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Introduction to Machine Learning with Python 原版最终版 by Müller & ...

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Machine learning is an integral part of many commercial applications and research projects today, in areas ranging from medical diagnosis and treatment to finding your friends on social networks. Many people think that machine learning can only be applied by large companies with extensive research teams. In this book, we want to show you how easy it can be to build machine learning solutions yourself, and how to best go about it. With the knowledge in this book, you can build your own system for finding out how people feel on Twitter, or making predictions about global warming. The applications of machine learning are endless and, with the amount of data available today, mostly limited by your imagination
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Andreas C. Müller & Sarah Guido
Introduction to
Machine
Learning
with P y t hon
A GUIDE FOR DATA SCIENTISTS

Andreas C. Müller and Sarah Guido
Introduction to Machine Learning
with Python
A Guide for Data Scientists
Boston Farnham Sebastopol
Tokyo
Beijing Boston Farnham Sebastopol
Tokyo
Beijing

978-1-449-36941-5
[LSI]
Introduction to Machine Learning with Python
by Andreas C. Müller and Sarah Guido
Copyright © 2017 Sarah Guido, Andreas Müller. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472.
O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are
also available for most titles (http://safaribooksonline.com). For more information, contact our corporate/
institutional sales department: 800-998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com.
Editor: Dawn Schanafelt
Production Editor: Kristen Brown
Copyeditor: Rachel Head
Proofreader: Jasmine Kwityn
Indexer: Judy McConville
Interior Designer: David Futato
Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery
Illustrator: Rebecca Demarest
October 2016: First Edition
Revision History for the First Edition
2016-09-22: First Release
See http://oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781449369415 for release details.
The O’Reilly logo is a registered trademark of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Introduction to Machine Learning with
Python, the cover image, and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc.
While the publisher and the authors have used good faith efforts to ensure that the information and
instructions contained in this work are accurate, the publisher and the authors disclaim all responsibility
for errors or omissions, including without limitation responsibility for damages resulting from the use of
or reliance on this work. Use of the information and instructions contained in this work is at your own
risk. If any code samples or other technology this work contains or describes is subject to open source
licenses or the intellectual property rights of others, it is your responsibility to ensure that your use
thereof complies with such licenses and/or rights.

Table of Contents
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
1.
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Why Machine Learning? 1
Problems Machine Learning Can Solve 2
Knowing Your Task and Knowing Your Data 4
Why Python? 5
scikit-learn 5
Installing scikit-learn 6
Essential Libraries and Tools 7
Jupyter Notebook 7
NumPy 7
SciPy 8
matplotlib 9
pandas 10
mglearn 11
Python 2 Versus Python 3 12
Versions Used in this Book 12
A First Application: Classifying Iris Species 13
Meet the Data 14
Measuring Success: Training and Testing Data 17
First Things First: Look at Your Data 19
Building Your First Model: k-Nearest Neighbors 20
Making Predictions 22
Evaluating the Model 22
Summary and Outlook 23
iii

2. Supervised Learning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Classification and Regression 25
Generalization, Overfitting, and Underfitting 26
Relation of Model Complexity to Dataset Size 29
Supervised Machine Learning Algorithms 29
Some Sample Datasets 30
k-Nearest Neighbors 35
Linear Models 45
Naive Bayes Classifiers 68
Decision Trees 70
Ensembles of Decision Trees 83
Kernelized Support Vector Machines 92
Neural Networks (Deep Learning) 104
Uncertainty Estimates from Classifiers 119
The Decision Function 120
Predicting Probabilities 122
Uncertainty in Multiclass Classification 124
Summary and Outlook 127
3.
Unsupervised Learning and Preprocessing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Types of Unsupervised Learning 131
Challenges in Unsupervised Learning 132
Preprocessing and Scaling 132
Different Kinds of Preprocessing 133
Applying Data Transformations 134
Scaling Training and Test Data the Same Way 136
The Effect of Preprocessing on Supervised Learning 138
Dimensionality Reduction, Feature Extraction, and Manifold Learning 140
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 140
Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) 156
Manifold Learning with t-SNE 163
Clustering 168
k-Means Clustering 168
Agglomerative Clustering 182
DBSCAN 187
Comparing and Evaluating Clustering Algorithms 191
Summary of Clustering Methods 207
Summary and Outlook 208
4.
Representing Data and Engineering Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Categorical Variables 212
One-Hot-Encoding (Dummy Variables) 213
iv | Table of Contents
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- xikakaxi2222023-07-09very classic book for ml and python learning!

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