PREVUELO
El objetivo de esta operación es
determinar, desde el punto de vista del
piloto, las condiciones de operación
del aeroplano, o sea, si este se
encuentra en un estado adecuado para
realizar un vuelo seguro. Las
operaciones a realizar no son muchas
ni complicadas, pero todas ellas son
importante.
Preparación de Cabina:
El objetivo de este chequeo
como su propio nombre
indica es: acomodar la cabina
para el vuelo, desbloquear los
controles y dispositivos de
mando, y comprobar que los
indicadores, marcadores,
fusibles, funcionan
correctamente y están en
servicio.
Inspección exterior.
Consiste en una inspección
visual que se realiza "dando
una vuelta alrededor del
aeroplano, "walk around" Tras
realizar la preparación de
cabina, el piloto sale y camina
alrededor, verificando una serie
de puntos. Este "rodeo"
sistemático impide que se
quede algún elemento sin
verificar.
PUSH BACK
Is an airport procedure during which an aircraft is
pushed backwards away from an airport gate by
external power. Pushbacks are carried out by special,
low-profile vehicles called pushback tractors or tugs.
Tractors and towbars
There are two types of pushback tractors:
Conventional
Towbarless (TBL).
Conventional tugs use a tow bar to connect the tug to the
nose landing gear of the aircraft. The tow bar is fixed
laterally at the nose landing gear, but allowed to move
slightly vertically for height adjustment. At the end
that attaches to the tug, the tow bar may pivot freely
laterally and vertically. Each aircraft type has a unique
tow fitting, so the towbar also acts as an adapter
between the standard-sized tow pin on the tug and the
type-specific fitting on the aircraft's landing gear
Desde hace algún tiempo se están utilizando cada vez
más los tractores que no necesitan barra de remolque.
Estos pueden ser:
Elevan el tren de nariz (el peso del avión pasa a ser parte
del peso del tractor)
Giran las ruedas del tren principal por fricción
Tienen un pequeño ordenador a bordo en el que se
selecciona el tipo de avión a operar.
La velocidad de operación de estos puede ser de 30km/h,
convencional:7 km/h
Dentro de cada grupo, los tractores están clasificados
de acuerdo con el peso máximo en rampa de las
aeronaves con las que puede operar:
CAT I Menor a 50.000 kg
CAT II Menor a 150.000 kg
CAT III Menor a 260.000 kg
CAT IV Más de 260.000 kg
Un tractor muy potente capaz de manejar un B737 puede
dañar a un avión pequeño si no se opera correctamente
TOW AIRPLANE WITH FLAT TIRE(S)
The airplane can be towed when
it has flat tires. Such operations
must be kept to a minimum
because flat tires put too much
load on the inflated tires, during
these conditions. These loads
cause the good tires to be
damaged and replacement will
be necessary. Also during some
conditions, damage can occur to
the wheels, landing gear, and/or
the airplane structure.
The airplane can be towed by the nose gear
with one flat nose tire and five flat main
tires. This is permitted only to remove the
airplane from the runway. If there is a total
of more than six flat tires, tow the airplane
at both main gear*.
Keep the tow speeds to a minimum.
Prevent sharp turns when you tow the
airplane.
TOW AIRPLANE WITH ENGINES REMOVED -
MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
KEEP THE CENTER OF GRAVITY (CG) AT THE
SPECIFIED LIMITS. THIS MUST BE DONE DURING
ALL GROUND MOVEMENTS AND MAINTENANCE.
LOOK AT ALL UNUSUAL CONDITIONS TO MAKE
SURE THAT THE CENTER OF GRAVITY DOES NOT
MOVE TOO FAR AFT.
Do not tow the airplane with one or two engines
removed and the center of gravity is not in the SAFE
ZONE.
Ejercicio
ATA 09: TOWING AND TAXIING
TOWING MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
TOWBARLESS TOWING:
Aircraft Towing with Douglas TBL-50 Vehicle
Aircraft Towing with Lektro AP8750B-AL Vehicle
Aircraft Towing with TLD TPX-100E Vehicle
Aircraft Towing with Lektro AP8850SDA-AL-100/50
Communication is essential
during aircraft movement to
prevent injury to ground
personnel and/or damage to the
aircraft. This should be
established between the towing
vehicle operator and the person
in the flight compartment using
the aircraft interphone system
or portable two way radios
(walkie-talkies).
Uso del Interphone
The service interphone system provides facilities for
interphone communication between servicing stations
during ground operations. In addition,
communication extends to the flight compartment
and to the attendant stations.
The service interphone system includes phone jacks at
convenient service locations around the airplane.
Ejemplo:
The flight interphone system extends communication to
ground personnel at the nose gear interphone station and
allows flight compartment crewmembers to make
passenger address announcements and communicate with
cabin and service interphone stations.
The system includes amplifiers in the audio accessory unit,
audio selector panels, interphone speakers,
microphone/headphone jacks and push-to-talk (PTT)
switches.
The flight interphone system receives power from the dual
power source of 28-vdc battery bus and 28-vdc right bus
through circuit breakers on overhead circuit breaker panel.
Audio Accessory Unit
The flight interphone amplifier is located in the audio
accessory unit. The amplifier is a printed circuit card
which receives microphone inputs and provides audio
to all flight interphone stations.
Audio Selector Panel
Audio selector panels are located in the flight
compartment. Each panel contains microphone
selector switches which connect microphone circuits
to the interphone systems, to the radio
communication systems, or to the passenger address
system. Volume control is provided by switches on the
panel.
Interphone Speakers
Two interphone speakers are located in the flight
compartment. The unit contains a loudspeaker, amplifier,
muting circuits, and a volume control. The speakers receive
all audio signals provided to the audio selector panels. The
speakers are muted whenever a PTT switch is pressed at the
captain's or first officer's station. Volume is adjusted by a
knob in the center of the speaker.
Flight Interphone Jack Panels
The captain, and first officer, each have a jack panel for a
boom mic/headset and headphone. Each station also has
separate jacks for a hand mic and oxygen mask
microphone.
Push-To-Talk (PTT) Switch
Push-to-talk (PTT) switches are located at all flight
interphone stations. The hand mic, control wheel, and
audio selector panels all have PTT switches. The switch
must be pressed before messages are begun or no
transmission can take place. Audio and control circuits to
the audio selector panel are completed when the PTT
switch is pressed.
TAXIING - MAINTENANCE
PRACTICES
1. General
A. Taxi Safety
Área despejada (personas y vehículos)
Aprobación de Control de superficie del aeropuerto
Mantener la distancia de edificios y otras aeronaves
Energía: luces, comunicación…
A Taxi check list
B. Maintenance Persons Necessary
Flight compartment crew and a ground crew.
There must be a minimum of two flight compartment
persons.
One or two ground crew persons are necessary to do the tasks
that follow:
To remove and replace the wheel chocks
To help the flight compartment crew during the airplane movement
To make sure the airplane taxi path is clear.
C. Communications
Around the airplane is out of the field of view permitted by
the flight compartment window.
There must be communication between airplane and ground
crews
You must use hand signals, lights, intercom and/or radio
communications.
The communications with the ground control authority is
also necessary
D. Procedure to Taxi the Airplane
1. Airplane ground stability. (find the airplane CG)
2. Airplane clearance during the taxi. When the APU in the taxi
airplane or the parked airplane is on, you must have a minimum
clearance of 32.8 feet
3. Airplane taxi speed. < 20 knots. Before you make a turn,
decrease the speed.
4. Airplane turns during taxi.
Always use the largest turn radius possible.
Do not try to turn the airplane until it has moved.
The wingtips and the horizontal stabilizer move in larger arcs
during a turn than the nose of the airplane
Do not let the airplane stop during a turn.
Do not use the brakes to help during a turn…
