TricksoftheWindowsvideoGameProgramming---part1资源-CSDN下载

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Tricks of the Windows video Game Programming PART I Windows Programming Foundations 7 1 Journey into the Abyss 9 A Little History........................................................................................9 Designing Games ..................................................................................13 Types of Games ....................................................................................13 Brainstorming........................................................................................14 The Design Document and Storyboards................................................15 Making the Game Fun ..........................................................................16 The Components of a Game..................................................................16 Section 1: Initialization....................................................................17 Section 2: Enter Game Loop............................................................17 Section 3: Retrieve Player Input ......................................................17 Section 4: Perform AI and Game Logic ..........................................17 Section 5: Render Next Frame ........................................................18 Section 6: Synchronize Display ......................................................18 Section 7: Loop................................................................................18 Section 8: Shutdown ........................................................................18 General Game Programming Guidelines ..............................................21 Using Tools............................................................................................26 C/C++ Compilers ............................................................................26 2D Art Software................................................................................26 Sound Processing Software..............................................................26 3D Modelers ....................................................................................26 Music and MIDI Sequencing Programs ..........................................27 Setting Up to Get Down—Using the Compiler ....................................27 An Example: FreakOut..........................................................................29 Summary................................................................................................46 2 The Windows Programming Model 47 The Genesis of Windows ......................................................................48 Early Windows Versions ..................................................................48 Windows 3.x ....................................................................................48 Windows 95......................................................................................49 Windows 98......................................................................................50 Windows NT ....................................................................................50 Basic Windows Architecture:Win9X/NT........................................50 Multitasking and Multithreading ..........................................................51 Getting Info on the Threads ............................................................52 The Event Model..............................................................................53 0072313618 FM 10/26/99 9:32 AM Page vi vi TRICKS OF THE WINDOWS GAME PROGRAMMING GURUS Programming the Microsoft Way: Hungarian Notation........................55 Variable Naming ..............................................................................56 Function Naming..............................................................................56 Type and Constant Naming..............................................................57 Class Naming....................................................................................57 Parameter Naming............................................................................58 The World’s Simplest Windows Program..............................................58 It All Begins with WinMain() ..........................................................59 Dissecting the Program....................................................................60 Choosing a Message Box ................................................................63 Real-World Windows Applications (Without Puck)..............................66 The Windows Class ..............................................................................66 Registering the Windows Class ............................................................74 Creating the Window ............................................................................75 The Event Handler ................................................................................77 The Main Event Loop............................................................................84 Making a Real-Time Event Loop..........................................................89 Opening More Windows........................................................................90 Summary................................................................................................93 3 Advanced Windows Programming 95 Using Resources....................................................................................96 Putting Your Resources Together ....................................................98 Using Icon Resources ......................................................................99 Using Cursor Resources ................................................................102 Creating String Table Resources....................................................106 Using Sound .WAV Resources ........................................................108 Last, But Not Least—Using the Compiler to Create .RC Files ....114 Working with Menus ..........................................................................116 Creating a Menu ............................................................................116 Loading a Menu..............................................................................119 Responding to Menu Event Messages ..........................................122 Introduction to GDI ............................................................................128 The WM_PAINT Message Once Again ..............................................128 Video Display Basics and Color....................................................133 RGB and Palletized Modes............................................................135 Basic Text Printing ........................................................................137 Handling Important Events..................................................................143 Window Manipulation....................................................................143 Banging on the Keyboard ..............................................................150 Squeezing the Mouse......................................................................158 Sending Messages Yourself ................................................................161 Summary..............................................................................................163 0072313618 FM 10/26/99 9:32 AM Page vii vii CONTENTS 4 Windows GDI, Controls, and Last-Minute Gift Ideas 165 Advanced GDI Graphics......................................................................166 Under the Hood with the Graphics Device Context......................166 Color, Pens, and Brushes................................................................167 Working with Pens ........................................................................168 Painting with Brushes ....................................................................172 Points, Lines, Polygons, and Circles ..................................................173 Straight to the Point........................................................................173 Getting a Line on Things................................................................175 Getting Rectangular........................................................................177 Round and Round She Goes—Circles ..........................................180 Polygon, Polygon,Wherefore Art Thou, Polygon? ......................181 More on Text and Fonts ......................................................................182 Timing Is Everything ..........................................................................184 The WM_TIMER Message ..................................................................184 Low-Level Timing..........................................................................187 Playing with Controls..........................................................................190 Buttons............................................................................................191 Sending Messages to Child Controls ............................................195 Getting Information ............................................................................197 The T3D Game Console......................................................................205 Summary..............................................................................................210 PART II DirectX and 2D Fundamentals 211 5 DirectX Fundamentals and the Dreaded COM 213 DirectX Primer ....................................................................................214 The HEL and HAL ........................................................................216 The DirectX Foundation Classes in Depth ....................................216 COM: Is It the Work of Microsoft… or Demons?..............................218 What Exactly Is a COM Object?....................................................219 More on Interface IDs and GUIDs ................................................223 Building a Quasi-COM Object ......................................................224 A Quick Recap of COM ................................................................226 A Working COM Program ............................................................226 Working with DirectX COM Objects..................................................231 COM and Function Pointers ..........................................................232 Creating and Using DirectX Interfaces..........................................236 Querying for Interfaces..................................................................237 The Future of COM ............................................................................238 Summary..............................................................................................239 0072313618 FM 10/26/99 9:32 AM Page viii viii TRICKS OF THE WINDOWS GAME PROGRAMMING GURUS 6 First Contact: DirectDraw 241 The Interfaces of DirectDraw..............................................................242 Interface Characteristics ................................................................242 Using the Interfaces Together ........................................................244 Creating a DirectDraw Object ............................................................245 Error Handling with DirectDraw....................................................246 Getting an Interface Lift ................................................................247 Cooperating with Windows ................................................................250 Getting into the Mode of Things ........................................................255 The Subtleties of Color........................................................................259 Building a Display Surface..................................................................263 Creating a Primary Surface............................................................264 Attaching the Palette......................................................................272 Plotting Pixels ................................................................................272 Cleaning Up....................................................................................284 Summary..............................................................................................285 7 Advanced DirectDraw and Bitmapped Graphics 287 Working with High-Color Modes........................................................288 16-Bit High-Color Mode................................................................289 Getting the Pixel Format................................................................290 24/32-Bit High-Color Mode ..........................................................299 Double Buffering ................................................................................301 Surface Dynamics................................................................................307 Page Flipping ......................................................................................311 Using the Blitter ..................................................................................317 Using the Blitter for Memory Filling ............................................320 Copying Bitmaps from Surface to Surface....................................328 Clipper Fundamentals..........................................................................332 Clipping Pixels to a Viewport ........................................................332 Clipping Bitmaps the Hard Way....................................................334 Making a DirectDraw Clip with IDirectDrawClipper..................339 Working with Bitmaps ........................................................................345 Loading .BMP files..........................................................................345 Working with Bitmaps....................................................................352 Loading an 8-Bit Bitmap................................................................353 Loading a 16-Bit Bitmap................................................................354 Loading a 24-Bit Bitmap................................................................355 Last Word on Bitmaps....................................................................356 Offscreen Surfaces ..............................................................................356 Creating Offscreen Surfaces ..........................................................356 Blitting Offscreen Surfaces............................................................358 Setting Up the Blitter......................................................................359 Color Keys......................................................................................360 Source Color Keying......................................................................361 0072313618 FM 10/26/99 9:32 AM Page ix ix CONTENTS Destination Color Keying ..............................................................364 Using the Blitter (Finally!) ............................................................365 Bitmap Rotation and Scaling ..............................................................366 Discrete Sampling Theory ..................................................................368 Color Effects........................................................................................373 Color Animation in 256-Color Modes ..........................................373 Color Rotation in 256-Color Modes..............................................379 Tricks with RGB Modes ................................................................381 Manual Color Transforms and Lookup Tables....................................381 The New DirectX Color and Gamma Controls Interface....................382 Mixing GDI and DirectX ....................................................................383 Getting the Lowdown on DirectDraw ................................................386 The Main DirectDraw Object ........................................................386 Surfing on Surfaces........................................................................388 Playing with Palettes......................................................................389 Using DirectDraw in Windowed Modes..............................................390 Drawing Pixels in a Window..........................................................392 Finding the Real Client Area (51)..................................................395 Clipping a DirectX Window ..........................................................397 Working with 8-Bit Windowed Modes..........................................398 Summary..............................................................................................400 8 Vector Rasterization and 2D Transformations 401 Drawing Lines......................................................................................402 Bresenham’s Algorithm..................................................................403 Speeding Up the Algorithm............................................................409 Basic 2D Clipping................................................................................411 Computing the Intersection of Two Lines Using the Point Slope Form ..................................................................................413 Computing the Intersection of Two Lines Using the General Form ........................................................................416 Computing the Intersection of Two Lines Using the Matrix Form ..........................................................................416 Clipping the Line............................................................................419 The Cohen-Sutherland Algorithm..................................................420 Wireframe Polygons............................................................................427 Polygon Data Structures ................................................................428 Drawing and Clipping Polygons....................................................430 Transformations in the 2D Plane ........................................................432 Translation......................................................................................433 Rotation..........................................................................................435 Scaling............................................................................................445 Introduction to Matrices......................................................................446 The Identity Matrix........................................................................448 Matrix Addition..............................................................................449 0072313618 FM 10/26/99 9:32 AM Page x x TRICKS OF THE WINDOWS GAME PROGRAMMING GURUS Matrix Multiplication ....................................................................449 Transformations Using Matrices....................................................452 Translation ..........................................................................................454 Scaling..................................................................................................455 Rotation................................................................................................455 Solid Filled Polygons ..........................................................................458 Types of Triangles and Quadrilaterals............................................459 Drawing Triangles and Quadrilaterals............................................461 Triangular Deconstruction Details ................................................464 The General Case of Rasterizing a Quadrilateral..........................472 Triangulating Quads ......................................................................473 Collision Detection with Polygons......................................................478 Proximity AKA Bounding Sphere/Circle ......................................478 Bounding Box ................................................................................481 Point Containment..........................................................................484 More on Timing and Synchronization ................................................486 Scrolling and Panning..........................................................................488 Page Scrolling Engines ..................................................................488 Homogeneous Tile Engines............................................................489 Sparse Bitmap Tile Engines ..........................................................494 Fake 3D Isometric Engines..................................................................496 Method 1: Cell-Based, Totally 2D ................................................496 Method 2: Full-Screen-Based, with 2D or 3D Collision Networks......................................................................498 Method 3: Using Full 3D Math, with a Fixed Camera View ........500 The T3DLIB1 Library ........................................................................500 The Engine Architecture ................................................................500 Basic Definitions............................................................................501 Working Macros ............................................................................502 Data Types and Structures..............................................................503 Global Domination ........................................................................506 The DirectDraw Interface ..............................................................507 2D Polygon Functions....................................................................511 2D Graphic Primitives....................................................................513 Math and Error Functions..............................................................517 Bitmap Functions............................................................................519 Palette Functions............................................................................522 Utility Functions ............................................................................525 The BOB (Blitter Object) Engine........................................................527 Summary..............................................................................................535 9 Uplinking with DirectInput and Force Feedback 537 The Input Loop Revisited....................................................................538 DirectInput Overture............................................................................539 The Components of DirectInput ....................................................541 The General Steps for Setting Up DirectInput ..............................542 0072313618 FM 10/26/99 9:32 AM Page xi xi CONTENTS Data Acquisition Modes ................................................................544 Creating the Main DirectInput Object............................................544 The 101-Key Control Pad ..............................................................546 Problem During Reading: Reacquisition........................................554 Trapping the Mouse........................................................................556 Working the Joystick......................................................................561 Massaging Your Input ....................................................................576 Going Deeper with Force Feedback....................................................579 The Physics of Force Feedback......................................................580 Setting Up Force Feedback............................................................580 A Force Feedback Demo................................................................581 Writing a Generalized Input System: T3DLIB2.CPP ............................582 The T3D Library at a Glance ........................................................588 Summary..............................................................................................588 10 Sounding Off with DirectSound and DirectMusic 589 Sound Programming on the PC ..........................................................589 And Then There Was Sound…............................................................590 Digital versus MIDI—Sounds Great, Less Filling..............................594 Digital Sound—Let the Bits Begin................................................594 Synthesized Sound and MIDI........................................................596 It’s MIDI Time!..............................................................................597 Sound Hardware..................................................................................598 Wave Table Synthesis ....................................................................598 Wave Guide Synthesis....................................................................598 Digital Recording: Tools and Techniques............................................599 Recording Sounds ..........................................................................600 Processing Your Sounds ................................................................600 DirectSound on the Mic ......................................................................601 Starting Up DirectSound......................................................................602 Understanding the Cooperation Level............................................604 Setting the Cooperation Level........................................................605 Primary and Secondary Sound Buffers ..............................................606 Working with Secondary Buffers ..................................................606 Creating Secondary Sound Buffers................................................607 Writing Data to Secondary Buffers................................................610 Rendering Sounds................................................................................612 Playing a Sound..............................................................................612 Stopping a Sound............................................................................612 Controlling the Volume..................................................................612 Freaking with the Frequency..........................................................613 Panning in 3D ................................................................................614 Making DirectSound Talk Back..........................................................614 Reading Sounds from Disk..................................................................616 The .WAV Format ............................................................................616 Reading .WAV Files ........................................................................617 0072313618 FM 10/26/99 9:32 AM Page xii xii TRICKS OF THE WINDOWS GAME PROGRAMMING GURUS DirectMusic: The Great Experiment ..................................................622 DirectMusic Architecture ....................................................................622 Starting Up DirectMusic......................................................................624 Initializing COM............................................................................624 Creating the Performance ..............................................................625 Adding a Port to the Performance..................................................626 Loading a MIDI Segment....................................................................626 Creating the Loader........................................................................627 Loading the MIDI File ..................................................................627 Manipulating MIDI Segments ............................................................630 Playing a MIDI Segment................................................................630 Stopping a MIDI Segment..............................................................631 Checking the Status of a MIDI Segment ......................................631 Releasing a MIDI Segment............................................................631 Shutting Down DirectMusic ..........................................................631 A Little DirectMusic Example ......................................................632 The T3DLIB3 Sound and Music Library ..............................................632 The Header ....................................................................................633 The Types ......................................................................................633 Global Domination ........................................................................634 The DirectSound API Wrapper......................................................635 The DirectMusic API Rapper—Get It?..........................................640 Summary..............................................................................................643 PART III Hard Core Game Programming 645 11 Algorithms, Data Structures, Memory Management, and Multithreading 647 Data Structures ....................................................................................648 Static Structures and Arrays ..........................................................648 Linked Lists....................................................................................649 Algorithmic Analysis ..........................................................................657 Recursion ............................................................................................659 Trees ....................................................................................................662 Building BSTs................................................................................666 Searching BSTs..............................................................................668 Optimization Theory............................................................................671 Using Your Head ............................................................................671 Mathematical Tricks ......................................................................672 Fixed-Point Math............................................................................673 Unrolling the Loop ........................................................................677 Look-Up Tables..............................................................................678 Assembly Language ......................................................................679 Making Demos ....................................................................................680 Prerecorded Demos........................................................................680 AI-Controlled Demos ....................................................................682 0072313618 FM 10/26/99 9:32 AM Page xiii xiii CONTENTS Strategies for Saving the Game ..........................................................682 Implementing Multiple Players ..........................................................683 Taking Turns ..................................................................................683 Split-Screen Setups ........................................................................684 Multithreaded Programming Techniques ............................................685 Multithreaded Programming Terminology ....................................686 Why Use Threads in a Game?........................................................687 Conjuring a Thread from the Plasma Pool ....................................689 Sending Messages from Thread to Thread ....................................697 Waiting for the Right Moment ......................................................702 Multithreading and DirectX ..........................................................709 Advanced Multithreading ..............................................................711 Summary..............................................................................................711 12 Making Silicon Think with Artificial Intelligence 713 Artificial Intelligence Primer ..............................................................714 Deterministic AI Algorithms................................................................715 Random Motion..............................................................................716 Tracking Algorithms ......................................................................717 Anti-Tracking: Evasion Algorithms ..............................................722 Patterns and Basic Control Scripting ..................................................722 Basic Patterns ................................................................................723 Patterns with Conditional Logic Processing..................................727 Modeling Behavioral State Systems....................................................729 Elementary State Machines............................................................730 Adding More Robust Behaviors with Personality..........................734 Modeling Memory and Learning with Software ................................736 Planning and Decision Trees ..............................................................740 Coding Plans ..................................................................................742 Implementing a Real Planner ........................................................745 Pathfinding ..........................................................................................747 Trial and Error................................................................................748 Contour Tracing..............................................................................749 Collision Avoidance Tracks............................................................749 Waypoint Pathfinding ....................................................................750 A Racing Example..........................................................................753 Robust Pathfinding ........................................................................754 Advanced AI Scripting ........................................................................759 Designing the Scripting Language ................................................759 Using the C/C++ Compiler............................................................762 Artificial Neural Networks..................................................................767 Genetic Algorithms..............................................................................770 Fuzzy Logic ........................................................................................772 Normal Set Theory ........................................................................773 Fuzzy Set Theory............................................................................774 0072313618 FM 10/26/99 9:32 AM Page xiv xiv TRICKS OF THE WINDOWS GAME PROGRAMMING GURUS Fuzzy Linguistic Variables and Rules............................................776 Fuzzy Manifolds and Membership ................................................779 Fuzzy Associative Matrices............................................................783 Processing the FAM with the Fuzzified Inputs..............................787 Warm and Fuzzy ............................................................................794 Building Real AI for Games................................................................794 Summary..............................................................................................795 13 Playing God: Basic Physics Modeling 797 Fundamental Laws of Physics ............................................................798 Mass (m) ........................................................................................799 Time (t) ..........................................................................................799 Position (s)......................................................................................800 Velocity (v) ....................................................................................802 Acceleration (a)..............................................................................804 Force (F) ........................................................................................807 Forces in Higher Dimensions ........................................................808 Momentum (P)................................................................................809 The Physics of Linear Momentum: Conservation and Transfer ........810 Modeling Gravity Effects....................................................................813 Modeling a Gravity Well................................................................815 Modeling Projectile Trajectories....................................................818 The Evil Head of Friction....................................................................821 Basic Friction Concepts..................................................................821 Friction on an Inclined Plane (Advanced) ....................................823 Basic Ad Hoc Collision Response ......................................................828 Simple x,y Bounce Physics............................................................828 Computing the Collision Response with Planes of Any Orientation ..........................................................................830 An Example of Vector Reflection..................................................834 Intersection of Line Segments........................................................835 Real 2D Object-to-Object Collision Response (Advanced)................841 Resolving the n-t Coordinate System..................................................846 Simple Kinematics ..............................................................................853 Solving the Forward Kinematic Problem ......................................854 Solving the Inverse Kinematic Problem ........................................858 Particle Systems ..................................................................................859 What Every Particle Needs ............................................................859 Designing a Particle Engine ..........................................................860 The Particle Engine Software ........................................................861 Generating the Initial Conditions ..................................................866 Putting the Particle System Together ............................................869 Playing God: Constructing Physics Models for Games......................870 Data Structures for Physics Modeling............................................870 Frame-Based Versus Time-Based Modeling..................................871 Summary..............................................................................................873 0072313618 FM 10/26/99 9:32 AM Page xv xv CONTENTS 14 Putting It All Together: You Got Game! 875 The Initial Design of Outpost..............................................................876 The Story........................................................................................876 Designing the Gameplay................................................................877 The Tools Used to Write the Game ....................................................877 The Game Universe: Scrolling in Space..............................................878 The Player’s Ship: “The Wraith” ........................................................880 The Asteroid Field ..............................................................................882 The Enemies........................................................................................884 The Outposts ..................................................................................885 The Predator Mines........................................................................886 The Gunships..................................................................................888 The Power-Ups....................................................................................891 The HUDS ..........................................................................................892 The Particle System ............................................................................896 Playing the Game ................................................................................896 Compiling Outpost ..............................................................................897 Compilation Files ..........................................................................897 Runtime Files..................................................................................898 Epilogue ..............................................................................................898 P ART IV Appendixes 901 A What’s on the CD 903 B Installing DirectX and Using the C/C++ Compiler 907 Using the C/C++ Compiler..................................................................908 C Math and Trigonometry Review 911 Trigonometry ......................................................................................911 Vectors..................................................................................................915 Vector Length ................................................................................916 Normalization ................................................................................917 Scalar Multiplication......................................................................917 Vector Addition ..............................................................................918 Vector Subtraction..........................................................................919 The Inner Product, or the “Dot” Product ......................................919 The Cross Product..........................................................................921 The Zero Vector..............................................................................923 Position Vectors..............................................................................923 Vectors as Linear Combinations ....................................................924 0072313618 FM 10/26/99 9:32 AM Page xvi xvi TRICKS OF THE WINDOWS GAME PROGRAMMING GURUS D C++ Primer 925 What Is C++? ......................................................................................925 The Minimum You Need to Know About C++ ..................................928 New Types, Keywords, and Conventions............................................929 Comments ......................................................................................929 Constants........................................................................................929 Referential Variables ......................................................................929 Creating Variables On-the-Fly........................................................930 Memory Management..........................................................................931 Stream I/O............................................................................................932 Classes..................................................................................................934 The New Struct in Town ................................................................934 Just a Simple Class ........................................................................935 Public Versus Private......................................................................936 Class Member Functions (A.K.A. Methods) ................................937 Constructors and Destructors ........................................................938 Writing a Constructor ....................................................................939 Writing a Destructor ......................................................................941 The Scope Resolution Operator ..........................................................943 Function and Operator Overloading....................................................945 Summary..............................................................................................947 E Game Programming Resources 949 Game Programming Sites....................................................................949 Download Points..................................................................................950 2D/3D Engines ....................................................................................950 Game Programming Books..................................................................951 Microsoft DirectX Multimedia Exposition..........................................951 Usenet Newsgroups ............................................................................951 Keeping Up with the Industry: Blues News........................................952 Game Development Magazines ..........................................................952 Game Web Site Developers ................................................................953 Xtreme Games LLC ............................................................................953 F ASCII Tables 955 Index 961

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