contents
Preface xi
Preface to the First Edition
1 Welcome Aboard 1
XVII
2.4.1 Binary to Decimal Conversion 27
2.4.2 Decimal to Binary Conversion 28
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
What We Will Try to Do 1
How We Will Get There 2
Two Recurring Themes 3
1.3.1 The Notion of Abstraction 3
1.3.2 Hardware versus Software 5
A Computer System 7
Two Very Important Ideas 9
Computers as Universal Computational
Devices 9
How Do We Get the Electrons to Do the
Work?
1.7.1
1.7.2
1.7.3
1.7.4
1.7.5
1.7.6
1.7.7
1.7.8
Exercises 17
12
The Statement of the Problem 13
The Algorithm 13
The Program 14
The ISA 14
The Microarchitecture 15
The Logic Circuit 16
The Devices 16
Putting It Together 16
2 Bits, Data Types, and
Operations 21
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
Bits and Data Types 21
2.1.1 The Bit as the Unit of
Information 21
2.1.2 Data Types 22
Integer Data Types 23
2.2.1 Unsigned Integers 23
2.2.2 Signed Integers 23
2's Complement Integers 25
Binary-Decimal ..Conversion 27
2.5 Operations on Bits—Part I: Arithmetic
2.5.1 Addition and Subtraction 29
2.5.2 Sign-Extension 30
2.5.3 Overflow 31
2.6 Operations on Bits—Part II: Logical
Operations 33
2.6.1
v
The AND Function 33
2.6.2 The OR Function 34
2.6.3 The NOT Function 35
2.6.4 The Exclusive-OR Function 35
2.7 Other Representations 36
2.7.1 The Bit Vector 36
2.7.2 Floating Point Data Type 37
2.7.3 ASCII Codes 40
2.7.4 Hexadecimal Notation 41
Exercises 43
3 Digital Logic Structures 51
3.1 The Transistor 51
3.2 Logic Gates 53
3.2.1 The NOT Gate (Inverter) 53
3.2.2 OR and NOR Gates 54
3.2.3 AND and NAND Gates 56
3.2.4 DeMorgan's Law 58
3.2.5 Larger Gates 58
3.3 Combinational Logic Circuits 59
3.3.1 Decoder 59
3.3.2 Mux 60
3.3.3 Full Adder 61
3.3.4 The Programmable Logic Array
(PLA) 63
3.3.5 Logical Completeness 64
Basic Storage Elements 64
3.4.1 The R-S Latch 64
3.4.2 The Gated D Latch 66
3.4.3 A Register 66
29
3.4
