (116), 4126, 4166 and (44), 4133 and (135), 4134, 4161 (195)
Antipater of Sidon, 4128, 4170, 4174 Aulus Gellius, 4182 (19)
Antipater of Tyre, 4161 and (195)
Bahnsch, F., 4148 (166)
Antisthenes of Rhodes, 4102 (64), 4136, Baldassarri, M., 4147 (160), 4151 (172)
4137 and (142), 4138, 4156 (180), 4167, Baldry, H. C., 4177
4169, 4170 (216) Barnes, J., 4077 (5), 4078 (9), 4147 (161),
Antisthenes the Socratic, 4101 4148 (162), 4151 (171-72)
Apelt, O., 4147 (160), 4148 (162), 4151 (172) Beloch, K. J., 4111 (88)
Apollodorus of Athens, 4099, 4108 (80), Brisson, L., 4086 (33)
4109, 4140, 4141, 4169
Apollonius of Tyre, passim Carneades of Cyrene, 4141 (146)
Arcesilaus of Pitane, 4121 (106), 4138 Cassius the Skeptic, 4130, 4132 and (134),
Aristobulus (brother of Epicurus), 4107 4133 and (135), 4134
Ariston of Chios, 4083, 4084 (24, 27, 28), Cato the Younger, 4191 (44)
4125 (114), 4135 - 39, 4142, 4143 and Cavallo, G., 4079 (12), 4081 (15-17)
(153), 4152, 4155 and (178), 4156, 4158, Chrysippus of Soli, 4083 and (21), 4084
4159 and (186), 4160 and (190 - 91), 4162, (27 - 28), 4085, 4086 and (32), 4087 and
4175 (36), 4101, 4102 (65), 4125 (113), 4130-
Aristotle, 4086 and (32) 34, 4137 and (141), 4139 (145), 4140 - 44,
Arius Didymus, 4161 (195) 4146 (156), 4154 (175), 4162, 4167, 4170
Arnim, H. von, 4147 (160) and (215), 4171, 4172, 4175
4408 DAVID E. HAHM
Cleanthes of Assos, 4083, 4084 (27), 4087, Gannon, J. F., 4121 (104)
4118, 4125 (113-14), 4135 and (139), Gigante, M., 4078 (6 - 7), 4079 (11), 4081
4136, 4137, 4138-40, 4141, 4142, 4143 (16), 4082 (18), 4092 (49), 4101 (63), 4131
and (153), 4144, 4146 (156), 4152, 4158, (129), 4147 (160), 4148 (162), 4161 (195),
4159 and (184), 4160 and (191), 4162, 4168 (212), 4172 (222), 4177
4163, 4171, 4175 Glucker, J., 4161 (195)
Cobet, C. G., 4147 (160), 4151 (171) Goulet-Cazé, M.-O., 4097 (51)
Cornutus, 4083 (22), 4161 (195)
Covotti, A., 4156 (180) Habicht, C., 4111 (84, 85, 87)
Crates of Thebes, 4083, 4088 - 4101, 4103, Hahm, D. E., 4098 (56), 4161 (195)
4104, 4105, 4108, 4112, 4114, 4117, 4119, Hammond, N. G. L., 4111 (87), 4160 (192)
4129, 4130 (125), 4154, 4156, 4164, 4168, Hecataeus, son of Spintharus, 4143
4174 Hecaton of Rhodes, 4087 and (37), 4090,
Crônert, W., 4098 (56) 4091 and (47), 4096, 4097 and (52), 4101
and (63), 4102, 4105, 4120, 4125 and (112),
Deichgràber, K., 4160 (192) 4126, 4134 and (137), 4136, 4137 and
Delatte, A., 4084 (25) (142), 4139, 4140, 4141 and (146), 4161
Demetrius of Magnesia, 4091 (48), 4129, and (195), 4169, 4171
Heraclides, 4091 (46), 4170 (215)
4130 and (124, 126), 4135, 4136, 4137
Herillus of Carthage, 4083, 4084 (24, 27),
(141), 4138, 4165, 4166 (207), 4169, 4170 4135, 4136, 4142 (152), 4143, 4158, 4159
(216), 4171 (219), 4172 and (187), 4160, 4162, 4175
Demochares, son of Laches, 4114, 4115, Hermippus of Smyrna, 4141, 4169
4168 (213), 4174 Hesiod, 4121 (103)
Diels, H., 4148 (162), 4151 (171-72) Hicks, R. D., 4111 (85, 86, 88), 4116 (94),
Diocles of Magnesia, 4136, 4137, 4138, 4147 (160), 4148 (162), 4151 (171), 4177
4140, 4146 (157), 4147 - 51, 4156 (180), Hippobotus, 4102 (64), 4103, 4120, 4122
4169, 4174 and (108), 4123, 4125, 4126, 4134, 4135,
Diodorus Cronus, 4122 and (107), 4123, 4143, 4145, 4154 (177), 4167, 4169, 4171
4157 (181) Hg-lwerda, D., 4147 (160)
Diogenes of Sinope, 4097 (51), 4156 (180) Hope, R., 4077 (1, 4), 4084 (25)
Dion of Paeonia, 4111 (85) Hulser, K., 4147 (159), 4151 (172)
Dionysius of Heraclea, 4083, 4084 (24, 26,
27), 4125 (114), 4135, 4136, 4137, 4138, Ioppolo, A. M., 4155 (178)
4142, 4143 and (153), 4153, 4158, 4159, Isidorus of Pergamum, 4130, 4133 and
4160 and (191), 4162, 4170, 4175 (135), 4134, 4169
Dorandi, T., 4086 (33), 4101 (63), 4108
(78), 4142 (150), 4145 (155), 4155 (179) Jacoby, F., 4098 (55), 4099 (58-59), 4108
Droysen, H., 4111 (83, 85, 87, 88), 4112 (80), 4109 (81)
(89) JanAcek, K., 4077 (3), 4139 (145)
Janda, J., 4170 (216)
Edelstein, L., 4161 (195)
Egli, U., 4098 (56), 4147 (160), 4148 (162), Kidd, I. G., 4161 (195)
Kindstrand, J. F., 4120 (102), 4125 (112)
4151 (171-72) Krentz, P., 4116 (96)
Epicurus, 4106,4107,4118
Eratosthenes, 4106, 4118 Long, A. A., 4121 (106)
Erskine, A., 4111 (87-88) Long, H. S., 4077 (1), 4111 (85), 4147
Euclides of Megara, 4157 (181) (160), 4177
Ferguson, W. S., 4111 (88) Mansfeld, J., 4078 (10), 4083 (20), 4089
Frenkian, A. M., 4084 (25) (40), 4091 (43, 45, 47), 4122 (107, 108),
Fritz, K. von, 4097 (53 - 54), 4098 (55) 4131 (129), 4132 (132), 4147 and (158-
DIOGENES LAERTIUS VII: INDICES 4409
61), 4148 (162-66), 4150 (170), 4151 Skydsgaard, J. E., 4078 (7), 4079 (11-
(171), 4154 (176), 4155 (177), 4156 (180), 12), 4080 (13), 4081 (51), 4082 (19)
4157 (181), 4161 (195) Socrates, 4090
Meier, J., 4077 (3), 4078 (6, 7, 10), 4079 Sollenberger, M. G., 4086 (32)
(11), 4080 (13), 4091 (46), 4117 (97), 4130 Sosicrates, 4136, 4137 and (144), 4138,
(124), 4137 (140, 141, 144), 4147 (158) 4169
Mensching, E., 4086 (32, 34) Sotion, 4091 and (46), 4122, 4141, 4170
Moraux, P., 4078 (8), 4084 (25), 4165 (206) . (215)
Mouraviev, S. N., 4078 (8), 4079 (12), Speusippus, 4086 and (33)
4084 (25) Sphaerus of Bosporus, 4083, 4084 (27),
Munzer, F., 4078 (7) 4135, 4136, 4142 (152), 4143, 4145, 4158
(183), 4159 (184), 4162, 4163, 4175
Panaetius of Rhodes, 4087, 4101 (62), Stilpo of Megara, 4090, 4091, 4092, 4095,
4136, 4137, 4138, 4143, 4161 and (195), 4196 - 99, 4103, 4104 and (70), 4156, 4157
4169 (181), 4167 (209), 4168, 4170 (215), 4174
Persaeus of Citium, 4084 (27), 4085 - 88, Strabo, 4166 and (207)
4097 - 4100, 4101 (62), 4102 (65), 4107, Stratocles, 4143 (154), 4144, 4159 (188),
4108 and (80), 4109 and (81), 4110, 4114, 4160, 4161
4117, 4126, 4127, 4128, 4135, 4136, 4142
and (152), 4143, 4144, 4145, 4158 (183), Tarn, W. W., 4111 (88)
4160 and (191 - 92), 4162, 4163 and (198), Thraso, son of Thraso, 4114, 4115, 4174
4168, 4169, 4174 Timocrates, 4098 and (57), 4103 and (68),
Phanias (the student of Posidonius), 4161 4104
Philo the Dialectician, 4103, 4121 and (107) Timon ofPhlius, 4120,4121 and (105, 106),
Philodemus of Gadara, 4079 (12), 4081, 4122, 4134, 4136-40, 4161 (195), 4169,
4159 (188), 4161, 4162 4170 (217)
Philonides of Thebes, 4107, 4110 Timotheus of Athens, 4085-86, 4186
Plato, 4086 and (33) (32 - 34), 4120, 4169
Pliny the Elder, 4082 (19) Traversa, A., 4142 (150)
Pohlenz, M., 4101 (63)
Polemon of Athens, 4098 (57), 4103, 4123 Verbeke, G., 4155 (178), 4159 (185)
and (109), 4125 (114), 4138, 4157 (181) Von der Muhll, P., 4151 (170a)
Posidonius of Apamea, 4161 and (195)
Ptolemy II Philadelphus, 4125(114) Wachsmuth, C., 4132 (132)
Ptolemy IV Philopator, 4158 (183) Walbank, F. W., 4111 (87), 4160 (192)
Pyrrho of Elis, 4121(106) Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, U. VoN, 4086
(34), 4111 (86-87), 4112 (91), 4113 (93),
Rohde, E., 4099 (59), 4108 (80), 4109 (81) 4117 (97), 4118 (99), 4125 (116)
Rhodes, P. J., 4111 (88)
Rose, V, 4161 (195) Xenocrates of Chalcedon, 4097, 4098 and
(57), 4103 and (68), 4157 (181)
Schofield, M., 4091 (44), 4132 (131, 132, Xenophon, 4090, 4092
134), 4133 (135), 4134 (138), 4155 (178),
4177 Zeno of Citium, passim
Schwartz, E., 4161 (195) Zeno of Sidon, 4143
Sedley, D. N., 4097 (54), 4122 (107) Zenodotus (Stoic), 4128, 4170, 4174
3. Index of Subjects
Reconstruction of lost end of book 7, 4161 and the Cynics, 4090 - 91, 4093 - 95,
(195) 4119, 4131, 4154-57
death, 4126-28
Stoic attitude toward Cynic philosophy, education, 4088, 4095, 41 15, 4122 - 23
4091, 4095 epitaphs, 4128-29
Stoic doxography honors,
date of original composition, 4161 - golden crown, 4106, 4108, 4110-13
62 public funeral, 41 10 - 13, 41 15, 4127,
transmitted by Apollonius of Tyre, 4129
4158-62 personality and habits, 4086 - 88,
Zeno, 4092 - 93, 4120 - 22, 4124
and Antigonus Gonatas, 4107, 4109, physical characteristics, 4085 - 87
4115 students of, 4135 - 36, 4142, 4152 - 53
apostasy of several students, 4156, See also Ariston in this index and
4159 Ariston, Persaeus, Herillus, Diony-
arrival at Athens, 4090, 4118-19 sius, Sphaerus, and Cleanthes in 'In
books authored by, 4154-55 dex of Names' (pp. 4407 - 09)
chronology of life, 4097 - 4101,4127 successor, selection of, 4139 - 40, 4158 -
conversion to philosophy, 4092 59
criticisms of, 4131 -34 teaching style, 4105 - 06, 41 15 - 17