n los Estados Unidos de America Printed in the United States of America
EDITORIAL PORTAVOZ P.O. Box 2607
Grand Rapids, Michigan 49501 USA Visitenos en: www.portavoz.comX
ISBN 0-8254-1624-8
1 2 3 4 5 edici6n / afio 10 09 08 07 06
derechos reservado ..... Traduccion: Evis Carballosa
ith: An Introduction to Apologetics, © 2003 por R~ C. Sproul y publicado por Crossway Book, una division de Good Ne
r su fe: Una introduccion a la apologetica, © 2006 por R. C. Sproul y publicado por Editorial Portavoz, filial de Kregel Publ
ra reproducirse de cualquier forma sin permiso escrito previo de los editores, con Ia excepcion de citas breves en revistas
da
los
onsiste en proporcionar productos de calidad -<:on integridad y excelencia=-, desde una perspectiva bfblica y confiable
.• opyin1-11 :ted ,,... 1t;,.-r1a
73 87 SECCI6N III
LA RAZ6N NATURAL Y LA FE
La teologia natural y la ciencia
Aquino y Kant
SECCI6N II
29 35 41 49
5 62
Los CUATRO PRINCIPIOS ESENCIALES DEL CONOCIMIENT
Introducci6n a los cuatro principios
La Iey de la no contradiccion
Contradiccion, paradoja y misterio
La ley de la causalidad
La critica de Hume de la ca usalidad y la nfianza basica de la percepci6n
El positivismo l6gico y su fantasma hoy:
El uso del lengua je analogico
SECCI6N I
LA TAREA APOLOGETICA
La tarea de la apologetics 13
La apologetics y la fe salvadora 20
7 lntroduccion
CONTENIDO
197 199 203 Conclusion Notas
Indice general
SECCI6N VI
ARGUMENTOS A FAVOR DE LA AUTORIDAD DE LA BIBLIA
La autoridad de la Biblia 169
Las ensefianzas de Jesus sobre las Escrituras 178
La confiabilidad de las ensefianzas de Jesus 185
El testimonio del Espiritu Santo 191
SECC16N V
D10s Y LOS FIL6SOFOS
El Dios de los fil6sofos y el Dios de la Biblia 137
El argumento moral de Kant 146
Los nihilistas 15 4
La psicologia del ateismo, 161
99 109 115 122 127
SECCI6N IV
EL ARGUMENfO A FAVOR DE LA EXISTENCIA DE DI
CUATRO POSIBILIDADES
llusi6n
La autocreacion
La creaci6n por casualidad
Un ser con existencia propia
••
Un universo autoexistente
..opyin1-11 :ted ,,... 1t;,.-r1a
eticas. La religion ha sido excluida de la plaza publica (excepto en tiempos de crisis nacional) y exi
INTRODUCCI6N
problema con el racionalisrno no es la raz6n ni la racionalidad. El problema radica en su sufijo, el ism
Una cosa es existir y otra cosa es abrazar el existencialismo. Del misrno modo, uno no tiene que ser
e los intelectuales". Los cafionazos mas ruidosos contra el cristianismo historico no han sido disparo
a mentira lo suficiente la gente comenzara a creerla.
la verdad afirmada por el cristianismo y no la daiia en lo mas minimo. Cornparto la conviccion biblica
ci6n divina nos lleva mas alla de los limites de la especulaci6n racional, nose hunde debajo de limite
de la Biblia, Estas no son en modo alguno las cuestiones mas cruciales. La cuesti6n de la persona y
ER SU FE COM 8
.• opyin1-11 :ted ,,... 1t;,.-r1a
-R. C. Sproul Orlando, Florida Pascua, 2003
lara. Si se demuestra que la Biblia lleva el peso de la autoridad divina, entonces sus enseiianzas
gencia de la vanidad intelectual. Es la tarea encomendada a cada uno de nosotros al dar testimo
9 lntroduccion
SECCI6NI
LA TAREA APOLOGETICA
.• opyin1-11 :ted ,,... 1t;,.-r1a
rdialmente de proveer una defensa intelectual de las verdades afirmadas por la fe. El vocablo apol
do el q ue os demande raz6n de la esperanza q ue hay en vosotros; teniendo buena conciencia, p
LA TAREA DE LA APOLOGETICA
1
O~rtlW,ted ~teflil
Ciudad y de la diaspora que resulto (la dispersion de los judios), la separacion entre cristianos y judi
perador, principalmente en la ciudad asiatica de Pergamo y continue bien avanzado el segundo sigl
egundo lugar, observe el enfasis etico en el versiculo 16: Debemos responder todas las preguntas, in
COMO DEFENDER SU FE 14
..opyin1-11 :ted ,,... 1t;,.-r1a
os debian ser respetados (Ro. 13:1-7), apologistas como Justino Martir afirmaban que los cristianos
o. El emperador, no deseando hacer un martir del venerable obispo, procure encontrarle una puerta
l emperador Marco Aurelio, expres6 en su Apologia que los cristianos no eran ateos sino, mas bie
del Senor, para dar testimonio de su uni dad con Cristo y unos con otros) surgieron los rumores de i
15 La tarea de la apologetica
O~rtlW,ted ~teflil
La tarea apologetica: Prueba y persuaci6n
La a pologerica, sin embargo, no solo se ocupa de defender. Tambien plantea el caso de la
saciones, explicando la naturaleza del sacramento y pidiendo a las autoridades a que demostrasen la
latonismo y el estoicismo gobernaban en aquellos dias, y muchos filosofos acusaban a los cristianos de i
ca pacidad a esos retos.
i6n, dondequiera que el cristianismo florece, tambien lo hacen las distorsiones, las malas representacio
16
py11g• l,ad ,~~ ""
ostrar que el cristianismo es verdad y que todas las cosmovisiones no cristianas son falsas. La mejor ma
que la fe y la prueba son incompatibles. Aunque es verdad que los te6logos reformados generalmente c
as no pueden persuadir a una persona a responder a Cristo sin la intervenci6n del Espiritu Santo, entonc
etica sea que los enemigos de Cristo sean avergonzados. Eso nos recuerda al gran reformador de Gine
17 La tarea de la apologetica
su insolente boca". 2 Esa es la gran tar ea del a pologeta cristiano: Demostrar la veracidad de la fe crist
na confirmaci6n de la fe del cristiano.
18
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rendo un salto de fe ciega". La Biblia nunca nos dice que demos un salto de fe en la oscuridad co
ido un dia en el cual juzgara al mundo con justicia, por aquel varon a quien designo, dando fe a to
que crean sin darles raz6n alguna. La tarea de la apologetics es demostrar que la evidencia que el
larar el contenido del cristianisrno y en la defensa de su verdad. Eso no puede producir la fe salva
F•· F COM 24
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ad puede ser relativa y que la Biblia puede tener contradicciones y aun asi, ser la Palabra de Dios inspir
ria desafiar la filosofia en general sino algo que vio como perjudicial para la salud de la doctrina
raz6n para no creer en el cristianismo, entonces ha establecido el caso a favor del cristianismo. Al defe
37 La ley de la no contradiccion
io que la contradiccion es la serial de la verdad. Esa idea viajo a traves del mundo teologico y fue bien
de el comieres, ciertamente rnoriras" (Gn. 2:16-17). Si
estaria en desacuerdo con eso si tal filosofia diese lugar a la herejia, Pero debemos recordar que Aris
COMO DEFENDER 38
licado la teologia de Brunner a esta siruacion? Los pensamientos de Adan y Eva hubiesen tornado e
39 La Ley de la no contradiccion
rates? Sin dud a, es un mortal. De modo que la verdad de la conclusion se determina por la validez d
n medio para confiar en El. Lejos de eso esta el Logos, el Verbo hecho came, quien es "la verdadera
D 40
ablos ca.stellanos que err6neamente con frecuencia se usan como sinonimos: Contradiccion, p
racional podria abrazar porque es a.bsurda. Hizo esa acusaci6n porque estaba convencido de q
CONTRADICCI6N, PARADOJA Y MISTERI
5
,pyuq1 too ,..1
vemos que la Trinidad no infringe la l6gica. La
), o tres personas (B) y uno en persona (no B), en el mismo sentido y al mismo tiempo.
simplemente describe una declaraci6n que, aunque verdadera, tiene una apariencia de contradicc
co como inherentemente maligno. Ese modo de pensar armonizaba con la antigua filosofia griega,
sofo profesional, un profesor que debe conocer la ley de la no contradicci6n lo suficientemente bie
R SU F C 42
..opyin1-11 :ted ,,... 1t;,.-r1a
ritu <lei anticristo, el cual vosotros habeis oido que viene, y que ahora ya esta en el mundo" (1 Jn.
. Ninguna de esas dos formulas es contradictoria, pero ambas son paradojicas. Las Sagradas Escr
43 Contradicci6n, paradoja y misterio
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,pyuq1 too ,..1
de Dios a partir de la ley de la causalidad hasta que se topo con John Stuart Mill. Mill (1806- 18 73 ),
, sin embargo, que rehusar el conocirniento de Dios conduce solo a la locura (Sal. 14:1, vea Ro. 1).
o un gran efecto) hasta hallar una causa adecuada o suficiente, tanto los cristianos como personas
COMO DEFENDER SU FE 50
analiticamente correcta significa q ue es verdad por definicion, o sea, que si uno analiza las palab
que todas las cosas tengan una causa, sino solo que todo efecto debe tener una causa. Un objet
51 La ley de la causalidad
lados" .. Eso es verdad no solo porque vemos que los triangulos en verdad tienen tres lados sino
y todos los efectos tienen causas" es una declaracion analitica y tiene que ser verdad. Si se dem
.FENDER SU Ft• COM:' 52
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oderno, cosas que suceden en el laboratorio relacionadas con los experimentos, con relacion a particu
mos lo que estan diciendo porque lo que ustedes dicen es ininteligible".
LA CREACI6N POR CASUALIDAD
13
la ciencia en la escuela de posgraduados de Harvard. Discutiamos
moneda estaba hacia arriba,
ta monea cayese en cara o cruz?
rolado donde tuviesemos una moneda en algun tipo de armadura y se comenzase con una cara ha
uitar de un tir6n a Dios de su trono cosmico, La casualidad deja a Dios fuera de su trabajo, Mi tesis
COM 116
Cop~rl{.lNed 'r .1o~r1a
e, tiene que ser el poder de algo. No podemos tener un poder generado por nada del mismo rnodo qu
des maternaticas en el bridge y gin rummy. J uego segun las posibilidades y eso en verdad me ayu
119 La creacion por casualidad
Cupynqt·ted • ,te
yendole el poder supremo a la casualidad al declarar posible, mediante el azar, no solo el hacer algo, si
donde la gente piensa que pueden convertir el metal en oro. El rnito de la alquirnia
sensatamente porque la casualidad no es nada. Si pensamos que es algo, entonces tenemos que pregu
den explicar esos comportamientos. Se que esta ocurriendo. Lo estoy observando. Estoy experimenta
R SU F COMO DEF 120
JPVOY' ted ruter1a
Solo la ornnisciencia podria concedernos esa clase de conocirniento. Pienso, como cuestion de pr
2 La creacion por casualidad
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Cop~rl{.lNed 'r .1o~r1a
o estudio, sefiale que si algo existe ahora, la idea de algo que es autoexistente no solo es posible sin
UN UNIVERSO AUTOEXISTENTE
15
Cupynqt-ted • ,te
si6n de toda la materia y toda la energia en el universo. 0 sea, toda la sustancia de la realidad, al me
a pelota de golf, comienza sin moverse, Es colocada encirna del tee. Y el jugador mismo esta quieto
128
materia es su mutabilidad, es decir, cambia y cambia de un estado a otro de modo que no es establ
con respecto al "inamovible movedor". El entendio que tiene que haber un origen en movimiento, y q
R
130
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o es biblica sino tarnbien filosofica. Como expreso Juan Calvino, lo finito no puede comprender lo inf
139 El Dios de los fil6sofos y el Dios de la Biblia
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esta vida. Ese juez de ningiin rnodo es comparable a nuestros jueces terrenales, porque esta sobre
l argumento moral de Kant
ido edificada sobre un fundamento judeocristiano. Y vio la civilizacion occidental como decadente
e en realidad estan viviendo de capital prestado (el de los teistas). Los herederos de Kant, los n
Los NIHILISTAS
17
o al nihilismo
iento te6rico yace en un continuo. En un extremo tenemos un autentico teismo (
el otro extremo esta l nihilismo. El nihilismo declara que no hay Dios, y de esa premisa concluye que
isrno son higubres (no hay justicia, n hay absolutos, etc.) no es raz6n para asumir la existencia de Di
155 Los nihilistas
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En las paginas de la Escrituras, Jesus reclama nada menos que la deidad. Para el caso del argumen
inaron siendo convencidos mediante la certeza y la confiabilidad de escritores biblicos tales como Luc
ci6n (como una vez se quejo W. F. Albright) porque los hallazgos entran en conflicto con sus antipatia
182
pecto de la Escriruras, es decir, que es la misma palabra de Dios,
s,
lo veinte vemos una asombrosa tension. Tenemos una gran cantidad de eruditos que profesan confiar
1 Las ensehanzas de Jesus sobre las Escrituras
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,pyuq1 too ,..1
, sin dividirse ni romperse en dos personas sino qu.e uno y el mismo hijo y unigenito Dios .. Logos, S
raleza humana,
· 25: 13 ). Sorprendentemente, Jesus reconocio que no sabia cuando el Padre actuarfa. En respue
oduce la duda de la confiabilidad de Jesus como profeta sin mencionar su caracter como Salvador i
jer de Sicar (Jn. 1:46-49; 4:1-45) eso no quiere
6
Cop~rl{.lNed 'r .1o~r1a
sa que no pudo haber sabido en su humanidad pero que le fue revelado por la Palabra de Dios. Je
dan, tenia que ha ber sido perfectamente sin pecado en su humanidad. iEs un error inconsciente p
se que su rnandamiento es vida eterna. Asi pues, lo que yo hablo, lo hablo como el Padre me lo h
87 La confiabilidad de las ensehanzas de Jesus
Cupynqt·ted • ,te
cer. Dado que Jesus afum6 ser la verdadera encarnaci6n de la verdad, ic6mo pudo permanecer sin
ado con respecto a cualquier cosa que ensefio lPOr que exaltarlo como profeta, ni rnucho menos co
R
1
Cop~rl{.lNed 'r .1o~r1a
ran divinos, La Biblia se equivoca, segiin Barth, simplemente debido a la participaci6n humana: Erra
ala bra, elevando asi el li bro hasta llegar a ser las propias palabras del mismo Dios.
189 a confiabilidad de las ensehanzas de Jesus
lia contiene errores, entonces no puede ser la Pala bra de Dios. Dios y el error ... Dios y la false
FE 190
Euidencias intemas de Calvino para las Escrituras
Inrnediatamente despues de argumentar que la a utoridad de las Escrituras es establecida co
hablase en alta voz para que todos oigan, En la lnstituci6n, dio varios argumentos a favor de la ins
EL TESTIMONIO DEL EsPtR1Tu SANTO
23
scrituras, pero carecen de poder para "persuadir" a los obstinados. Estos tapan la boca de los
o por los patriarcas. Dada su gran antiguedad, la Biblia ha sido maravillosamente preservada por Dios.
R SU F COM 192
Cupynqt·ted • ,te
8
hace "acceder a la indicia [la evidencia] ".
Biblia y podemos "exonerar la Sagrada Palabra de Dios del hablar malvado del hombre, [nosotros] de
iento que consideramos en los capitulos 3 al 8. Como hemos visto, la negaci6n de cualquiera de eso
195 El testimonio del Espiritu Santo
s de ese Dios trascendente que lo cre6 en primer lugar? Hay cuestiones de antropologia: cSomo
CoNcLus16N
Cupynqt·ted • ,te
otra vez. Uno de los problernas que confronta las nuevas filosofias es que no poseen esa acumulacion
o que se encuentra en la Biblia.
uede ser resuelto mediante un estudio cuidadoso de lo que dice las Escrituras,
19
d its Discontent ivilizacion y sus descontentos], trans. y ed. Jame Stanchey (Nueva York: W.W. Norton. 1
on de la Religion Cristiana tomo 1, 44
.5.
the Epistles to Timoth Titus, and Philemon [Comentario de las Epistolas a Timoteo, Tito y Filem6n], tran
S EscRJTURA
estament Documents: Are The Reliable? [lSon fidedignos los documentos del rsuevo Testamento'il (D
n de la Religion Cristiana, tomo 1 30,47
n], ed. McNe.ill. I.8.1 81,.
CAPfTlJLO 18
y
IHILISTA r v la nada] rxueva York:
. Jean-Paul Sartre, Being and Nothingness [El trans., con introduccion por Hazel E. Barn
reimpresion en Filosofia Ahora 29 (octubre-noviembre 2000): 28-29.
2•·· Notas
O~rtlW,ted ~teflil
/b(d., l.8.10 (90).
Ibid., I.8.1 (82).
lb(d., I.8.8 (88/.
Ibid., I.7.4-5; 1.8.1 (78-83,.
tu«. 1.7.5 (80,.
[b(d., 1.7 .4 (78 ,.
Ibid.
R SU .I~
202
fl'
mo "YoA soy el que soy" 126 mo disefiador intencionado 66 como Disefiador 140
Acomodaci6n 80, 18..6
Agustin 74, 79,84,85, 100,104
110,162 Alaska 63, 64 Albright 182
Anselmo 88,95,96,200
n contra
el argumento ontologico 95 Antinornia 44, 45 Apologetics
definici6n de 13 del 88
resultado de 17 Culpa 53, 79, 150, 153, 163
tarea de 24 D
Apologetics cristiana, la tarea d 13, 15, 17, 19,24,37,99 195,199
ente fiable 178, 179 180 Aquino, Tomas de 67, 69, 74. 81 87,124,139,162 Argumento ontologico a favor de Dios 8
teoria del 113, 128, 129,Arist6teles 36, 38, 50, 51, 80, 89,
130,133,138,139,140 Aseidad 123, ~
lan 35 Bultmann. Rudolf 11Assensus 21, 22, 23
Atefsmo, psicologfa del 161. 163
uan 17, 139. 121 Camus, Albert 30
64,165 Averroes 80. 81
d 58, 113, 115, 116 117,118,119,120,122
B 158
11.6 Barth, Karl 67, 73, 187, 18 Bibli
das al air Ca usalidad, la ley de la
utenticada externamente 172 utenticada por si misma 169, 170
Escrituras
Hume 55, 58, 59. 9 en lasautoridad de30, 31 Cogito
la 169, 171, 172
ergo173.
sum 174. 106 Como
105, 175. juez moralmente 152 ncilio de Calcedo
176. 177
de Westminster 1 71 Consciencia 106, 164 ntradicci6n
al de fe 38, 12 contra antinomia 42, 43, 44 ntra rnisterio 45, 46, 47, 4 ntra paradoja 42. 4..3 pernico 84, 103
,I'
Indice general
ISBN 0-8254-1624-8
I 1111 I 11
