EXERCISE NO. 2 ERENT STRUCTURES OF FUNG NERAL STUDY OF DIFF 1 STUDY OF TYPICAL FUNGUS ropyllus, unk or mull ave a definate cl Fe RRTRGI eto, intake food by ments of fsorains 1 makeup of cexuni reproduction proceeds bY 1 spores. The means of paxiuetion ofsexual and ase%t ineans of production of wepelaive spores: The sel lebiENS bby mean production of male and female yametangia unite 19 form zygote. The brady of fungi cenevally velerted to as thallus, ‘The ssitied under Kingdom — Funngl (ins 1073), Recently they ssified under Kingdoms s Protirs (Alexopotulos et a. 200 Constituents Require Mievoscope, Slides. Cover slips. (wo pointed needles and wash Procedure Take a piece of b and Keep in threadlike whitish P bread. ‘Take a th ‘ lass slide with the help of point pread the unveads in th Observe then : m h Observations Took for aa in in n Mycelium, Observe " septum or septa. ‘The mycelium h “ep lcd sepa For sporangioph ja, sproes rhizoides, spora Sporangiophores vv we2 Sporangiospores ar spores : Sporangiospores or sh the unit of sent eial | sound 4 oval, hyaline, unicellular and produced internally of enacnn Columella structure at the endl of sporangiophore ove th porangiun is tachment between sporangitim and sphorangi Rhizaids : The root like structures oF appEN ung are hhas two main functions is tnchoring o to hole th main { absorption oF Septate mycelium : Hyph led f Conidium : Asext Condit ih jiu Conidiophores : The hi the conidi I, VEGETAT photo; i a ‘i | \ body gens h nent i Non-septate or asep c umber of nuclei en he yee he hyp r th alls or septa stich uEetophytic myceltum ey OP Gee 2024/03/22 13:16(Dey \ OMe rae PP UKIPAHCe) ey NOP \\' > Oe 2024/03/22 13:16OPPO AlSs - ©.) ANUP) 2024/03/22 13:17EXERCISE NO. STUDY OF SYMPTOMS OF VARIOUS PLANT DISEASES SYMPTOMS: mploms are expressions of diseased conditions, ‘They ane expressed internally as well as externally and help in geneval diagnosis. With the help ofsymptoms ‘diseased plant can be identified from 1 healthy one, However. symptoms alone ave not helpful in ascevtaining the exact nature of the disease. Similarly. symptoms may ves mis may he die 1 downy ‘mildew, vital infection or deficiency like the fever in human being may be due to wound SIGNS + Signs are the experi nees ol the diseases and general confirmed by various diagnostic techniques. Signs help in accurate diagno Signs are the actual pres he its structures om the hos or in he host as a result off manife ° of whit Ih on the leaves in SYMPTOMS OF ISEASES PRODUCED BY BUNGAL PLANT PATHOGENS 1. MOTTLING ‘i Joraphyl in interveinal area eg, Mott 2. STEM GALLS fers, Loranthus on 3. CLUBROOT r 4. BLIGHT J destruction of plant pats like sh » un as brown to black showing p nt of potato, Bacterial blight of pad 8. SPOT: I ised dest the tissue in a more or less cirewlar man is usual h 1d may develop on stem or fruit. he d li hi ited are a ngular, 10 cineularSYMPTOMS OF PLANT DISEASES PRODUCED BY BACTERIAL PATHOGENS: TUMORS AND GALLS + Tusiors ate knot Il host issue. Ik is bigger in size ex. tumor caused by the infestation of bacteria like structures or over 0 alls are abnormal swelling or blisters o pimples ” Asvobuctertum radiobacter. knot formed on plant parts, The bacteria induces formation of galls in plants by hy gall ave sinaller stimulating mature cells to resume meristematic grov than tumors. % HAIRY ROOT + Formation of numerous fine roots ew infestation of Aurobsscteritnn reatiobacter var. rizogeres WILITS ; Wilting or drying of emtire plant observed in adult plants, “The leave and other succulent parts loose turgidity become flaccid and dioop. I is typical vascular symptom due to plugging of xylem vessel or toxic effect eg. bacterial wilt of tomato 4. BLIGHT + Here there is @ general and rapid destruction of plant parts like shoots, leaves, blossoms, twigs ele, the dead organ tum as brown 10! Black showing burnt appearance e.g, bacterial bli 3. SOFT ROT: The tem J inc Infection of pavench: 7 wun rot (Potato) ‘Soft colour reactions and are designated eg. black rot (cabbage). ¢ 6 CANKERS : Deep seated infection due to destruction of woody tis we vv37-60 jum in size. Each ascocarp contains a single aseus. There are & ascospores in the ascus they ave ellipsoid to nearly spherical 17-22 x 12-20 um in size Procedure 1 [Notice white, powilery patches on the affeved pasts txumine the serape fom leaf under the migroscope and note the morphology oF eonidiophores an eon Examine the slide mounted with cleistothecia, asi and ascospores under Imicioscope and note the morphology of cleistohecia. appendages. 3 ascospores, the and X. Puccinia graminis tsp. iritici Erikss, & F. Henn. he Priccinia gramints fp, rriticl is responsible for casing wheat rus in every svheat growing area around the world. In Northern tndia. i¢ appears lle and des not {eause much damage, bat in Southern and Peninsular India it canses hey lasses Beene of its carly appearance. Morphological ehuracters: Uredospores brown, ov brown, bi-celled, apex pointed or rounded, attached fin pyeniospore hyaline: acca} cups whe I. echinulate; teliospoves. chestnut ly to stalk; pyenia fask-shapod azciospores yellow. cchinnlate in chains. Procedure 1. Note ablong to circular, brick ved, reddish brown and black pustules frequently ‘merging with one another on leaves and stem of wheat 2. Pramine brick red to reddish beo pustules (te pustules (uredia) and dark brown fo black under the microscope ind note the ruptured epidennis Cut sections of the leaves andl st microscope. Note the colour and s pedicel of teliospore XI, Sphacelotheca sorght (Link) Clint. 1 of wheat, stain and examine under the ne oF uredospores add teliospares, Notice Sphacetoticca sorght is responsible for causing the grain smut of sorghuny in al the sorghum roving countries in the world. In India, it is more prevalent in. Andhra Pradesh, Mahavashira, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Mysore. Tamil Nad and Rajasthan, Morphologi acters: Sorus with a fough wall and a long. hard. central tisste (colunellumy: tellospores, dark brown 10 black, smooth, thick-walled: promseetium 4 celled, prodicing a single sporidium from each cel or yevin tubes instend of spordi diseased car head and notice oval to eylindrieal and dity gr olumel 1. Examine th place of grains. Note the tough wall of sous and the shape ofOPPO AlSs- ©.) J ANUP. Per IP PRO)| 2. Sporodnctiumn (M1. Spor dock) | A spore fruit having cushion shoped stroma e¥ered ‘ith vv vvjoy NOG POPPAXIX. Pleurotus sajor caju (Fr) Singer This isthe fungus used asthe food. Mostly they are saps silo de Morphological characters. Dasidiccarps are tavgely fleshy. membeanoim. past OF fragile hymenophore is poroht. "The fruit ts mostly cenuallystipitite ‘The ymenonhor ie ly amooth to typically lamellae. tis gymwnocarple, pacaloongincapic oF anghocnepie The hasidia are 1 celled at maturity and produce 2 te 4 or even 8 hasdionpses. The spoves are forcibly discharged from sterigmata Procedure RecordsRecord the folloPREPARATION O | PREPARATION ( wv veDey NES OR Nt Oe POI P REfo) ey NCPR GOP 2024/03/22 13:17aw thin-walled, broadly elie with « paps saul, wospures bras ack-waled covert by an regular, brown oogonia) walt Procedure 1. Examine eon sth af the pathogen on the fie face. Cut seetions of the lea, sais und mine under the microscope. Nove snerceltulor mmycefium. intracellular haustoria, sporanglophores em 1 and sporangia atthe ti Of short branches of sporangionhores. Tcase the leafy structure and examine the ospoies V. Plasmopara viticota (Berk. & Cvs.) Berl & Det ig though the sto Plasmopira vita is responsible for causing dossny mildew of grapes. eases ge Tosses tothe ine indusiry in France 1°78 nod URRS, The discane tll mains 3 very important one in many grape-gr ns Morphological characters: Myce! vevcellular: hanntoria. globose intracellular: sporangiophores. mo aly. branched main trunk dichotomously branched atthe right cia hyaline. ovate: gona, sphere med tenminally: antheridin lava hich smooth endospore overlaid by a thinner rough exospores he collapse sgn wall ale sporangia 2. Cut very thin seotion of th \ i an examine tered Vi. Mucor remosissinus common on the bread hence also call f i Morphological characters th sto rhizokd absent sporangiophore bearing aterm i; columella spherical Fine sporangOnS rroaty ovoid: yametangia similar i sine and shape 1 with a Bh hick, several-tay ered al wv