Initial revision

git-svn-id: svn+ssh://ci.ruby-lang.org/ruby/trunk@5892 b2dd03c8-39d4-4d8f-98ff-823fe69b080e

15 files changed, 17522 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/ascii.c b/ascii.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..44cc78f77c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ascii.c
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+/**********************************************************************
+
+  ascii.c -  Oniguruma (regular expression library)
+
+  Copyright (C) 2003-2004  K.Kosako ([email protected])
+
+**********************************************************************/
+#include "regenc.h"
+
+static int
+ascii_code_is_ctype(OnigCodePoint code, unsigned int ctype)
+{
+  if (code < 128)
+    return ONIGENC_IS_ASCII_CODE_CTYPE(code, ctype);
+  else
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+OnigEncodingType OnigEncodingASCII = {
+  {
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1
+  },
+  "US-ASCII",  /* name */
+  1,           /* max byte length */
+  FALSE,       /* is_fold_match */
+  ONIGENC_CTYPE_SUPPORT_LEVEL_SB,   /* ctype_support_level */
+  TRUE,                             /* is continuous sb mb codepoint */
+  onigenc_single_byte_mbc_to_code,
+  onigenc_single_byte_code_to_mbclen,
+  onigenc_single_byte_code_to_mbc,
+  onigenc_ascii_mbc_to_lower,
+  onigenc_ascii_mbc_is_case_ambig,
+  ascii_code_is_ctype,
+  onigenc_nothing_get_ctype_code_range,
+  onigenc_single_byte_left_adjust_char_head,
+  onigenc_single_byte_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+  onigenc_nothing_get_all_fold_match_code,
+  onigenc_nothing_get_fold_match_info
+};
diff --git a/euc_jp.c b/euc_jp.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..848016ba5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/euc_jp.c
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+/**********************************************************************
+
+  euc_jp.c -  Oniguruma (regular expression library)
+
+  Copyright (C) 2003-2004  K.Kosako ([email protected])
+
+**********************************************************************/
+#include "regenc.h"
+
+#define eucjp_islead(c)    ((UChar )((c) - 0xa1) > 0xfe - 0xa1)
+
+static OnigCodePoint
+eucjp_mbc_to_code(UChar* p, UChar* end)
+{
+  int c, i, len;
+  OnigCodePoint n;
+
+  c = *p++;
+  len = enc_len(ONIG_ENCODING_EUC_JP, c);
+  n = c;
+  if (len == 1) return n;
+
+  for (i = 1; i < len; i++) {
+    if (p >= end) break;
+    c = *p++;
+    n <<= 8;  n += c;
+  }
+  return n;
+}
+
+static int
+eucjp_code_to_mbclen(OnigCodePoint code)
+{
+  if      ((code & 0xff0000) != 0) return 3;
+  else if ((code &   0xff00) != 0) return 2;
+  else return 1;
+}
+
+static int
+eucjp_code_to_mbc_first(OnigCodePoint code)
+{
+  int first;
+
+  if ((code & 0xff0000) != 0) {
+    first = (code >> 16) & 0xff;
+    /*
+    if (enc_len(ONIG_ENCODING_EUC_JP, first) != 3)
+      return ONIGERR_INVALID_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE;
+    */
+  }
+  else if ((code & 0xff00) != 0) {
+    first = (code >> 8) & 0xff;
+    /*
+    if (enc_len(ONIG_ENCODING_EUC_JP, first) != 2)
+      return ONIGERR_INVALID_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE;
+    */
+  }
+  else {
+    /*
+    if (enc_len(ONIG_ENCODING_EUC_JP, code) != 1)
+      return ONIGERR_INVALID_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE;
+    */
+    return (int )code;
+  }
+  return first;
+}
+
+static int
+eucjp_code_to_mbc(OnigCodePoint code, UChar *buf)
+{
+  UChar *p = buf;
+
+  if ((code & 0xff0000) != 0) *p++ = (UChar )(((code >> 16) & 0xff));
+  if ((code &   0xff00) != 0) *p++ = (UChar )(((code >>  8) & 0xff));
+  *p++ = (UChar )(code & 0xff);
+
+#if 1
+  if (enc_len(ONIG_ENCODING_EUC_JP, buf[0]) != (p - buf))
+    return ONIGERR_INVALID_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE;
+#endif  
+  return p - buf;
+}
+
+static int
+eucjp_mbc_to_lower(UChar* p, UChar* lower)
+{
+  int len;
+
+  if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_ASCII(p)) {
+    *lower = ONIGENC_ASCII_CODE_TO_LOWER_CASE(*p);
+    return 1;
+  }
+  else {
+    len = enc_len(ONIG_ENCODING_EUC_JP, *p);
+    if (lower != p) {
+      /* memcpy(lower, p, len); */
+      int i;
+      for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+	*lower++ = *p++;
+      }
+    }
+    return len; /* return byte length of converted char to lower */
+  }
+}
+
+static int
+eucjp_code_is_ctype(OnigCodePoint code, unsigned int ctype)
+{
+  if ((ctype & ONIGENC_CTYPE_WORD) != 0) {
+    if (code < 128)
+      return ONIGENC_IS_ASCII_CODE_CTYPE(code, ctype);
+    else {
+      int first = eucjp_code_to_mbc_first(code);
+      return (enc_len(ONIG_ENCODING_EUC_JP, first) > 1 ? TRUE : FALSE);
+    }
+
+    ctype &= ~ONIGENC_CTYPE_WORD;
+    if (ctype == 0) return FALSE;
+  }
+
+  if (code < 128)
+    return ONIGENC_IS_ASCII_CODE_CTYPE(code, ctype);
+  else
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+static UChar*
+eucjp_left_adjust_char_head(UChar* start, UChar* s)
+{
+  /* Assumed in this encoding,
+     mb-trail bytes don't mix with single bytes.
+  */
+  UChar *p;
+  int len;
+
+  if (s <= start) return s;
+  p = s;
+
+  while (!eucjp_islead(*p) && p > start) p--;
+  len = enc_len(ONIG_ENCODING_EUC_JP, *p);
+  if (p + len > s) return p;
+  p += len;
+  return p + ((s - p) & ~1);
+}
+
+static int
+eucjp_is_allowed_reverse_match(UChar* s, UChar* end)
+{
+  UChar c = *s;
+  if (c <= 0x7e || c == 0x8e || c == 0x8f)
+    return TRUE;
+  else
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+OnigEncodingType OnigEncodingEUC_JP = {
+  {
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1
+  },
+  "EUC-JP",   /* name */
+  3,          /* max byte length */
+  FALSE,      /* is_fold_match */
+  ONIGENC_CTYPE_SUPPORT_LEVEL_SB,    /* ctype_support_level */
+  FALSE,      /* is continuous sb mb codepoint */
+  eucjp_mbc_to_code,
+  eucjp_code_to_mbclen,
+  eucjp_code_to_mbc,
+  eucjp_mbc_to_lower,
+  onigenc_mbn_mbc_is_case_ambig,
+  eucjp_code_is_ctype,
+  onigenc_nothing_get_ctype_code_range,
+  eucjp_left_adjust_char_head,
+  eucjp_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+  onigenc_nothing_get_all_fold_match_code,
+  onigenc_nothing_get_fold_match_info
+};
diff --git a/oniggnu.h b/oniggnu.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d78dc18b11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/oniggnu.h
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+/**********************************************************************
+
+  oniggnu.h - Oniguruma (regular expression library)
+
+  Copyright (C) 2004  K.Kosako ([email protected])
+
+**********************************************************************/
+#ifndef ONIGGNU_H
+#define ONIGGNU_H
+
+#include "oniguruma.h"
+
+#define MBCTYPE_ASCII         0
+#define MBCTYPE_EUC           1
+#define MBCTYPE_SJIS          2
+#define MBCTYPE_UTF8          3
+
+/* GNU regex options */
+#ifndef RE_NREGS
+#define RE_NREGS                ONIG_NREGION
+#endif
+#define RE_OPTION_IGNORECASE    ONIG_OPTION_IGNORECASE
+#define RE_OPTION_EXTENDED      ONIG_OPTION_EXTEND
+#define RE_OPTION_MULTILINE     ONIG_OPTION_MULTILINE
+#define RE_OPTION_SINGLELINE    ONIG_OPTION_SINGLELINE
+#define RE_OPTION_LONGEST       ONIG_OPTION_FIND_LONGEST
+#define RE_OPTION_POSIXLINE    (RE_OPTION_MULTILINE|RE_OPTION_SINGLELINE)
+
+#ifdef RUBY_PLATFORM
+#define re_mbcinit              ruby_re_mbcinit
+#define re_compile_pattern      ruby_re_compile_pattern
+#define re_recompile_pattern    ruby_re_recompile_pattern
+#define re_free_pattern         ruby_re_free_pattern
+#define re_adjust_startpos      ruby_re_adjust_startpos
+#define re_search               ruby_re_search
+#define re_match                ruby_re_match
+#define re_set_casetable        ruby_re_set_casetable
+#define re_copy_registers       ruby_re_copy_registers
+#define re_free_registers       ruby_re_free_registers
+#define register_info_type      ruby_register_info_type
+#define re_error_code_to_str    ruby_error_code_to_str
+
+#define ruby_error_code_to_str  onig_error_code_to_str
+#define ruby_re_copy_registers  onig_region_copy
+#else
+#define re_error_code_to_str    onig_error_code_to_str
+#define re_copy_registers       onig_region_copy
+#endif
+
+#ifdef ONIG_RUBY_M17N
+ONIG_EXTERN
+void re_mbcinit P_((OnigEncoding));
+#else
+ONIG_EXTERN
+void re_mbcinit P_((int));
+#endif
+
+ONIG_EXTERN
+int re_compile_pattern P_((const char*, int, struct re_pattern_buffer*, char* err_buf));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+int re_recompile_pattern P_((const char*, int, struct re_pattern_buffer*, char* err_buf));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+void re_free_pattern P_((struct re_pattern_buffer*));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+int re_adjust_startpos P_((struct re_pattern_buffer*, const char*, int, int, int));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+int re_search P_((struct re_pattern_buffer*, const char*, int, int, int, struct re_registers*));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+int re_match P_((struct re_pattern_buffer*, const char *, int, int, struct re_registers*));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+void re_set_casetable P_((const char*));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+void re_free_registers P_((struct re_registers*));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+int re_alloc_pattern P_((struct re_pattern_buffer**));  /* added */
+
+#endif /* ONIGGNU_H */
diff --git a/oniguruma.h b/oniguruma.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8654bff188
--- /dev/null
+++ b/oniguruma.h
@@ -0,0 +1,715 @@
+/**********************************************************************
+
+  oniguruma.h - Oniguruma (regular expression library)
+
+  Copyright (C) 2002-2004  K.Kosako ([email protected])
+
+**********************************************************************/
+#ifndef ONIGURUMA_H
+#define ONIGURUMA_H
+
+#define ONIGURUMA
+#define ONIGURUMA_VERSION_MAJOR   2
+#define ONIGURUMA_VERSION_MINOR   2
+#define ONIGURUMA_VERSION_TEENY   4
+
+#ifndef P_
+#if defined(__STDC__) || defined(_WIN32)
+# define P_(args) args
+#else
+# define P_(args) ()
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef PV_
+#ifdef HAVE_STDARG_PROTOTYPES
+# define PV_(args) args
+#else
+# define PV_(args) ()
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ONIG_EXTERN
+#if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__CYGWIN__)
+#if defined(EXPORT) || defined(RUBY_EXPORT)
+#define ONIG_EXTERN   extern __declspec(dllexport)
+#else
+#define ONIG_EXTERN   extern __declspec(dllimport)
+#endif
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ONIG_EXTERN
+#define ONIG_EXTERN   extern
+#endif
+
+/* PART: character encoding */
+
+typedef unsigned char  UChar;
+typedef unsigned long  OnigCodePoint;
+typedef unsigned int   OnigDistance;
+
+#define ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE  ~((OnigDistance )0)
+
+typedef struct {
+  OnigCodePoint from;
+  OnigCodePoint to;
+} OnigCodePointRange;
+
+#define ONIGENC_FOLD_MATCH_MAX_TARGET_NUM_SIZE  16
+typedef struct {
+  int    target_num;
+  int    target_byte_len[ONIGENC_FOLD_MATCH_MAX_TARGET_NUM_SIZE];
+  UChar* target_str[ONIGENC_FOLD_MATCH_MAX_TARGET_NUM_SIZE];
+} OnigEncFoldMatchInfo;
+
+
+#if defined(RUBY_PLATFORM) && defined(M17N_H)
+
+#define ONIG_RUBY_M17N
+typedef m17n_encoding*        OnigEncoding;
+
+#else
+
+typedef struct {
+  const char  len_table[256];
+  const char* name;
+  int         max_enc_len;
+  int         is_fold_match;
+  int         ctype_support_level; /* sb-only/full */
+  int         is_continuous_sb_mb; /* code point is continuous from sb to mb */
+  OnigCodePoint (*mbc_to_code)(UChar* p, UChar* end);
+  int    (*code_to_mbclen)(OnigCodePoint code);
+  int    (*code_to_mbc)(OnigCodePoint code, UChar *buf);
+  int    (*mbc_to_lower)(UChar* p, UChar* lower);
+  int    (*mbc_is_case_ambig)(UChar* p);
+  int    (*code_is_ctype)(OnigCodePoint code, unsigned int ctype);
+  int    (*get_ctype_code_range)(int ctype, int* nsb, int* nmb, OnigCodePointRange* sbr[], OnigCodePointRange* mbr[]);
+  UChar* (*left_adjust_char_head)(UChar* start, UChar* s);
+  int    (*is_allowed_reverse_match)(UChar* p, UChar* e);
+  int    (*get_all_fold_match_code)(OnigCodePoint** codes);
+  int    (*get_fold_match_info)(UChar* p, UChar* end, OnigEncFoldMatchInfo** info);
+} OnigEncodingType;
+
+typedef OnigEncodingType* OnigEncoding;
+
+ONIG_EXTERN OnigEncodingType OnigEncodingASCII;
+ONIG_EXTERN OnigEncodingType OnigEncodingISO_8859_1;
+ONIG_EXTERN OnigEncodingType OnigEncodingISO_8859_2;
+ONIG_EXTERN OnigEncodingType OnigEncodingISO_8859_3;
+ONIG_EXTERN OnigEncodingType OnigEncodingISO_8859_4;
+ONIG_EXTERN OnigEncodingType OnigEncodingISO_8859_5;
+ONIG_EXTERN OnigEncodingType OnigEncodingISO_8859_6;
+ONIG_EXTERN OnigEncodingType OnigEncodingISO_8859_7;
+ONIG_EXTERN OnigEncodingType OnigEncodingISO_8859_8;
+ONIG_EXTERN OnigEncodingType OnigEncodingISO_8859_9;
+ONIG_EXTERN OnigEncodingType OnigEncodingISO_8859_10;
+ONIG_EXTERN OnigEncodingType OnigEncodingISO_8859_11;
+ONIG_EXTERN OnigEncodingType OnigEncodingISO_8859_13;
+ONIG_EXTERN OnigEncodingType OnigEncodingISO_8859_14;
+ONIG_EXTERN OnigEncodingType OnigEncodingISO_8859_15;
+ONIG_EXTERN OnigEncodingType OnigEncodingISO_8859_16;
+ONIG_EXTERN OnigEncodingType OnigEncodingUTF8;
+ONIG_EXTERN OnigEncodingType OnigEncodingEUC_JP;
+ONIG_EXTERN OnigEncodingType OnigEncodingEUC_TW;
+ONIG_EXTERN OnigEncodingType OnigEncodingEUC_KR;
+ONIG_EXTERN OnigEncodingType OnigEncodingEUC_CN;
+ONIG_EXTERN OnigEncodingType OnigEncodingSJIS;
+ONIG_EXTERN OnigEncodingType OnigEncodingKOI8;
+ONIG_EXTERN OnigEncodingType OnigEncodingKOI8_R;
+ONIG_EXTERN OnigEncodingType OnigEncodingBIG5;
+
+#define ONIG_ENCODING_ASCII        (&OnigEncodingASCII)
+#define ONIG_ENCODING_ISO_8859_1   (&OnigEncodingISO_8859_1)
+#define ONIG_ENCODING_ISO_8859_2   (&OnigEncodingISO_8859_2)
+#define ONIG_ENCODING_ISO_8859_3   (&OnigEncodingISO_8859_3)
+#define ONIG_ENCODING_ISO_8859_4   (&OnigEncodingISO_8859_4)
+#define ONIG_ENCODING_ISO_8859_5   (&OnigEncodingISO_8859_5)
+#define ONIG_ENCODING_ISO_8859_6   (&OnigEncodingISO_8859_6)
+#define ONIG_ENCODING_ISO_8859_7   (&OnigEncodingISO_8859_7)
+#define ONIG_ENCODING_ISO_8859_8   (&OnigEncodingISO_8859_8)
+#define ONIG_ENCODING_ISO_8859_9   (&OnigEncodingISO_8859_9)
+#define ONIG_ENCODING_ISO_8859_10  (&OnigEncodingISO_8859_10)
+#define ONIG_ENCODING_ISO_8859_11  (&OnigEncodingISO_8859_11)
+#define ONIG_ENCODING_ISO_8859_13  (&OnigEncodingISO_8859_13)
+#define ONIG_ENCODING_ISO_8859_14  (&OnigEncodingISO_8859_14)
+#define ONIG_ENCODING_ISO_8859_15  (&OnigEncodingISO_8859_15)
+#define ONIG_ENCODING_ISO_8859_16  (&OnigEncodingISO_8859_16)
+#define ONIG_ENCODING_UTF8         (&OnigEncodingUTF8)
+#define ONIG_ENCODING_EUC_JP       (&OnigEncodingEUC_JP)
+#define ONIG_ENCODING_EUC_TW       (&OnigEncodingEUC_TW)
+#define ONIG_ENCODING_EUC_KR       (&OnigEncodingEUC_KR)
+#define ONIG_ENCODING_EUC_CN       (&OnigEncodingEUC_CN)
+#define ONIG_ENCODING_SJIS         (&OnigEncodingSJIS)
+#define ONIG_ENCODING_KOI8         (&OnigEncodingKOI8)
+#define ONIG_ENCODING_KOI8_R       (&OnigEncodingKOI8_R)
+#define ONIG_ENCODING_BIG5         (&OnigEncodingBIG5)
+
+#endif /* else RUBY && M17N */
+
+#define ONIG_ENCODING_UNDEF    ((OnigEncoding )0)
+
+
+/* work size */
+#define ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBC_MAXLEN     7
+#define ONIGENC_MBC_TO_LOWER_MAXLEN    ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBC_MAXLEN
+
+/* character types */
+#define ONIGENC_CTYPE_ALPHA    (1<< 0)
+#define ONIGENC_CTYPE_BLANK    (1<< 1)
+#define ONIGENC_CTYPE_CNTRL    (1<< 2)
+#define ONIGENC_CTYPE_DIGIT    (1<< 3)
+#define ONIGENC_CTYPE_GRAPH    (1<< 4)
+#define ONIGENC_CTYPE_LOWER    (1<< 5)
+#define ONIGENC_CTYPE_PRINT    (1<< 6)
+#define ONIGENC_CTYPE_PUNCT    (1<< 7)
+#define ONIGENC_CTYPE_SPACE    (1<< 8)
+#define ONIGENC_CTYPE_UPPER    (1<< 9)
+#define ONIGENC_CTYPE_XDIGIT   (1<<10)
+#define ONIGENC_CTYPE_WORD     (1<<11)
+#define ONIGENC_CTYPE_ASCII    (1<<12)
+#define ONIGENC_CTYPE_ALNUM    (ONIGENC_CTYPE_ALPHA | ONIGENC_CTYPE_DIGIT)
+
+/* ctype support level */
+#define ONIGENC_CTYPE_SUPPORT_LEVEL_SB       0
+#define ONIGENC_CTYPE_SUPPORT_LEVEL_FULL     1
+
+
+#define enc_len(enc,byte)          ONIGENC_MBC_LEN_BY_HEAD(enc,byte)
+
+#define ONIGENC_IS_UNDEF(enc)          ((enc) == ONIG_ENCODING_UNDEF)
+#define ONIGENC_IS_SINGLEBYTE(enc)     (ONIGENC_MBC_MAXLEN(enc) == 1)
+#define ONIGENC_IS_MBC_HEAD(enc,byte)  (ONIGENC_MBC_LEN_BY_HEAD(enc,byte) != 1)
+#define ONIGENC_IS_MBC_ASCII(p)           (*(p)   < 128)
+#define ONIGENC_IS_CODE_ASCII(code)       ((code) < 128)
+#define ONIGENC_IS_CODE_SB_WORD(enc,code) \
+  (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_ASCII(code) && ONIGENC_IS_CODE_WORD(enc,code))
+#define ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(enc,s,end) \
+   ONIGENC_IS_CODE_WORD(enc,ONIGENC_MBC_TO_CODE(enc,s,end))
+
+
+#ifdef ONIG_RUBY_M17N
+
+#include <ctype.h> /* for isblank(), isgraph() */
+
+#define ONIGENC_MBC_TO_LOWER(enc,p,buf)       onigenc_mbc_to_lower(enc,p,buf)
+#define ONIGENC_IS_MBC_CASE_AMBIG(enc,p)      onigenc_mbc_is_case_ambig(enc,p)
+
+#define ONIGENC_IS_FOLD_MATCH(enc)            FALSE
+#define ONIGENC_IS_CONTINUOUS_SB_MB(enc)      FALSE
+#define ONIGENC_CTYPE_SUPPORT_LEVEL(enc)      ONIGENC_CTYPE_SUPPORT_LEVEL_SB
+#define ONIGENC_IS_ALLOWED_REVERSE_MATCH(enc,s,end) \
+        onigenc_is_allowed_reverse_match(enc, s, end)
+#define ONIGENC_LEFT_ADJUST_CHAR_HEAD(enc,start,s) \
+        onigenc_get_left_adjust_char_head(enc, start, s)
+#define ONIGENC_GET_ALL_FOLD_MATCH_CODE(enc,codes)     0
+#define ONIGENC_GET_FOLD_MATCH_INFO(enc,p,end,info)    ONIG_NO_SUPPORT_CONFIG
+#define ONIGENC_GET_CTYPE_CODE_RANGE(enc,ctype,nsb,nmb,sbr,mbr) \
+        ONIG_NO_SUPPORT_CONFIG
+#define ONIGENC_MBC_LEN_BY_HEAD(enc,b)        m17n_mbclen(enc,(int )b)
+#define ONIGENC_MBC_MAXLEN(enc)               m17n_mbmaxlen(enc)
+#define ONIGENC_MBC_MAXLEN_DIST(enc) \
+    (ONIGENC_MBC_MAXLEN(enc) > 0 ? ONIGENC_MBC_MAXLEN(enc) \
+                                 : ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE)
+#define ONIGENC_MBC_TO_CODE(enc,p,e)       m17n_codepoint((enc),(p),(e))
+#define ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBCLEN(enc,code)   m17n_codelen((enc),(code))
+#define ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBC(enc,code,buf)  onigenc_code_to_mbc(enc, code, buf)
+
+#if 0
+#define ONIGENC_STEP_BACK(enc,start,s,n)   /* !! not supported !! */
+#endif
+
+#define ONIGENC_IS_CODE_CTYPE(enc,code,ctype) \
+        onigenc_is_code_ctype(enc,code,ctype)
+
+#ifdef isblank
+# define ONIGENC_IS_CODE_BLANK(enc,code) isblank((int )code)
+#else
+# define ONIGENC_IS_CODE_BLANK(enc,code) ((code) == ' ' || (code) == '\t')
+#endif
+#ifdef isgraph
+# define ONIGENC_IS_CODE_GRAPH(enc,code) isgraph((int )code)
+#else
+# define ONIGENC_IS_CODE_GRAPH(enc,code) \
+  (isprint((int )code) && !isspace((int )code))
+#endif
+
+#define ONIGENC_IS_CODE_PRINT(enc,code)     m17n_isprint(enc,code)
+#define ONIGENC_IS_CODE_ALNUM(enc,code)     m17n_isalnum(enc,code)
+#define ONIGENC_IS_CODE_ALPHA(enc,code)     m17n_isalpha(enc,code)
+#define ONIGENC_IS_CODE_LOWER(enc,code)     m17n_islower(enc,code)
+#define ONIGENC_IS_CODE_UPPER(enc,code)     m17n_isupper(enc,code)
+#define ONIGENC_IS_CODE_CNTRL(enc,code)     m17n_iscntrl(enc,code)
+#define ONIGENC_IS_CODE_PUNCT(enc,code)     m17n_ispunct(enc,code)
+#define ONIGENC_IS_CODE_SPACE(enc,code)     m17n_isspace(enc,code)
+#define ONIGENC_IS_CODE_DIGIT(enc,code)     m17n_isdigit(enc,code)
+#define ONIGENC_IS_CODE_XDIGIT(enc,code)    m17n_isxdigit(enc,code)
+#define ONIGENC_IS_CODE_WORD(enc,code)      m17n_iswchar(enc,code)
+
+ONIG_EXTERN
+int onigenc_is_code_ctype P_((OnigEncoding enc, OnigCodePoint code, int ctype));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+int onigenc_code_to_mbc P_((OnigEncoding enc, OnigCodePoint code, UChar *buf));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+int onigenc_mbc_to_lower P_((OnigEncoding enc, UChar* p, UChar* buf));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+int onigenc_mbc_is_case_ambig P_((OnigEncoding enc, UChar* p));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+int onigenc_is_allowed_reverse_match P_((OnigEncoding enc, UChar* s, UChar* end));
+
+#else  /* ONIG_RUBY_M17N */
+
+#define ONIGENC_NAME(enc)                      ((enc)->name)
+
+#define ONIGENC_MBC_TO_LOWER(enc,p,buf)        (enc)->mbc_to_lower(p,buf)
+#define ONIGENC_IS_MBC_CASE_AMBIG(enc,p)       (enc)->mbc_is_case_ambig(p)
+
+#define ONIGENC_IS_FOLD_MATCH(enc)             ((enc)->is_fold_match)
+#define ONIGENC_IS_CONTINUOUS_SB_MB(enc)       ((enc)->is_continuous_sb_mb)
+#define ONIGENC_CTYPE_SUPPORT_LEVEL(enc)       ((enc)->ctype_support_level)
+#define ONIGENC_IS_ALLOWED_REVERSE_MATCH(enc,s,end) \
+        (enc)->is_allowed_reverse_match(s,end)
+#define ONIGENC_LEFT_ADJUST_CHAR_HEAD(enc,start,s) \
+        (enc)->left_adjust_char_head(start, s)
+#define ONIGENC_GET_ALL_FOLD_MATCH_CODE(enc,codes) \
+        (enc)->get_all_fold_match_code(codes)
+#define ONIGENC_GET_FOLD_MATCH_INFO(enc,p,end,info) \
+        (enc)->get_fold_match_info(p,end,info)
+#define ONIGENC_STEP_BACK(enc,start,s,n) \
+        onigenc_step_back((enc),(start),(s),(n))
+
+#define ONIGENC_MBC_LEN_BY_HEAD(enc,byte)     ((enc)->len_table[(int )(byte)])
+#define ONIGENC_MBC_MAXLEN(enc)               ((enc)->max_enc_len)
+#define ONIGENC_MBC_MAXLEN_DIST(enc)           ONIGENC_MBC_MAXLEN(enc)
+#define ONIGENC_MBC_TO_CODE(enc,p,e)           (enc)->mbc_to_code((p),(e))
+#define ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBCLEN(enc,code)       (enc)->code_to_mbclen(code)
+#define ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBC(enc,code,buf)      (enc)->code_to_mbc(code,buf)
+
+#define ONIGENC_IS_CODE_CTYPE(enc,code,ctype)  (enc)->code_is_ctype(code,ctype)
+
+#define ONIGENC_IS_CODE_GRAPH(enc,code) \
+        ONIGENC_IS_CODE_CTYPE(enc,code,ONIGENC_CTYPE_GRAPH)
+#define ONIGENC_IS_CODE_PRINT(enc,code) \
+        ONIGENC_IS_CODE_CTYPE(enc,code,ONIGENC_CTYPE_PRINT)
+#define ONIGENC_IS_CODE_ALNUM(enc,code) \
+        ONIGENC_IS_CODE_CTYPE(enc,code,ONIGENC_CTYPE_ALNUM)
+#define ONIGENC_IS_CODE_ALPHA(enc,code) \
+        ONIGENC_IS_CODE_CTYPE(enc,code,ONIGENC_CTYPE_ALPHA)
+#define ONIGENC_IS_CODE_LOWER(enc,code) \
+        ONIGENC_IS_CODE_CTYPE(enc,code,ONIGENC_CTYPE_LOWER)
+#define ONIGENC_IS_CODE_UPPER(enc,code) \
+        ONIGENC_IS_CODE_CTYPE(enc,code,ONIGENC_CTYPE_UPPER)
+#define ONIGENC_IS_CODE_CNTRL(enc,code) \
+        ONIGENC_IS_CODE_CTYPE(enc,code,ONIGENC_CTYPE_CNTRL)
+#define ONIGENC_IS_CODE_PUNCT(enc,code) \
+        ONIGENC_IS_CODE_CTYPE(enc,code,ONIGENC_CTYPE_PUNCT)
+#define ONIGENC_IS_CODE_SPACE(enc,code) \
+        ONIGENC_IS_CODE_CTYPE(enc,code,ONIGENC_CTYPE_SPACE)
+#define ONIGENC_IS_CODE_BLANK(enc,code) \
+        ONIGENC_IS_CODE_CTYPE(enc,code,ONIGENC_CTYPE_BLANK)
+#define ONIGENC_IS_CODE_DIGIT(enc,code) \
+        ONIGENC_IS_CODE_CTYPE(enc,code,ONIGENC_CTYPE_DIGIT)
+#define ONIGENC_IS_CODE_XDIGIT(enc,code) \
+        ONIGENC_IS_CODE_CTYPE(enc,code,ONIGENC_CTYPE_XDIGIT)
+#define ONIGENC_IS_CODE_WORD(enc,code) \
+        ONIGENC_IS_CODE_CTYPE(enc,code,ONIGENC_CTYPE_WORD)
+
+#define ONIGENC_GET_CTYPE_CODE_RANGE(enc,ctype,nsb,nmb,sbr,mbr) \
+        (enc)->get_ctype_code_range(ctype,nsb,nmb,sbr,mbr)
+
+ONIG_EXTERN
+UChar* onigenc_step_back P_((OnigEncoding enc, UChar* start, UChar* s, int n));
+
+#endif /* is not ONIG_RUBY_M17N */
+
+
+/* encoding API */
+ONIG_EXTERN
+int onigenc_init P_(());
+ONIG_EXTERN
+int onigenc_set_default_encoding P_((OnigEncoding enc));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+OnigEncoding onigenc_get_default_encoding P_(());
+ONIG_EXTERN
+void  onigenc_set_default_caseconv_table P_((UChar* table));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+UChar* onigenc_get_right_adjust_char_head_with_prev P_((OnigEncoding enc, UChar* start, UChar* s, UChar** prev));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+UChar* onigenc_get_prev_char_head P_((OnigEncoding enc, UChar* start, UChar* s));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+UChar* onigenc_get_left_adjust_char_head P_((OnigEncoding enc, UChar* start, UChar* s));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+UChar* onigenc_get_right_adjust_char_head P_((OnigEncoding enc, UChar* start, UChar* s));
+
+
+
+/* PART: regular expression */
+
+/* config parameters */
+#define ONIG_NREGION                          10
+#define ONIG_MAX_BACKREF_NUM                1000
+#define ONIG_MAX_REPEAT_NUM               100000
+#define ONIG_MAX_MULTI_BYTE_RANGES_NUM      1000
+/* constants */
+#define ONIG_MAX_ERROR_MESSAGE_LEN            90
+
+#if defined(RUBY_PLATFORM) && !defined(ONIG_RUBY_M17N)
+ONIG_EXTERN OnigEncoding    OnigEncDefaultCharEncoding;
+#undef ismbchar
+#define ismbchar(c) (mbclen((c)) != 1)
+#define mbclen(c)  (OnigEncDefaultCharEncoding->len_table[(unsigned char )(c)])
+#endif
+
+typedef unsigned int        OnigOptionType;
+
+#define ONIG_OPTION_DEFAULT            ONIG_OPTION_NONE
+
+/* options */
+#define ONIG_OPTION_NONE                 0
+#define ONIG_OPTION_IGNORECASE           1L
+#define ONIG_OPTION_EXTEND               (ONIG_OPTION_IGNORECASE         << 1)
+#define ONIG_OPTION_MULTILINE            (ONIG_OPTION_EXTEND             << 1)
+#define ONIG_OPTION_SINGLELINE           (ONIG_OPTION_MULTILINE          << 1)
+#define ONIG_OPTION_FIND_LONGEST         (ONIG_OPTION_SINGLELINE         << 1)
+#define ONIG_OPTION_FIND_NOT_EMPTY       (ONIG_OPTION_FIND_LONGEST       << 1)
+#define ONIG_OPTION_NEGATE_SINGLELINE    (ONIG_OPTION_FIND_NOT_EMPTY     << 1)
+#define ONIG_OPTION_DONT_CAPTURE_GROUP   (ONIG_OPTION_NEGATE_SINGLELINE  << 1)
+#define ONIG_OPTION_CAPTURE_GROUP        (ONIG_OPTION_DONT_CAPTURE_GROUP << 1)
+/* options (search time) */
+#define ONIG_OPTION_NOTBOL               (ONIG_OPTION_CAPTURE_GROUP << 1)
+#define ONIG_OPTION_NOTEOL               (ONIG_OPTION_NOTBOL << 1)
+#define ONIG_OPTION_POSIX_REGION         (ONIG_OPTION_NOTEOL << 1)
+
+#define ONIG_OPTION_ON(options,regopt)      ((options) |= (regopt))
+#define ONIG_OPTION_OFF(options,regopt)     ((options) &= ~(regopt))
+#define ONIG_IS_OPTION_ON(options,option)   ((options) & (option))
+
+/* syntax */
+typedef struct {
+  unsigned int  op;
+  unsigned int  op2;
+  unsigned int  behavior;
+  OnigOptionType options;    /* default option */
+} OnigSyntaxType;
+
+ONIG_EXTERN OnigSyntaxType OnigSyntaxPosixBasic;
+ONIG_EXTERN OnigSyntaxType OnigSyntaxPosixExtended;
+ONIG_EXTERN OnigSyntaxType OnigSyntaxEmacs;
+ONIG_EXTERN OnigSyntaxType OnigSyntaxGrep;
+ONIG_EXTERN OnigSyntaxType OnigSyntaxGnuRegex;
+ONIG_EXTERN OnigSyntaxType OnigSyntaxJava;
+ONIG_EXTERN OnigSyntaxType OnigSyntaxPerl;
+ONIG_EXTERN OnigSyntaxType OnigSyntaxRuby;
+
+/* predefined syntaxes (see regparse.c) */
+#define ONIG_SYNTAX_POSIX_BASIC        (&OnigSyntaxPosixBasic)
+#define ONIG_SYNTAX_POSIX_EXTENDED     (&OnigSyntaxPosixExtended)
+#define ONIG_SYNTAX_EMACS              (&OnigSyntaxEmacs)
+#define ONIG_SYNTAX_GREP               (&OnigSyntaxGrep)
+#define ONIG_SYNTAX_GNU_REGEX          (&OnigSyntaxGnuRegex)
+#define ONIG_SYNTAX_JAVA               (&OnigSyntaxJava)
+#define ONIG_SYNTAX_PERL               (&OnigSyntaxPerl)
+#define ONIG_SYNTAX_RUBY               (&OnigSyntaxRuby)
+
+/* default syntax */
+ONIG_EXTERN OnigSyntaxType*   OnigDefaultSyntax;
+#define ONIG_SYNTAX_DEFAULT   OnigDefaultSyntax
+
+/* syntax (operators) */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP_VARIABLE_META_CHARACTERS    (1<<0)
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP_DOT_ANYCHAR                 (1<<1)   /* . */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP_ASTERISK_ZERO_INF           (1<<2)   /* * */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_ASTERISK_ZERO_INF       (1<<3)
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP_PLUS_ONE_INF                (1<<4)   /* + */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_PLUS_ONE_INF            (1<<5)
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP_QMARK_ZERO_ONE              (1<<6)   /* ? */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_QMARK_ZERO_ONE          (1<<7)
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP_BRACE_INTERVAL              (1<<8)   /* {lower,upper} */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_BRACE_INTERVAL          (1<<9)   /* \{lower,upper\} */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP_VBAR_ALT                    (1<<10)   /* | */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_VBAR_ALT                (1<<11)  /* \| */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP_LPAREN_SUBEXP               (1<<12)  /* (...)   */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_LPAREN_SUBEXP           (1<<13)  /* \(...\) */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_AZ_BUF_ANCHOR           (1<<14)  /* \A, \Z, \z */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_CAPITAL_G_BEGIN_ANCHOR  (1<<15)  /* \G     */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP_DECIMAL_BACKREF             (1<<16)  /* \num   */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP_BRACKET_CC                  (1<<17)  /* [...]  */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_W_WORD                  (1<<18)  /* \w, \W */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_LTGT_WORD_BEGIN_END     (1<<19)  /* \<. \> */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_B_WORD_BOUND            (1<<20)  /* \b, \B */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_S_WHITE_SPACE           (1<<21)  /* \s, \S */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_D_DIGIT                 (1<<22)  /* \d, \D */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP_LINE_ANCHOR                 (1<<23)  /* ^, $   */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP_POSIX_BRACKET               (1<<24)  /* [:xxxx:] */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP_QMARK_NON_GREEDY            (1<<25)  /* ??,*?,+?,{n,m}? */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_CONTROL_CHARS           (1<<26)  /* \n,\r,\t,\a ... */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_C_CONTROL               (1<<27)  /* \cx  */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_OCTAL3                  (1<<28)  /* \OOO */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_X_HEX2                  (1<<29)  /* \xHH */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_X_BRACE_HEX8            (1<<30)  /* \x{7HHHHHHH} */
+
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_CAPITAL_Q_QUOTE        (1<<0)   /* \Q...\E */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP2_QMARK_GROUP_EFFECT         (1<<1)   /* (?...) */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP2_OPTION_PERL                (1<<2)   /* (?imsx),(?-imsx) */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP2_OPTION_RUBY                (1<<3)   /* (?imx), (?-imx)  */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP2_PLUS_POSSESSIVE_REPEAT     (1<<4)   /* ?+,*+,++ */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP2_PLUS_POSSESSIVE_INTERVAL   (1<<5)   /* {n,m}+   */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP2_CCLASS_SET_OP              (1<<6)   /* [...&&..[..]..] */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP2_QMARK_LT_NAMED_GROUP       (1<<7)   /* (?<name>...) */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_K_NAMED_BACKREF        (1<<8)   /* \k<name> */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_G_SUBEXP_CALL          (1<<9)   /* \g<name>, \g<n> */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP2_ATMARK_CAPTURE_HISTORY     (1<<10)  /* (?@..),(?@<x>..) */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_CAPITAL_C_BAR_CONTROL  (1<<11)  /* \C-x */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_CAPITAL_M_BAR_META     (1<<12)  /* \M-x */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_V_VTAB                 (1<<13)  /* \v as VTAB */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_U_HEX4                 (1<<14)  /* \uHHHH */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_GNU_BUF_ANCHOR         (1<<15)  /* \`, \' */
+#define ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_P_CHAR_PROPERTY        (1<<16)  /* \p{...}, \P{...} */
+
+/* syntax (behavior) */
+#define ONIG_SYN_CONTEXT_INDEP_ANCHORS           (1<<31) /* not implemented */
+#define ONIG_SYN_CONTEXT_INDEP_REPEAT_OPS        (1<<0)  /* ?, *, +, {n,m} */
+#define ONIG_SYN_CONTEXT_INVALID_REPEAT_OPS      (1<<1)  /* error or ignore */
+#define ONIG_SYN_ALLOW_UNMATCHED_CLOSE_SUBEXP    (1<<2)  /* ...)... */
+#define ONIG_SYN_ALLOW_INVALID_INTERVAL          (1<<3)  /* {??? */
+#define ONIG_SYN_ALLOW_INTERVAL_LOW_ABBREV       (1<<4)  /* {,n} => {0,n} */
+#define ONIG_SYN_STRICT_CHECK_BACKREF            (1<<5)  /* /(\1)/,/\1()/ ..*/
+#define ONIG_SYN_DIFFERENT_LEN_ALT_LOOK_BEHIND   (1<<6)  /* (?<=a|bc) */
+#define ONIG_SYN_CAPTURE_ONLY_NAMED_GROUP        (1<<7)  /* see doc/RE */
+#define ONIG_SYN_ALLOW_MULTIPLEX_DEFINITION_NAME (1<<8)  /* (?<x>)(?<x>) */
+
+/* syntax (behavior) in char class [...] */
+#define ONIG_SYN_NOT_NEWLINE_IN_NEGATIVE_CC      (1<<20) /* [^...] */
+#define ONIG_SYN_BACKSLASH_ESCAPE_IN_CC          (1<<21) /* [..\w..] etc.. */
+#define ONIG_SYN_ALLOW_EMPTY_RANGE_IN_CC         (1<<22)
+#define ONIG_SYN_ALLOW_DOUBLE_RANGE_OP_IN_CC     (1<<23) /* [0-9-a]=[0-9\-a] */
+/* syntax (behavior) warning */
+#define ONIG_SYN_WARN_CC_OP_NOT_ESCAPED          (1<<24) /* [,-,] */
+#define ONIG_SYN_WARN_REDUNDANT_NESTED_REPEAT    (1<<25) /* (?:a*)+ */
+
+/* meta character specifiers (onig_set_meta_char()) */
+#define ONIG_META_CHAR_ESCAPE               0
+#define ONIG_META_CHAR_ANYCHAR              1
+#define ONIG_META_CHAR_ANYTIME              2
+#define ONIG_META_CHAR_ZERO_OR_ONE_TIME     3
+#define ONIG_META_CHAR_ONE_OR_MORE_TIME     4
+#define ONIG_META_CHAR_ANYCHAR_ANYTIME      5
+
+#define ONIG_INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR          0
+
+/* error codes */
+#define ONIG_IS_PATTERN_ERROR(ecode)   ((ecode) <= -100 && (ecode) > -1000)
+/* normal return */
+#define ONIG_NORMAL                                            0
+#define ONIG_MISMATCH                                         -1
+#define ONIG_NO_SUPPORT_CONFIG                                -2
+/* internal error */
+#define ONIGERR_PARSER_BUG                                    -11
+#define ONIGERR_STACK_BUG                                     -12
+#define ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_BYTECODE                            -13
+#define ONIGERR_UNEXPECTED_BYTECODE                           -14
+#define ONIGERR_MATCH_STACK_LIMIT_OVER                        -15
+#define ONIGERR_DEFAULT_ENCODING_IS_NOT_SETTED                -21
+#define ONIGERR_SPECIFIED_ENCODING_CANT_CONVERT_TO_WIDE_CHAR  -22
+/* general error */
+#define ONIGERR_INVALID_ARGUMENT                              -30 
+/* syntax error */
+#define ONIGERR_END_PATTERN_AT_LEFT_BRACE                    -100
+#define ONIGERR_END_PATTERN_AT_LEFT_BRACKET                  -101
+#define ONIGERR_EMPTY_CHAR_CLASS                             -102
+#define ONIGERR_PREMATURE_END_OF_CHAR_CLASS                  -103
+#define ONIGERR_END_PATTERN_AT_BACKSLASH                     -104
+#define ONIGERR_END_PATTERN_AT_META                          -105
+#define ONIGERR_END_PATTERN_AT_CONTROL                       -106
+#define ONIGERR_META_CODE_SYNTAX                             -108
+#define ONIGERR_CONTROL_CODE_SYNTAX                          -109
+#define ONIGERR_CHAR_CLASS_VALUE_AT_END_OF_RANGE             -110
+#define ONIGERR_CHAR_CLASS_VALUE_AT_START_OF_RANGE           -111
+#define ONIGERR_UNMATCHED_RANGE_SPECIFIER_IN_CHAR_CLASS      -112
+#define ONIGERR_TARGET_OF_REPEAT_OPERATOR_NOT_SPECIFIED      -113
+#define ONIGERR_TARGET_OF_REPEAT_OPERATOR_INVALID            -114
+#define ONIGERR_NESTED_REPEAT_OPERATOR                       -115
+#define ONIGERR_UNMATCHED_CLOSE_PARENTHESIS                  -116
+#define ONIGERR_END_PATTERN_WITH_UNMATCHED_PARENTHESIS       -117
+#define ONIGERR_END_PATTERN_IN_GROUP                         -118
+#define ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION                       -119
+#define ONIGERR_INVALID_POSIX_BRACKET_TYPE                   -121
+#define ONIGERR_INVALID_LOOK_BEHIND_PATTERN                  -122
+#define ONIGERR_INVALID_REPEAT_RANGE_PATTERN                 -123
+/* values error (syntax error) */
+#define ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER                               -200
+#define ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER_FOR_REPEAT_RANGE              -201
+#define ONIGERR_UPPER_SMALLER_THAN_LOWER_IN_REPEAT_RANGE     -202
+#define ONIGERR_EMPTY_RANGE_IN_CHAR_CLASS                    -203
+#define ONIGERR_MISMATCH_CODE_LENGTH_IN_CLASS_RANGE          -204
+#define ONIGERR_TOO_MANY_MULTI_BYTE_RANGES                   -205
+#define ONIGERR_TOO_SHORT_MULTI_BYTE_STRING                  -206
+#define ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_BACKREF_NUMBER                       -207
+#define ONIGERR_INVALID_BACKREF                              -208
+#define ONIGERR_NUMBERED_BACKREF_OR_CALL_NOT_ALLOWED         -209
+#define ONIGERR_TOO_LONG_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE                     -212
+#define ONIGERR_EMPTY_GROUP_NAME                             -214
+#define ONIGERR_INVALID_GROUP_NAME                           -215
+#define ONIGERR_INVALID_CHAR_IN_GROUP_NAME                   -216
+#define ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_NAME_REFERENCE                     -217
+#define ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_REFERENCE                    -218
+#define ONIGERR_MULTIPLEX_DEFINED_NAME                       -219
+#define ONIGERR_MULTIPLEX_DEFINITION_NAME_CALL               -220
+#define ONIGERR_NEVER_ENDING_RECURSION                       -221
+#define ONIGERR_GROUP_NUMBER_OVER_FOR_CAPTURE_HISTORY        -222
+#define ONIGERR_INVALID_CHAR_PROPERTY_NAME                   -223
+/* errors related to thread */
+#define ONIGERR_OVER_THREAD_PASS_LIMIT_COUNT                 -1001
+
+
+/* must be smaller than BIT_STATUS_BITS_NUM (unsigned int * 8) */
+#define ONIG_MAX_CAPTURE_HISTORY_GROUP   31
+#define ONIG_IS_CAPTURE_HISTORY_GROUP(r, i) \
+  ((i) <= ONIG_MAX_CAPTURE_HISTORY_GROUP && (r)->list && (r)->list[i])
+
+/* match result region type */
+struct re_registers {
+  int  allocated;
+  int  num_regs;
+  int* beg;
+  int* end;
+  /* extended */
+  struct re_registers** list; /* capture history. list[1]-list[31] */
+};
+
+#define ONIG_REGION_NOTPOS            -1
+
+typedef struct re_registers   OnigRegion;
+
+typedef struct {
+  UChar* par;
+  UChar* par_end;
+} OnigErrorInfo;
+
+typedef struct {
+  int lower;
+  int upper;
+} OnigRepeatRange;
+
+typedef void (*OnigWarnFunc) P_((char* s));
+extern void onig_null_warn P_((char* s));
+#define ONIG_NULL_WARN       onig_null_warn
+
+#define ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE   256
+
+/* regex_t state */
+#define ONIG_STATE_NORMAL              0
+#define ONIG_STATE_SEARCHING           1
+#define ONIG_STATE_COMPILING          -1
+#define ONIG_STATE_MODIFY             -2
+
+#define ONIG_STATE(reg) \
+  ((reg)->state > 0 ? ONIG_STATE_SEARCHING : (reg)->state)
+
+typedef struct re_pattern_buffer {
+  /* common members of BBuf(bytes-buffer) */
+  unsigned char* p;         /* compiled pattern */
+  unsigned int used;        /* used space for p */
+  unsigned int alloc;       /* allocated space for p */
+
+  int state;                     /* normal, searching, compiling */
+  int num_mem;                   /* used memory(...) num counted from 1 */
+  int num_repeat;                /* OP_REPEAT/OP_REPEAT_NG id-counter */
+  int num_null_check;            /* OP_NULL_CHECK_START/END id counter */
+  int num_call;                  /* number of subexp call */
+  unsigned int capture_history;  /* (?@...) flag (1-31) */
+  unsigned int bt_mem_start;     /* need backtrack flag */
+  unsigned int bt_mem_end;       /* need backtrack flag */
+  int stack_pop_level;
+  int repeat_range_alloc;
+  OnigRepeatRange* repeat_range;
+
+  OnigEncoding  enc;
+  OnigOptionType    options;
+  OnigSyntaxType*   syntax;
+  void*             name_table;
+
+  /* optimization info (string search, char-map and anchors) */
+  int            optimize;          /* optimize flag */
+  int            threshold_len;     /* search str-length for apply optimize */
+  int            anchor;            /* BEGIN_BUF, BEGIN_POS, (SEMI_)END_BUF */
+  OnigDistance   anchor_dmin;       /* (SEMI_)END_BUF anchor distance */
+  OnigDistance   anchor_dmax;       /* (SEMI_)END_BUF anchor distance */
+  int            sub_anchor;        /* start-anchor for exact or map */
+  unsigned char *exact;
+  unsigned char *exact_end;
+  unsigned char  map[ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE];  /* used as BM skip or char-map */
+  int           *int_map;                   /* BM skip for exact_len > 255 */
+  int           *int_map_backward;          /* BM skip for backward search */
+  OnigDistance   dmin;                      /* min-distance of exact or map */
+  OnigDistance   dmax;                      /* max-distance of exact or map */
+
+  /* regex_t link chain */
+  struct re_pattern_buffer* chain;  /* escape compile-conflict */
+} regex_t;
+
+
+/* Oniguruma Native API */
+ONIG_EXTERN
+int onig_init P_((void));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+int onig_error_code_to_str PV_((UChar* s, int err_code, ...));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+void onig_set_warn_func P_((OnigWarnFunc f));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+void onig_set_verb_warn_func P_((OnigWarnFunc f));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+int onig_new P_((regex_t**, UChar* pattern, UChar* pattern_end, OnigOptionType option, OnigEncoding enc, OnigSyntaxType* syntax, OnigErrorInfo* einfo));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+void onig_free P_((regex_t*));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+int onig_recompile P_((regex_t*, UChar* pattern, UChar* pattern_end, OnigOptionType option, OnigEncoding enc, OnigSyntaxType* syntax, OnigErrorInfo* einfo));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+int onig_search P_((regex_t*, UChar* str, UChar* end, UChar* start, UChar* range, OnigRegion* region, OnigOptionType option));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+int onig_match P_((regex_t*, UChar* str, UChar* end, UChar* at, OnigRegion* region, OnigOptionType option));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+OnigRegion* onig_region_new P_((void));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+void onig_region_free P_((OnigRegion* region, int free_self));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+void onig_region_copy P_((OnigRegion* to, OnigRegion* from));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+void onig_region_clear P_((OnigRegion* region));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+int onig_region_resize P_((OnigRegion* region, int n));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+int onig_name_to_group_numbers P_((regex_t* reg, UChar* name, UChar* name_end,
+			            int** nums));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+int onig_name_to_backref_number P_((regex_t* reg, UChar* name, UChar* name_end, OnigRegion *region));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+int onig_foreach_name P_((regex_t* reg, int (*func)(UChar*,UChar*,int,int*,regex_t*,void*), void* arg));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+int onig_number_of_names P_((regex_t* reg));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+OnigEncoding onig_get_encoding P_((regex_t* reg));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+OnigOptionType onig_get_options P_((regex_t* reg));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+OnigSyntaxType* onig_get_syntax P_((regex_t* reg));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+int onig_set_default_syntax P_((OnigSyntaxType* syntax));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+void onig_copy_syntax P_((OnigSyntaxType* to, OnigSyntaxType* from));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+void onig_set_syntax_op P_((OnigSyntaxType* syntax, unsigned int op));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+void onig_set_syntax_op2 P_((OnigSyntaxType* syntax, unsigned int op2));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+void onig_set_syntax_behavior P_((OnigSyntaxType* syntax, unsigned int behavior));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+void onig_set_syntax_options P_((OnigSyntaxType* syntax, OnigOptionType options));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+int onig_set_meta_char P_((unsigned int what, unsigned int c));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+int onig_end P_((void));
+ONIG_EXTERN
+const char* onig_version P_((void));
+
+#endif /* ONIGURUMA_H */
diff --git a/regcomp.c b/regcomp.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..24d44dd1b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/regcomp.c
@@ -0,0 +1,5440 @@
+/**********************************************************************
+
+  regcomp.c -  Oniguruma (regular expression library)
+
+  Copyright (C) 2002-2004  K.Kosako ([email protected])
+
+**********************************************************************/
+#include "regparse.h"
+
+#ifndef PLATFORM_UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS
+static unsigned char PadBuf[WORD_ALIGNMENT_SIZE];
+#endif
+
+static void
+swap_node(Node* a, Node* b)
+{
+  Node c;
+  c = *a; *a = *b; *b = c;
+}
+
+static OnigDistance
+distance_add(OnigDistance d1, OnigDistance d2)
+{
+  if (d1 == ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE || d2 == ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE)
+    return ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE;
+  else {
+    if (d1 <= ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE - d2) return d1 + d2;
+    else return ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE;
+  }
+}
+
+static OnigDistance
+distance_multiply(OnigDistance d, int m)
+{
+  if (m == 0) return 0;
+
+  if (d < ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE / m)
+    return d * m;
+  else
+    return ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE;
+}
+
+static int
+bitset_is_empty(BitSetRef bs)
+{
+  int i;
+  for (i = 0; i < BITSET_SIZE; i++) {
+    if (bs[i] != 0) return 0;
+  }
+  return 1;
+}
+
+#ifdef ONIG_DEBUG
+static int
+bitset_on_num(BitSetRef bs)
+{
+  int i, n;
+
+  n = 0;
+  for (i = 0; i < SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; i++) {
+    if (BITSET_AT(bs, i)) n++;
+  }
+  return n;
+}
+#endif
+
+extern int
+onig_bbuf_init(BBuf* buf, int size)
+{
+  buf->p = (UChar* )xmalloc(size);
+  if (IS_NULL(buf->p)) return(ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+
+  buf->alloc = size;
+  buf->used  = 0;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+
+#ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+
+static int
+unset_addr_list_init(UnsetAddrList* uslist, int size)
+{
+  UnsetAddr* p;
+
+  p = (UnsetAddr* )xmalloc(sizeof(UnsetAddr)* size);
+  CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(p, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+  uslist->num   = 0;
+  uslist->alloc = size;
+  uslist->us    = p;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static void
+unset_addr_list_end(UnsetAddrList* uslist)
+{
+  if (IS_NOT_NULL(uslist->us))
+    xfree(uslist->us);
+}
+
+static int
+unset_addr_list_add(UnsetAddrList* uslist, int offset, struct _Node* node)
+{
+  UnsetAddr* p;
+  int size;
+
+  if (uslist->num >= uslist->alloc) {
+    size = uslist->alloc * 2;
+    p = (UnsetAddr* )xrealloc(uslist->us, sizeof(UnsetAddr) * size);
+    CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(p, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+    uslist->alloc = size;
+    uslist->us    = p;
+  }
+
+  uslist->us[uslist->num].offset = offset;
+  uslist->us[uslist->num].target = node;
+  uslist->num++;
+  return 0;
+}
+#endif /* USE_SUBEXP_CALL */
+
+
+#if 0
+static int
+bitset_mbmaxlen(BitSetRef bs, int negative, OnigEncoding enc)
+{
+  int i;
+  int len, maxlen = 0;
+
+  if (negative) {
+    for (i = 0; i < SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; i++) {
+      if (! BITSET_AT(bs, i)) {
+	len = enc_len(enc, i);
+	if (len > maxlen) maxlen = len;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  else {
+    for (i = 0; i < SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; i++) {
+      if (BITSET_AT(bs, i)) {
+	len = enc_len(enc, i);
+	if (len > maxlen) maxlen = len;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return maxlen;
+}
+#endif
+
+static int
+add_opcode(regex_t* reg, int opcode)
+{
+  BBUF_ADD1(reg, opcode);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+add_rel_addr(regex_t* reg, int addr)
+{
+  RelAddrType ra = (RelAddrType )addr;
+
+#ifdef PLATFORM_UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS
+  BBUF_ADD(reg, &ra, SIZE_RELADDR);
+#else
+  UChar buf[SERIALIZE_BUFSIZE];
+  SERIALIZE_RELADDR(ra, buf);
+  BBUF_ADD(reg, buf, SIZE_RELADDR);
+#endif
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+add_abs_addr(regex_t* reg, int addr)
+{
+  AbsAddrType ra = (AbsAddrType )addr;
+
+#ifdef PLATFORM_UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS
+  BBUF_ADD(reg, &ra, SIZE_ABSADDR);
+#else
+  UChar buf[SERIALIZE_BUFSIZE];
+  SERIALIZE_ABSADDR(ra, buf);
+  BBUF_ADD(reg, buf, SIZE_ABSADDR);
+#endif
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+add_length(regex_t* reg, int len)
+{
+  LengthType l = (LengthType )len;
+
+#ifdef PLATFORM_UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS
+  BBUF_ADD(reg, &l, SIZE_LENGTH);
+#else
+  UChar buf[SERIALIZE_BUFSIZE];
+  SERIALIZE_LENGTH(l, buf);
+  BBUF_ADD(reg, buf, SIZE_LENGTH);
+#endif
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+add_mem_num(regex_t* reg, int num)
+{
+  MemNumType n = (MemNumType )num;
+
+#ifdef PLATFORM_UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS
+  BBUF_ADD(reg, &n, SIZE_MEMNUM);
+#else
+  UChar buf[SERIALIZE_BUFSIZE];
+  SERIALIZE_MEMNUM(n, buf);
+  BBUF_ADD(reg, buf, SIZE_MEMNUM);
+#endif
+  return 0;
+}
+
+#if 0
+static int
+add_repeat_num(regex_t* reg, int num)
+{
+  RepeatNumType n = (RepeatNumType )num;
+
+#ifdef PLATFORM_UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS
+  BBUF_ADD(reg, &n, SIZE_REPEATNUM);
+#else
+  UChar buf[SERIALIZE_BUFSIZE];
+  SERIALIZE_REPEATNUM(n, buf);
+  BBUF_ADD(reg, buf, SIZE_REPEATNUM);
+#endif
+  return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+static int
+add_option(regex_t* reg, OnigOptionType option)
+{
+#ifdef PLATFORM_UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS
+  BBUF_ADD(reg, &option, SIZE_OPTION);
+#else
+  UChar buf[SERIALIZE_BUFSIZE];
+  SERIALIZE_OPTION(option, buf);
+  BBUF_ADD(reg, buf, SIZE_OPTION);
+#endif
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+add_opcode_rel_addr(regex_t* reg, int opcode, int addr)
+{
+  int r;
+
+  r = add_opcode(reg, opcode);
+  if (r) return r;
+  r = add_rel_addr(reg, addr);
+  return r;
+}
+
+static int
+add_bytes(regex_t* reg, UChar* bytes, int len)
+{
+  BBUF_ADD(reg, bytes, len);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+add_bitset(regex_t* reg, BitSetRef bs)
+{
+  BBUF_ADD(reg, bs, SIZE_BITSET);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+add_opcode_option(regex_t* reg, int opcode, OnigOptionType option)
+{
+  int r;
+
+  r = add_opcode(reg, opcode);
+  if (r) return r;
+  r = add_option(reg, option);
+  return r;
+}
+
+static int compile_length_tree(Node* node, regex_t* reg);
+static int compile_tree(Node* node, regex_t* reg);
+
+
+#define IS_NEED_STR_LEN_OP_EXACT(op) \
+   ((op) == OP_EXACTN    || (op) == OP_EXACTMB2N ||\
+    (op) == OP_EXACTMB3N || (op) == OP_EXACTMBN  || (op) == OP_EXACTN_IC)
+
+static int
+select_str_opcode(int mb_len, int str_len, int ignore_case)
+{
+  int op;
+
+  switch (mb_len) {
+  case 1:
+    if (ignore_case) {
+      switch (str_len) {
+      case 1:  op = OP_EXACT1_IC; break;
+      default: op = OP_EXACTN_IC; break;
+      }
+    }
+    else {
+      switch (str_len) {
+      case 1:  op = OP_EXACT1; break;
+      case 2:  op = OP_EXACT2; break;
+      case 3:  op = OP_EXACT3; break;
+      case 4:  op = OP_EXACT4; break;
+      case 5:  op = OP_EXACT5; break;
+      default: op = OP_EXACTN; break;
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case 2:
+    switch (str_len) {
+    case 1:  op = OP_EXACTMB2N1; break;
+    case 2:  op = OP_EXACTMB2N2; break;
+    case 3:  op = OP_EXACTMB2N3; break;
+    default: op = OP_EXACTMB2N;  break;
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case 3:
+    op = OP_EXACTMB3N;
+    break;
+
+  default:
+    op = OP_EXACTMBN;
+    break;
+  }
+  return op;
+}
+
+static int
+compile_tree_empty_check(Node* node, regex_t* reg, int empty_info)
+{
+  int r;
+  int saved_num_null_check = reg->num_null_check;
+
+  if (empty_info != 0) {
+    r = add_opcode(reg, OP_NULL_CHECK_START);
+    if (r) return r;
+    r = add_mem_num(reg, reg->num_null_check); /* NULL CHECK ID */
+    if (r) return r;
+    reg->num_null_check++;
+  }
+
+  r = compile_tree(node, reg);
+  if (r) return r;
+
+  if (empty_info != 0) {
+    if (empty_info == NQ_TARGET_IS_EMPTY)
+      r = add_opcode(reg, OP_NULL_CHECK_END);
+    else if (empty_info == NQ_TARGET_IS_EMPTY_MEM)
+      r = add_opcode(reg, OP_NULL_CHECK_END_MEMST);
+    else if (empty_info == NQ_TARGET_IS_EMPTY_REC)
+      r = add_opcode(reg, OP_NULL_CHECK_END_MEMST_PUSH);
+
+    if (r) return r;
+    r = add_mem_num(reg, saved_num_null_check); /* NULL CHECK ID */
+  }
+  return r;
+}
+
+#ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+static int
+compile_call(CallNode* node, regex_t* reg)
+{
+  int r;
+
+  r = add_opcode(reg, OP_CALL);
+  if (r) return r;
+  r = unset_addr_list_add(node->unset_addr_list, BBUF_GET_OFFSET_POS(reg),
+			  node->target);
+  if (r) return r;
+  r = add_abs_addr(reg, 0 /*dummy addr.*/);
+  return r;
+}
+#endif
+
+static int
+compile_tree_n_times(Node* node, int n, regex_t* reg)
+{
+  int i, r;
+
+  for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    r = compile_tree(node, reg);
+    if (r) return r;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+add_compile_string_length(UChar* s, int mb_len, int str_len,
+			  regex_t* reg, int ignore_case)
+{
+  int len;
+  int op = select_str_opcode(mb_len, str_len, ignore_case);
+
+  len = SIZE_OPCODE;
+  if (op == OP_EXACTMBN)
+    len += SIZE_LENGTH;
+
+  if (IS_NEED_STR_LEN_OP_EXACT(op))
+    len += SIZE_LENGTH;
+
+  len += mb_len * str_len;
+  return len;
+}
+
+static int
+add_compile_string(UChar* s, int mb_len, int str_len,
+		   regex_t* reg, int ignore_case)
+{
+  int op = select_str_opcode(mb_len, str_len, ignore_case);
+  add_opcode(reg, op);
+
+  if (op == OP_EXACTMBN)
+    add_length(reg, mb_len);
+
+  if (IS_NEED_STR_LEN_OP_EXACT(op))
+    add_length(reg, str_len);
+
+  add_bytes(reg, s, mb_len * str_len);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+
+static int
+compile_length_string_node(StrNode* sn, regex_t* reg)
+{
+  int rlen, r, len, prev_len, slen, ambig, ic;
+  OnigEncoding enc = reg->enc;
+  UChar *p, *prev;
+
+  if (sn->end <= sn->s)
+    return 0;
+
+  ic = IS_IGNORECASE(reg->options);
+
+  p = prev = sn->s;
+  prev_len = enc_len(enc, *p);
+  if (ic != 0 && prev_len == 1)
+    ambig = ONIGENC_IS_MBC_CASE_AMBIG(reg->enc, p);
+  else
+    ambig = 0;
+
+  p += prev_len;
+  slen = 1;
+  rlen = 0;
+
+  for (; p < sn->end; ) {
+    len = enc_len(enc, *p);
+    if (len == prev_len) {
+      slen++;
+      if (ic != 0 && ambig == 0 && len == 1)
+	ambig = ONIGENC_IS_MBC_CASE_AMBIG(reg->enc, p);
+    }
+    else {
+      r = add_compile_string_length(prev, prev_len, slen, reg, ambig);
+      rlen += r;
+
+      if (ic != 0 && len == 1)
+	ambig = ONIGENC_IS_MBC_CASE_AMBIG(reg->enc, p);
+      else
+	ambig = 0;
+
+      prev = p;
+      slen = 1;
+      prev_len = len;
+    }
+
+    p += len;
+  }
+  r = add_compile_string_length(prev, prev_len, slen, reg, ambig);
+  rlen += r;
+  return rlen;
+}
+
+static int
+compile_length_string_raw_node(StrNode* sn, regex_t* reg)
+{
+  if (sn->end <= sn->s)
+    return 0;
+
+  return add_compile_string_length(sn->s, 1 /* sb */, sn->end - sn->s, reg, 0);
+}
+
+static int
+compile_string_node(StrNode* sn, regex_t* reg)
+{
+  int r, len, prev_len, slen, ambig, ic;
+  OnigEncoding enc = reg->enc;
+  UChar *p, *prev;
+
+  if (sn->end <= sn->s)
+    return 0;
+
+  ic = IS_IGNORECASE(reg->options);
+
+  p = prev = sn->s;
+  prev_len = enc_len(enc, *p);
+  if (ic != 0 && prev_len == 1) {
+    ambig = ONIGENC_IS_MBC_CASE_AMBIG(reg->enc, p);
+    if (ambig != 0)
+      ONIGENC_MBC_TO_LOWER(reg->enc, p, p);
+  }
+  else
+    ambig = 0;
+
+  p += prev_len;
+  slen = 1;
+
+  for (; p < sn->end; ) {
+    len = enc_len(enc, *p);
+    if (len == prev_len) {
+      slen++;
+      if (ic != 0 && len == 1) {
+	if (ambig == 0)
+	  ambig = ONIGENC_IS_MBC_CASE_AMBIG(reg->enc, p);
+	if (ambig != 0) ONIGENC_MBC_TO_LOWER(reg->enc, p, p);
+      }
+    }
+    else {
+      r = add_compile_string(prev, prev_len, slen, reg, ambig);
+      if (r) return r;
+      if (ic != 0 && len == 1) {
+	ambig = ONIGENC_IS_MBC_CASE_AMBIG(reg->enc, p);
+	if (ambig != 0) ONIGENC_MBC_TO_LOWER(reg->enc, p, p);
+      }
+      else
+	ambig = 0;
+
+      prev  = p;
+      slen  = 1;
+      prev_len = len;
+    }
+
+    p += len;
+  }
+  return add_compile_string(prev, prev_len, slen, reg, ambig);
+}
+
+static int
+compile_string_raw_node(StrNode* sn, regex_t* reg)
+{
+  if (sn->end <= sn->s)
+    return 0;
+
+  return add_compile_string(sn->s, 1 /* sb */, sn->end - sn->s, reg, 0);
+}
+
+static int
+add_multi_byte_cclass(BBuf* mbuf, regex_t* reg)
+{
+#ifdef PLATFORM_UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS
+  add_length(reg, mbuf->used);
+  return add_bytes(reg, mbuf->p, mbuf->used);
+#else
+  int r, pad_size;
+  UChar* p = BBUF_GET_ADD_ADDRESS(reg) + SIZE_LENGTH;
+
+  GET_ALIGNMENT_PAD_SIZE(p, pad_size);
+  add_length(reg, mbuf->used + (WORD_ALIGNMENT_SIZE - 1));
+  if (pad_size != 0) add_bytes(reg, PadBuf, pad_size);
+
+  r = add_bytes(reg, mbuf->p, mbuf->used);
+
+  /* padding for return value from compile_length_cclass_node() to be fix. */
+  pad_size = (WORD_ALIGNMENT_SIZE - 1) - pad_size;
+  if (pad_size != 0) add_bytes(reg, PadBuf, pad_size);
+  return r;
+#endif
+}
+
+static int
+compile_length_cclass_node(CClassNode* cc, regex_t* reg)
+{
+  int len;
+
+  if (IS_NULL(cc->mbuf)) {
+    len = SIZE_OPCODE + SIZE_BITSET;
+  }
+  else {
+    if (bitset_is_empty(cc->bs)) {
+      /* SIZE_BITSET is included in mbuf->used. */
+      len = SIZE_OPCODE;
+    }
+    else {
+      len = SIZE_OPCODE + SIZE_BITSET;
+    }
+#ifdef PLATFORM_UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS
+    len += SIZE_LENGTH + cc->mbuf->used;
+#else
+    len += SIZE_LENGTH + cc->mbuf->used + (WORD_ALIGNMENT_SIZE - 1);
+#endif
+  }
+
+  return len;
+}
+
+static int
+compile_cclass_node(CClassNode* cc, regex_t* reg)
+{
+  int r;
+
+  if (IS_NULL(cc->mbuf)) {
+    if (cc->not)  add_opcode(reg, OP_CCLASS_NOT);
+    else          add_opcode(reg, OP_CCLASS);
+
+    r = add_bitset(reg, cc->bs);
+  }
+  else {
+    if (bitset_is_empty(cc->bs)) {
+      if (cc->not)  add_opcode(reg, OP_CCLASS_MB_NOT);
+      else          add_opcode(reg, OP_CCLASS_MB);
+
+      r = add_multi_byte_cclass(cc->mbuf, reg);
+    }
+    else {
+      if (cc->not)  add_opcode(reg, OP_CCLASS_MIX_NOT);
+      else          add_opcode(reg, OP_CCLASS_MIX);
+
+      r = add_bitset(reg, cc->bs);
+      if (r) return r;
+      r = add_multi_byte_cclass(cc->mbuf, reg);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return r;
+}
+
+static int
+entry_repeat_range(regex_t* reg, int id, int lower, int upper)
+{
+#define REPEAT_RANGE_ALLOC  4
+
+  OnigRepeatRange* p;
+
+  if (reg->repeat_range_alloc == 0) {
+    p = (OnigRepeatRange* )xmalloc(sizeof(OnigRepeatRange) * REPEAT_RANGE_ALLOC);
+    CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(p, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+    reg->repeat_range = p;
+    reg->repeat_range_alloc = REPEAT_RANGE_ALLOC;
+  }
+  else if (reg->repeat_range_alloc <= id) {
+    int n;
+    n = reg->repeat_range_alloc + REPEAT_RANGE_ALLOC;
+    p = (OnigRepeatRange* )xrealloc(reg->repeat_range,
+				   sizeof(OnigRepeatRange) * n);
+    CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(p, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+    reg->repeat_range = p;
+    reg->repeat_range_alloc = n;
+  }
+  else {
+    p = reg->repeat_range;
+  }
+
+  p[id].lower = lower;
+  p[id].upper = upper;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+compile_range_repeat_node(QualifierNode* qn, int target_len, int empty_info,
+			  regex_t* reg)
+{
+  int r;
+  int num_repeat = reg->num_repeat;
+
+  r = add_opcode(reg, qn->greedy ? OP_REPEAT : OP_REPEAT_NG);
+  if (r) return r;
+  r = add_mem_num(reg, num_repeat); /* OP_REPEAT ID */
+  reg->num_repeat++;
+  if (r) return r;
+  r = add_rel_addr(reg, target_len + SIZE_OP_REPEAT_INC);
+  if (r) return r;
+
+  r = entry_repeat_range(reg, num_repeat, qn->lower, qn->upper);
+  if (r) return r;
+
+  r = compile_tree_empty_check(qn->target, reg, empty_info);
+  if (r) return r;
+
+  r = add_opcode(reg, qn->greedy ? OP_REPEAT_INC : OP_REPEAT_INC_NG);
+  if (r) return r;
+  r = add_mem_num(reg, num_repeat); /* OP_REPEAT ID */
+  return r;
+}
+
+#define QUALIFIER_EXPAND_LIMIT_SIZE   50
+
+static int
+compile_length_qualifier_node(QualifierNode* qn, regex_t* reg)
+{
+  int len, mod_tlen;
+  int infinite = IS_REPEAT_INFINITE(qn->upper);
+  int empty_info = qn->target_empty_info;
+  int tlen = compile_length_tree(qn->target, reg);
+
+  if (tlen < 0) return tlen;
+
+  /* anychar repeat */
+  if (NTYPE(qn->target) == N_ANYCHAR) {
+    if (qn->greedy && infinite) {
+      if (IS_NOT_NULL(qn->next_head_exact))
+	return SIZE_OP_ANYCHAR_STAR_PEEK_NEXT + tlen * qn->lower;
+      else
+	return SIZE_OP_ANYCHAR_STAR + tlen * qn->lower;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (empty_info != 0)
+    mod_tlen = tlen + (SIZE_OP_NULL_CHECK_START + SIZE_OP_NULL_CHECK_END);
+  else
+    mod_tlen = tlen;
+
+  if (infinite &&
+      (qn->lower <= 1 || tlen * qn->lower <= QUALIFIER_EXPAND_LIMIT_SIZE)) {
+    if (qn->lower == 1 && tlen > QUALIFIER_EXPAND_LIMIT_SIZE) {
+      len = SIZE_OP_JUMP;
+    }
+    else {
+      len = tlen * qn->lower;
+    }
+
+    if (qn->greedy) {
+      if (IS_NOT_NULL(qn->head_exact))
+	len += SIZE_OP_PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT1 + mod_tlen + SIZE_OP_JUMP;
+      else if (IS_NOT_NULL(qn->next_head_exact))
+	len += SIZE_OP_PUSH_IF_PEEK_NEXT + mod_tlen + SIZE_OP_JUMP;
+      else
+	len += SIZE_OP_PUSH + mod_tlen + SIZE_OP_JUMP;
+    }
+    else
+      len += SIZE_OP_JUMP + mod_tlen + SIZE_OP_PUSH;
+  }
+  else if (qn->upper == 0 && qn->is_refered != 0) { /* /(?<n>..){0}/ */
+    len = SIZE_OP_JUMP + tlen;
+  }
+  else if (!infinite && qn->greedy &&
+	   (tlen + SIZE_OP_PUSH) * qn->upper <= QUALIFIER_EXPAND_LIMIT_SIZE) {
+    len = tlen * qn->lower;
+    len += (SIZE_OP_PUSH + tlen) * (qn->upper - qn->lower);
+  }
+  else if (!qn->greedy && qn->upper == 1 && qn->lower == 0) { /* '??' */
+    len = SIZE_OP_PUSH + SIZE_OP_JUMP + tlen;
+  }
+  else {
+    len = SIZE_OP_REPEAT_INC
+        + mod_tlen + SIZE_OPCODE + SIZE_RELADDR + SIZE_MEMNUM;
+  }
+
+  return len;
+}
+
+static int
+is_anychar_star_qualifier(QualifierNode* qn)
+{
+  if (qn->greedy && IS_REPEAT_INFINITE(qn->upper) &&
+      NTYPE(qn->target) == N_ANYCHAR)
+    return 1;
+  else
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+compile_qualifier_node(QualifierNode* qn, regex_t* reg)
+{
+  int i, r, mod_tlen;
+  int infinite = IS_REPEAT_INFINITE(qn->upper);
+  int empty_info = qn->target_empty_info;
+  int tlen = compile_length_tree(qn->target, reg);
+
+  if (tlen < 0) return tlen;
+
+  if (is_anychar_star_qualifier(qn)) {
+    r = compile_tree_n_times(qn->target, qn->lower, reg);
+    if (r) return r;
+    if (IS_NOT_NULL(qn->next_head_exact)) {
+      if (IS_MULTILINE(reg->options))
+	r = add_opcode(reg, OP_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR_PEEK_NEXT);
+      else
+	r = add_opcode(reg, OP_ANYCHAR_STAR_PEEK_NEXT);
+      if (r) return r;
+      return add_bytes(reg, NSTRING(qn->next_head_exact).s, 1);
+    }
+    else {
+      if (IS_MULTILINE(reg->options))
+	return add_opcode(reg, OP_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR);
+      else
+	return add_opcode(reg, OP_ANYCHAR_STAR);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (empty_info != 0)
+    mod_tlen = tlen + (SIZE_OP_NULL_CHECK_START + SIZE_OP_NULL_CHECK_END);
+  else
+    mod_tlen = tlen;
+
+  if (infinite &&
+      (qn->lower <= 1 || tlen * qn->lower <= QUALIFIER_EXPAND_LIMIT_SIZE)) {
+    if (qn->lower == 1 && tlen > QUALIFIER_EXPAND_LIMIT_SIZE) {
+      if (qn->greedy) {
+	if (IS_NOT_NULL(qn->head_exact))
+	  r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_JUMP, SIZE_OP_PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT1);
+	else if (IS_NOT_NULL(qn->next_head_exact))
+	  r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_JUMP, SIZE_OP_PUSH_IF_PEEK_NEXT);
+	else
+	  r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_JUMP, SIZE_OP_PUSH);
+      }
+      else {
+	r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_JUMP, SIZE_OP_JUMP);
+      }
+      if (r) return r;
+    }
+    else {
+      r = compile_tree_n_times(qn->target, qn->lower, reg);
+      if (r) return r;
+    }
+
+    if (qn->greedy) {
+      if (IS_NOT_NULL(qn->head_exact)) {
+	r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT1,
+			     mod_tlen + SIZE_OP_JUMP);
+	if (r) return r;
+	add_bytes(reg, NSTRING(qn->head_exact).s, 1);
+	r = compile_tree_empty_check(qn->target, reg, empty_info);
+	if (r) return r;
+	r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_JUMP,
+	-(mod_tlen + (int )SIZE_OP_JUMP + (int )SIZE_OP_PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT1));
+      }
+      else if (IS_NOT_NULL(qn->next_head_exact)) {
+	r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_PUSH_IF_PEEK_NEXT,
+				mod_tlen + SIZE_OP_JUMP);
+	if (r) return r;
+	add_bytes(reg, NSTRING(qn->next_head_exact).s, 1);
+	r = compile_tree_empty_check(qn->target, reg, empty_info);
+	if (r) return r;
+	r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_JUMP,
+          -(mod_tlen + (int )SIZE_OP_JUMP + (int )SIZE_OP_PUSH_IF_PEEK_NEXT));
+      }
+      else {
+	r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_PUSH, mod_tlen + SIZE_OP_JUMP);
+	if (r) return r;
+	r = compile_tree_empty_check(qn->target, reg, empty_info);
+	if (r) return r;
+	r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_JUMP,
+		     -(mod_tlen + (int )SIZE_OP_JUMP + (int )SIZE_OP_PUSH));
+      }
+    }
+    else {
+      r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_JUMP, mod_tlen);
+      if (r) return r;
+      r = compile_tree_empty_check(qn->target, reg, empty_info);
+      if (r) return r;
+      r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_PUSH, -(mod_tlen + (int )SIZE_OP_PUSH));
+    }
+  }
+  else if (qn->upper == 0 && qn->is_refered != 0) { /* /(?<n>..){0}/ */
+    r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_JUMP, tlen);
+    if (r) return r;
+    r = compile_tree(qn->target, reg);
+  }
+  else if (!infinite && qn->greedy &&
+	   (tlen + SIZE_OP_PUSH) * qn->upper <= QUALIFIER_EXPAND_LIMIT_SIZE) {
+    int n = qn->upper - qn->lower;
+
+    r = compile_tree_n_times(qn->target, qn->lower, reg);
+    if (r) return r;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+      r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_PUSH,
+			   (n - i) * tlen + (n - i - 1) * SIZE_OP_PUSH);
+      if (r) return r;
+      r = compile_tree(qn->target, reg);
+      if (r) return r;
+    }
+  }
+  else if (!qn->greedy && qn->upper == 1 && qn->lower == 0) { /* '??' */
+    r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_PUSH, SIZE_OP_JUMP);
+    if (r) return r;
+    r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_JUMP, tlen);
+    if (r) return r;
+    r = compile_tree(qn->target, reg);
+  }
+  else {
+    r = compile_range_repeat_node(qn, mod_tlen, empty_info, reg);
+  }
+  return r;
+}
+
+static int
+compile_length_option_node(EffectNode* node, regex_t* reg)
+{
+  int tlen;
+  OnigOptionType prev = reg->options;
+
+  reg->options = node->option;
+  tlen = compile_length_tree(node->target, reg);
+  reg->options = prev;
+
+  if (tlen < 0) return tlen;
+
+  if (IS_DYNAMIC_OPTION(prev ^ node->option)) {
+    return SIZE_OP_SET_OPTION_PUSH + SIZE_OP_SET_OPTION + SIZE_OP_FAIL
+           + tlen + SIZE_OP_SET_OPTION;
+  }
+  else
+    return tlen;
+}
+
+static int
+compile_option_node(EffectNode* node, regex_t* reg)
+{
+  int r;
+  OnigOptionType prev = reg->options;
+
+  if (IS_DYNAMIC_OPTION(prev ^ node->option)) {
+    r = add_opcode_option(reg, OP_SET_OPTION_PUSH, node->option);
+    if (r) return r;
+    r = add_opcode_option(reg, OP_SET_OPTION, prev);
+    if (r) return r;
+    r = add_opcode(reg, OP_FAIL);
+    if (r) return r;
+
+    reg->options = node->option;
+    r = compile_tree(node->target, reg);
+    reg->options = prev;
+    if (r) return r;
+    r = add_opcode_option(reg, OP_SET_OPTION, prev);
+  }
+  else {
+    reg->options = node->option;
+    r = compile_tree(node->target, reg);
+    reg->options = prev;
+  }
+  return r;
+}
+
+static int
+compile_length_effect_node(EffectNode* node, regex_t* reg)
+{
+  int len;
+  int tlen;
+
+  if (node->type == EFFECT_OPTION)
+    return compile_length_option_node(node, reg);
+
+  if (node->target) {
+    tlen = compile_length_tree(node->target, reg);
+    if (tlen < 0) return tlen;
+  }
+  else
+    tlen = 0;
+
+  switch (node->type) {
+  case EFFECT_MEMORY:
+#ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+    if (IS_EFFECT_CALLED(node)) {
+      len = SIZE_OP_MEMORY_START_PUSH + tlen
+	  + SIZE_OP_CALL + SIZE_OP_JUMP + SIZE_OP_RETURN;
+      if (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_end, node->regnum))
+	len += (IS_EFFECT_RECURSION(node)
+		? SIZE_OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH_REC : SIZE_OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH);
+      else
+	len += (IS_EFFECT_RECURSION(node)
+		? SIZE_OP_MEMORY_END_REC : SIZE_OP_MEMORY_END);
+    }
+    else
+#endif
+    {
+      if (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_start, node->regnum))
+	len = SIZE_OP_MEMORY_START_PUSH;
+      else
+	len = SIZE_OP_MEMORY_START;
+
+      len += tlen + (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_end, node->regnum)
+		     ? SIZE_OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH : SIZE_OP_MEMORY_END);
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case EFFECT_STOP_BACKTRACK:
+    if (IS_EFFECT_SIMPLE_REPEAT(node)) {
+      QualifierNode* qn = &NQUALIFIER(node->target);
+      tlen = compile_length_tree(qn->target, reg);
+      if (tlen < 0) return tlen;
+
+      len = tlen * qn->lower
+	  + SIZE_OP_PUSH + tlen + SIZE_OP_POP + SIZE_OP_JUMP;
+    }
+    else {
+      len = SIZE_OP_PUSH_STOP_BT + tlen + SIZE_OP_POP_STOP_BT;
+    }
+    break;
+
+  default:
+    return ONIGERR_TYPE_BUG;
+    break;
+  }
+
+  return len;
+}
+
+static int get_char_length_tree(Node* node, regex_t* reg, int* len);
+
+static int
+compile_effect_node(EffectNode* node, regex_t* reg)
+{
+  int r, len;
+
+  if (node->type == EFFECT_OPTION)
+    return compile_option_node(node, reg);
+
+  switch (node->type) {
+  case EFFECT_MEMORY:
+#ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+    if (IS_EFFECT_CALLED(node)) {
+      r = add_opcode(reg, OP_CALL);
+      if (r) return r;
+      node->call_addr = BBUF_GET_OFFSET_POS(reg) + SIZE_ABSADDR + SIZE_OP_JUMP;
+      node->state |= NST_ADDR_FIXED;
+      r = add_abs_addr(reg, (int )node->call_addr);
+      if (r) return r;
+      len = compile_length_tree(node->target, reg);
+      len += (SIZE_OP_MEMORY_START_PUSH + SIZE_OP_RETURN);
+      if (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_end, node->regnum))
+	len += (IS_EFFECT_RECURSION(node)
+		? SIZE_OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH_REC : SIZE_OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH);
+      else
+	len += (IS_EFFECT_RECURSION(node)
+		? SIZE_OP_MEMORY_END_REC : SIZE_OP_MEMORY_END);
+
+      r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_JUMP, len);
+      if (r) return r;
+    }
+#endif
+    if (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_start, node->regnum))
+      r = add_opcode(reg, OP_MEMORY_START_PUSH);
+    else
+      r = add_opcode(reg, OP_MEMORY_START);
+    if (r) return r;
+    r = add_mem_num(reg, node->regnum);
+    if (r) return r;
+    r = compile_tree(node->target, reg);
+    if (r) return r;
+#ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+    if (IS_EFFECT_CALLED(node)) {
+      if (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_end, node->regnum))
+	r = add_opcode(reg, (IS_EFFECT_RECURSION(node)
+			     ? OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH_REC : OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH));
+      else
+	r = add_opcode(reg, (IS_EFFECT_RECURSION(node)
+			     ? OP_MEMORY_END_REC : OP_MEMORY_END));
+
+      if (r) return r;
+      r = add_mem_num(reg, node->regnum);
+      if (r) return r;
+      r = add_opcode(reg, OP_RETURN);
+    }
+    else
+#endif
+    {
+      if (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_end, node->regnum))
+	r = add_opcode(reg, OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH);
+      else
+	r = add_opcode(reg, OP_MEMORY_END);
+      if (r) return r;
+      r = add_mem_num(reg, node->regnum);
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case EFFECT_STOP_BACKTRACK:
+    if (IS_EFFECT_SIMPLE_REPEAT(node)) {
+      QualifierNode* qn = &NQUALIFIER(node->target);
+      r = compile_tree_n_times(qn->target, qn->lower, reg);
+      if (r) return r;
+
+      len = compile_length_tree(qn->target, reg);
+      if (len < 0) return len;
+
+      r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_PUSH, len + SIZE_OP_POP + SIZE_OP_JUMP);
+      if (r) return r;
+      r = compile_tree(qn->target, reg);
+      if (r) return r;
+      r = add_opcode(reg, OP_POP);
+      if (r) return r;
+      r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_JUMP,
+	 -((int )SIZE_OP_PUSH + len + (int )SIZE_OP_POP + (int )SIZE_OP_JUMP));
+    }
+    else {
+      r = add_opcode(reg, OP_PUSH_STOP_BT);
+      if (r) return r;
+      r = compile_tree(node->target, reg);
+      if (r) return r;
+      r = add_opcode(reg, OP_POP_STOP_BT);
+    }
+    break;
+
+  default:
+    return ONIGERR_TYPE_BUG;
+    break;
+  }
+
+  return r;
+}
+
+static int
+compile_length_anchor_node(AnchorNode* node, regex_t* reg)
+{
+  int len;
+  int tlen = 0;
+
+  if (node->target) {
+    tlen = compile_length_tree(node->target, reg);
+    if (tlen < 0) return tlen;
+  }
+
+  switch (node->type) {
+  case ANCHOR_PREC_READ:
+    len = SIZE_OP_PUSH_POS + tlen + SIZE_OP_POP_POS;
+    break;
+  case ANCHOR_PREC_READ_NOT:
+    len = SIZE_OP_PUSH_POS_NOT + tlen + SIZE_OP_FAIL_POS;
+    break;
+  case ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND:
+    len = SIZE_OP_LOOK_BEHIND + tlen;
+    break;
+  case ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT:
+    len = SIZE_OP_PUSH_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT + tlen + SIZE_OP_FAIL_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT;
+    break;
+
+  default:
+    len = SIZE_OPCODE;
+    break;
+  }
+
+  return len;
+}
+
+static int
+compile_anchor_node(AnchorNode* node, regex_t* reg)
+{
+  int r, len;
+
+  switch (node->type) {
+  case ANCHOR_BEGIN_BUF:      r = add_opcode(reg, OP_BEGIN_BUF);      break;
+  case ANCHOR_END_BUF:        r = add_opcode(reg, OP_END_BUF);        break;
+  case ANCHOR_BEGIN_LINE:     r = add_opcode(reg, OP_BEGIN_LINE);     break;
+  case ANCHOR_END_LINE:       r = add_opcode(reg, OP_END_LINE);       break;
+  case ANCHOR_SEMI_END_BUF:   r = add_opcode(reg, OP_SEMI_END_BUF);   break;
+  case ANCHOR_BEGIN_POSITION: r = add_opcode(reg, OP_BEGIN_POSITION); break;
+
+  case ANCHOR_WORD_BOUND:     r = add_opcode(reg, OP_WORD_BOUND);     break;
+  case ANCHOR_NOT_WORD_BOUND: r = add_opcode(reg, OP_NOT_WORD_BOUND); break;
+#ifdef USE_WORD_BEGIN_END
+  case ANCHOR_WORD_BEGIN:     r = add_opcode(reg, OP_WORD_BEGIN);     break;
+  case ANCHOR_WORD_END:       r = add_opcode(reg, OP_WORD_END);       break;
+#endif
+
+  case ANCHOR_PREC_READ:
+    r = add_opcode(reg, OP_PUSH_POS);
+    if (r) return r;
+    r = compile_tree(node->target, reg);
+    if (r) return r;
+    r = add_opcode(reg, OP_POP_POS);
+    break;
+
+  case ANCHOR_PREC_READ_NOT:
+    len = compile_length_tree(node->target, reg);
+    if (len < 0) return len;
+    r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_PUSH_POS_NOT, len + SIZE_OP_FAIL_POS);
+    if (r) return r;
+    r = compile_tree(node->target, reg);
+    if (r) return r;
+    r = add_opcode(reg, OP_FAIL_POS);
+    break;
+
+  case ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND:
+    {
+      int n;
+      r = add_opcode(reg, OP_LOOK_BEHIND);
+      if (r) return r;
+      if (node->char_len < 0) {
+	r = get_char_length_tree(node->target, reg, &n);
+	if (r) return ONIGERR_INVALID_LOOK_BEHIND_PATTERN;
+      }
+      else
+	n = node->char_len;
+      r = add_length(reg, n);
+      if (r) return r;
+      r = compile_tree(node->target, reg);
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT:
+    {
+      int n;
+      len = compile_length_tree(node->target, reg);
+      r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_PUSH_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT,
+			   len + SIZE_OP_FAIL_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT);
+      if (r) return r;
+      if (node->char_len < 0) {
+	r = get_char_length_tree(node->target, reg, &n);
+	if (r) return ONIGERR_INVALID_LOOK_BEHIND_PATTERN;
+      }
+      else
+	n = node->char_len;
+      r = add_length(reg, n);
+      if (r) return r;
+      r = compile_tree(node->target, reg);
+      if (r) return r;
+      r = add_opcode(reg, OP_FAIL_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT);
+    }
+    break;
+
+  default:
+    return ONIGERR_TYPE_BUG;
+    break;
+  }
+
+  return r;
+}
+
+static int
+compile_length_tree(Node* node, regex_t* reg)
+{
+  int len, type, r;
+
+  type = NTYPE(node);
+  switch (type) {
+  case N_LIST:
+    len = 0;
+    do {
+      r = compile_length_tree(NCONS(node).left, reg);
+      if (r < 0) return r;
+      len += r;
+    } while (IS_NOT_NULL(node = NCONS(node).right));
+    r = len;
+    break;
+
+  case N_ALT:
+    {
+      int n;
+
+      n = r = 0;
+      do {
+	r += compile_length_tree(NCONS(node).left, reg);
+	n++;
+      } while (IS_NOT_NULL(node = NCONS(node).right));
+      r += (SIZE_OP_PUSH + SIZE_OP_JUMP) * (n - 1);
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_STRING:
+    if (NSTRING_IS_RAW(node))
+      r = compile_length_string_raw_node(&(NSTRING(node)), reg);
+    else
+      r = compile_length_string_node(&(NSTRING(node)), reg);
+    break;
+
+  case N_CCLASS:
+    r = compile_length_cclass_node(&(NCCLASS(node)), reg);
+    break;
+
+  case N_CTYPE:
+  case N_ANYCHAR:
+    r = SIZE_OPCODE;
+    break;
+
+  case N_BACKREF:
+    {
+      BackrefNode* br = &(NBACKREF(node));
+
+      if (br->back_num == 1) {
+	r = ((!IS_IGNORECASE(reg->options) && br->back_static[0] <= 3)
+	     ? SIZE_OPCODE : (SIZE_OPCODE + SIZE_MEMNUM));
+      }
+      else {
+	r = SIZE_OPCODE + SIZE_LENGTH + (SIZE_MEMNUM * br->back_num);
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+#ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+  case N_CALL:
+    r = SIZE_OP_CALL;
+    break;
+#endif
+
+  case N_QUALIFIER:
+    r = compile_length_qualifier_node(&(NQUALIFIER(node)), reg);
+    break;
+
+  case N_EFFECT:
+    r = compile_length_effect_node(&NEFFECT(node), reg);
+    break;
+
+  case N_ANCHOR:
+    r = compile_length_anchor_node(&(NANCHOR(node)), reg);
+    break;
+
+  default:
+    return ONIGERR_TYPE_BUG;
+    break;
+  }
+
+  return r;
+}
+
+static int
+compile_tree(Node* node, regex_t* reg)
+{
+  int n, type, len, pos, r = 0;
+
+  type = NTYPE(node);
+  switch (type) {
+  case N_LIST:
+    do {
+      r = compile_tree(NCONS(node).left, reg);
+    } while (r == 0 && IS_NOT_NULL(node = NCONS(node).right));
+    break;
+
+  case N_ALT:
+    {
+      Node* x = node;
+      len = 0;
+      do {
+	len += compile_length_tree(NCONS(x).left, reg);
+	if (NCONS(x).right != NULL) {
+	  len += SIZE_OP_PUSH + SIZE_OP_JUMP;
+	}
+      } while (IS_NOT_NULL(x = NCONS(x).right));
+      pos = reg->used + len;  /* goal position */
+
+      do {
+	len = compile_length_tree(NCONS(node).left, reg);
+	if (IS_NOT_NULL(NCONS(node).right)) {
+	  r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_PUSH, len + SIZE_OP_JUMP);
+	  if (r) break;
+	}
+	r = compile_tree(NCONS(node).left, reg);
+	if (r) break;
+	if (IS_NOT_NULL(NCONS(node).right)) {
+	  len = pos - (reg->used + SIZE_OP_JUMP);
+	  r = add_opcode_rel_addr(reg, OP_JUMP, len);
+	  if (r) break;
+	}
+      } while (IS_NOT_NULL(node = NCONS(node).right));
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_STRING:
+    if (NSTRING_IS_RAW(node))
+      r = compile_string_raw_node(&(NSTRING(node)), reg);
+    else
+      r = compile_string_node(&(NSTRING(node)), reg);
+    break;
+
+  case N_CCLASS:
+    r = compile_cclass_node(&(NCCLASS(node)), reg);
+    break;
+
+  case N_CTYPE:
+    {
+      int op;
+
+      switch (NCTYPE(node).type) {
+      case CTYPE_WORD:            op = OP_WORD;           break;
+      case CTYPE_NOT_WORD:        op = OP_NOT_WORD;       break;
+      default:
+	return ONIGERR_TYPE_BUG;
+	break;
+      }
+      r = add_opcode(reg, op);
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_ANYCHAR:
+    if (IS_MULTILINE(reg->options))
+      r = add_opcode(reg, OP_ANYCHAR_ML);
+    else
+      r = add_opcode(reg, OP_ANYCHAR);
+    break;
+
+  case N_BACKREF:
+    {
+      int i;
+      BackrefNode* br = &(NBACKREF(node));
+
+      if (br->back_num == 1) {
+	n = br->back_static[0];
+	if (IS_IGNORECASE(reg->options)) {
+	  r = add_opcode(reg, OP_BACKREFN_IC);
+	  if (r) return r;
+	  r = add_mem_num(reg, n);
+	}
+	else {
+	  switch (n) {
+	  case 1:  r = add_opcode(reg, OP_BACKREF1); break;
+	  case 2:  r = add_opcode(reg, OP_BACKREF2); break;
+	  case 3:  r = add_opcode(reg, OP_BACKREF3); break;
+	  default:
+	    r = add_opcode(reg, OP_BACKREFN);
+	    if (r) return r;
+	    r = add_mem_num(reg, n);
+	    break;
+	  }
+	}
+      }
+      else {
+	int* p;
+	add_opcode(reg, (IS_IGNORECASE(reg->options) ? 
+			    OP_BACKREF_MULTI_IC : OP_BACKREF_MULTI));
+	if (r) return r;
+	add_length(reg, br->back_num);
+	if (r) return r;
+	p = BACKREFS_P(br);
+	for (i = br->back_num - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+	  r = add_mem_num(reg, p[i]);
+	  if (r) return r;
+	}
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+#ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+  case N_CALL:
+    r = compile_call(&(NCALL(node)), reg);
+    break;
+#endif
+
+  case N_QUALIFIER:
+    r = compile_qualifier_node(&(NQUALIFIER(node)), reg);
+    break;
+
+  case N_EFFECT:
+    r = compile_effect_node(&NEFFECT(node), reg);
+    break;
+
+  case N_ANCHOR:
+    r = compile_anchor_node(&(NANCHOR(node)), reg);
+    break;
+
+  default:
+#ifdef ONIG_DEBUG
+    fprintf(stderr, "compile_tree: undefined node type %d\n", NTYPE(node));
+#endif
+    break;
+  }
+
+  return r;
+}
+
+#ifdef USE_NAMED_GROUP
+typedef struct {
+  int new_val;
+} NumMap;
+
+static int
+noname_disable_map(Node** plink, NumMap* map, int* counter)
+{
+  int r = 0;
+  Node* node = *plink;
+
+  switch (NTYPE(node)) {
+  case N_LIST:
+  case N_ALT:
+    do {
+      r = noname_disable_map(&(NCONS(node).left), map, counter);
+    } while (r == 0 && IS_NOT_NULL(node = NCONS(node).right));
+    break;
+
+  case N_QUALIFIER:
+    {
+      Node** ptarget = &(NQUALIFIER(node).target);
+      Node*  old = *ptarget;
+      r = noname_disable_map(ptarget, map, counter);
+      if (*ptarget != old && NTYPE(*ptarget) == N_QUALIFIER) {
+	onig_reduce_nested_qualifier(node, *ptarget);
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_EFFECT:
+    {
+      EffectNode* en = &(NEFFECT(node));
+      if (en->type == EFFECT_MEMORY) {
+	if (IS_EFFECT_NAMED_GROUP(en)) {
+	  (*counter)++;
+	  map[en->regnum].new_val = *counter;
+	  en->regnum = *counter;
+	  r = noname_disable_map(&(en->target), map, counter);
+	}
+	else {
+	  *plink = en->target;
+	  en->target = NULL_NODE;
+	  onig_node_free(node);
+	  r = noname_disable_map(plink, map, counter);
+	}
+      }
+      else
+	r = noname_disable_map(&(en->target), map, counter);
+    }
+    break;
+
+  default:
+    break;
+  }
+
+  return r;
+}
+
+static int
+renumber_node_backref(Node* node, NumMap* map)
+{
+  int i, pos, n, old_num;
+  int *backs;
+  BackrefNode* bn = &(NBACKREF(node));
+
+  if (! IS_BACKREF_NAME_REF(bn))
+    return ONIGERR_NUMBERED_BACKREF_OR_CALL_NOT_ALLOWED;
+
+  old_num = bn->back_num;
+  if (IS_NULL(bn->back_dynamic))
+    backs = bn->back_static;
+  else
+    backs = bn->back_dynamic;
+
+  for (i = 0, pos = 0; i < old_num; i++) {
+    n = map[backs[i]].new_val;
+    if (n > 0) {
+      backs[pos] = n;
+      pos++;
+    }
+  }
+
+  bn->back_num = pos;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+renumber_by_map(Node* node, NumMap* map)
+{
+  int r = 0;
+
+  switch (NTYPE(node)) {
+  case N_LIST:
+  case N_ALT:
+    do {
+      r = renumber_by_map(NCONS(node).left, map);
+    } while (r == 0 && IS_NOT_NULL(node = NCONS(node).right));
+    break;
+  case N_QUALIFIER:
+    r = renumber_by_map(NQUALIFIER(node).target, map);
+    break;
+  case N_EFFECT:
+    r = renumber_by_map(NEFFECT(node).target, map);
+    break;
+
+  case N_BACKREF:
+    r = renumber_node_backref(node, map);
+    break;
+
+  default:
+    break;
+  }
+
+  return r;
+}
+
+static int
+numbered_ref_check(Node* node)
+{
+  int r = 0;
+
+  switch (NTYPE(node)) {
+  case N_LIST:
+  case N_ALT:
+    do {
+      r = numbered_ref_check(NCONS(node).left);
+    } while (r == 0 && IS_NOT_NULL(node = NCONS(node).right));
+    break;
+  case N_QUALIFIER:
+    r = numbered_ref_check(NQUALIFIER(node).target);
+    break;
+  case N_EFFECT:
+    r = numbered_ref_check(NEFFECT(node).target);
+    break;
+
+  case N_BACKREF:
+    if (! IS_BACKREF_NAME_REF(&(NBACKREF(node))))
+      return ONIGERR_NUMBERED_BACKREF_OR_CALL_NOT_ALLOWED;
+    break;
+
+  default:
+    break;
+  }
+
+  return r;
+}
+
+static int
+disable_noname_group_capture(Node** root, regex_t* reg, ScanEnv* env)
+{
+  int r, i, pos, counter;
+  BitStatusType loc;
+  NumMap* map;
+
+  map = (NumMap* )xalloca(sizeof(NumMap) * (env->num_mem + 1));
+  CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(map, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+  for (i = 1; i <= env->num_mem; i++) {
+    map[i].new_val = 0;
+  }
+  counter = 0;
+  r = noname_disable_map(root, map, &counter);
+  if (r != 0) return r;
+
+  r = renumber_by_map(*root, map);
+  if (r != 0) return r;
+
+  for (i = 1, pos = 1; i <= env->num_mem; i++) {
+    if (map[i].new_val > 0) {
+      SCANENV_MEM_NODES(env)[pos] = SCANENV_MEM_NODES(env)[i];
+      pos++;
+    }
+  }
+
+  loc = env->capture_history;
+  BIT_STATUS_CLEAR(env->capture_history);
+  for (i = 1; i <= ONIG_MAX_CAPTURE_HISTORY_GROUP; i++) {
+    if (BIT_STATUS_AT(loc, i)) {
+      BIT_STATUS_ON_AT_SIMPLE(env->capture_history, map[i].new_val);
+    }
+  }
+
+  env->num_mem = env->num_named;
+  reg->num_mem = env->num_named;
+  return 0;
+}
+#endif /* USE_NAMED_GROUP */
+
+#ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+static int
+unset_addr_list_fix(UnsetAddrList* uslist, regex_t* reg)
+{
+  int i, offset;
+  EffectNode* en;
+  AbsAddrType addr;
+#ifndef PLATFORM_UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS
+  UChar buf[SERIALIZE_BUFSIZE];
+#endif
+
+  for (i = 0; i < uslist->num; i++) {
+    en = &(NEFFECT(uslist->us[i].target));
+    if (! IS_EFFECT_ADDR_FIXED(en)) return ONIGERR_PARSER_BUG;
+    addr = en->call_addr;
+    offset = uslist->us[i].offset;
+
+#ifdef PLATFORM_UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS
+    BBUF_WRITE(reg, offset, &addr, SIZE_ABSADDR);
+#else
+    SERIALIZE_ABSADDR(addr, buf);
+    BBUF_WRITE(reg, offset, buf, SIZE_ABSADDR);
+#endif
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifdef USE_INFINITE_REPEAT_MONOMANIAC_MEM_STATUS_CHECK
+static int
+qualifiers_memory_node_info(Node* node)
+{
+  int r = 0;
+
+  switch (NTYPE(node)) {
+  case N_LIST:
+  case N_ALT:
+    {
+      int v;
+      do {
+	v = qualifiers_memory_node_info(NCONS(node).left);
+	if (v > r) r = v;
+      } while (v >= 0 && IS_NOT_NULL(node = NCONS(node).right));
+    }
+    break;
+
+#ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+  case N_CALL:
+    if (IS_CALL_RECURSION(&NCALL(node))) {
+      return NQ_TARGET_IS_EMPTY_REC; /* tiny version */
+    }
+    else
+      r = qualifiers_memory_node_info(NCALL(node).target);
+    break;
+#endif
+
+  case N_QUALIFIER:
+    {
+      QualifierNode* qn = &(NQUALIFIER(node));
+      if (qn->upper != 0) {
+	r = qualifiers_memory_node_info(qn->target);
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_EFFECT:
+    {
+      EffectNode* en = &(NEFFECT(node));
+      switch (en->type) {
+      case EFFECT_MEMORY:
+	return NQ_TARGET_IS_EMPTY_MEM;
+	break;
+
+      case EFFECT_OPTION:
+      case EFFECT_STOP_BACKTRACK:
+	r = qualifiers_memory_node_info(en->target);
+	break;
+      default:
+	break;
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_BACKREF:
+  case N_STRING:
+  case N_CTYPE:
+  case N_CCLASS:
+  case N_ANYCHAR:
+  case N_ANCHOR:
+  default:
+    break;
+  }
+
+  return r;
+}
+#endif /* USE_INFINITE_REPEAT_MONOMANIAC_MEM_STATUS_CHECK */
+
+static int
+get_min_match_length(Node* node, OnigDistance *min, ScanEnv* env)
+{
+  OnigDistance tmin;
+  int r = 0;
+
+  *min = 0;
+  switch (NTYPE(node)) {
+  case N_BACKREF:
+    {
+      int i;
+      int* backs;
+      Node** nodes = SCANENV_MEM_NODES(env);
+      BackrefNode* br = &(NBACKREF(node));
+      if (br->state & NST_RECURSION) break;
+
+      backs = BACKREFS_P(br);
+      if (backs[0] > env->num_mem)  return ONIGERR_INVALID_BACKREF;
+      r = get_min_match_length(nodes[backs[0]], min, env);
+      if (r != 0) break;
+      for (i = 1; i < br->back_num; i++) {
+	if (backs[i] > env->num_mem)  return ONIGERR_INVALID_BACKREF;
+	r = get_min_match_length(nodes[backs[i]], &tmin, env);
+	if (r != 0) break;
+	if (*min > tmin) *min = tmin;
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+#ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+  case N_CALL:
+    if (IS_CALL_RECURSION(&NCALL(node))) {
+      EffectNode* en = &(NEFFECT(NCALL(node).target));
+      if (IS_EFFECT_MIN_FIXED(en))
+	*min = en->min_len;
+    }
+    else
+      r = get_min_match_length(NCALL(node).target, min, env);
+    break;
+#endif
+
+  case N_LIST:
+    do {
+      r = get_min_match_length(NCONS(node).left, &tmin, env);
+      if (r == 0) *min += tmin;
+    } while (r == 0 && IS_NOT_NULL(node = NCONS(node).right));
+    break;
+
+  case N_ALT:
+    {
+      Node *x, *y;
+      y = node;
+      do {
+	x = NCONS(y).left;
+	r = get_min_match_length(x, &tmin, env);
+	if (r != 0) break;
+	if (y == node) *min = tmin;
+	else if (*min > tmin) *min = tmin;
+      } while (r == 0 && IS_NOT_NULL(y = NCONS(y).right));
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_STRING:
+    {
+      StrNode* sn = &(NSTRING(node));
+      *min = sn->end - sn->s;
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_CTYPE:
+    switch (NCTYPE(node).type) {
+    case CTYPE_WORD:     *min = 1; break;
+    case CTYPE_NOT_WORD: *min = 1; break;
+    default:
+      break;
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_CCLASS:
+  case N_ANYCHAR:
+    *min = 1;
+    break;
+
+  case N_QUALIFIER:
+    {
+      QualifierNode* qn = &(NQUALIFIER(node));
+
+      if (qn->lower > 0) {
+	r = get_min_match_length(qn->target, min, env);
+	if (r == 0)
+	  *min = distance_multiply(*min, qn->lower);
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_EFFECT:
+    {
+      EffectNode* en = &(NEFFECT(node));
+      switch (en->type) {
+      case EFFECT_MEMORY:
+#ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+	if (IS_EFFECT_MIN_FIXED(en))
+	  *min = en->min_len;
+	else {
+	  r = get_min_match_length(en->target, min, env);
+	  if (r == 0) {
+	    en->min_len = *min;
+	    SET_EFFECT_STATUS(node, NST_MIN_FIXED);
+	  }
+	}
+	break;
+#endif
+      case EFFECT_OPTION:
+      case EFFECT_STOP_BACKTRACK:
+	r = get_min_match_length(en->target, min, env);
+	break;
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_ANCHOR:
+  default:
+    break;
+  }
+
+  return r;
+}
+
+static int
+get_max_match_length(Node* node, OnigDistance *max, ScanEnv* env)
+{
+  OnigDistance tmax;
+  int r = 0;
+
+  *max = 0;
+  switch (NTYPE(node)) {
+  case N_LIST:
+    do {
+      r = get_max_match_length(NCONS(node).left, &tmax, env);
+      if (r == 0)
+	*max = distance_add(*max, tmax);
+    } while (r == 0 && IS_NOT_NULL(node = NCONS(node).right));
+    break;
+
+  case N_ALT:
+    do {
+      r = get_max_match_length(NCONS(node).left, &tmax, env);
+      if (r == 0 && *max < tmax) *max = tmax;
+    } while (r == 0 && IS_NOT_NULL(node = NCONS(node).right));
+    break;
+
+  case N_STRING:
+    {
+      StrNode* sn = &(NSTRING(node));
+      *max = sn->end - sn->s;
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_CTYPE:
+    switch (NCTYPE(node).type) {
+    case CTYPE_WORD:
+    case CTYPE_NOT_WORD:
+      *max = ONIGENC_MBC_MAXLEN_DIST(env->enc);
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      break;
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_CCLASS:
+  case N_ANYCHAR:
+    *max = ONIGENC_MBC_MAXLEN_DIST(env->enc);
+    break;
+
+  case N_BACKREF:
+    {
+      int i;
+      int* backs;
+      Node** nodes = SCANENV_MEM_NODES(env);
+      BackrefNode* br = &(NBACKREF(node));
+      if (br->state & NST_RECURSION) {
+	*max = ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE;
+	break;
+      }
+      backs = BACKREFS_P(br);
+      for (i = 0; i < br->back_num; i++) {
+	if (backs[i] > env->num_mem)  return ONIGERR_INVALID_BACKREF;
+	r = get_max_match_length(nodes[backs[i]], &tmax, env);
+	if (r != 0) break;
+	if (*max < tmax) *max = tmax;
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+#ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+  case N_CALL:
+    if (! IS_CALL_RECURSION(&(NCALL(node))))
+      r = get_max_match_length(NCALL(node).target, max, env);
+    else
+      *max = ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE;
+    break;
+#endif
+
+  case N_QUALIFIER:
+    {
+      QualifierNode* qn = &(NQUALIFIER(node));
+
+      if (qn->upper != 0) {
+	r = get_max_match_length(qn->target, max, env);
+	if (r == 0 && *max != 0) {
+	  if (! IS_REPEAT_INFINITE(qn->upper))
+	    *max = distance_multiply(*max, qn->upper);
+	  else
+	    *max = ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE;
+	}
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_EFFECT:
+    {
+      EffectNode* en = &(NEFFECT(node));
+      switch (en->type) {
+      case EFFECT_MEMORY:
+#ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+	if (IS_EFFECT_MAX_FIXED(en))
+	  *max = en->max_len;
+	else {
+	  r = get_max_match_length(en->target, max, env);
+	  if (r == 0) {
+	    en->max_len = *max;
+	    SET_EFFECT_STATUS(node, NST_MAX_FIXED);
+	  }
+	}
+	break;
+#endif
+      case EFFECT_OPTION:
+      case EFFECT_STOP_BACKTRACK:
+	r = get_max_match_length(en->target, max, env);
+	break;
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_ANCHOR:
+  default:
+    break;
+  }
+
+  return r;
+}
+
+#define GET_CHAR_LEN_VARLEN           -1
+#define GET_CHAR_LEN_TOP_ALT_VARLEN   -2
+
+/* fixed size pattern node only */
+static int
+get_char_length_tree1(Node* node, regex_t* reg, int* len, int level)
+{
+  int tlen;
+  int r = 0;
+
+  level++;
+  *len = 0;
+  switch (NTYPE(node)) {
+  case N_LIST:
+    do {
+      r = get_char_length_tree1(NCONS(node).left, reg, &tlen, level);
+      if (r == 0)
+	*len = distance_add(*len, tlen);
+    } while (r == 0 && IS_NOT_NULL(node = NCONS(node).right));
+    break;
+
+  case N_ALT:
+    {
+      int tlen2;
+      int varlen = 0;
+
+      r = get_char_length_tree1(NCONS(node).left, reg, &tlen, level);
+      while (r == 0 && IS_NOT_NULL(node = NCONS(node).right)) {
+	r = get_char_length_tree1(NCONS(node).left, reg, &tlen2, level);
+	if (r == 0) {
+	  if (tlen != tlen2)
+	    varlen = 1;
+	}
+      }
+      if (r == 0) {
+	if (varlen != 0) {
+	  if (level == 1)
+	    r = GET_CHAR_LEN_TOP_ALT_VARLEN;
+	  else
+	    r = GET_CHAR_LEN_VARLEN;
+	}
+	else
+	  *len = tlen;
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_STRING:
+    {
+      StrNode* sn = &(NSTRING(node));
+      UChar *s = sn->s;
+      while (s < sn->end) {
+	s += enc_len(reg->enc, *s);
+	(*len)++;
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_QUALIFIER:
+    {
+      QualifierNode* qn = &(NQUALIFIER(node));
+      if (qn->lower == qn->upper) {
+	r = get_char_length_tree1(qn->target, reg, &tlen, level);
+	if (r == 0)
+	  *len = distance_multiply(tlen, qn->lower);
+      }
+      else
+	r = GET_CHAR_LEN_VARLEN;
+    }
+    break;
+
+#ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+  case N_CALL:
+    if (! IS_CALL_RECURSION(&(NCALL(node))))
+      r = get_char_length_tree1(NCALL(node).target, reg, len, level);
+    else
+      r = GET_CHAR_LEN_VARLEN;
+    break;
+#endif
+
+  case N_CTYPE:
+    switch (NCTYPE(node).type) {
+    case CTYPE_WORD:
+    case CTYPE_NOT_WORD:
+      *len = 1;
+      break;
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_CCLASS:
+  case N_ANYCHAR:
+    *len = 1;
+    break;
+
+  case N_EFFECT:
+    {
+      EffectNode* en = &(NEFFECT(node));
+      switch (en->type) {
+      case EFFECT_MEMORY:
+#ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+	if (IS_EFFECT_CLEN_FIXED(en))
+	  *len = en->char_len;
+	else {
+	  r = get_char_length_tree1(en->target, reg, len, level);
+	  if (r == 0) {
+	    en->char_len = *len;
+	    SET_EFFECT_STATUS(node, NST_CLEN_FIXED);
+	  }
+	}
+	break;
+#endif
+      case EFFECT_OPTION:
+      case EFFECT_STOP_BACKTRACK:
+	r = get_char_length_tree1(en->target, reg, len, level);
+	break;
+      default:
+	break;
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_ANCHOR:
+    break;
+
+  default:
+    r = GET_CHAR_LEN_VARLEN;
+    break;
+  }
+
+  return r;
+}
+
+static int
+get_char_length_tree(Node* node, regex_t* reg, int* len)
+{
+  return get_char_length_tree1(node, reg, len, 0);
+}
+
+extern int
+onig_is_code_in_cc(OnigEncoding enc, OnigCodePoint code, CClassNode* cc)
+{
+  int found;
+
+  if (code >= SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE) {
+    if (IS_NULL(cc->mbuf)) {
+      found = 0;
+    }
+    else {
+      found = (onig_is_in_code_range(cc->mbuf->p, code) != 0 ? 1 : 0);
+    }
+  }
+  else {
+    found = (BITSET_AT(cc->bs, code) == 0 ? 0 : 1);
+  }
+
+  if (cc->not == 0)
+    return found;
+  else
+    return !found;
+}
+
+/* x is not included y ==>  1 : 0 */
+static int
+is_not_included(Node* x, Node* y, regex_t* reg)
+{
+  int i, len;
+  OnigCodePoint code;
+  UChar *p, c;
+  int ytype;
+
+ retry:
+  ytype = NTYPE(y);
+  switch (NTYPE(x)) {
+  case N_CTYPE:
+    {
+      switch (ytype) {
+      case N_CTYPE:
+	switch (NCTYPE(x).type) {
+	case CTYPE_WORD:
+	  if (NCTYPE(y).type == CTYPE_NOT_WORD)
+	    return 1;
+	  else
+	    return 0;
+	  break;
+	case CTYPE_NOT_WORD:
+	  if (NCTYPE(y).type == CTYPE_WORD)
+	    return 1;
+	  else
+	    return 0;
+	  break;
+	default:
+	  break;
+	}
+	break;
+
+      case N_CCLASS:
+      swap:
+	{
+	  Node* tmp;
+	  tmp = x; x = y; y = tmp;
+	  goto retry;
+	}
+	break;
+
+      case N_STRING:
+	goto swap;
+	break;
+
+      default:
+	break;
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_CCLASS:
+    {
+      CClassNode* xc = &(NCCLASS(x));
+      switch (ytype) {
+      case N_CTYPE:
+	switch (NCTYPE(y).type) {
+	case CTYPE_WORD:
+	  if (IS_NULL(xc->mbuf) && xc->not == 0) {
+	    for (i = 0; i < SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; i++) {
+	      if (BITSET_AT(xc->bs, i)) {
+		if (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_SB_WORD(reg->enc, i)) return 0;
+	      }
+	    }
+	    return 1;
+	  }
+	  return 0;
+	  break;
+	case CTYPE_NOT_WORD:
+	  for (i = 0; i < SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; i++) {
+	    if (! ONIGENC_IS_CODE_SB_WORD(reg->enc, i)) {
+	      if (xc->not == 0) {
+		if (BITSET_AT(xc->bs, i))
+		  return 0;
+	      }
+	      else {
+		if (! BITSET_AT(xc->bs, i))
+		  return 0;
+	      }
+	    }
+	  }
+	  return 1;
+	  break;
+
+	default:
+	  break;
+	}
+	break;
+
+      case N_CCLASS:
+	{
+	  int v;
+	  CClassNode* yc = &(NCCLASS(y));
+
+	  for (i = 0; i < SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; i++) {
+	    v = BITSET_AT(xc->bs, i);
+	    if ((v != 0 && xc->not == 0) || (v == 0 && xc->not)) {
+	      v = BITSET_AT(yc->bs, i);
+	      if ((v != 0 && yc->not == 0) || (v == 0 && yc->not))
+		return 0;
+	    }
+	  }
+	  if ((IS_NULL(xc->mbuf) && xc->not == 0) ||
+	      (IS_NULL(yc->mbuf) && yc->not == 0))
+	    return 1;
+	  return 0;
+	}
+	break;
+
+      case N_STRING:
+	goto swap;
+	break;
+
+      default:
+	break;
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_STRING:
+    {
+      StrNode* xs = &(NSTRING(x));
+      if (NSTRING_LEN(x) == 0)
+	break;
+
+      c = *(xs->s);
+      switch (ytype) {
+      case N_CTYPE:
+	switch (NCTYPE(y).type) {
+	case CTYPE_WORD:
+	  return (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(reg->enc, xs->s, xs->end) ? 0 : 1);
+	  break;
+	case CTYPE_NOT_WORD:
+	  return (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(reg->enc, xs->s, xs->end) ? 1 : 0);
+	  break;
+	default:
+	  break;
+	}
+	break;
+
+      case N_CCLASS:
+	{
+	  CClassNode* cc = &(NCCLASS(y));
+
+	  code = ONIGENC_MBC_TO_CODE(reg->enc, xs->s,
+				 xs->s + enc_len(reg->enc, c));
+	  return (onig_is_code_in_cc(reg->enc, code, cc) != 0 ? 0 : 1);
+	}
+	break;
+
+      case N_STRING:
+	{
+	  UChar *q;
+	  StrNode* ys = &(NSTRING(y));
+	  len = NSTRING_LEN(x);
+	  if (len > NSTRING_LEN(y)) len = NSTRING_LEN(y);
+	  if (NSTRING_IS_CASE_AMBIG(x) || NSTRING_IS_CASE_AMBIG(y)) {
+	    UChar plow[ONIGENC_MBC_TO_LOWER_MAXLEN];
+	    UChar qlow[ONIGENC_MBC_TO_LOWER_MAXLEN];
+	    int plen, qlen;
+	    for (p = ys->s, q = xs->s; q < xs->end; ) {
+	      plen = ONIGENC_MBC_TO_LOWER(reg->enc, p, plow);
+	      qlen = ONIGENC_MBC_TO_LOWER(reg->enc, q, qlow);
+	      if (plen != qlen || onig_strncmp(plow, qlow, plen) != 0)
+		return 1;
+	      p += enc_len(reg->enc, *p);
+	      q += enc_len(reg->enc, *q);
+	    }
+	  }
+	  else {
+	    for (i = 0, p = ys->s, q = xs->s; i < len; i++, p++, q++) {
+	      if (*p != *q) return 1;
+	    }
+	  }
+	}
+	break;
+	
+      default:
+	break;
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+  default:
+    break;
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static Node*
+get_head_value_node(Node* node, int exact, regex_t* reg)
+{
+  Node* n = NULL_NODE;
+
+  switch (NTYPE(node)) {
+  case N_BACKREF:
+  case N_ALT:
+  case N_ANYCHAR:
+#ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+  case N_CALL:
+#endif
+    break;
+
+  case N_CTYPE:
+  case N_CCLASS:
+    if (exact == 0) {
+      n = node;
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_LIST:
+    n = get_head_value_node(NCONS(node).left, exact, reg);
+    break;
+
+  case N_STRING:
+    {
+      StrNode* sn = &(NSTRING(node));
+
+      if (sn->end <= sn->s)
+	break;
+
+      if (exact != 0 &&
+	  !NSTRING_IS_RAW(node) && IS_IGNORECASE(reg->options)) {
+	if (! ONIGENC_IS_MBC_CASE_AMBIG(reg->enc, sn->s))
+	  n = node;
+      }
+      else {
+	n = node;
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_QUALIFIER:
+    {
+      QualifierNode* qn = &(NQUALIFIER(node));
+      if (qn->lower > 0) {
+	if (IS_NOT_NULL(qn->head_exact))
+	  n = qn->head_exact;
+	else
+	  n = get_head_value_node(qn->target, exact, reg);
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_EFFECT:
+    {
+      EffectNode* en = &(NEFFECT(node));
+      switch (en->type) {
+      case EFFECT_OPTION:
+	{
+	  OnigOptionType options = reg->options;
+
+	  reg->options = NEFFECT(node).option;
+	  n = get_head_value_node(NEFFECT(node).target, exact, reg);
+	  reg->options = options;
+	}
+	break;
+
+      case EFFECT_MEMORY:
+      case EFFECT_STOP_BACKTRACK:
+	n = get_head_value_node(en->target, exact, reg);
+	break;
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_ANCHOR:
+    if (NANCHOR(node).type == ANCHOR_PREC_READ)
+      n = get_head_value_node(NANCHOR(node).target, exact, reg);
+    break;
+
+  default:
+    break;
+  }
+
+  return n;
+}
+
+static int
+check_type_tree(Node* node, int type_mask, int effect_mask, int anchor_mask)
+{
+  int type, r = 0;
+
+  type = NTYPE(node);
+  if ((type & type_mask) == 0)
+    return 1;
+
+  switch (type) {
+  case N_LIST:
+  case N_ALT:
+    do {
+      r = check_type_tree(NCONS(node).left, type_mask, effect_mask, anchor_mask);
+    } while (r == 0 && IS_NOT_NULL(node = NCONS(node).right));
+    break;
+
+  case N_QUALIFIER:
+    r = check_type_tree(NQUALIFIER(node).target, type_mask, effect_mask,
+			anchor_mask);
+    break;
+
+  case N_EFFECT:
+    {
+      EffectNode* en = &(NEFFECT(node));
+      if ((en->type & effect_mask) == 0)
+	return 1;
+
+      r = check_type_tree(en->target, type_mask, effect_mask, anchor_mask);
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_ANCHOR:
+    type = NANCHOR(node).type;
+    if ((type & anchor_mask) == 0)
+      return 1;
+
+    if (NANCHOR(node).target)
+      r = check_type_tree(NANCHOR(node).target,
+			  type_mask, effect_mask, anchor_mask);
+    break;
+
+  default:
+    break;
+  }
+  return r;
+}
+
+#ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+
+#define RECURSION_EXIST       1
+#define RECURSION_INFINITE    2
+
+static int
+subexp_inf_recursive_check(Node* node, ScanEnv* env, int head)
+{
+  int type;
+  int r = 0;
+
+  type = NTYPE(node);
+  switch (type) {
+  case N_LIST:
+    {
+      Node *x;
+      OnigDistance min;
+      int ret;
+
+      x = node;
+      do {
+	ret = subexp_inf_recursive_check(NCONS(x).left, env, head);
+	if (ret < 0 || ret == RECURSION_INFINITE) return ret;
+	r |= ret;
+	if (head) {
+	  ret = get_min_match_length(NCONS(x).left, &min, env);
+	  if (ret != 0) return ret;
+	  if (min != 0) head = 0;
+	}
+      } while (IS_NOT_NULL(x = NCONS(x).right));
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_ALT:
+    {
+      int ret;
+      r = RECURSION_EXIST;
+      do {
+	ret = subexp_inf_recursive_check(NCONS(node).left, env, head);
+	if (ret < 0 || ret == RECURSION_INFINITE) return ret;
+	r &= ret;
+      } while (IS_NOT_NULL(node = NCONS(node).right));
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_QUALIFIER:
+    r = subexp_inf_recursive_check(NQUALIFIER(node).target, env, head);
+    break;
+
+  case N_ANCHOR:
+    {
+      AnchorNode* an = &(NANCHOR(node));
+      switch (an->type) {
+      case ANCHOR_PREC_READ:
+      case ANCHOR_PREC_READ_NOT:
+      case ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND:
+      case ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT:
+	r = subexp_inf_recursive_check(an->target, env, head);
+	break;
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_CALL:
+    r = subexp_inf_recursive_check(NCALL(node).target, env, head);
+    break;
+
+  case N_EFFECT:
+    if (IS_EFFECT_MARK2(&(NEFFECT(node))))
+      return 0;
+    else if (IS_EFFECT_MARK1(&(NEFFECT(node))))
+      return (head == 0 ? RECURSION_EXIST : RECURSION_INFINITE);
+    else {
+      SET_EFFECT_STATUS(node, NST_MARK2);
+      r = subexp_inf_recursive_check(NEFFECT(node).target, env, head);
+      CLEAR_EFFECT_STATUS(node, NST_MARK2);
+    }
+    break;
+
+  default:
+    break;
+  }
+
+  return r;
+}
+
+static int
+subexp_inf_recursive_check_trav(Node* node, ScanEnv* env)
+{
+  int type;
+  int r = 0;
+
+  type = NTYPE(node);
+  switch (type) {
+  case N_LIST:
+  case N_ALT:
+    do {
+      r = subexp_inf_recursive_check_trav(NCONS(node).left, env);
+    } while (r == 0 && IS_NOT_NULL(node = NCONS(node).right));
+    break;
+
+  case N_QUALIFIER:
+    r = subexp_inf_recursive_check_trav(NQUALIFIER(node).target, env);
+    break;
+
+  case N_ANCHOR:
+    {
+      AnchorNode* an = &(NANCHOR(node));
+      switch (an->type) {
+      case ANCHOR_PREC_READ:
+      case ANCHOR_PREC_READ_NOT:
+      case ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND:
+      case ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT:
+	r = subexp_inf_recursive_check_trav(an->target, env);
+	break;
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_EFFECT:
+    {
+      EffectNode* en = &(NEFFECT(node));
+
+      if (IS_EFFECT_RECURSION(en)) {
+	SET_EFFECT_STATUS(node, NST_MARK1);
+	r = subexp_inf_recursive_check(en->target, env, 1);
+	if (r > 0) return ONIGERR_NEVER_ENDING_RECURSION;
+	CLEAR_EFFECT_STATUS(node, NST_MARK1);
+      }
+      r = subexp_inf_recursive_check_trav(en->target, env);
+    }
+
+    break;
+
+  default:
+    break;
+  }
+
+  return r;
+}
+
+static int
+subexp_recursive_check(Node* node)
+{
+  int type;
+  int r = 0;
+
+  type = NTYPE(node);
+  switch (type) {
+  case N_LIST:
+  case N_ALT:
+    do {
+      r |= subexp_recursive_check(NCONS(node).left);
+    } while (IS_NOT_NULL(node = NCONS(node).right));
+    break;
+
+  case N_QUALIFIER:
+    r = subexp_recursive_check(NQUALIFIER(node).target);
+    break;
+
+  case N_ANCHOR:
+    {
+      AnchorNode* an = &(NANCHOR(node));
+      switch (an->type) {
+      case ANCHOR_PREC_READ:
+      case ANCHOR_PREC_READ_NOT:
+      case ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND:
+      case ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT:
+	r = subexp_recursive_check(an->target);
+	break;
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_CALL:
+    r = subexp_recursive_check(NCALL(node).target);
+    if (r != 0) SET_CALL_RECURSION(node);
+    break;
+
+  case N_EFFECT:
+    if (IS_EFFECT_MARK2(&(NEFFECT(node))))
+      return 0;
+    else if (IS_EFFECT_MARK1(&(NEFFECT(node))))
+      return 1; /* recursion */
+    else {
+      SET_EFFECT_STATUS(node, NST_MARK2);
+      r = subexp_recursive_check(NEFFECT(node).target);
+      CLEAR_EFFECT_STATUS(node, NST_MARK2);
+    }
+    break;
+
+  default:
+    break;
+  }
+
+  return r;
+}
+
+
+static int
+subexp_recursive_check_trav(Node* node, ScanEnv* env)
+{
+#define FOUND_CALLED_NODE    1
+
+  int type;
+  int r = 0;
+
+  type = NTYPE(node);
+  switch (type) {
+  case N_LIST:
+  case N_ALT:
+    {
+      int ret;
+      do {
+	ret = subexp_recursive_check_trav(NCONS(node).left, env);
+	if (ret == FOUND_CALLED_NODE) r = FOUND_CALLED_NODE;
+	else if (ret < 0) return ret;
+      } while (IS_NOT_NULL(node = NCONS(node).right));
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_QUALIFIER:
+    r = subexp_recursive_check_trav(NQUALIFIER(node).target, env);
+    if (NQUALIFIER(node).upper == 0) {
+      if (r == FOUND_CALLED_NODE)
+	NQUALIFIER(node).is_refered = 1;
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_ANCHOR:
+    {
+      AnchorNode* an = &(NANCHOR(node));
+      switch (an->type) {
+      case ANCHOR_PREC_READ:
+      case ANCHOR_PREC_READ_NOT:
+      case ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND:
+      case ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT:
+	r = subexp_recursive_check_trav(an->target, env);
+	break;
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_EFFECT:
+    {
+      EffectNode* en = &(NEFFECT(node));
+
+      if (! IS_EFFECT_RECURSION(en)) {
+	if (IS_EFFECT_CALLED(en)) {
+	  SET_EFFECT_STATUS(node, NST_MARK1);
+	  r = subexp_recursive_check(en->target);
+	  if (r != 0) SET_EFFECT_STATUS(node, NST_RECURSION);
+	  CLEAR_EFFECT_STATUS(node, NST_MARK1);
+	}
+      }
+      r = subexp_recursive_check_trav(en->target, env);
+      if (IS_EFFECT_CALLED(en))
+	r |= FOUND_CALLED_NODE;
+    }
+    break;
+
+  default:
+    break;
+  }
+
+  return r;
+}
+
+static int
+setup_subexp_call(Node* node, ScanEnv* env)
+{
+  int type;
+  int r = 0;
+
+  type = NTYPE(node);
+  switch (type) {
+  case N_LIST:
+    do {
+      r = setup_subexp_call(NCONS(node).left, env);
+    } while (r == 0 && IS_NOT_NULL(node = NCONS(node).right));
+    break;
+
+  case N_ALT:
+    do {
+      r = setup_subexp_call(NCONS(node).left, env);
+    } while (r == 0 && IS_NOT_NULL(node = NCONS(node).right));
+    break;
+
+  case N_QUALIFIER:
+    r = setup_subexp_call(NQUALIFIER(node).target, env);
+    break;
+  case N_EFFECT:
+    r = setup_subexp_call(NEFFECT(node).target, env);
+    break;
+
+  case N_CALL:
+    {
+      int n, num, *refs;
+      UChar *p;
+      CallNode* cn = &(NCALL(node));
+      Node** nodes = SCANENV_MEM_NODES(env);
+
+#ifdef USE_NAMED_GROUP
+      n = onig_name_to_group_numbers(env->reg, cn->name, cn->name_end, &refs);
+#else
+      n = -1;
+#endif
+      if (n <= 0) {
+	/* name not found, check group number. (?*ddd) */
+	p = cn->name;
+	num = onig_scan_unsigned_number(&p, cn->name_end, env->enc);
+	if (num <= 0 || p != cn->name_end) {
+	  onig_scan_env_set_error_string(env,
+		  ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_NAME_REFERENCE, cn->name, cn->name_end);
+	  return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_NAME_REFERENCE;
+	}
+#ifdef USE_NAMED_GROUP
+	if (env->num_named > 0 &&
+	    IS_SYNTAX_BV(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_CAPTURE_ONLY_NAMED_GROUP) &&
+	    !ONIG_IS_OPTION_ON(env->option, ONIG_OPTION_CAPTURE_GROUP)) {
+	  return ONIGERR_NUMBERED_BACKREF_OR_CALL_NOT_ALLOWED;
+	}
+#endif
+	if (num > env->num_mem) {
+	  onig_scan_env_set_error_string(env,
+		 ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_REFERENCE, cn->name, cn->name_end);
+	  return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_REFERENCE;
+	}
+	cn->ref_num = num;
+	goto set_call_attr;
+      }
+      else if (n > 1) {
+	onig_scan_env_set_error_string(env,
+	       ONIGERR_MULTIPLEX_DEFINITION_NAME_CALL, cn->name, cn->name_end);
+	return ONIGERR_MULTIPLEX_DEFINITION_NAME_CALL;
+      }
+      else {
+	cn->ref_num = refs[0];
+      set_call_attr:
+	cn->target = nodes[cn->ref_num];
+	if (IS_NULL(cn->target)) {
+	  onig_scan_env_set_error_string(env,
+		  ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_NAME_REFERENCE, cn->name, cn->name_end);
+	  return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_NAME_REFERENCE;
+	}
+	SET_EFFECT_STATUS(cn->target, NST_CALLED);
+	BIT_STATUS_ON_AT(env->bt_mem_start, cn->ref_num);
+	cn->unset_addr_list = env->unset_addr_list;
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_ANCHOR:
+    {
+      AnchorNode* an = &(NANCHOR(node));
+
+      switch (an->type) {
+      case ANCHOR_PREC_READ:
+      case ANCHOR_PREC_READ_NOT:
+      case ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND:
+      case ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT:
+	r = setup_subexp_call(an->target, env);
+	break;
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+  default:
+    break;
+  }
+
+  return r;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* divide different length alternatives in look-behind.
+  (?<=A|B) ==> (?<=A)|(?<=B)
+  (?<!A|B) ==> (?<!A)(?<!B)
+*/
+static int
+divide_look_behind_alternatives(Node* node)
+{
+  Node tmp_node;
+  Node *head, *np, *insert_node;
+  AnchorNode* an = &(NANCHOR(node));
+  int anc_type = an->type;
+
+  head = an->target;
+  np = NCONS(head).left;
+  tmp_node = *node; *node = *head; *head = tmp_node;
+  NCONS(node).left = head;
+  NANCHOR(head).target = np;
+
+  np = node;
+  while ((np = NCONS(np).right) != NULL_NODE) {
+    insert_node = onig_node_new_anchor(anc_type);
+    CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(insert_node, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+    NANCHOR(insert_node).target = NCONS(np).left;
+    NCONS(np).left = insert_node;
+  }
+
+  if (anc_type == ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT) {
+    np = node;
+    do {
+      np->type = N_LIST;  /* alt -> list */
+    } while ((np = NCONS(np).right) != NULL_NODE);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+setup_look_behind(Node* node, regex_t* reg, ScanEnv* env)
+{
+  int r, len;
+  AnchorNode* an = &(NANCHOR(node));
+
+  r = get_char_length_tree(an->target, reg, &len);
+  if (r == 0)
+    an->char_len = len;
+  else if (r == GET_CHAR_LEN_VARLEN)
+    r = ONIGERR_INVALID_LOOK_BEHIND_PATTERN;
+  else if (r == GET_CHAR_LEN_TOP_ALT_VARLEN) {
+    if (IS_SYNTAX_BV(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_DIFFERENT_LEN_ALT_LOOK_BEHIND))
+      r = divide_look_behind_alternatives(node);
+    else
+      r = ONIGERR_INVALID_LOOK_BEHIND_PATTERN;
+  }
+
+  return r;
+}
+
+static int
+next_setup(Node* node, Node* next_node, regex_t* reg)
+{
+  int type;
+
+ retry:
+  type = NTYPE(node);
+  if (type == N_QUALIFIER) {
+    QualifierNode* qn = &(NQUALIFIER(node));
+    if (qn->greedy && IS_REPEAT_INFINITE(qn->upper)) {
+#ifdef USE_QUALIFIER_PEEK_NEXT
+      qn->next_head_exact = get_head_value_node(next_node, 1, reg);
+#endif
+      /* automatic posseivation a*b ==> (?>a*)b */
+      if (qn->lower <= 1) {
+	int ttype = NTYPE(qn->target);
+	if (IS_NODE_TYPE_SIMPLE(ttype)) {
+	  Node *x, *y;
+	  x = get_head_value_node(qn->target, 0, reg);
+	  if (IS_NOT_NULL(x)) {
+	    y = get_head_value_node(next_node,  0, reg);
+	    if (IS_NOT_NULL(y) && is_not_included(x, y, reg)) {
+	      Node* en = onig_node_new_effect(EFFECT_STOP_BACKTRACK);
+	      CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(en, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+	      SET_EFFECT_STATUS(en, NST_SIMPLE_REPEAT);
+	      swap_node(node, en);
+	      NEFFECT(node).target = en;
+	    }
+	  }
+	}
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  else if (type == N_EFFECT) {
+    EffectNode* en = &(NEFFECT(node));
+    if (en->type == EFFECT_MEMORY) {
+      node = en->target;
+      goto retry;
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+#define IN_ALT      (1<<0)
+#define IN_NOT      (1<<1)
+#define IN_REPEAT   (1<<2)
+
+/* setup_tree does the following work.
+ 1. check empty loop. (set qn->target_empty_info)
+ 2. expand ignore-case in char class.
+ 3. set memory status bit flags. (reg->mem_stats)
+ 4. set qn->head_exact for [push, exact] -> [push_or_jump_exact1, exact].
+ 5. find invalid patterns in look-behind.
+ 6. expand repeated string.
+ */
+static int
+setup_tree(Node* node, regex_t* reg, int state, ScanEnv* env)
+{
+  int type;
+  int r = 0;
+
+  type = NTYPE(node);
+  switch (type) {
+  case N_LIST:
+    {
+      Node* prev = NULL_NODE;
+      do {
+	r = setup_tree(NCONS(node).left, reg, state, env);
+	if (IS_NOT_NULL(prev) && r == 0) {
+	  r = next_setup(prev, NCONS(node).left, reg);
+	}
+	prev = NCONS(node).left;
+      } while (r == 0 && IS_NOT_NULL(node = NCONS(node).right));
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_ALT:
+    do {
+      r = setup_tree(NCONS(node).left, reg, (state | IN_ALT), env);
+    } while (r == 0 && IS_NOT_NULL(node = NCONS(node).right));
+    break;
+
+  case N_CCLASS:
+    if (IS_IGNORECASE(reg->options)) {
+      int i;
+      UChar c, lowbuf[ONIGENC_MBC_TO_LOWER_MAXLEN];
+      BitSetRef bs = NCCLASS(node).bs;
+      for (i = 0; i < SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; i++) {
+	c = (UChar )i;
+	ONIGENC_MBC_TO_LOWER(reg->enc, &c, lowbuf);
+	if (*lowbuf != c) {
+	  if (BITSET_AT(bs, c))       BITSET_SET_BIT(bs, *lowbuf);
+	  if (BITSET_AT(bs, *lowbuf)) BITSET_SET_BIT(bs, c);
+	}
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_STRING:
+    if (IS_IGNORECASE(reg->options) && !NSTRING_IS_RAW(node)) {
+      StrNode* sn = &NSTRING(node);
+      UChar* p = sn->s;
+
+      while (p < sn->end) {
+	if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_CASE_AMBIG(reg->enc, p)) {
+	  NSTRING_SET_CASE_AMBIG(node);
+	  break;
+	}
+	p++;
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_CTYPE:
+  case N_ANYCHAR:
+    break;
+
+#ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+  case N_CALL:
+    break;
+#endif
+
+  case N_BACKREF:
+    {
+      int i;
+      int* p;
+      Node** nodes = SCANENV_MEM_NODES(env);
+      BackrefNode* br = &(NBACKREF(node));
+      p = BACKREFS_P(br);
+      for (i = 0; i < br->back_num; i++) {
+	if (p[i] > env->num_mem)  return ONIGERR_INVALID_BACKREF;
+	BIT_STATUS_ON_AT(env->backrefed_mem, p[i]);
+	BIT_STATUS_ON_AT(env->bt_mem_start, p[i]);
+	SET_EFFECT_STATUS(nodes[p[i]], NST_MEM_BACKREFED);
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_QUALIFIER:
+    {
+      OnigDistance d;
+      QualifierNode* qn = &(NQUALIFIER(node));
+      Node* target = qn->target;
+
+      if (IS_REPEAT_INFINITE(qn->upper) || qn->upper >= 1) {
+	r = get_min_match_length(target, &d, env);
+	if (r) break;
+	if (d == 0) {
+	  qn->target_empty_info = NQ_TARGET_IS_EMPTY;
+#ifdef USE_INFINITE_REPEAT_MONOMANIAC_MEM_STATUS_CHECK
+	  r = qualifiers_memory_node_info(target);
+	  if (r < 0) break;
+	  if (r > 0) {
+	    qn->target_empty_info = r;
+	  }
+#endif
+#if 0
+	  r = get_max_match_length(target, &d, env);
+	  if (r == 0 && d == 0) {
+	    /*  ()* ==> ()?, ()+ ==> ()  */
+	    qn->upper = 1;
+	    if (qn->lower > 1) qn->lower = 1;
+	    if (NTYPE(target) == N_STRING) {
+	      qn->upper = qn->lower = 0;  /* /(?:)+/ ==> // */
+	    }
+	  }
+#endif
+	}
+      }
+
+      if (qn->lower != qn->upper)
+	state |= IN_REPEAT;
+      r = setup_tree(target, reg, state, env);
+      if (r) break;
+
+      /* expand string */
+#define EXPAND_STRING_MAX_LENGTH  100
+      if (NTYPE(target) == N_STRING) {
+	if (!IS_REPEAT_INFINITE(qn->lower) && qn->lower == qn->upper &&
+	    qn->lower > 1 && qn->lower <= EXPAND_STRING_MAX_LENGTH) {
+	  int len = NSTRING_LEN(target);
+	  StrNode* sn = &(NSTRING(target));
+
+	  if (len * qn->lower <= EXPAND_STRING_MAX_LENGTH) {
+	    int i, n = qn->lower;
+	    onig_node_conv_to_str_node(node, NSTRING(target).flag);
+	    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+	      r = onig_node_str_cat(node, sn->s, sn->end);
+	      if (r) break;
+	    }
+	    onig_node_free(target);
+	    break; /* break case N_QUALIFIER: */
+	  }
+	}
+      }
+
+#ifdef USE_OP_PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT
+      if (qn->greedy && (qn->target_empty_info != 0)) {
+	if (NTYPE(target) == N_QUALIFIER) {
+	  QualifierNode* tqn = &(NQUALIFIER(target));
+	  if (IS_NOT_NULL(tqn->head_exact)) {
+	    qn->head_exact  = tqn->head_exact;
+	    tqn->head_exact = NULL;
+	  }
+	}
+	else {
+	  qn->head_exact = get_head_value_node(qn->target, 1, reg);
+	}
+      }
+#endif
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_EFFECT:
+    {
+      EffectNode* en = &(NEFFECT(node));
+
+      switch (en->type) {
+      case EFFECT_OPTION:
+	{
+	  OnigOptionType options = reg->options;
+	  reg->options = NEFFECT(node).option;
+	  r = setup_tree(NEFFECT(node).target, reg, state, env);
+	  reg->options = options;
+	}
+	break;
+
+      case EFFECT_MEMORY:
+	if ((state & (IN_ALT | IN_NOT | IN_REPEAT)) != 0) {
+	  BIT_STATUS_ON_AT(env->bt_mem_start, en->regnum);
+	  /* SET_EFFECT_STATUS(node, NST_MEM_IN_ALT_NOT); */
+	}
+	/* fall */
+      case EFFECT_STOP_BACKTRACK:
+	{
+	  Node* target = en->target;
+	  r = setup_tree(target, reg, state, env);
+	  if (NTYPE(target) == N_QUALIFIER) {
+	    QualifierNode* tqn = &(NQUALIFIER(target));
+	    if (IS_REPEAT_INFINITE(tqn->upper) && tqn->lower <= 1 &&
+		tqn->greedy != 0) {  /* (?>a*), a*+ etc... */
+	      int qtype = NTYPE(tqn->target);
+	      if (IS_NODE_TYPE_SIMPLE(qtype))
+		SET_EFFECT_STATUS(node, NST_SIMPLE_REPEAT);
+	    }
+	  }
+	}
+	break;
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_ANCHOR:
+    {
+      AnchorNode* an = &(NANCHOR(node));
+
+      switch (an->type) {
+      case ANCHOR_PREC_READ:
+	r = setup_tree(an->target, reg, state, env);
+	break;
+      case ANCHOR_PREC_READ_NOT:
+	r = setup_tree(an->target, reg, (state | IN_NOT), env);
+	break;
+
+/* allowed node types in look-behind */
+#define ALLOWED_TYPE_IN_LB  \
+  ( N_LIST | N_ALT | N_STRING | N_CCLASS | N_CTYPE | \
+    N_ANYCHAR | N_ANCHOR | N_EFFECT | N_QUALIFIER | N_CALL )
+
+#define ALLOWED_EFFECT_IN_LB       ( EFFECT_MEMORY )
+#define ALLOWED_EFFECT_IN_LB_NOT   0
+
+#define ALLOWED_ANCHOR_IN_LB \
+( ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND | ANCHOR_BEGIN_LINE | ANCHOR_END_LINE | ANCHOR_BEGIN_BUF )
+#define ALLOWED_ANCHOR_IN_LB_NOT \
+( ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT | ANCHOR_BEGIN_LINE | ANCHOR_END_LINE | ANCHOR_BEGIN_BUF )
+	/* can't allow all anchors, because \G in look-behind through Search().
+	   ex. /(?<=\G)zz/.match("azz") => success. */
+
+      case ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND:
+	{
+	  r = check_type_tree(an->target, ALLOWED_TYPE_IN_LB,
+			      ALLOWED_EFFECT_IN_LB, ALLOWED_ANCHOR_IN_LB);
+	  if (r < 0) return r;
+	  if (r > 0) return ONIGERR_INVALID_LOOK_BEHIND_PATTERN;
+	  r = setup_look_behind(node, reg, env);
+	  if (r != 0) return r;
+	  r = setup_tree(an->target, reg, state, env);
+	}
+	break;
+
+      case ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT:
+	{
+	  r = check_type_tree(an->target, ALLOWED_TYPE_IN_LB,
+		      ALLOWED_EFFECT_IN_LB_NOT, ALLOWED_ANCHOR_IN_LB_NOT);
+	  if (r < 0) return r;
+	  if (r > 0) return ONIGERR_INVALID_LOOK_BEHIND_PATTERN;
+	  r = setup_look_behind(node, reg, env);
+	  if (r != 0) return r;
+	  r = setup_tree(an->target, reg, (state | IN_NOT), env);
+	}
+	break;
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+  default:
+    break;
+  }
+
+  return r;
+}
+
+/* set skip map for Boyer-Moor search */
+static int
+set_bm_skip(UChar* s, UChar* end, OnigEncoding enc, int ignore_case,
+	    UChar skip[], int** int_skip)
+{
+  int i, len;
+  UChar lowbuf[ONIGENC_MBC_TO_LOWER_MAXLEN];
+
+  len = end - s;
+  if (len < ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE) {
+    for (i = 0; i < ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE; i++) skip[i] = len;
+
+    if (ignore_case) {
+      for (i = 0; i < len - 1; i++) {
+	ONIGENC_MBC_TO_LOWER(enc, &(s[i]), lowbuf);
+	skip[*lowbuf] = len - 1 - i;
+      }
+    }
+    else {
+      for (i = 0; i < len - 1; i++)
+	skip[s[i]] = len - 1 - i;
+    }
+  }
+  else {
+    if (IS_NULL(*int_skip)) {
+      *int_skip = (int* )xmalloc(sizeof(int) * ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE);
+      if (IS_NULL(*int_skip)) return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
+    }
+    for (i = 0; i < ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE; i++) (*int_skip)[i] = len;
+
+    if (ignore_case) {
+      for (i = 0; i < len - 1; i++) {
+	ONIGENC_MBC_TO_LOWER(enc, &(s[i]), lowbuf);
+	(*int_skip)[*lowbuf] = len - 1 - i;
+      }
+    }
+    else {
+      for (i = 0; i < len - 1; i++)
+	(*int_skip)[s[i]] = len - 1 - i;
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+#define OPT_EXACT_MAXLEN   24
+
+typedef struct {
+  OnigDistance min;  /* min byte length */
+  OnigDistance max;  /* max byte length */
+} MinMaxLen;
+
+typedef struct {
+  MinMaxLen mmd;
+  BitStatusType     backrefed_status;
+  OnigEncoding   enc;
+  OnigOptionType     options;
+  ScanEnv*          scan_env;
+} OptEnv;
+
+typedef struct {
+  int left_anchor;
+  int right_anchor;
+} OptAncInfo;
+
+typedef struct {
+  MinMaxLen  mmd; /* info position */
+  OptAncInfo anc;
+
+  int   reach_end;
+  int   ignore_case;
+  int   len;
+  UChar s[OPT_EXACT_MAXLEN];
+} OptExactInfo;
+
+typedef struct {
+  MinMaxLen mmd; /* info position */
+  OptAncInfo anc;
+
+  int   value;      /* weighted value */
+  UChar map[ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE];
+} OptMapInfo;
+
+typedef struct {
+  MinMaxLen    len;
+
+  OptAncInfo   anc;
+  OptExactInfo exb;    /* boundary */
+  OptExactInfo exm;    /* middle */
+  OptExactInfo expr;   /* prec read (?=...) */
+
+  OptMapInfo   map;   /* boundary */
+} NodeOptInfo;
+
+
+static int
+map_position_value(int i)
+{
+  static int vals[] = {
+    10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10,  1,  1, 10, 10,  1, 10, 10,
+    10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10,
+     1,  6,  3,  6,  6,  6,  6,  6,  6,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,
+     4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,  5,
+     5,  4,  4,  4,  4,  3,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,
+     4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  5,  4,  5,  5,  5,
+     5,  4,  4,  4,  4,  3,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,
+     4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  4,  5,  5,  5,  5, 10,
+  };
+
+  if (i < sizeof(vals)/sizeof(vals[0])) return vals[i];
+
+  return 7;   /* Take it easy. */
+}
+
+static int
+distance_value(MinMaxLen* mm)
+{
+  /* 1000 / (min-max-dist + 1) */
+  static int dist_vals[] = {
+    1000,  500,  333,  250,  200,  167,  143,  125,  111,  100, 
+      91,   83,   77,   71,   67,   63,   59,   56,   53,   50, 
+      48,   45,   43,   42,   40,   38,   37,   36,   34,   33, 
+      32,   31,   30,   29,   29,   28,   27,   26,   26,   25, 
+      24,   24,   23,   23,   22,   22,   21,   21,   20,   20, 
+      20,   19,   19,   19,   18,   18,   18,   17,   17,   17, 
+      16,   16,   16,   16,   15,   15,   15,   15,   14,   14, 
+      14,   14,   14,   14,   13,   13,   13,   13,   13,   13, 
+      12,   12,   12,   12,   12,   12,   11,   11,   11,   11, 
+      11,   11,   11,   11,   11,   10,   10,   10,   10,   10
+  };
+
+  int d;
+
+  if (mm->max == ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE) return 0;
+
+  d = mm->max - mm->min;
+  if (d < sizeof(dist_vals)/sizeof(dist_vals[0]))
+    /* return dist_vals[d] * 16 / (mm->min + 12); */
+    return dist_vals[d];
+  else
+    return 1;
+}
+
+static int
+comp_distance_value(MinMaxLen* d1, MinMaxLen* d2, int v1, int v2)
+{
+  if (v2 <= 0) return -1;
+  if (v1 <= 0) return  1;
+
+  v1 *= distance_value(d1);
+  v2 *= distance_value(d2);
+
+  if (v2 > v1) return  1;
+  if (v2 < v1) return -1;
+
+  if (d2->min < d1->min) return  1;
+  if (d2->min > d1->min) return -1;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+is_equal_mml(MinMaxLen* a, MinMaxLen* b)
+{
+  return (a->min == b->min && a->max == b->max) ? 1 : 0;
+}
+
+
+static void
+set_mml(MinMaxLen* mml, OnigDistance min, OnigDistance max)
+{
+  mml->min = min;
+  mml->max = max;
+}
+
+static void
+clear_mml(MinMaxLen* mml)
+{
+  mml->min = mml->max = 0;
+}
+
+static void
+copy_mml(MinMaxLen* to, MinMaxLen* from)
+{
+  to->min = from->min;
+  to->max = from->max;
+}
+
+static void
+add_mml(MinMaxLen* to, MinMaxLen* from)
+{
+  to->min = distance_add(to->min, from->min);
+  to->max = distance_add(to->max, from->max);
+}
+
+static void
+add_len_mml(MinMaxLen* to, OnigDistance len)
+{
+  to->min = distance_add(to->min, len);
+  to->max = distance_add(to->max, len);
+}
+
+static void
+alt_merge_mml(MinMaxLen* to, MinMaxLen* from)
+{
+  if (to->min > from->min) to->min = from->min;
+  if (to->max < from->max) to->max = from->max;
+}
+
+static void
+copy_opt_env(OptEnv* to, OptEnv* from)
+{
+  *to = *from;
+}
+
+static void
+clear_opt_anc_info(OptAncInfo* anc)
+{
+  anc->left_anchor  = 0;
+  anc->right_anchor = 0;
+}
+
+static void
+copy_opt_anc_info(OptAncInfo* to, OptAncInfo* from)
+{
+  *to = *from;
+}
+
+static void
+concat_opt_anc_info(OptAncInfo* to, OptAncInfo* left, OptAncInfo* right,
+		    OnigDistance left_len, OnigDistance right_len)
+{
+  clear_opt_anc_info(to);
+
+  to->left_anchor = left->left_anchor;
+  if (left_len == 0) {
+    to->left_anchor |= right->left_anchor;
+  }
+
+  to->right_anchor = right->right_anchor;
+  if (right_len == 0) {
+    to->right_anchor |= left->right_anchor;
+  }
+}
+
+static int
+is_left_anchor(int anc)
+{
+  if (anc == ANCHOR_END_BUF || anc == ANCHOR_SEMI_END_BUF ||
+      anc == ANCHOR_END_LINE || anc == ANCHOR_PREC_READ ||
+      anc == ANCHOR_PREC_READ_NOT)
+    return 0;
+
+  return 1;
+}
+
+static int
+is_set_opt_anc_info(OptAncInfo* to, int anc)
+{
+  if ((to->left_anchor & anc) != 0) return 1;
+
+  return ((to->right_anchor & anc) != 0 ? 1 : 0);
+}
+
+static void
+add_opt_anc_info(OptAncInfo* to, int anc)
+{
+  if (is_left_anchor(anc))
+    to->left_anchor |= anc;
+  else
+    to->right_anchor |= anc;
+}
+
+static void
+remove_opt_anc_info(OptAncInfo* to, int anc)
+{
+  if (is_left_anchor(anc))
+    to->left_anchor &= ~anc;
+  else
+    to->right_anchor &= ~anc;
+}
+
+static void
+alt_merge_opt_anc_info(OptAncInfo* to, OptAncInfo* add)
+{
+  to->left_anchor  &= add->left_anchor;
+  to->right_anchor &= add->right_anchor;
+}
+
+static int
+is_full_opt_exact_info(OptExactInfo* ex)
+{
+  return (ex->len >= OPT_EXACT_MAXLEN ? 1 : 0);
+}
+
+static void
+clear_opt_exact_info(OptExactInfo* ex)
+{
+  clear_mml(&ex->mmd);
+  clear_opt_anc_info(&ex->anc);
+  ex->reach_end   = 0;
+  ex->ignore_case = 0;
+  ex->len         = 0;
+  ex->s[0]        = '\0';
+}
+
+static void
+copy_opt_exact_info(OptExactInfo* to, OptExactInfo* from)
+{
+  *to = *from;
+}
+
+static void
+concat_opt_exact_info(OptExactInfo* to, OptExactInfo* add)
+{
+  int i, n;
+  OptAncInfo tanc;
+
+  if (! to->ignore_case && add->ignore_case) {
+    if (to->len >= add->len) return ;  /* avoid */
+
+    to->ignore_case = 1;
+  }
+
+  for (i = to->len, n = 0; n < add->len && i < OPT_EXACT_MAXLEN; i++, n++)
+    to->s[i] = add->s[n];
+
+  to->len = i;
+  to->reach_end = (n == add->len ? add->reach_end : 0);
+
+  concat_opt_anc_info(&tanc, &to->anc, &add->anc, 1, 1);
+  if (! to->reach_end) tanc.right_anchor = 0;
+  copy_opt_anc_info(&to->anc, &tanc);
+}
+
+static void
+concat_opt_exact_info_str(OptExactInfo* to,
+			  UChar* s, UChar* end, int raw, OnigEncoding enc)
+{
+  int i, j, len;
+  UChar *p;
+
+  for (i = to->len, p = s; p < end && i < OPT_EXACT_MAXLEN; ) {
+    if (raw) {
+      to->s[i++] = *p++;
+    }
+    else {
+      len = enc_len(enc, *p);
+      if (i + len > OPT_EXACT_MAXLEN) break;
+      for (j = 0; j < len; j++)
+	to->s[i++] = *p++;
+    }
+  }
+
+  to->len = i;
+}
+
+static void
+alt_merge_opt_exact_info(OptExactInfo* to, OptExactInfo* add, OptEnv* env)
+{
+  int i, j, len;
+
+  if (add->len == 0 || to->len == 0) {
+    clear_opt_exact_info(to);
+    return ;
+  }
+
+  if (! is_equal_mml(&to->mmd, &add->mmd)) {
+    clear_opt_exact_info(to);
+    return ;
+  }
+
+  for (i = 0; i < to->len && i < add->len; ) {
+    if (to->s[i] != add->s[i]) break;
+    len = enc_len(env->enc, to->s[i]);
+
+    for (j = 1; j < len; j++) {
+      if (to->s[i+j] != add->s[i+j]) break;
+    }
+    if (j < len) break;
+    i += len;
+  }
+
+  if (! add->reach_end || i < add->len || i < to->len) {
+    to->reach_end = 0;
+  }
+  to->len = i;
+  to->ignore_case |= add->ignore_case;
+
+  alt_merge_opt_anc_info(&to->anc, &add->anc);
+  if (! to->reach_end) to->anc.right_anchor = 0;
+}
+
+static void
+select_opt_exact_info(OptExactInfo* now, OptExactInfo* alt)
+{
+  int vlen1, vlen2;
+
+  vlen1 = now->len * (now->ignore_case ? 1 : 2);
+  vlen2 = alt->len * (alt->ignore_case ? 1 : 2);
+
+  if (comp_distance_value(&now->mmd, &alt->mmd, vlen1, vlen2) > 0)
+    copy_opt_exact_info(now, alt);
+}
+
+static void
+clear_opt_map_info(OptMapInfo* map)
+{
+  int i;
+
+  clear_mml(&map->mmd);
+  clear_opt_anc_info(&map->anc);
+  map->value = 0;
+  for (i = 0; i < ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE; i++)
+    map->map[i] = 0;
+}
+
+static void
+copy_opt_map_info(OptMapInfo* to, OptMapInfo* from)
+{
+  *to = *from;
+}
+
+static void
+add_char_opt_map_info(OptMapInfo* map, int c)
+{
+  if (map->map[c] == 0) {
+    map->map[c] = 1;
+    map->value += map_position_value(c);
+  }
+}
+
+static void
+add_char_amb_opt_map_info(OptMapInfo* map, int c, OnigEncoding enc)
+{
+  UChar x, low[ONIGENC_MBC_TO_LOWER_MAXLEN];
+
+  add_char_opt_map_info(map, c);
+
+  x = (UChar )c;
+  ONIGENC_MBC_TO_LOWER(enc, &x, low);
+  if (*low != x) {
+    add_char_opt_map_info(map, (int )(*low));
+  }
+  else {
+    int i;
+    for (i = 0; i < ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE; i++) {
+      x = (UChar )i;
+      ONIGENC_MBC_TO_LOWER(enc, &x, low);
+      if ((int )(*low) == c) add_char_opt_map_info(map, i);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static void
+select_opt_map_info(OptMapInfo* now, OptMapInfo* alt)
+{
+  static int z = 1<<15; /* 32768: something big value */
+
+  int v1, v2;
+
+  if (alt->value == 0) return ;
+  if (now->value == 0) {
+    copy_opt_map_info(now, alt);
+    return ;
+  }
+
+  v1 = z / now->value;
+  v2 = z / alt->value;
+  if (comp_distance_value(&now->mmd, &alt->mmd, v1, v2) > 0)
+    copy_opt_map_info(now, alt);
+}
+
+static int
+comp_opt_exact_or_map_info(OptExactInfo* e, OptMapInfo* m)
+{
+#define COMP_EM_BASE  20
+  int ve, vm;
+
+  if (m->value <= 0) return -1;
+
+  ve = COMP_EM_BASE * e->len * (e->ignore_case ? 1 : 2);
+  vm = COMP_EM_BASE * 5 * 2 / m->value;
+  return comp_distance_value(&e->mmd, &m->mmd, ve, vm);
+}
+
+static void
+alt_merge_opt_map_info(OptMapInfo* to, OptMapInfo* add)
+{
+  int i, val;
+
+  /* if (! is_equal_mml(&to->mmd, &add->mmd)) return ; */
+  if (to->value == 0) return ;
+  if (add->value == 0 || to->mmd.max < add->mmd.min) {
+    clear_opt_map_info(to);
+    return ;
+  }
+
+  alt_merge_mml(&to->mmd, &add->mmd);
+
+  val = 0;
+  for (i = 0; i < ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE; i++) {
+    if (add->map[i])
+      to->map[i] = 1;
+
+    if (to->map[i])
+      val += map_position_value(i);
+  }
+  to->value = val;
+
+  alt_merge_opt_anc_info(&to->anc, &add->anc);
+}
+
+static void
+set_bound_node_opt_info(NodeOptInfo* opt, MinMaxLen* mmd)
+{
+  copy_mml(&(opt->exb.mmd),  mmd);
+  copy_mml(&(opt->expr.mmd), mmd);
+  copy_mml(&(opt->map.mmd),  mmd);
+}
+
+static void
+clear_node_opt_info(NodeOptInfo* opt)
+{
+  clear_mml(&opt->len);
+  clear_opt_anc_info(&opt->anc);
+  clear_opt_exact_info(&opt->exb);
+  clear_opt_exact_info(&opt->exm);
+  clear_opt_exact_info(&opt->expr);
+  clear_opt_map_info(&opt->map);
+}
+
+static void
+copy_node_opt_info(NodeOptInfo* to, NodeOptInfo* from)
+{
+  *to = *from;
+}
+
+static void
+concat_left_node_opt_info(NodeOptInfo* to, NodeOptInfo* add)
+{
+  int exb_reach, exm_reach;
+  OptAncInfo tanc;
+
+  concat_opt_anc_info(&tanc, &to->anc, &add->anc, to->len.max, add->len.max);
+  copy_opt_anc_info(&to->anc, &tanc);
+
+  if (add->exb.len > 0 && to->len.max == 0) {
+    concat_opt_anc_info(&tanc, &to->anc, &add->exb.anc,
+			to->len.max, add->len.max);
+    copy_opt_anc_info(&add->exb.anc, &tanc);
+  }
+
+  if (add->map.value > 0 && to->len.max == 0) {
+    if (add->map.mmd.max == 0)
+      add->map.anc.left_anchor |= to->anc.left_anchor;
+  }
+
+  exb_reach = to->exb.reach_end;
+  exm_reach = to->exm.reach_end;
+
+  if (add->len.max != 0)
+    to->exb.reach_end = to->exm.reach_end = 0;
+
+  if (add->exb.len > 0) {
+    if (exb_reach) {
+      concat_opt_exact_info(&to->exb, &add->exb);
+      clear_opt_exact_info(&add->exb);
+    }
+    else if (exm_reach) {
+      concat_opt_exact_info(&to->exm, &add->exb);
+      clear_opt_exact_info(&add->exb);
+    }
+  }
+  select_opt_exact_info(&to->exm, &add->exb);
+  select_opt_exact_info(&to->exm, &add->exm);
+
+  if (to->expr.len > 0) {
+    if (add->len.max > 0) {
+      if (to->expr.len > (int )add->len.max)
+	to->expr.len = add->len.max;
+
+      if (to->expr.mmd.max == 0)
+	select_opt_exact_info(&to->exb, &to->expr);
+      else
+	select_opt_exact_info(&to->exm, &to->expr);
+    }
+  }
+  else if (add->expr.len > 0) {
+    copy_opt_exact_info(&to->expr, &add->expr);
+  }
+
+  select_opt_map_info(&to->map, &add->map);
+
+  add_mml(&to->len, &add->len);
+}
+
+static void
+alt_merge_node_opt_info(NodeOptInfo* to, NodeOptInfo* add, OptEnv* env)
+{
+  alt_merge_opt_anc_info  (&to->anc,  &add->anc);
+  alt_merge_opt_exact_info(&to->exb,  &add->exb, env);
+  alt_merge_opt_exact_info(&to->exm,  &add->exm, env);
+  alt_merge_opt_exact_info(&to->expr, &add->expr, env);
+  alt_merge_opt_map_info  (&to->map,  &add->map);
+
+  alt_merge_mml(&to->len, &add->len);
+}
+
+
+#define MAX_NODE_OPT_INFO_REF_COUNT    5
+
+static int
+optimize_node_left(Node* node, NodeOptInfo* opt, OptEnv* env)
+{
+  int type;
+  int r = 0;
+
+  clear_node_opt_info(opt);
+  set_bound_node_opt_info(opt, &env->mmd);
+
+  type = NTYPE(node);
+  switch (type) {
+  case N_LIST:
+    {
+      OptEnv nenv;
+      NodeOptInfo nopt;
+      Node* nd = node;
+
+      copy_opt_env(&nenv, env);
+      do {
+	r = optimize_node_left(NCONS(nd).left, &nopt, &nenv);
+	if (r == 0) {
+	  add_mml(&nenv.mmd, &nopt.len);
+	  concat_left_node_opt_info(opt, &nopt);
+	}
+      } while (r == 0 && IS_NOT_NULL(nd = NCONS(nd).right));
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_ALT:
+    {
+      NodeOptInfo nopt;
+      Node* nd = node;
+
+      do {
+	r = optimize_node_left(NCONS(nd).left, &nopt, env);
+	if (r == 0) {
+	  if (nd == node) copy_node_opt_info(opt, &nopt);
+	  else            alt_merge_node_opt_info(opt, &nopt, env);
+	}
+      } while ((r == 0) && IS_NOT_NULL(nd = NCONS(nd).right));
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_STRING:
+    {
+      UChar *p;
+      int len, plen;
+      StrNode* sn = &(NSTRING(node));
+      int slen = sn->end - sn->s;
+      int is_raw = NSTRING_IS_RAW(node);
+
+      if ((! IS_IGNORECASE(env->options)) || is_raw) {
+	concat_opt_exact_info_str(&opt->exb, sn->s, sn->end,
+				  NSTRING_IS_RAW(node), env->enc);
+	if (slen > 0) {
+	  add_char_opt_map_info(&opt->map, *(sn->s));
+	}
+      }
+      else {
+	for (p = sn->s; p < sn->end; ) {
+	  len = enc_len(env->enc, *p);
+	  if (len == 1 && ONIGENC_IS_MBC_CASE_AMBIG(env->enc, p)) {
+	    break;
+	  }
+	  p += len;
+	}
+
+	plen = p - sn->s;
+	if (plen > slen / 5) {
+	  concat_opt_exact_info_str(&opt->exb, sn->s, p,   is_raw, env->enc);
+	  concat_opt_exact_info_str(&opt->exm, p, sn->end, is_raw, env->enc);
+	  opt->exm.ignore_case = 1;
+	  if (opt->exm.len == sn->end - p)
+	    opt->exm.reach_end = 1;
+
+	  copy_mml(&(opt->exm.mmd), &(opt->exb.mmd));
+	  add_len_mml(&(opt->exm.mmd), plen);
+	}
+	else {
+	  concat_opt_exact_info_str(&opt->exb, sn->s, sn->end,
+				    is_raw, env->enc);
+	  opt->exb.ignore_case = 1;
+	}
+
+	if (slen > 0) {
+	  if (p == sn->s)
+	    add_char_amb_opt_map_info(&opt->map, *(sn->s), env->enc);
+	  else
+	    add_char_opt_map_info(&opt->map, *(sn->s));
+	}
+      }
+
+      if (opt->exb.len == slen)
+	opt->exb.reach_end = 1;
+
+      set_mml(&opt->len, slen, slen);
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_CCLASS:
+    {
+      int i, z, len, found, mb_found;
+      CClassNode* cc = &(NCCLASS(node));
+
+      /* no need to check ignore case. (setted in setup_tree()) */
+      found = mb_found = 0;
+      for (i = 0; i < SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; i++) {
+	z = BITSET_AT(cc->bs, i);
+	if ((z && !cc->not) || (!z && cc->not)) {
+	  found = 1;
+	  add_char_opt_map_info(&opt->map, i);
+	}
+      }
+
+      if (IS_NULL(cc->mbuf)) {
+	if (cc->not) {
+	  for (i = 0; i < SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; i++) {
+	    add_char_opt_map_info(&opt->map, i);
+	  }
+	  mb_found = 1;
+	}
+      }
+      else {
+	for (i = 0; i < SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; i++) {
+	  z = ONIGENC_IS_MBC_HEAD(env->enc, i);
+	  if (z) {
+	    mb_found = 1;
+	    add_char_opt_map_info(&opt->map, i);
+	  }
+	}
+      }
+
+      if (mb_found) {
+	len = ONIGENC_MBC_MAXLEN_DIST(env->enc);
+	set_mml(&opt->len, 1, len);
+      }
+      else if (found) {
+	len = 1;
+	set_mml(&opt->len, 1, len);
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_CTYPE:
+    {
+      int c;
+      int len, min, max;
+
+      min = ONIGENC_MBC_MAXLEN_DIST(env->enc);
+      max = 0;
+
+#define IS_WORD_HEAD_BYTE(enc,b) \
+    (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_ASCII(&b) ? ONIGENC_IS_CODE_WORD(enc,((OnigCodePoint )b)) \
+                          : ONIGENC_IS_MBC_HEAD(enc,b))
+
+      switch (NCTYPE(node).type) {
+      case CTYPE_WORD:
+	for (c = 0; c < SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; c++) {
+	  if (IS_WORD_HEAD_BYTE(env->enc, c)) {
+	    add_char_opt_map_info(&opt->map, c);
+	    len = enc_len(env->enc, c);
+	    if (len < min) min = len;
+	    if (len > max) max = len;
+	  }
+	}
+	break;
+
+      case CTYPE_NOT_WORD:
+	for (c = 0; c < SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; c++) {
+	  if (! IS_WORD_HEAD_BYTE(env->enc, c)) {
+	    add_char_opt_map_info(&opt->map, c);
+	    len = enc_len(env->enc, c);
+	    if (len < min) min = len;
+	    if (len > max) max = len;
+	  }
+	}
+	break;
+      }
+
+      set_mml(&opt->len, min, max);
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_ANYCHAR:
+    {
+      OnigDistance len = ONIGENC_MBC_MAXLEN_DIST(env->enc);
+      set_mml(&opt->len, 1, len);
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_ANCHOR:
+    switch (NANCHOR(node).type) {
+    case ANCHOR_BEGIN_BUF:
+    case ANCHOR_BEGIN_POSITION:
+    case ANCHOR_BEGIN_LINE:
+    case ANCHOR_END_BUF:
+    case ANCHOR_SEMI_END_BUF:
+    case ANCHOR_END_LINE:
+      add_opt_anc_info(&opt->anc, NANCHOR(node).type);
+      break;
+
+    case ANCHOR_PREC_READ:
+      {
+	NodeOptInfo nopt;
+
+	r = optimize_node_left(NANCHOR(node).target, &nopt, env);
+	if (r == 0) {
+	  if (nopt.exb.len > 0)
+	    copy_opt_exact_info(&opt->expr, &nopt.exb);
+	  else if (nopt.exm.len > 0)
+	    copy_opt_exact_info(&opt->expr, &nopt.exm);
+
+	  opt->expr.reach_end = 0;
+
+	  if (nopt.map.value > 0)
+	    copy_opt_map_info(&opt->map, &nopt.map);
+	}
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case ANCHOR_PREC_READ_NOT:
+    case ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND: /* Sorry, I can't make use of it. */
+    case ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT:
+      break;
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_BACKREF:
+    {
+      int i;
+      int* backs;
+      OnigDistance min, max, tmin, tmax;
+      Node** nodes = SCANENV_MEM_NODES(env->scan_env);
+      BackrefNode* br = &(NBACKREF(node));
+
+      if (br->state & NST_RECURSION) {
+	set_mml(&opt->len, 0, ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE);
+	break;
+      }
+      backs = BACKREFS_P(br);
+      r = get_min_match_length(nodes[backs[0]], &min, env->scan_env);
+      if (r != 0) break;
+      r = get_max_match_length(nodes[backs[0]], &max, env->scan_env);
+      if (r != 0) break;
+      for (i = 1; i < br->back_num; i++) {
+	r = get_min_match_length(nodes[backs[i]], &tmin, env->scan_env);
+	if (r != 0) break;
+	r = get_max_match_length(nodes[backs[i]], &tmax, env->scan_env);
+	if (r != 0) break;
+	if (min > tmin) min = tmin;
+	if (max < tmax) max = tmax;
+      }
+      if (r == 0) set_mml(&opt->len, min, max);
+    }
+    break;
+
+#ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+  case N_CALL:
+    if (IS_CALL_RECURSION(&(NCALL(node))))
+      set_mml(&opt->len, 0, ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE);
+    else {
+      OnigOptionType save = env->options;
+      env->options = NEFFECT(NCALL(node).target).option;
+      r = optimize_node_left(NCALL(node).target, opt, env);
+      env->options = save;
+    }
+    break;
+#endif
+
+  case N_QUALIFIER:
+    {
+      int i;
+      OnigDistance min, max;
+      NodeOptInfo nopt;
+      QualifierNode* qn = &(NQUALIFIER(node));
+
+      r = optimize_node_left(qn->target, &nopt, env);
+      if (r) break;
+
+      if (qn->lower == 0 && IS_REPEAT_INFINITE(qn->upper)) {
+	if (env->mmd.max == 0 &&
+	    NTYPE(qn->target) == N_ANYCHAR && qn->greedy) {
+	  if (IS_POSIXLINE(env->options))
+	    add_opt_anc_info(&opt->anc, ANCHOR_ANYCHAR_STAR_PL);
+	  else
+	    add_opt_anc_info(&opt->anc, ANCHOR_ANYCHAR_STAR);
+	}
+      }
+      else {
+	if (qn->lower > 0) {
+	  copy_node_opt_info(opt, &nopt);
+	  if (nopt.exb.len > 0) {
+	    if (nopt.exb.reach_end) {
+	      for (i = 2; i < qn->lower &&
+		          ! is_full_opt_exact_info(&opt->exb); i++) {
+		concat_opt_exact_info(&opt->exb, &nopt.exb);
+	      }
+	      if (i < qn->lower) {
+		opt->exb.reach_end = 0;
+	      }
+	    }
+	  }
+
+	  if (qn->lower != qn->upper) {
+	    opt->exb.reach_end = 0;
+	    opt->exm.reach_end = 0;
+	  }
+	  if (qn->lower > 1)
+	    opt->exm.reach_end = 0;
+	}
+      }
+
+      min = distance_multiply(nopt.len.min, qn->lower);
+      if (IS_REPEAT_INFINITE(qn->upper))
+	max = (nopt.len.max > 0 ? ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE : 0);
+      else
+	max = distance_multiply(nopt.len.max, qn->upper);
+
+      set_mml(&opt->len, min, max);
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_EFFECT:
+    {
+      EffectNode* en = &(NEFFECT(node));
+
+      switch (en->type) {
+      case EFFECT_OPTION:
+	{
+	  OnigOptionType save = env->options;
+
+	  env->options = en->option;
+	  r = optimize_node_left(en->target, opt, env);
+	  env->options = save;
+	}
+	break;
+
+      case EFFECT_MEMORY:
+#ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+	en->opt_count++;
+	if (en->opt_count > MAX_NODE_OPT_INFO_REF_COUNT) {
+	  OnigDistance min, max;
+
+	  min = 0;
+	  max = ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE;
+	  if (IS_EFFECT_MIN_FIXED(en)) min = en->min_len;
+	  if (IS_EFFECT_MAX_FIXED(en)) max = en->max_len;
+	  set_mml(&opt->len, min, max);
+	}
+	else
+#endif
+	{
+	  r = optimize_node_left(en->target, opt, env);
+
+	  if (is_set_opt_anc_info(&opt->anc, ANCHOR_ANYCHAR_STAR_MASK)) {
+	    if (BIT_STATUS_AT(env->backrefed_status, en->regnum))
+	      remove_opt_anc_info(&opt->anc, ANCHOR_ANYCHAR_STAR_MASK);
+	  }
+	}
+	break;
+
+      case EFFECT_STOP_BACKTRACK:
+	r = optimize_node_left(en->target, opt, env);
+	break;
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+  default:
+#ifdef ONIG_DEBUG
+    fprintf(stderr, "optimize_node_left: undefined node type %d\n",
+	    NTYPE(node));
+#endif
+    r = ONIGERR_TYPE_BUG;
+    break;
+  }
+
+  return r;
+}
+
+static int
+set_optimize_exact_info(regex_t* reg, OptExactInfo* e)
+{
+  int r;
+
+  if (e->len == 0) return 0;
+
+  reg->exact = onig_strdup(e->s, e->s + e->len);
+  CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(reg->exact, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+
+  reg->exact_end = reg->exact + e->len;
+ 
+  if (e->ignore_case) {
+    UChar buf[ONIGENC_MBC_TO_LOWER_MAXLEN];
+    int len, low_len, i, j, alloc_size;
+
+    alloc_size = e->len;
+    i = j = 0;
+    while (i < e->len) {
+      low_len = ONIGENC_MBC_TO_LOWER(reg->enc, &(e->s[i]), buf);
+      len = enc_len(reg->enc, e->s[i]);
+      if (low_len > alloc_size - i) {
+	reg->exact = xrealloc(reg->exact, alloc_size * 2);
+	CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(reg->exact, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+	alloc_size *= 2;
+      }
+
+      xmemcpy(&(reg->exact[j]), buf, low_len);
+      i += len;
+      j += low_len;
+    }
+    reg->exact_end = reg->exact + j;
+    reg->optimize = ONIG_OPTIMIZE_EXACT_IC;
+  }
+  else {
+    int allow_reverse;
+
+    if (e->anc.left_anchor & ANCHOR_BEGIN_LINE)
+      allow_reverse = 1;
+    else
+      allow_reverse =
+	ONIGENC_IS_ALLOWED_REVERSE_MATCH(reg->enc, reg->exact, reg->exact_end);
+
+    if (e->len >= 3 || (e->len >= 2 && allow_reverse)) {
+      r = set_bm_skip(reg->exact, reg->exact_end, reg->enc, 0,
+	              reg->map, &(reg->int_map));
+      if (r) return r;
+
+      reg->optimize = (allow_reverse != 0
+		       ? ONIG_OPTIMIZE_EXACT_BM : ONIG_OPTIMIZE_EXACT_BM_NOT_REV);
+    }
+    else {
+      reg->optimize = ONIG_OPTIMIZE_EXACT;
+    }
+  }
+
+  reg->dmin = e->mmd.min;
+  reg->dmax = e->mmd.max;
+
+  if (reg->dmin != ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE) {
+    reg->threshold_len = reg->dmin + (reg->exact_end - reg->exact);
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static void
+set_optimize_map_info(regex_t* reg, OptMapInfo* m)
+{
+  int i;
+
+  for (i = 0; i < ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE; i++)
+    reg->map[i] = m->map[i];
+
+  reg->optimize   = ONIG_OPTIMIZE_MAP;
+  reg->dmin       = m->mmd.min;
+  reg->dmax       = m->mmd.max;
+
+  if (reg->dmin != ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE) {
+    reg->threshold_len = reg->dmin + 1;
+  }
+}
+
+static void
+set_sub_anchor(regex_t* reg, OptAncInfo* anc)
+{
+  reg->sub_anchor |= anc->left_anchor  & ANCHOR_BEGIN_LINE;
+  reg->sub_anchor |= anc->right_anchor & ANCHOR_END_LINE;
+}
+
+#ifdef ONIG_DEBUG
+static void print_optimize_info(FILE* f, regex_t* reg);
+#endif
+
+static int
+set_optimize_info_from_tree(Node* node, regex_t* reg, ScanEnv* scan_env)
+{
+
+  int r;
+  NodeOptInfo opt;
+  OptEnv env;
+
+  env.enc        = reg->enc;
+  env.options    = reg->options;
+  env.scan_env   = scan_env;
+  clear_mml(&env.mmd);
+
+  r = optimize_node_left(node, &opt, &env);
+  if (r) return r;
+
+  reg->anchor = opt.anc.left_anchor & (ANCHOR_BEGIN_BUF |
+        ANCHOR_BEGIN_POSITION | ANCHOR_ANYCHAR_STAR | ANCHOR_ANYCHAR_STAR_PL);
+
+  reg->anchor |= opt.anc.right_anchor & (ANCHOR_END_BUF | ANCHOR_SEMI_END_BUF);
+
+  if (reg->anchor & (ANCHOR_END_BUF | ANCHOR_SEMI_END_BUF)) {
+    reg->anchor_dmin = opt.len.min;
+    reg->anchor_dmax = opt.len.max;
+  }
+
+  if (opt.exb.len > 0 || opt.exm.len > 0) {
+    select_opt_exact_info(&opt.exb, &opt.exm);
+    if (opt.map.value > 0 &&
+	comp_opt_exact_or_map_info(&opt.exb, &opt.map) > 0) {
+      goto set_map;
+    }
+    else {
+      r = set_optimize_exact_info(reg, &opt.exb);
+      set_sub_anchor(reg, &opt.exb.anc);
+    }
+  }
+  else if (opt.map.value > 0) {
+  set_map:
+    set_optimize_map_info(reg, &opt.map);
+    set_sub_anchor(reg, &opt.map.anc);
+  }
+  else {
+    reg->sub_anchor |= opt.anc.left_anchor & ANCHOR_BEGIN_LINE;
+    if (opt.len.max == 0)
+      reg->sub_anchor |= opt.anc.right_anchor & ANCHOR_END_LINE;
+  }
+
+#if defined(ONIG_DEBUG_COMPILE) || defined(ONIG_DEBUG_MATCH)
+  print_optimize_info(stderr, reg);
+#endif
+  return r;
+}
+
+static void
+clear_optimize_info(regex_t* reg)
+{
+  reg->optimize      = ONIG_OPTIMIZE_NONE;
+  reg->anchor        = 0;
+  reg->anchor_dmin   = 0;
+  reg->anchor_dmax   = 0;
+  reg->sub_anchor    = 0;
+  reg->exact_end     = (UChar* )NULL;
+  reg->threshold_len = 0;
+  if (IS_NOT_NULL(reg->exact)) {
+    xfree(reg->exact);
+    reg->exact = (UChar* )NULL;
+  }
+}
+
+#ifdef ONIG_DEBUG
+
+static void
+print_distance_range(FILE* f, OnigDistance a, OnigDistance b)
+{
+  if (a == ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE)
+    fputs("inf", f);
+  else
+    fprintf(f, "(%u)", a);
+
+  fputs("-", f);
+
+  if (b == ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE)
+    fputs("inf", f);
+  else
+    fprintf(f, "(%u)", b);
+}
+
+static void
+print_anchor(FILE* f, int anchor)
+{
+  int q = 0;
+
+  fprintf(f, "[");
+
+  if (anchor & ANCHOR_BEGIN_BUF) {
+    fprintf(f, "begin-buf");
+    q = 1;
+  }
+  if (anchor & ANCHOR_BEGIN_LINE) {
+    if (q) fprintf(f, ", ");
+    q = 1;
+    fprintf(f, "begin-line");
+  }
+  if (anchor & ANCHOR_BEGIN_POSITION) {
+    if (q) fprintf(f, ", ");
+    q = 1;
+    fprintf(f, "begin-pos");
+  }
+  if (anchor & ANCHOR_END_BUF) {
+    if (q) fprintf(f, ", ");
+    q = 1;
+    fprintf(f, "end-buf");
+  }
+  if (anchor & ANCHOR_SEMI_END_BUF) {
+    if (q) fprintf(f, ", ");
+    q = 1;
+    fprintf(f, "semi-end-buf");
+  }
+  if (anchor & ANCHOR_END_LINE) {
+    if (q) fprintf(f, ", ");
+    q = 1;
+    fprintf(f, "end-line");
+  }
+  if (anchor & ANCHOR_ANYCHAR_STAR) {
+    if (q) fprintf(f, ", ");
+    q = 1;
+    fprintf(f, "anychar-star");
+  }
+  if (anchor & ANCHOR_ANYCHAR_STAR_PL) {
+    if (q) fprintf(f, ", ");
+    fprintf(f, "anychar-star-pl");
+  }
+
+  fprintf(f, "]");
+}
+
+static void
+print_optimize_info(FILE* f, regex_t* reg)
+{
+  static char* on[] = { "NONE", "EXACT", "EXACT_BM", "EXACT_BM_NOT_REV",
+			"EXACT_IC", "MAP" };
+
+  fprintf(f, "optimize: %s\n", on[reg->optimize]);
+  fprintf(f, "  anchor: "); print_anchor(f, reg->anchor);
+  if ((reg->anchor & ANCHOR_END_BUF_MASK) != 0)
+    print_distance_range(f, reg->anchor_dmin, reg->anchor_dmax);
+  fprintf(f, "\n");
+
+  if (reg->optimize) {
+    fprintf(f, "  sub anchor: "); print_anchor(f, reg->sub_anchor);
+    fprintf(f, "\n");
+  }
+  fprintf(f, "\n");
+
+  if (reg->exact) {
+    UChar *p;
+    fprintf(f, "exact: [");
+    for (p = reg->exact; p < reg->exact_end; p++) {
+      fputc(*p, f);
+    }
+    fprintf(f, "]: length: %d\n", (reg->exact_end - reg->exact));
+  }
+  else if (reg->optimize & ONIG_OPTIMIZE_MAP) {
+    int i, n = 0;
+    for (i = 0; i < ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE; i++)
+      if (reg->map[i]) n++;
+
+    fprintf(f, "map: n=%d\n", n);
+    if (n > 0) {
+      fputc('[', f);
+      for (i = 0; i < ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE; i++)
+	if (reg->map[i] && enc_len(reg->enc, i) == 1 &&
+	    ONIGENC_IS_CODE_PRINT(reg->enc, i))
+	  fputc(i, f);
+      fprintf(f, "]\n");
+    }
+  }
+}
+#endif /* ONIG_DEBUG */
+
+
+static void
+onig_free_body(regex_t* reg)
+{
+  if (IS_NOT_NULL(reg->p))                xfree(reg->p);
+  if (IS_NOT_NULL(reg->exact))            xfree(reg->exact);
+  if (IS_NOT_NULL(reg->int_map))          xfree(reg->int_map);
+  if (IS_NOT_NULL(reg->int_map_backward)) xfree(reg->int_map_backward);
+  if (IS_NOT_NULL(reg->repeat_range))     xfree(reg->repeat_range);
+  if (IS_NOT_NULL(reg->chain))  onig_free(reg->chain);
+
+#ifdef USE_NAMED_GROUP
+  onig_names_free(reg);
+#endif
+}
+
+extern void
+onig_free(regex_t* reg)
+{
+  if (IS_NOT_NULL(reg)) {
+    onig_free_body(reg);
+    xfree(reg);
+  }
+}
+
+#define REGEX_TRANSFER(to,from) do {\
+  (to)->state = ONIG_STATE_MODIFY;\
+  onig_free_body(to);\
+  xmemcpy(to, from, sizeof(regex_t));\
+  xfree(from);\
+} while (0)
+
+static void
+onig_transfer(regex_t* to, regex_t* from)
+{
+  THREAD_ATOMIC_START;
+  REGEX_TRANSFER(to, from);
+  THREAD_ATOMIC_END;
+}
+
+#define REGEX_CHAIN_HEAD(reg) do {\
+  while (IS_NOT_NULL((reg)->chain)) {\
+    (reg) = (reg)->chain;\
+  }\
+} while (0)
+
+static void
+onig_chain_link_add(regex_t* to, regex_t* add)
+{
+  THREAD_ATOMIC_START;
+  REGEX_CHAIN_HEAD(to);
+  to->chain = add;
+  THREAD_ATOMIC_END;
+}
+
+extern void
+onig_chain_reduce(regex_t* reg)
+{
+  regex_t *head, *prev;
+
+  THREAD_ATOMIC_START;
+  prev = reg;
+  head = prev->chain;
+  if (IS_NOT_NULL(head)) {
+    reg->state = ONIG_STATE_MODIFY;
+    while (IS_NOT_NULL(head->chain)) {
+      prev = head;
+      head = head->chain;
+    }
+    prev->chain = (regex_t* )NULL;
+    REGEX_TRANSFER(reg, head);
+  }
+  THREAD_ATOMIC_END;
+}
+
+#if 0
+extern int
+onig_clone(regex_t** to, regex_t* from)
+{
+  int r, size;
+  regex_t* reg;
+
+  if (ONIG_STATE(from) == ONIG_STATE_NORMAL) {
+    from->state++;  /* increment as search counter */
+    if (IS_NOT_NULL(from->chain)) {
+      onig_chain_reduce(from);
+      from->state++;
+    }
+  }
+  else {
+    int n = 0;
+    while (ONIG_STATE(from) < ONIG_STATE_NORMAL) {
+      if (++n > THREAD_PASS_LIMIT_COUNT)
+	return ONIGERR_OVER_THREAD_PASS_LIMIT_COUNT;
+      THREAD_PASS;
+    }
+    from->state++;  /* increment as search counter */
+  }
+
+  r = onig_alloc_init(&reg, ONIG_OPTION_NONE, from->enc, ONIG_SYNTAX_DEFAULT);
+  if (r != 0) {
+    from->state--;
+    return r;
+  }
+
+  xmemcpy(reg, from, sizeof(onig_t));
+  reg->state = ONIG_STATE_NORMAL;
+  reg->chain = (regex_t* )NULL;
+
+  if (from->p) {
+    reg->p = (UChar* )xmalloc(reg->alloc);
+    if (IS_NULL(reg->p)) goto mem_error;
+    xmemcpy(reg->p, from->p, reg->alloc);
+  }
+
+  if (from->exact) {
+    reg->exact = (UChar* )xmalloc(from->exact_end - from->exact);
+    if (IS_NULL(reg->exact)) goto mem_error;
+    reg->exact_end = reg->exact + (from->exact_end - from->exact);
+    xmemcpy(reg->exact, from->exact, reg->exact_end - reg->exact);
+  }
+
+  if (from->int_map) {
+    size = sizeof(int) * ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE;
+    reg->int_map = (int* )xmalloc(size);
+    if (IS_NULL(reg->int_map)) goto mem_error;
+    xmemcpy(reg->int_map, from->int_map, size);
+  }
+
+  if (from->int_map_backward) {
+    size = sizeof(int) * ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE;
+    reg->int_map_backward = (int* )xmalloc(size);
+    if (IS_NULL(reg->int_map_backward)) goto mem_error;
+    xmemcpy(reg->int_map_backward, from->int_map_backward, size);
+  }
+
+#ifdef USE_NAMED_GROUP
+  reg->name_table = names_clone(from); /* names_clone is not implemented */
+#endif
+
+  from->state--;
+  *to = reg;
+  return 0;
+
+ mem_error:
+  from->state--;
+  return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifdef ONIG_DEBUG
+static void print_compiled_byte_code_list P_((FILE* f, regex_t* reg));
+#endif
+#ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_PARSE_TREE
+static void print_tree P_((FILE* f, Node* node));
+#endif
+
+extern int
+onig_compile(regex_t* reg, UChar* pattern, UChar* pattern_end,
+	      OnigErrorInfo* einfo)
+{
+#define COMPILE_INIT_SIZE  20
+
+  int r, init_size;
+  Node*  root;
+  ScanEnv  scan_env;
+#ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+  UnsetAddrList  uslist;
+#endif
+
+  reg->state = ONIG_STATE_COMPILING;
+
+  if (reg->alloc == 0) {
+    init_size = (pattern_end - pattern) * 2;
+    if (init_size <= 0) init_size = COMPILE_INIT_SIZE;
+    r = BBUF_INIT(reg, init_size);
+    if (r != 0) goto end;
+  }
+  else
+    reg->used = 0;
+
+  reg->num_mem            = 0;
+  reg->num_repeat         = 0;
+  reg->num_null_check     = 0;
+  reg->repeat_range_alloc = 0;
+  reg->repeat_range       = (OnigRepeatRange* )NULL;
+
+  r = onig_parse_make_tree(&root, pattern, pattern_end, reg, &scan_env);
+  if (r != 0) goto err;
+
+#ifdef USE_NAMED_GROUP
+  /* mixed use named group and no-named group */
+  if (scan_env.num_named > 0 &&
+      IS_SYNTAX_BV(scan_env.syntax, ONIG_SYN_CAPTURE_ONLY_NAMED_GROUP) &&
+      !ONIG_IS_OPTION_ON(reg->options, ONIG_OPTION_CAPTURE_GROUP)) {
+    if (scan_env.num_named != scan_env.num_mem)
+      r = disable_noname_group_capture(&root, reg, &scan_env);
+    else
+      r = numbered_ref_check(root);
+
+    if (r != 0) goto err;
+  }
+#endif
+
+#ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_PARSE_TREE
+  print_tree(stderr, root);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+  if (scan_env.num_call > 0) {
+    r = unset_addr_list_init(&uslist, scan_env.num_call);
+    if (r != 0) goto err;
+    scan_env.unset_addr_list = &uslist;
+    r = setup_subexp_call(root, &scan_env);
+    if (r != 0) goto err_unset;
+    r = subexp_recursive_check_trav(root, &scan_env);
+    if (r  < 0) goto err_unset;
+    r = subexp_inf_recursive_check_trav(root, &scan_env);
+    if (r != 0) goto err_unset;
+
+    reg->num_call = scan_env.num_call;
+  }
+  else
+    reg->num_call = 0;
+#endif
+
+  r = setup_tree(root, reg, 0, &scan_env);
+  if (r != 0) goto err_unset;
+
+  reg->capture_history  = scan_env.capture_history;
+  reg->bt_mem_start     = scan_env.bt_mem_start;
+  reg->bt_mem_start    |= reg->capture_history;
+  if (IS_FIND_CONDITION(reg->options))
+    BIT_STATUS_ON_ALL(reg->bt_mem_end);
+  else {
+    reg->bt_mem_end  = scan_env.bt_mem_end;
+    reg->bt_mem_end |= reg->capture_history;
+  }
+
+  clear_optimize_info(reg);
+#ifndef ONIG_DONT_OPTIMIZE
+  r = set_optimize_info_from_tree(root, reg, &scan_env);
+  if (r != 0) goto err_unset;
+#endif
+
+  if (IS_NOT_NULL(scan_env.mem_nodes_dynamic)) {
+    xfree(scan_env.mem_nodes_dynamic);
+    scan_env.mem_nodes_dynamic = (Node** )NULL;
+  }
+
+  r = compile_tree(root, reg);
+  if (r == 0) {
+    r = add_opcode(reg, OP_END);
+#ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+    if (scan_env.num_call > 0) {
+      r = unset_addr_list_fix(&uslist, reg);
+      unset_addr_list_end(&uslist);
+      if (r) goto err;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    if ((reg->num_repeat != 0) || (reg->bt_mem_end != 0))
+      reg->stack_pop_level = STACK_POP_LEVEL_ALL;
+    else {
+      if (reg->bt_mem_start != 0)
+	reg->stack_pop_level = STACK_POP_LEVEL_MEM_START;
+      else
+	reg->stack_pop_level = STACK_POP_LEVEL_FREE;
+    }
+  }
+#ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+  else if (scan_env.num_call > 0) {
+    unset_addr_list_end(&uslist);
+  }
+#endif
+  onig_node_free(root);
+
+#ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_COMPILE
+#ifdef USE_NAMED_GROUP
+  onig_print_names(stderr, reg);
+#endif
+  print_compiled_byte_code_list(stderr, reg);
+#endif
+
+ end:
+  reg->state = ONIG_STATE_NORMAL;
+  return r;
+
+ err_unset:
+#ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+  if (scan_env.num_call > 0) {
+    unset_addr_list_end(&uslist);
+  }
+#endif
+ err:
+  if (IS_NOT_NULL(scan_env.error)) {
+    if (IS_NOT_NULL(einfo)) {
+      einfo->par     = scan_env.error;
+      einfo->par_end = scan_env.error_end;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (IS_NOT_NULL(root)) onig_node_free(root);
+  if (IS_NOT_NULL(scan_env.mem_nodes_dynamic))
+      xfree(scan_env.mem_nodes_dynamic);
+  return r;
+}
+
+extern int
+onig_recompile(regex_t* reg, UChar* pattern, UChar* pattern_end,
+	    OnigOptionType option, OnigEncoding enc, OnigSyntaxType* syntax,
+	    OnigErrorInfo* einfo)
+{
+  int r;
+  regex_t *new_reg;
+
+  r = onig_new(&new_reg, pattern, pattern_end, option, enc, syntax, einfo);
+  if (r) return r;
+  if (ONIG_STATE(reg) == ONIG_STATE_NORMAL) {
+    onig_transfer(reg, new_reg);
+  }
+  else {
+    onig_chain_link_add(reg, new_reg);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int onig_inited = 0;
+
+extern int
+onig_alloc_init(regex_t** reg, OnigOptionType option, OnigEncoding enc,
+		 OnigSyntaxType* syntax)
+{
+  if (! onig_inited)
+    onig_init();
+
+  if (ONIGENC_IS_UNDEF(enc))
+    return ONIGERR_DEFAULT_ENCODING_IS_NOT_SETTED;
+
+  *reg = (regex_t* )xmalloc(sizeof(regex_t));
+  if (IS_NULL(*reg)) return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
+
+  if ((option & ONIG_OPTION_NEGATE_SINGLELINE) != 0) {
+    option |= syntax->options;
+    option &= ~ONIG_OPTION_SINGLELINE;
+  }
+  else
+    option |= syntax->options;
+
+  (*reg)->state            = ONIG_STATE_NORMAL;
+  (*reg)->enc              = enc;
+  (*reg)->options          = option;
+  (*reg)->syntax           = syntax;
+  (*reg)->optimize         = 0;
+  (*reg)->exact            = (UChar* )NULL;
+  (*reg)->int_map          = (int* )NULL;
+  (*reg)->int_map_backward = (int* )NULL;
+  (*reg)->chain            = (regex_t* )NULL;
+
+  (*reg)->p                = (UChar* )NULL;
+  (*reg)->alloc            = 0;
+  (*reg)->used             = 0;
+  (*reg)->name_table       = (void* )NULL;
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+extern int
+onig_new(regex_t** reg, UChar* pattern, UChar* pattern_end,
+	  OnigOptionType option, OnigEncoding enc, OnigSyntaxType* syntax,
+	  OnigErrorInfo* einfo)
+{
+  int r;
+
+  if (IS_NOT_NULL(einfo)) einfo->par = (UChar* )NULL;
+
+  r = onig_alloc_init(reg, option, enc, syntax);
+  if (r) return r;
+
+  r = onig_compile(*reg, pattern, pattern_end, einfo);
+  if (r) {
+    onig_free(*reg);
+    *reg = NULL;
+  }
+  return r;
+}
+
+extern int
+onig_init()
+{
+  if (onig_inited != 0)
+    return 0;
+
+  onig_inited = 1;
+
+  THREAD_ATOMIC_START;
+
+  onigenc_init();
+  onigenc_set_default_caseconv_table((UChar* )0);
+
+#ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_STATISTICS
+  onig_statistics_init();
+#endif
+
+  THREAD_ATOMIC_END;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+extern int
+onig_end()
+{
+#ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_STATISTICS
+  onig_print_statistics(stderr);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef USE_RECYCLE_NODE
+  onig_free_node_list();
+#endif
+
+  onig_inited = 0;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+
+#ifdef ONIG_DEBUG
+
+OnigOpInfoType OnigOpInfo[] = {
+  { OP_FINISH,            "finish",          ARG_NON },
+  { OP_END,               "end",             ARG_NON },
+  { OP_EXACT1,            "exact1",          ARG_SPECIAL },
+  { OP_EXACT2,            "exact2",          ARG_SPECIAL },
+  { OP_EXACT3,            "exact3",          ARG_SPECIAL },
+  { OP_EXACT4,            "exact4",          ARG_SPECIAL },
+  { OP_EXACT5,            "exact5",          ARG_SPECIAL },
+  { OP_EXACTN,            "exactn",          ARG_SPECIAL },
+  { OP_EXACTMB2N1,        "exactmb2-n1",     ARG_SPECIAL },
+  { OP_EXACTMB2N2,        "exactmb2-n2",     ARG_SPECIAL },
+  { OP_EXACTMB2N3,        "exactmb2-n3",     ARG_SPECIAL },
+  { OP_EXACTMB2N,         "exactmb2-n",      ARG_SPECIAL },
+  { OP_EXACTMB3N,         "exactmb3n"  ,     ARG_SPECIAL },
+  { OP_EXACTMBN,          "exactmbn",        ARG_SPECIAL },
+  { OP_EXACT1_IC,         "exact1-ic",       ARG_SPECIAL },
+  { OP_EXACTN_IC,         "exactn-ic",       ARG_SPECIAL },
+  { OP_CCLASS,            "cclass",          ARG_SPECIAL },
+  { OP_CCLASS_MB,         "cclass-mb",       ARG_SPECIAL },
+  { OP_CCLASS_MIX,        "cclass-mix",      ARG_SPECIAL },
+  { OP_CCLASS_NOT,        "cclass-not",      ARG_SPECIAL },
+  { OP_CCLASS_MB_NOT,     "cclass-mb-not",   ARG_SPECIAL },
+  { OP_CCLASS_MIX_NOT,    "cclass-mix-not",  ARG_SPECIAL },
+  { OP_ANYCHAR,           "anychar",         ARG_NON },
+  { OP_ANYCHAR_ML,        "anychar-ml",      ARG_NON },
+  { OP_ANYCHAR_STAR,      "anychar*",        ARG_NON },
+  { OP_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR,   "anychar-ml*",     ARG_NON },
+  { OP_ANYCHAR_STAR_PEEK_NEXT, "anychar*-peek-next", ARG_SPECIAL },
+  { OP_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR_PEEK_NEXT, "anychar-ml*-peek-next", ARG_SPECIAL },
+  { OP_WORD,              "word",            ARG_NON },
+  { OP_NOT_WORD,          "not-word",        ARG_NON },
+  { OP_WORD_SB,           "word-sb",         ARG_NON },
+  { OP_WORD_MB,           "word-mb",         ARG_NON },
+  { OP_WORD_BOUND,        "word-bound",      ARG_NON },
+  { OP_NOT_WORD_BOUND,    "not-word-bound",  ARG_NON },
+  { OP_WORD_BEGIN,        "word-begin",      ARG_NON },
+  { OP_WORD_END,          "word-end",        ARG_NON },
+  { OP_BEGIN_BUF,         "begin-buf",       ARG_NON },
+  { OP_END_BUF,           "end-buf",         ARG_NON },
+  { OP_BEGIN_LINE,        "begin-line",      ARG_NON },
+  { OP_END_LINE,          "end-line",        ARG_NON },
+  { OP_SEMI_END_BUF,      "semi-end-buf",    ARG_NON },
+  { OP_BEGIN_POSITION,    "begin-position",  ARG_NON },
+  { OP_BACKREF1,          "backref1",        ARG_NON },
+  { OP_BACKREF2,          "backref2",        ARG_NON },
+  { OP_BACKREF3,          "backref3",        ARG_NON },
+  { OP_BACKREFN,          "backrefn",        ARG_MEMNUM  },
+  { OP_BACKREFN_IC,       "backrefn-ic",     ARG_MEMNUM  },
+  { OP_BACKREF_MULTI,     "backref_multi",   ARG_SPECIAL },
+  { OP_BACKREF_MULTI_IC,  "backref_multi-ic",ARG_SPECIAL },
+  { OP_MEMORY_START_PUSH, "mem-start-push",  ARG_MEMNUM  },
+  { OP_MEMORY_START,      "mem-start",       ARG_MEMNUM  },
+  { OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH,     "mem-end-push",     ARG_MEMNUM  },
+  { OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH_REC, "mem-end-push-rec", ARG_MEMNUM  },
+  { OP_MEMORY_END,          "mem-end",          ARG_MEMNUM  },
+  { OP_MEMORY_END_REC,      "mem-end-rec",      ARG_MEMNUM  },
+  { OP_SET_OPTION_PUSH,   "set-option-push", ARG_OPTION  },
+  { OP_SET_OPTION,        "set-option",      ARG_OPTION  },
+  { OP_FAIL,              "fail",            ARG_NON },
+  { OP_JUMP,              "jump",            ARG_RELADDR },
+  { OP_PUSH,              "push",            ARG_RELADDR },
+  { OP_POP,               "pop",             ARG_NON },
+  { OP_PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT1, "push-or-jump-e1", ARG_SPECIAL },
+  { OP_PUSH_IF_PEEK_NEXT, "push-if-peek-next", ARG_SPECIAL },
+  { OP_REPEAT,            "repeat",          ARG_SPECIAL },
+  { OP_REPEAT_NG,         "repeat-ng",       ARG_SPECIAL },
+  { OP_REPEAT_INC,        "repeat-inc",      ARG_MEMNUM  },
+  { OP_REPEAT_INC_NG,     "repeat-inc-ng",   ARG_MEMNUM  },
+  { OP_NULL_CHECK_START,  "null-check-start",ARG_MEMNUM  },
+  { OP_NULL_CHECK_END,    "null-check-end",  ARG_MEMNUM  },
+  { OP_NULL_CHECK_END_MEMST,"null-check-end-memst",  ARG_MEMNUM  },
+  { OP_NULL_CHECK_END_MEMST_PUSH,"null-check-end-memst-push",  ARG_MEMNUM  },
+  { OP_PUSH_POS,          "push-pos",        ARG_NON },
+  { OP_POP_POS,           "pop-pos",         ARG_NON },
+  { OP_PUSH_POS_NOT,      "push-pos-not",    ARG_RELADDR },
+  { OP_FAIL_POS,          "fail-pos",        ARG_NON },
+  { OP_PUSH_STOP_BT,      "push-stop-bt",    ARG_NON },
+  { OP_POP_STOP_BT,       "pop-stop-bt",     ARG_NON },
+  { OP_LOOK_BEHIND,       "look-behind",     ARG_SPECIAL },
+  { OP_PUSH_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT, "push-look-behind-not", ARG_SPECIAL },
+  { OP_FAIL_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT, "fail-look-behind-not", ARG_NON },
+  { OP_CALL,                 "call",            ARG_ABSADDR },
+  { OP_RETURN,               "return",          ARG_NON },
+  { -1, "", ARG_NON }
+};
+
+static char*
+op2name(int opcode)
+{
+  int i;
+
+  for (i = 0; OnigOpInfo[i].opcode >= 0; i++) {
+    if (opcode == OnigOpInfo[i].opcode)
+      return OnigOpInfo[i].name;
+  }
+  return "";
+}
+
+static int
+op2arg_type(int opcode)
+{
+  int i;
+
+  for (i = 0; OnigOpInfo[i].opcode >= 0; i++) {
+    if (opcode == OnigOpInfo[i].opcode)
+      return OnigOpInfo[i].arg_type;
+  }
+  return ARG_SPECIAL;
+}
+
+static void
+Indent(FILE* f, int indent)
+{
+  int i;
+  for (i = 0; i < indent; i++) putc(' ', f);
+}
+
+static void
+p_string(FILE* f, int len, UChar* s)
+{
+  fputs(":", f);
+  while (len-- > 0) { fputc(*s++, f); }
+}
+
+static void
+p_len_string(FILE* f, LengthType len, int mb_len, UChar* s)
+{
+  int x = len * mb_len;
+
+  fprintf(f, ":%d:", len);
+  while (x-- > 0) { fputc(*s++, f); }
+}
+
+extern void
+onig_print_compiled_byte_code(FILE* f, UChar* bp, UChar** nextp)
+{
+  int i, n, arg_type;
+  RelAddrType addr;
+  LengthType len;
+  MemNumType mem;
+  OnigCodePoint code;
+  UChar *q;
+
+  fprintf(f, "[%s", op2name(*bp));
+  arg_type = op2arg_type(*bp);
+  if (arg_type != ARG_SPECIAL) {
+    bp++;
+    switch (arg_type) {
+    case ARG_NON:
+      break;
+    case ARG_RELADDR:
+      addr = *((RelAddrType* )bp);
+      bp += SIZE_RELADDR;
+      fprintf(f, ":(%d)", addr);
+      break;
+    case ARG_ABSADDR:
+      GET_ABSADDR_INC(addr, bp);
+      fprintf(f, ":(%d)", addr);
+      break;
+    case ARG_LENGTH:
+      GET_LENGTH_INC(len, bp);
+      fprintf(f, ":%d", len);
+      break;
+    case ARG_MEMNUM:
+      mem = *((MemNumType* )bp);
+      bp += SIZE_MEMNUM;
+      fprintf(f, ":%d", mem);
+      break;
+    case ARG_OPTION:
+      {
+	OnigOptionType option = *((OnigOptionType* )bp);
+	bp += SIZE_OPTION;
+	fprintf(f, ":%d", option);
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  else {
+    switch (*bp++) {
+    case OP_EXACT1:
+    case OP_ANYCHAR_STAR_PEEK_NEXT:
+    case OP_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR_PEEK_NEXT:
+      p_string(f, 1, bp++); break;
+    case OP_EXACT2:
+      p_string(f, 2, bp); bp += 2; break;
+    case OP_EXACT3:
+      p_string(f, 3, bp); bp += 3; break;
+    case OP_EXACT4:
+      p_string(f, 4, bp); bp += 4; break;
+    case OP_EXACT5:
+      p_string(f, 5, bp); bp += 5; break;
+    case OP_EXACTN:
+      GET_LENGTH_INC(len, bp);
+      p_len_string(f, len, 1, bp);
+      bp += len;
+      break;
+    
+    case OP_EXACTMB2N1:
+      p_string(f, 2, bp); bp += 2; break;
+    case OP_EXACTMB2N2:
+      p_string(f, 4, bp); bp += 4; break;
+    case OP_EXACTMB2N3:
+      p_string(f, 6, bp); bp += 6; break;
+    case OP_EXACTMB2N:
+      GET_LENGTH_INC(len, bp);
+      p_len_string(f, len, 2, bp);
+      bp += len * 2;
+      break;
+    case OP_EXACTMB3N:
+      GET_LENGTH_INC(len, bp);
+      p_len_string(f, len, 3, bp);
+      bp += len * 3;
+      break;
+    case OP_EXACTMBN:
+      {
+	int mb_len;
+      
+	GET_LENGTH_INC(mb_len, bp);
+	GET_LENGTH_INC(len, bp);
+	fprintf(f, ":%d:%d:", mb_len, len);
+	n = len * mb_len;
+	while (n-- > 0) { fputc(*bp++, f); }
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case OP_EXACT1_IC:
+      p_string(f, 1, bp++);
+      break;
+    case OP_EXACTN_IC:
+      GET_LENGTH_INC(len, bp);
+      p_len_string(f, len, 1, bp);
+      bp += len;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_CCLASS:
+      n = bitset_on_num((BitSetRef )bp);
+      bp += SIZE_BITSET;
+      fprintf(f, ":%d", n);
+      break;
+
+    case OP_CCLASS_NOT:
+      n = bitset_on_num((BitSetRef )bp);
+      bp += SIZE_BITSET;
+      fprintf(f, ":%d", n);
+      break;
+
+    case OP_CCLASS_MB:
+    case OP_CCLASS_MB_NOT:
+      GET_LENGTH_INC(len, bp);
+      q = bp;
+#ifndef PLATFORM_UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS
+      ALIGNMENT_RIGHT(q);
+#endif
+      GET_CODE_POINT(code, q);
+      bp += len;
+      fprintf(f, ":%d:%d", (int )code, len);
+      break;
+
+    case OP_CCLASS_MIX:
+    case OP_CCLASS_MIX_NOT:
+      n = bitset_on_num((BitSetRef )bp);
+      bp += SIZE_BITSET;
+      GET_LENGTH_INC(len, bp);
+      q = bp;
+#ifndef PLATFORM_UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS
+      ALIGNMENT_RIGHT(q);
+#endif
+      GET_CODE_POINT(code, q);
+      bp += len;
+      fprintf(f, ":%d:%d:%d", n, (int )code, len);
+      break;
+
+    case OP_BACKREF_MULTI:
+    case OP_BACKREF_MULTI_IC:
+      fputs(" ", f);
+      GET_LENGTH_INC(len, bp);
+      for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+	GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, bp);
+	if (i > 0) fputs(", ", f);
+	fprintf(f, "%d", mem);
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case OP_REPEAT:
+    case OP_REPEAT_NG:
+      {
+	mem = *((MemNumType* )bp);
+	bp += SIZE_MEMNUM;
+	addr = *((RelAddrType* )bp);
+	bp += SIZE_RELADDR;
+	fprintf(f, ":%d:%d", mem, addr);
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case OP_PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT1:
+    case OP_PUSH_IF_PEEK_NEXT:
+      addr = *((RelAddrType* )bp);
+      bp += SIZE_RELADDR;
+      fprintf(f, ":(%d)", addr);
+      p_string(f, 1, bp);
+      bp += 1;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_LOOK_BEHIND:
+      GET_LENGTH_INC(len, bp);
+      fprintf(f, ":%d", len);
+      break;
+
+    case OP_PUSH_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT:
+      GET_RELADDR_INC(addr, bp);
+      GET_LENGTH_INC(len, bp);
+      fprintf(f, ":%d:(%d)", len, addr);
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      fprintf(stderr, "onig_print_compiled_byte_code: undefined code %d\n",
+	      *--bp);
+    }
+  }
+  fputs("]", f);
+  if (nextp) *nextp = bp;
+}
+
+static void
+print_compiled_byte_code_list(FILE* f, regex_t* reg)
+{
+  int ncode;
+  UChar* bp = reg->p;
+  UChar* end = reg->p + reg->used;
+
+  fprintf(f, "code length: %d\n", reg->used);
+
+  ncode = 0;
+  while (bp < end) {
+    ncode++;
+    if (bp > reg->p) {
+      if (ncode % 5 == 0)
+	fprintf(f, "\n");
+      else
+	fputs(" ", f);
+    }
+    onig_print_compiled_byte_code(f, bp, &bp);
+  }
+
+  fprintf(f, "\n");
+}
+
+static void
+print_indent_tree(FILE* f, Node* node, int indent)
+{
+  int i, type;
+  int add = 3;
+  UChar* p;
+
+  Indent(f, indent);
+  if (IS_NULL(node)) {
+    fprintf(f, "ERROR: null node!!!\n");
+    exit (0);
+  }
+
+  type = NTYPE(node);
+  switch (type) {
+  case N_LIST:
+  case N_ALT:
+    if (NTYPE(node) == N_LIST)
+      fprintf(f, "<list:%x>\n", (int )node);
+    else
+      fprintf(f, "<alt:%x>\n", (int )node);
+
+    print_indent_tree(f, NCONS(node).left, indent + add);
+    while (IS_NOT_NULL(node = NCONS(node).right)) {
+      if (NTYPE(node) != type) {
+	fprintf(f, "ERROR: list/alt right is not a cons. %d\n", NTYPE(node));
+	exit(0);
+      }
+      print_indent_tree(f, NCONS(node).left, indent + add);
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_STRING:
+    fprintf(f, "<string%s:%x>",
+	    (NSTRING_IS_RAW(node) ? "-raw" : ""), (int )node);
+    for (p = NSTRING(node).s; p < NSTRING(node).end; p++) {
+      if (*p >= 0x20 && *p < 0x7f)
+	fputc(*p, f);
+      else {
+	fprintf(f, " 0x%02x", *p);
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_CCLASS:
+    fprintf(f, "<cclass:%x>", (int )node);
+    if (NCCLASS(node).not) fputs(" not", f);
+    if (NCCLASS(node).mbuf) {
+      BBuf* bbuf = NCCLASS(node).mbuf;
+      for (i = 0; i < bbuf->used; i++) {
+	if (i > 0) fprintf(f, ",");
+	fprintf(f, "%0x", bbuf->p[i]);
+      }
+    }
+#if 0
+    fprintf(f, "\n");
+    Indent(f, indent);
+    for (i = 0; i < SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; i++)
+      fputc((BITSET_AT(NCCLASS(node).bs, i) ? '1' : '0'), f);
+#endif
+    break;
+
+  case N_CTYPE:
+    fprintf(f, "<ctype:%x> ", (int )node);
+    switch (NCTYPE(node).type) {
+    case CTYPE_WORD:            fputs("word",           f); break;
+    case CTYPE_NOT_WORD:        fputs("not word",       f); break;
+    default:
+      fprintf(f, "ERROR: undefined ctype.\n");
+      exit(0);
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_ANYCHAR:
+    fprintf(f, "<anychar:%x>", (int )node);
+    break;
+
+  case N_ANCHOR:
+    fprintf(f, "<anchor:%x> ", (int )node);
+    switch (NANCHOR(node).type) {
+    case ANCHOR_BEGIN_BUF:      fputs("begin buf",      f); break;
+    case ANCHOR_END_BUF:        fputs("end buf",        f); break;
+    case ANCHOR_BEGIN_LINE:     fputs("begin line",     f); break;
+    case ANCHOR_END_LINE:       fputs("end line",       f); break;
+    case ANCHOR_SEMI_END_BUF:   fputs("semi end buf",   f); break;
+    case ANCHOR_BEGIN_POSITION: fputs("begin position", f); break;
+
+    case ANCHOR_WORD_BOUND:      fputs("word bound",     f); break;
+    case ANCHOR_NOT_WORD_BOUND:  fputs("not word bound", f); break;
+#ifdef USE_WORD_BEGIN_END
+    case ANCHOR_WORD_BEGIN:      fputs("word begin", f);     break;
+    case ANCHOR_WORD_END:        fputs("word end", f);       break;
+#endif
+    case ANCHOR_PREC_READ:       fputs("prec read",      f); break;
+    case ANCHOR_PREC_READ_NOT:   fputs("prec read not",  f); break;
+    case ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND:     fputs("look_behind",    f); break;
+    case ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT: fputs("look_behind_not",f); break;
+
+    default:
+      fprintf(f, "ERROR: undefined anchor type.\n");
+      break;
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_BACKREF:
+    {
+      int* p;
+      BackrefNode* br = &(NBACKREF(node));
+      p = BACKREFS_P(br);
+      fprintf(f, "<backref:%x>", (int )node);
+      for (i = 0; i < br->back_num; i++) {
+	if (i > 0) fputs(", ", f);
+	fprintf(f, "%d", p[i]);
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+#ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+  case N_CALL:
+    {
+      CallNode* cn = &(NCALL(node));
+      fprintf(f, "<call:%x>", (int )node);
+      p_string(f, cn->name_end - cn->name, cn->name);
+    }
+    break;
+#endif
+
+  case N_QUALIFIER:
+    fprintf(f, "<qualifier:%x>{%d,%d}%s\n", (int )node,
+	    NQUALIFIER(node).lower, NQUALIFIER(node).upper,
+	    (NQUALIFIER(node).greedy ? "" : "?"));
+    print_indent_tree(f, NQUALIFIER(node).target, indent + add);
+    break;
+
+  case N_EFFECT:
+    fprintf(f, "<effect:%x> ", (int )node);
+    switch (NEFFECT(node).type) {
+    case EFFECT_OPTION:
+      fprintf(f, "option:%d\n", NEFFECT(node).option);
+      print_indent_tree(f, NEFFECT(node).target, indent + add);
+      break;
+    case EFFECT_MEMORY:
+      fprintf(f, "memory:%d", NEFFECT(node).regnum);
+      break;
+    case EFFECT_STOP_BACKTRACK:
+      fprintf(f, "stop-bt");
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      break;
+    }
+    fprintf(f, "\n");
+    print_indent_tree(f, NEFFECT(node).target, indent + add);
+    break;
+
+  default:
+    fprintf(f, "print_indent_tree: undefined node type %d\n", NTYPE(node));
+    break;
+  }
+
+  if (type != N_LIST && type != N_ALT && type != N_QUALIFIER &&
+      type != N_EFFECT)
+    fprintf(f, "\n");
+  fflush(f);
+}
+#endif /* ONIG_DEBUG */
+
+#ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_PARSE_TREE
+static void
+print_tree(FILE* f, Node* node)
+{
+  print_indent_tree(f, node, 0);
+}
+#endif
diff --git a/regenc.c b/regenc.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..21598ca7c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/regenc.c
@@ -0,0 +1,586 @@
+/**********************************************************************
+
+  regenc.c -  Oniguruma (regular expression library)
+
+  Copyright (C) 2003-2004  K.Kosako ([email protected])
+
+**********************************************************************/
+#include "regenc.h"
+
+OnigEncoding OnigEncDefaultCharEncoding = ONIG_ENCODING_INIT_DEFAULT;
+
+extern int
+onigenc_init()
+{
+  return 0;
+}
+
+extern OnigEncoding
+onigenc_get_default_encoding()
+{
+  return OnigEncDefaultCharEncoding;
+}
+
+extern int
+onigenc_set_default_encoding(OnigEncoding enc)
+{
+  OnigEncDefaultCharEncoding = enc;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+extern UChar*
+onigenc_get_right_adjust_char_head(OnigEncoding enc, UChar* start, UChar* s)
+{
+  UChar* p = ONIGENC_LEFT_ADJUST_CHAR_HEAD(enc, start, s);
+  if (p < s) {
+    p += enc_len(enc, *p);
+  }
+  return p;
+}
+
+extern UChar*
+onigenc_get_right_adjust_char_head_with_prev(OnigEncoding enc,
+				   UChar* start, UChar* s, UChar** prev)
+{
+  UChar* p = ONIGENC_LEFT_ADJUST_CHAR_HEAD(enc, start, s);
+
+  if (p < s) {
+    if (prev) *prev = p;
+    p += enc_len(enc, *p);
+  }
+  else {
+    if (prev) *prev = (UChar* )NULL; /* Sorry */
+  }
+  return p;
+}
+
+extern UChar*
+onigenc_get_prev_char_head(OnigEncoding enc, UChar* start, UChar* s)
+{
+  if (s <= start)
+    return (UChar* )NULL;
+
+  return ONIGENC_LEFT_ADJUST_CHAR_HEAD(enc, start, s - 1);
+}
+
+extern UChar*
+onigenc_step_back(OnigEncoding enc, UChar* start, UChar* s, int n)
+{
+  while (ONIG_IS_NOT_NULL(s) && n-- > 0) {
+    if (s <= start)
+      return (UChar* )NULL;
+
+    s = ONIGENC_LEFT_ADJUST_CHAR_HEAD(enc, start, s - 1);
+  }
+  return s;
+}
+
+
+#ifndef ONIG_RUBY_M17N
+
+#ifndef NOT_RUBY
+#define USE_APPLICATION_TO_LOWER_CASE_TABLE
+#endif
+
+UChar* OnigEncAsciiToLowerCaseTable = (UChar* )0;
+
+#ifndef USE_APPLICATION_TO_LOWER_CASE_TABLE
+static UChar BuiltInAsciiToLowerCaseTable[] = {
+  '\000', '\001', '\002', '\003', '\004', '\005', '\006', '\007',
+  '\010', '\011', '\012', '\013', '\014', '\015', '\016', '\017',
+  '\020', '\021', '\022', '\023', '\024', '\025', '\026', '\027',
+  '\030', '\031', '\032', '\033', '\034', '\035', '\036', '\037',
+  '\040', '\041', '\042', '\043', '\044', '\045', '\046', '\047',
+  '\050', '\051', '\052', '\053', '\054', '\055', '\056', '\057',
+  '\060', '\061', '\062', '\063', '\064', '\065', '\066', '\067',
+  '\070', '\071', '\072', '\073', '\074', '\075', '\076', '\077',
+  '\100', '\141', '\142', '\143', '\144', '\145', '\146', '\147',
+  '\150', '\151', '\152', '\153', '\154', '\155', '\156', '\157',
+  '\160', '\161', '\162', '\163', '\164', '\165', '\166', '\167',
+  '\170', '\171', '\172', '\133', '\134', '\135', '\136', '\137',
+  '\140', '\141', '\142', '\143', '\144', '\145', '\146', '\147',
+  '\150', '\151', '\152', '\153', '\154', '\155', '\156', '\157',
+  '\160', '\161', '\162', '\163', '\164', '\165', '\166', '\167',
+  '\170', '\171', '\172', '\173', '\174', '\175', '\176', '\177',
+  '\200', '\201', '\202', '\203', '\204', '\205', '\206', '\207',
+  '\210', '\211', '\212', '\213', '\214', '\215', '\216', '\217',
+  '\220', '\221', '\222', '\223', '\224', '\225', '\226', '\227',
+  '\230', '\231', '\232', '\233', '\234', '\235', '\236', '\237',
+  '\240', '\241', '\242', '\243', '\244', '\245', '\246', '\247',
+  '\250', '\251', '\252', '\253', '\254', '\255', '\256', '\257',
+  '\260', '\261', '\262', '\263', '\264', '\265', '\266', '\267',
+  '\270', '\271', '\272', '\273', '\274', '\275', '\276', '\277',
+  '\300', '\301', '\302', '\303', '\304', '\305', '\306', '\307',
+  '\310', '\311', '\312', '\313', '\314', '\315', '\316', '\317',
+  '\320', '\321', '\322', '\323', '\324', '\325', '\326', '\327',
+  '\330', '\331', '\332', '\333', '\334', '\335', '\336', '\337',
+  '\340', '\341', '\342', '\343', '\344', '\345', '\346', '\347',
+  '\350', '\351', '\352', '\353', '\354', '\355', '\356', '\357',
+  '\360', '\361', '\362', '\363', '\364', '\365', '\366', '\367',
+  '\370', '\371', '\372', '\373', '\374', '\375', '\376', '\377',
+};
+#endif /* not USE_APPLICATION_TO_LOWER_CASE_TABLE */
+
+unsigned short OnigEncAsciiCtypeTable[256] = {
+  0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004,
+  0x1004, 0x1106, 0x1104, 0x1104, 0x1104, 0x1104, 0x1004, 0x1004,
+  0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004,
+  0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004,
+  0x1142, 0x10d0, 0x10d0, 0x10d0, 0x10d0, 0x10d0, 0x10d0, 0x10d0,
+  0x10d0, 0x10d0, 0x10d0, 0x10d0, 0x10d0, 0x10d0, 0x10d0, 0x10d0,
+  0x1c58, 0x1c58, 0x1c58, 0x1c58, 0x1c58, 0x1c58, 0x1c58, 0x1c58,
+  0x1c58, 0x1c58, 0x10d0, 0x10d0, 0x10d0, 0x10d0, 0x10d0, 0x10d0,
+  0x10d0, 0x1e51, 0x1e51, 0x1e51, 0x1e51, 0x1e51, 0x1e51, 0x1a51,
+  0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51,
+  0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51,
+  0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x10d0, 0x10d0, 0x10d0, 0x10d0, 0x18d0,
+  0x10d0, 0x1c71, 0x1c71, 0x1c71, 0x1c71, 0x1c71, 0x1c71, 0x1871,
+  0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871,
+  0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871,
+  0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x10d0, 0x10d0, 0x10d0, 0x10d0, 0x1004,
+  0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000,
+  0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000,
+  0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000,
+  0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000,
+  0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000,
+  0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000,
+  0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000,
+  0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000,
+  0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000,
+  0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000,
+  0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000,
+  0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000,
+  0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000,
+  0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000,
+  0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000,
+  0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000
+};
+
+extern void
+onigenc_set_default_caseconv_table(UChar* table)
+{
+  if (table == (UChar* )0) {
+#ifndef USE_APPLICATION_TO_LOWER_CASE_TABLE
+    table = BuiltInAsciiToLowerCaseTable;
+#else
+    return ;
+#endif
+  }
+
+  if (table != OnigEncAsciiToLowerCaseTable) {
+    OnigEncAsciiToLowerCaseTable = table;
+  }
+}
+
+extern UChar*
+onigenc_get_left_adjust_char_head(OnigEncoding enc, UChar* start, UChar* s)
+{
+  return ONIGENC_LEFT_ADJUST_CHAR_HEAD(enc, start, s);
+}
+
+extern int
+onigenc_nothing_get_all_fold_match_code(OnigCodePoint** codes)
+{
+  return 0;
+}
+
+extern int
+onigenc_nothing_get_fold_match_info(UChar* p, UChar* end,
+				OnigEncFoldMatchInfo** info)
+{
+  return -1;
+}
+
+extern int
+onigenc_nothing_get_ctype_code_range(int ctype, int* nsb, int* nmb,
+			 OnigCodePointRange* sbr[], OnigCodePointRange* mbr[])
+{
+  return -1;
+}
+
+/* for single byte encodings */
+extern int
+onigenc_ascii_mbc_to_lower(UChar* p, UChar* lower)
+{
+  *lower = ONIGENC_ASCII_CODE_TO_LOWER_CASE(*p);
+  return 1; /* return byte length of converted char to lower */
+}
+
+extern int
+onigenc_ascii_mbc_is_case_ambig(UChar* p)
+{
+  return ONIGENC_IS_ASCII_CODE_CASE_AMBIG(*p);
+}
+
+extern OnigCodePoint
+onigenc_single_byte_mbc_to_code(UChar* p, UChar* end)
+{
+  return (OnigCodePoint )(*p);
+}
+
+extern int
+onigenc_single_byte_code_to_mbclen(OnigCodePoint code)
+{
+  return 1;
+}
+
+extern int
+onigenc_single_byte_code_to_mbc_first(OnigCodePoint code)
+{
+  return (code & 0xff);
+}
+
+extern int
+onigenc_single_byte_code_to_mbc(OnigCodePoint code, UChar *buf)
+{
+  *buf = (UChar )(code & 0xff);
+  return 1;
+}
+
+extern UChar*
+onigenc_single_byte_left_adjust_char_head(UChar* start, UChar* s)
+{
+  return s;
+}
+
+extern int
+onigenc_single_byte_is_allowed_reverse_match(UChar* s, UChar* end)
+{
+  return TRUE;
+}
+
+extern OnigCodePoint
+onigenc_mbn_mbc_to_code(OnigEncoding enc, UChar* p, UChar* end)
+{
+  int c, i, len;
+  OnigCodePoint n;
+
+  c = *p++;
+  len = enc_len(enc, c);
+  n = c;
+  if (len == 1) return n;
+
+  for (i = 1; i < len; i++) {
+    if (p >= end) break;
+    c = *p++;
+    n <<= 8;  n += c;
+  }
+  return n;
+}
+
+extern int
+onigenc_mbn_mbc_to_lower(OnigEncoding enc, UChar* p, UChar* lower)
+{
+  int len;
+
+  if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_ASCII(p)) {
+    *lower = ONIGENC_ASCII_CODE_TO_LOWER_CASE(*p);
+    return 1;
+  }
+  else {
+    len = enc_len(enc, *p);
+    if (lower != p) {
+      /* memcpy(lower, p, len); */
+      int i;
+      for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+	*lower++ = *p++;
+      }
+    }
+    return len; /* return byte length of converted to lower char */
+  }
+}
+
+extern int
+onigenc_mbn_mbc_is_case_ambig(UChar* p)
+{
+  if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_ASCII(p))
+    return ONIGENC_IS_ASCII_CODE_CASE_AMBIG(*p);
+
+  return FALSE;
+}
+
+extern int
+onigenc_mb2_code_to_mbclen(OnigCodePoint code)
+{
+  if ((code & 0xff00) != 0) return 2;
+  else return 1;
+}
+
+extern int
+onigenc_mb4_code_to_mbclen(OnigCodePoint code)
+{
+       if ((code & 0xff000000) != 0) return 4;
+  else if ((code & 0xff0000) != 0) return 3;
+  else if ((code & 0xff00) != 0) return 2;
+  else return 1;
+}
+
+extern int
+onigenc_mb2_code_to_mbc_first(OnigCodePoint code)
+{
+  int first;
+
+  if ((code & 0xff00) != 0) {
+    first = (code >> 8) & 0xff;
+  }
+  else {
+    return (int )code;
+  }
+  return first;
+}
+
+extern int
+onigenc_mb4_code_to_mbc_first(OnigCodePoint code)
+{
+  int first;
+
+  if ((code & 0xff000000) != 0) {
+    first = (code >> 24) & 0xff;
+  }
+  else if ((code & 0xff0000) != 0) {
+    first = (code >> 16) & 0xff;
+  }
+  else if ((code & 0xff00) != 0) {
+    first = (code >>  8) & 0xff;
+  }
+  else {
+    return (int )code;
+  }
+  return first;
+}
+
+extern int
+onigenc_mb2_code_to_mbc(OnigEncoding enc, OnigCodePoint code, UChar *buf)
+{
+  UChar *p = buf;
+
+  if ((code & 0xff00) != 0) {
+    *p++ = (UChar )((code >>  8) & 0xff);
+  }
+  *p++ = (UChar )(code & 0xff);
+
+#if 1
+  if (enc_len(enc, buf[0]) != (p - buf))
+    return ONIGERR_INVALID_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE;
+#endif
+  return p - buf;
+}
+
+extern int
+onigenc_mb4_code_to_mbc(OnigEncoding enc, OnigCodePoint code, UChar *buf)
+{
+  UChar *p = buf;
+
+  if ((code & 0xff000000) != 0) {
+    *p++ = (UChar )((code >> 24) & 0xff);
+  }
+  if ((code & 0xff0000) != 0) {
+    *p++ = (UChar )((code >> 16) & 0xff);
+  }
+  if ((code & 0xff00) != 0) {
+    *p++ = (UChar )((code >> 8) & 0xff);
+  }
+  *p++ = (UChar )(code & 0xff);
+
+#if 1
+  if (enc_len(enc, buf[0]) != (p - buf))
+    return ONIGERR_INVALID_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE;
+#endif
+  return p - buf;
+}
+
+extern int
+onigenc_mb2_code_is_ctype(OnigEncoding enc, OnigCodePoint code,
+			  unsigned int ctype)
+{
+  if ((ctype & ONIGENC_CTYPE_WORD) != 0) {
+    if (code < 128)
+      return ONIGENC_IS_ASCII_CODE_CTYPE(code, ctype);
+    else {
+      int first = onigenc_mb2_code_to_mbc_first(code);
+      return (enc_len(enc, first) > 1 ? TRUE : FALSE);
+    }
+
+    ctype &= ~ONIGENC_CTYPE_WORD;
+    if (ctype == 0) return FALSE;
+  }
+
+  if (code < 128)
+    return ONIGENC_IS_ASCII_CODE_CTYPE(code, ctype);
+  else
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+extern int
+onigenc_mb4_code_is_ctype(OnigEncoding enc, OnigCodePoint code,
+			  unsigned int ctype)
+{
+  if ((ctype & ONIGENC_CTYPE_WORD) != 0) {
+    if (code < 128)
+      return ONIGENC_IS_ASCII_CODE_CTYPE(code, ctype);
+    else {
+      int first = onigenc_mb4_code_to_mbc_first(code);
+      return (enc_len(enc, first) > 1 ? TRUE : FALSE);
+    }
+
+    ctype &= ~ONIGENC_CTYPE_WORD;
+    if (ctype == 0) return FALSE;
+  }
+
+  if (code < 128)
+    return ONIGENC_IS_ASCII_CODE_CTYPE(code, ctype);
+  else
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+extern int
+onigenc_get_all_fold_match_code_ss_0xdf(OnigCodePoint** codes)
+{
+  static OnigCodePoint list[] = { 0xdf };
+  *codes = list;
+  return 1;
+}
+
+extern int
+onigenc_get_fold_match_info_ss_0xdf(UChar* p, UChar* end,
+				    OnigEncFoldMatchInfo** info)
+{
+  /* German alphabet ess-tsett(U+00DF) */
+  static OnigEncFoldMatchInfo ss = {
+    3,
+    { 1, 2, 2 },
+    { "\337", "ss", "SS" } /* 0337: 0xdf */
+  };
+
+  if (p >= end) return -1;
+
+  if (*p == 0xdf) {
+    *info = &ss;
+    return 1;
+  }
+  else if (p + 1 < end) {
+    if ((*p == 'S' && *(p+1) == 'S') ||
+	(*p == 's' && *(p+1) == 's')) {
+      *info = &ss;
+      return 2;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return -1; /* is not a fold string. */
+}
+
+#else /* ONIG_RUBY_M17N */
+
+extern int
+onigenc_is_code_ctype(OnigEncoding enc, OnigCodePoint code, int ctype)
+{
+  switch (ctype) {
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_ALPHA:
+    return m17n_isalpha(enc, code);
+    break;
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_BLANK:
+    return ONIGENC_IS_CODE_BLANK(enc, (int )(code));
+    break;
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_CNTRL:
+    return m17n_iscntrl(enc, code);
+    break;
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_DIGIT:
+    return m17n_isdigit(enc, code);
+    break;
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_GRAPH:
+    return ONIGENC_IS_CODE_GRAPH(enc, (int )(code));
+    break;
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_LOWER:
+    return m17n_islower(enc, code);
+    break;
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_PRINT:
+    return m17n_isprint(enc, code);
+    break;
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_PUNCT:
+    return m17n_ispunct(enc, code);
+    break;
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_SPACE:
+    return m17n_isspace(enc, code);
+    break;
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_UPPER:
+    return m17n_isupper(enc, code);
+    break;
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_XDIGIT:
+    return m17n_isxdigit(enc, code);
+    break;
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_WORD:
+    return m17n_iswchar(enc, code);
+    break;
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_ASCII:
+    return (code < 128 ? TRUE : FALSE);
+    break;
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_ALNUM:
+    return m17n_isalnum(enc, code);
+    break;
+  default:
+    break;
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+extern int
+onigenc_code_to_mbc(OnigEncoding enc, OnigCodePoint code, UChar *buf)
+{
+  int c, len;
+
+  m17n_mbcput(enc, code, buf);
+  c = m17n_firstbyte(enc, code);
+  len = enc_len(enc, c);
+  return len;
+}
+
+extern int
+onigenc_mbc_to_lower(OnigEncoding enc, UChar* p, UChar* buf)
+{
+  unsigned int c, low;
+
+  c   = m17n_codepoint(enc, p, p + enc_len(enc, *p));
+  low = m17n_tolower(enc, c);
+  m17n_mbcput(enc, low, buf);
+
+  return m17n_codelen(enc, low);
+}
+
+extern int
+onigenc_mbc_is_case_ambig(OnigEncoding enc, UChar* p)
+{
+  unsigned int c = m17n_codepoint(enc, p, p + enc_len(enc, *p));
+
+  if (m17n_isupper(enc, c) || m17n_islower(enc, c))
+    return TRUE;
+  return FALSE;
+}
+
+extern UChar*
+onigenc_get_left_adjust_char_head(OnigEncoding enc, UChar* start, UChar* s)
+{
+  UChar *p;
+  int len;
+
+  if (s <= start) return s;
+  p = s;
+
+  while (!m17n_islead(enc, *p) && p > start) p--;
+  while (p + (len = enc_len(enc, *p)) < s) {
+    p += len;
+  }
+  if (p + len == s) return s;
+  return p;
+}
+
+extern int
+onigenc_is_allowed_reverse_match(OnigEncoding enc, UChar* s, UChar* end)
+{
+  return ONIGENC_IS_SINGLEBYTE(enc);
+}
+
+extern void
+onigenc_set_default_caseconv_table(UChar* table) { }
+
+#endif /* ONIG_RUBY_M17N */
diff --git a/regenc.h b/regenc.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e0c6211d32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/regenc.h
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+/**********************************************************************
+
+  regenc.h -  Oniguruma (regular expression library)
+
+  Copyright (C) 2003-2004  K.Kosako ([email protected])
+
+**********************************************************************/
+#ifndef REGENC_H
+#define REGENC_H
+
+#ifndef RUBY_PLATFORM
+#include "config.h"
+#endif
+#include "oniguruma.h"
+
+#ifndef NULL
+#define NULL   ((void* )0)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef TRUE
+#define TRUE    1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef FALSE
+#define FALSE   0
+#endif
+
+/* error codes */
+/* internal error */
+#define ONIGERR_MEMORY                                         -5
+#define ONIGERR_TYPE_BUG                                       -6
+/* syntax error [-400, -999] */
+#define ONIGERR_INVALID_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE                      -400
+#define ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE                      -401
+
+#define ONIG_NEWLINE     '\n'
+#define ONIG_IS_NEWLINE(c)                ((c) == ONIG_NEWLINE)
+#define ONIG_IS_NULL(p)                    (((void*)(p)) == (void*)0)
+#define ONIG_IS_NOT_NULL(p)                (((void*)(p)) != (void*)0)
+#define ONIG_CHECK_NULL_RETURN(p)          if (ONIG_IS_NULL(p)) return NULL
+#define ONIG_CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(p,val)  if (ONIG_IS_NULL(p)) return (val)
+
+
+#ifdef ONIG_RUBY_M17N
+
+#define ONIG_ENCODING_INIT_DEFAULT            ONIG_ENCODING_UNDEF
+
+#else  /* ONIG_RUBY_M17N */
+
+#define ONIG_ENCODING_INIT_DEFAULT           ONIG_ENCODING_ASCII
+
+/* for encoding system implementation (internal) */
+ONIG_EXTERN int onigenc_nothing_get_all_fold_match_code P_((OnigCodePoint** codes));
+ONIG_EXTERN int onigenc_nothing_get_fold_match_info P_((UChar* p, UChar* end, OnigEncFoldMatchInfo** info));
+ONIG_EXTERN int onigenc_nothing_get_ctype_code_range P_((int ctype, int* nsb, int* nmb, OnigCodePointRange* sbr[], OnigCodePointRange* mbr[]));
+
+/* methods for single byte encoding */
+ONIG_EXTERN int onigenc_ascii_mbc_to_lower P_((UChar* p, UChar* lower));
+ONIG_EXTERN int onigenc_ascii_mbc_is_case_ambig P_((UChar* p));
+ONIG_EXTERN OnigCodePoint onigenc_single_byte_mbc_to_code P_((UChar* p, UChar* end));
+ONIG_EXTERN int onigenc_single_byte_code_to_mbclen P_((OnigCodePoint code));
+ONIG_EXTERN int onigenc_single_byte_code_to_mbc_first P_((OnigCodePoint code));
+ONIG_EXTERN int onigenc_single_byte_code_to_mbc P_((OnigCodePoint code, UChar *buf));
+ONIG_EXTERN UChar* onigenc_single_byte_left_adjust_char_head P_((UChar* start, UChar* s));
+ONIG_EXTERN int onigenc_single_byte_is_allowed_reverse_match P_((UChar* s, UChar* end));
+
+/* methods for multi byte encoding */
+ONIG_EXTERN OnigCodePoint onigenc_mbn_mbc_to_code P_((OnigEncoding enc, UChar* p, UChar* end));
+ONIG_EXTERN int onigenc_mbn_mbc_to_lower P_((OnigEncoding enc, UChar* p, UChar* lower));
+ONIG_EXTERN int onigenc_mbn_mbc_is_case_ambig P_((UChar* p));
+ONIG_EXTERN int onigenc_mb2_code_to_mbclen P_((OnigCodePoint code));
+ONIG_EXTERN int onigenc_mb2_code_to_mbc_first P_((OnigCodePoint code));
+ONIG_EXTERN int onigenc_mb2_code_to_mbc P_((OnigEncoding enc, OnigCodePoint code, UChar *buf));
+ONIG_EXTERN int onigenc_mb2_code_is_ctype P_((OnigEncoding enc, OnigCodePoint code, unsigned int ctype));
+ONIG_EXTERN int onigenc_mb4_code_to_mbclen P_((OnigCodePoint code));
+ONIG_EXTERN int onigenc_mb4_code_to_mbc_first P_((OnigCodePoint code));
+ONIG_EXTERN int onigenc_mb4_code_to_mbc P_((OnigEncoding enc, OnigCodePoint code, UChar *buf));
+ONIG_EXTERN int onigenc_mb4_code_is_ctype P_((OnigEncoding enc, OnigCodePoint code, unsigned int ctype));
+
+ONIG_EXTERN int onigenc_get_all_fold_match_code_ss_0xdf P_((OnigCodePoint** codes));
+ONIG_EXTERN int onigenc_get_fold_match_info_ss_0xdf P_((UChar* p, UChar* end, OnigEncFoldMatchInfo** info));
+
+#endif /* is not ONIG_RUBY_M17N */
+
+
+ONIG_EXTERN OnigEncoding  OnigEncDefaultCharEncoding;
+ONIG_EXTERN UChar* OnigEncAsciiToLowerCaseTable;
+ONIG_EXTERN unsigned short OnigEncAsciiCtypeTable[];
+
+#define ONIGENC_ASCII_CODE_TO_LOWER_CASE(c) OnigEncAsciiToLowerCaseTable[c]
+#define ONIGENC_IS_ASCII_CODE_CTYPE(code,ctype) \
+  ((OnigEncAsciiCtypeTable[code] & ctype) != 0)
+#define ONIGENC_IS_ASCII_CODE_CASE_AMBIG(code) \
+    ONIGENC_IS_ASCII_CODE_CTYPE(code, (ONIGENC_CTYPE_UPPER | ONIGENC_CTYPE_LOWER))
+
+#endif /* REGENC_H */
diff --git a/regerror.c b/regerror.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5a6c31b82e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/regerror.c
@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+/**********************************************************************
+
+  regerror.c -  Oniguruma (regular expression library)
+
+  Copyright (C) 2002-2004  K.Kosako ([email protected])
+
+**********************************************************************/
+#include "regint.h"
+#include <stdio.h> /* for vsnprintf() */
+
+#ifdef HAVE_STDARG_PROTOTYPES
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#define va_init_list(a,b) va_start(a,b)
+#else
+#include <varargs.h>
+#define va_init_list(a,b) va_start(a)
+#endif
+
+extern char*
+onig_error_code_to_format(int code)
+{
+  char *p;
+
+  if (code >= 0) return (char* )0;
+
+  switch (code) {
+  case ONIG_MISMATCH:
+    p = "mismatch"; break;
+  case ONIG_NO_SUPPORT_CONFIG:
+    p = "no support in this configuration"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_MEMORY:
+    p = "fail to memory allocation"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_MATCH_STACK_LIMIT_OVER:
+    p = "match-stack limit over"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_TYPE_BUG:
+    p = "undefined type (bug)"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_PARSER_BUG:
+    p = "internal parser error (bug)"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_STACK_BUG:
+    p = "stack error (bug)"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_BYTECODE:
+    p = "undefined bytecode (bug)"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_UNEXPECTED_BYTECODE:
+    p = "unexpected bytecode (bug)"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_DEFAULT_ENCODING_IS_NOT_SETTED:
+    p = "default multibyte-encoding is not setted"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_SPECIFIED_ENCODING_CANT_CONVERT_TO_WIDE_CHAR:
+    p = "can't convert to wide-char on specified multibyte-encoding"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_INVALID_ARGUMENT:
+    p = "invalid argument"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_END_PATTERN_AT_LEFT_BRACE:
+    p = "end pattern at left brace"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_END_PATTERN_AT_LEFT_BRACKET:
+    p = "end pattern at left bracket"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_EMPTY_CHAR_CLASS:
+    p = "empty char-class"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_PREMATURE_END_OF_CHAR_CLASS:
+    p = "premature end of char-class"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_END_PATTERN_AT_BACKSLASH:
+    p = "end pattern at backslash"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_END_PATTERN_AT_META:
+    p = "end pattern at meta"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_END_PATTERN_AT_CONTROL:
+    p = "end pattern at control"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_META_CODE_SYNTAX:
+    p = "illegal meta-code syntax"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_CONTROL_CODE_SYNTAX:
+    p = "illegal control-code syntax"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_CHAR_CLASS_VALUE_AT_END_OF_RANGE:
+    p = "char-class value at end of range"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_CHAR_CLASS_VALUE_AT_START_OF_RANGE:
+    p = "char-class value at start of range"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_UNMATCHED_RANGE_SPECIFIER_IN_CHAR_CLASS:
+    p = "unmatched range specifier in char-class"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_TARGET_OF_REPEAT_OPERATOR_NOT_SPECIFIED:
+    p = "target of repeat operator is not specified"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_TARGET_OF_REPEAT_OPERATOR_INVALID:
+    p = "target of repeat operator is invalid"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_NESTED_REPEAT_OPERATOR:
+    p = "nested repeat operator"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_UNMATCHED_CLOSE_PARENTHESIS:
+    p = "unmatched close parenthesis"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_END_PATTERN_WITH_UNMATCHED_PARENTHESIS:
+    p = "end pattern with unmatched parenthesis"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_END_PATTERN_IN_GROUP:
+    p = "end pattern in group"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION:
+    p = "undefined group option"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_INVALID_POSIX_BRACKET_TYPE:
+    p = "invalid POSIX bracket type"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_INVALID_LOOK_BEHIND_PATTERN:
+    p = "invalid pattern in look-behind"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_INVALID_REPEAT_RANGE_PATTERN:
+    p = "invalid repeat range {lower,upper}"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER:
+    p = "too big number"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER_FOR_REPEAT_RANGE:
+    p = "too big number for repeat range"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_UPPER_SMALLER_THAN_LOWER_IN_REPEAT_RANGE:
+    p = "upper is smaller than lower in repeat range"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_EMPTY_RANGE_IN_CHAR_CLASS:
+    p = "empty range in char class"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_MISMATCH_CODE_LENGTH_IN_CLASS_RANGE:
+    p = "mismatch multibyte code length in char-class range"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_TOO_MANY_MULTI_BYTE_RANGES:
+    p = "too many multibyte code ranges are specified"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_TOO_SHORT_MULTI_BYTE_STRING:
+    p = "too short multibyte code string"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_BACKREF_NUMBER:
+    p = "too big backref number"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_INVALID_BACKREF:
+#ifdef USE_NAMED_GROUP
+    p = "invalid backref number/name"; break;
+#else
+    p = "invalid backref number"; break;
+#endif
+  case ONIGERR_NUMBERED_BACKREF_OR_CALL_NOT_ALLOWED:
+    p = "numbered backref/call is not allowed. (use name)"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE:
+    p = "too big wide-char value"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_TOO_LONG_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE:
+    p = "too long wide-char value"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_INVALID_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE:
+    p = "invalid wide-char value"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_EMPTY_GROUP_NAME:
+    p = "group name is empty"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_INVALID_GROUP_NAME:
+    p = "invalid group name <%n>"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_INVALID_CHAR_IN_GROUP_NAME:
+#ifdef USE_NAMED_GROUP
+    p = "invalid char in group name <%n>"; break;
+#else
+    p = "invalid char in group number <%n>"; break;
+#endif
+  case ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_NAME_REFERENCE:
+    p = "undefined name <%n> reference"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_REFERENCE:
+    p = "undefined group <%n> reference"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_MULTIPLEX_DEFINED_NAME:
+    p = "multiplex defined name <%n>"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_MULTIPLEX_DEFINITION_NAME_CALL:
+    p = "multiplex definition name <%n> call"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_NEVER_ENDING_RECURSION:
+    p = "never ending recursion"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_GROUP_NUMBER_OVER_FOR_CAPTURE_HISTORY:
+    p = "group number is too big for capture history"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_INVALID_CHAR_PROPERTY_NAME:
+    p = "invalid character property name"; break;
+  case ONIGERR_OVER_THREAD_PASS_LIMIT_COUNT:
+    p = "over thread pass limit count"; break;
+
+  default:
+    p = "undefined error code"; break;
+  }
+
+  return p;
+}
+
+
+/* for ONIG_MAX_ERROR_MESSAGE_LEN */
+#define MAX_ERROR_PAR_LEN   30
+
+extern int
+#ifdef HAVE_STDARG_PROTOTYPES
+onig_error_code_to_str(UChar* s, int code, ...)
+#else
+onig_error_code_to_str(s, code, va_alist)
+  UChar* s;
+  int code;
+  va_dcl 
+#endif
+{
+  UChar *p, *q;
+  OnigErrorInfo* einfo;
+  int len;
+  va_list vargs;
+
+  va_init_list(vargs, code);
+
+  switch (code) {
+  case ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_NAME_REFERENCE:
+  case ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_REFERENCE:
+  case ONIGERR_MULTIPLEX_DEFINED_NAME:
+  case ONIGERR_MULTIPLEX_DEFINITION_NAME_CALL:
+  case ONIGERR_INVALID_GROUP_NAME:
+  case ONIGERR_INVALID_CHAR_IN_GROUP_NAME:
+    einfo = va_arg(vargs, OnigErrorInfo*);
+    len = einfo->par_end - einfo->par;
+    q = onig_error_code_to_format(code);
+    p = s;
+    while (*q != '\0') {
+      if (*q == '%') {
+	q++;
+	if (*q == 'n') { /* '%n': name */
+	  if (len > MAX_ERROR_PAR_LEN) {
+	    xmemcpy(p, einfo->par, MAX_ERROR_PAR_LEN - 3);
+	    p += (MAX_ERROR_PAR_LEN - 3);
+	    xmemcpy(p, "...", 3);
+	    p += 3;
+	  }
+	  else {
+	    xmemcpy(p, einfo->par, len);
+	    p += len;
+	  }
+	  q++;
+	}
+	else
+	  goto normal_char;
+      }
+      else {
+      normal_char:
+	*p++ = *q++;
+      }
+    }
+    *p = '\0';
+    len = p - s;
+    break;
+
+  default:
+    q = onig_error_code_to_format(code);
+    len = strlen(q);
+    xmemcpy(s, q, len);
+    s[len] = '\0';
+    break;
+  }
+
+  va_end(vargs);
+  return len;
+}
+
+
+void
+#ifdef HAVE_STDARG_PROTOTYPES
+onig_snprintf_with_pattern(char buf[], int bufsize, OnigEncoding enc,
+			    char* pat, char* pat_end, char *fmt, ...)
+#else
+onig_snprintf_with_pattern(buf, bufsize, enc, pat, pat_end, fmt, va_alist)
+    char buf[];
+    int bufsize;
+    OnigEncoding enc;
+    char* pat;
+    char* pat_end;
+    const char *fmt;
+    va_dcl
+#endif
+{
+  int n, need, len;
+  UChar *p, *s;
+  va_list args;
+
+  va_init_list(args, fmt);
+  n = vsnprintf(buf, bufsize, fmt, args);
+  va_end(args);
+
+  need = (pat_end - pat) * 4 + 4;
+
+  if (n + need < bufsize) {
+    strcat(buf, ": /");
+    s = buf + strlen(buf);
+
+    p = pat;
+    while (p < (UChar* )pat_end) {
+      if (*p == MC_ESC) {
+	*s++ = *p++;
+	len = enc_len(enc, *p);
+	while (len-- > 0) *s++ = *p++;
+      }
+      else if (*p == '/') {
+	*s++ = MC_ESC;
+	*s++ = *p++;
+      }
+      else if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_HEAD(enc, *p)) {
+	len = enc_len(enc, *p);
+	while (len-- > 0) *s++ = *p++;
+      }
+      else if (!ONIGENC_IS_CODE_PRINT(enc, *p) &&
+	       !ONIGENC_IS_CODE_SPACE(enc, *p)) {
+	char b[5];
+	sprintf(b, "\\%03o", *p & 0377);
+	len = strlen(b);
+	while (len-- > 0) *s++ = *p++;
+      }
+      else {
+	*s++ = *p++;
+      }
+    }
+
+    *s++ = '/';
+    *s   = '\0';
+  }
+}
diff --git a/regexec.c b/regexec.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2ded602e15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/regexec.c
@@ -0,0 +1,3299 @@
+/**********************************************************************
+
+  regexec.c -  Oniguruma (regular expression library)
+
+  Copyright (C) 2002-2004  K.Kosako ([email protected])
+
+**********************************************************************/
+#include "regint.h"
+
+static void
+region_list_clear(OnigRegion** list)
+{
+  int i;
+
+  if (IS_NOT_NULL(list)) {
+    for (i = 1; i <= ONIG_MAX_CAPTURE_HISTORY_GROUP; i++) {
+      if (IS_NOT_NULL(list[i])) {
+	xfree(list[i]);
+	list[i] = (OnigRegion* )0;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static void
+region_list_free(OnigRegion* r)
+{
+  if (IS_NOT_NULL(r->list)) {
+    region_list_clear(r->list);
+    xfree(r->list);
+    r->list = (OnigRegion** )0;
+  }
+}
+
+static OnigRegion**
+region_list_new()
+{
+  int i;
+  OnigRegion** list;
+
+  list = (OnigRegion** )xmalloc(sizeof(OnigRegion*)
+			       * (ONIG_MAX_CAPTURE_HISTORY_GROUP + 1));
+  CHECK_NULL_RETURN(list);
+  for (i = 0; i <= ONIG_MAX_CAPTURE_HISTORY_GROUP; i++) {
+    list[i] = (OnigRegion* )0;
+  }
+
+  return list;
+}
+
+extern void
+onig_region_clear(OnigRegion* region)
+{
+  int i;
+
+  for (i = 0; i < region->num_regs; i++) {
+    region->beg[i] = region->end[i] = ONIG_REGION_NOTPOS;
+  }
+  region_list_clear(region->list);
+}
+
+extern int
+onig_region_resize(OnigRegion* region, int n)
+{
+  int i;
+
+  region->num_regs = n;
+
+  if (n < ONIG_NREGION)
+    n = ONIG_NREGION;
+
+  if (region->allocated == 0) {
+    region->beg = (int* )xmalloc(n * sizeof(int));
+    region->end = (int* )xmalloc(n * sizeof(int));
+
+    if (region->beg == 0 || region->end == 0)
+      return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
+
+    region->allocated = n;
+  }
+  else if (region->allocated < n) {
+    region->beg = (int* )xrealloc(region->beg, n * sizeof(int));
+    region->end = (int* )xrealloc(region->end, n * sizeof(int));
+
+    if (region->beg == 0 || region->end == 0)
+      return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
+
+    region->allocated = n;
+  }
+
+  for (i = 0; i < region->num_regs; i++) {
+    region->beg[i] = region->end[i] = ONIG_REGION_NOTPOS;
+  }
+
+  if (IS_NOT_NULL(region->list))
+    region_list_clear(region->list);
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+region_ensure_size(OnigRegion* region, int n)
+{
+  int i, new_size;
+
+  if (region->allocated >= n)
+    return 0;
+
+  new_size = region->allocated;
+  if (new_size == 0)
+    new_size = ONIG_NREGION;
+  while (new_size < n)
+    new_size *= 2;
+
+  if (region->allocated == 0) {
+    region->beg = (int* )xmalloc(new_size * sizeof(int));
+    region->end = (int* )xmalloc(new_size * sizeof(int));
+    if (region->beg == 0 || region->end == 0)
+      return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
+
+    region->allocated = new_size;
+  }
+  else if (region->allocated < new_size) {
+    region->beg = (int* )xrealloc(region->beg, new_size * sizeof(int));
+    region->end = (int* )xrealloc(region->end, new_size * sizeof(int));
+    if (region->beg == 0 || region->end == 0)
+      return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
+
+    region->allocated = new_size;
+  }
+
+  for (i = region->num_regs; i < n; i++) {
+    region->beg[i] = region->end[i] = ONIG_REGION_NOTPOS;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+region_list_add_entry(OnigRegion* region, int group, int start, int end)
+{
+  int r, pos;
+  OnigRegion** list;
+
+  if (group > ONIG_MAX_CAPTURE_HISTORY_GROUP)
+    return ONIGERR_GROUP_NUMBER_OVER_FOR_CAPTURE_HISTORY;
+
+  if (IS_NULL(region->list)) {
+    region->list = region_list_new();
+    CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(region->list, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+  }
+
+  list = region->list;
+  if (IS_NULL(list[group])) {
+    list[group] = onig_region_new();
+    CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(list[group], ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+  }
+
+  r = region_ensure_size(list[group], list[group]->num_regs + 1);
+  if (r != 0) return r;
+
+  pos = list[group]->num_regs;
+  list[group]->beg[pos] = start;
+  list[group]->end[pos] = end;
+  list[group]->num_regs++;
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static void
+onig_region_init(OnigRegion* region)
+{
+  region->num_regs  = 0;
+  region->allocated = 0;
+  region->beg       = (int* )0;
+  region->end       = (int* )0;
+  region->list      = (OnigRegion** )0;
+}
+
+extern OnigRegion*
+onig_region_new()
+{
+  OnigRegion* r;
+
+  r = (OnigRegion* )xmalloc(sizeof(OnigRegion));
+  onig_region_init(r);
+  return r;
+}
+
+extern void
+onig_region_free(OnigRegion* r, int free_self)
+{
+  if (r) {
+    if (r->allocated > 0) {
+      if (r->beg) xfree(r->beg);
+      if (r->end) xfree(r->end);
+      r->allocated = 0;
+    }
+    region_list_free(r);
+    if (free_self) xfree(r);
+  }
+}
+
+extern void
+onig_region_copy(OnigRegion* to, OnigRegion* from)
+{
+#define RREGC_SIZE   (sizeof(int) * from->num_regs)
+  int i;
+
+  if (to == from) return;
+
+  if (to->allocated == 0) {
+    if (from->num_regs > 0) {
+      to->beg = (int* )xmalloc(RREGC_SIZE);
+      to->end = (int* )xmalloc(RREGC_SIZE);
+      to->allocated = from->num_regs;
+    }
+  }
+  else if (to->allocated < from->num_regs) {
+    to->beg = (int* )xrealloc(to->beg, RREGC_SIZE);
+    to->end = (int* )xrealloc(to->end, RREGC_SIZE);
+    to->allocated = from->num_regs;
+  }
+
+  for (i = 0; i < from->num_regs; i++) {
+    to->beg[i] = from->beg[i];
+    to->end[i] = from->end[i];
+  }
+  to->num_regs = from->num_regs;
+
+  if (IS_NOT_NULL(from->list)) {
+    if (IS_NULL(to->list)) {
+      to->list = region_list_new();
+    }
+
+    for (i = 1; i <= ONIG_MAX_CAPTURE_HISTORY_GROUP; i++) {
+      if (IS_NOT_NULL(from->list[i])) {
+	if (IS_NULL(to->list[i]))
+	  to->list[i] = onig_region_new();
+
+	onig_region_copy(to->list[i], from->list[i]);
+      }
+      else {
+	if (IS_NOT_NULL(to->list[i])) {
+	  xfree(to->list[i]);
+	  to->list[i] = (OnigRegion* )0;
+	}
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  else
+    region_list_free(to);
+}
+
+
+/** stack **/
+#define INVALID_STACK_INDEX   -1
+typedef int  StackIndex;
+
+typedef struct _StackType {
+  unsigned int type;
+  union {
+    struct {
+      UChar *pcode;      /* byte code position */
+      UChar *pstr;       /* string position */
+      UChar *pstr_prev;  /* previous char position of pstr */
+    } state;
+    struct {
+      int   count;       /* for OP_REPEAT_INC, OP_REPEAT_INC_NG */
+      UChar *pcode;      /* byte code position (head of repeated target) */
+      int   num;         /* repeat id */
+    } repeat;
+    struct {
+      StackIndex si;     /* index of stack */
+    } repeat_inc;
+    struct {
+      int num;           /* memory num */
+      UChar *pstr;       /* start/end position */
+      /* Following information is setted, if this stack type is MEM-START */
+      StackIndex start;  /* prev. info (for backtrack  "(...)*" ) */
+      StackIndex end;    /* prev. info (for backtrack  "(...)*" ) */
+    } mem;
+    struct {
+      int num;           /* null check id */
+      UChar *pstr;       /* start position */
+    } null_check;
+#ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+    struct {
+      UChar *ret_addr;   /* byte code position */
+      int    num;        /* null check id */
+      UChar *pstr;       /* string position */
+    } call_frame;
+#endif
+  } u;
+} StackType;
+
+/* stack type */
+/* used by normal-POP */
+#define STK_ALT                    0x0001
+#define STK_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT        0x0003
+#define STK_POS_NOT                0x0005
+/* avoided by normal-POP, but value should be small */
+#define STK_NULL_CHECK_START       0x0100
+/* handled by normal-POP */
+#define STK_MEM_START              0x0200
+#define STK_MEM_END                0x0300
+#define STK_REPEAT_INC             0x0400
+/* avoided by normal-POP */
+#define STK_POS                    0x0500  /* used when POP-POS */
+#define STK_STOP_BT                0x0600  /* mark for "(?>...)" */
+#define STK_REPEAT                 0x0700
+#define STK_CALL_FRAME             0x0800
+#define STK_RETURN                 0x0900
+#define STK_MEM_END_MARK           0x0a00
+#define STK_VOID                   0x0b00  /* for fill a blank */
+#define STK_NULL_CHECK_END         0x0c00  /* for recursive call */
+
+/* stack type check mask */
+#define STK_MASK_POP_USED     0x00ff
+#define IS_TO_VOID_TARGET(stk) \
+     (((stk)->type & STK_MASK_POP_USED) || (stk)->type == STK_NULL_CHECK_START)
+
+typedef struct {
+  void* stack_p;
+  int   stack_n;
+  OnigOptionType options;
+  OnigRegion*    region;
+  UChar* start;   /* search start position (for \G: BEGIN_POSITION) */
+} MatchArg;
+
+#define MATCH_ARG_INIT(msa, arg_option, arg_region, arg_start) do {\
+  (msa).stack_p = (void* )0;\
+  (msa).options = (arg_option);\
+  (msa).region  = (arg_region);\
+  (msa).start   = (arg_start);\
+} while (0)
+
+#define MATCH_ARG_FREE(msa)   if ((msa).stack_p) xfree((msa).stack_p)
+
+
+#define STACK_INIT(alloc_addr, ptr_num, stack_num)  do {\
+  if (msa->stack_p) {\
+    alloc_addr = (char* )xalloca(sizeof(char*) * (ptr_num));\
+    stk_alloc  = (StackType* )(msa->stack_p);\
+    stk_base   = stk_alloc;\
+    stk        = stk_base;\
+    stk_end    = stk_base + msa->stack_n;\
+  }\
+  else {\
+    alloc_addr = (char* )xalloca(sizeof(char*) * (ptr_num)\
+		       + sizeof(StackType) * (stack_num));\
+    stk_alloc  = (StackType* )(alloc_addr + sizeof(char*) * (ptr_num));\
+    stk_base   = stk_alloc;\
+    stk        = stk_base;\
+    stk_end    = stk_base + (stack_num);\
+  }\
+} while(0)
+
+#define STACK_SAVE do{\
+  if (stk_base != stk_alloc) {\
+    msa->stack_p = stk_base;\
+    msa->stack_n = stk_end - stk_base;\
+  };\
+} while(0)
+
+static int
+stack_double(StackType** arg_stk_base, StackType** arg_stk_end,
+	     StackType** arg_stk, StackType* stk_alloc, MatchArg* msa)
+{
+  int n;
+  StackType *x, *stk_base, *stk_end, *stk;
+
+  stk_base = *arg_stk_base;
+  stk_end  = *arg_stk_end;
+  stk      = *arg_stk;
+
+  n = stk_end - stk_base;
+  if (stk_base == stk_alloc && IS_NULL(msa->stack_p)) {
+    x = (StackType* )xmalloc(sizeof(StackType) * n * 2);
+    if (IS_NULL(x)) {
+      STACK_SAVE;
+      return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
+    }
+    xmemcpy(x, stk_base, n * sizeof(StackType));
+    n *= 2;
+  }
+  else {
+    n *= 2;
+    if (n > MATCH_STACK_LIMIT_SIZE) return ONIGERR_MATCH_STACK_LIMIT_OVER;
+    x = (StackType* )xrealloc(stk_base, sizeof(StackType) * n);
+    if (IS_NULL(x)) {
+      STACK_SAVE;
+      return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
+    }
+  }
+  *arg_stk      = x + (stk - stk_base);
+  *arg_stk_base = x;
+  *arg_stk_end  = x + n;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+#define STACK_ENSURE(n)	do {\
+  if (stk_end - stk < (n)) {\
+    int r = stack_double(&stk_base, &stk_end, &stk, stk_alloc, msa);\
+    if (r != 0) { STACK_SAVE; return r; } \
+  }\
+} while(0)
+
+#define STACK_AT(index)        (stk_base + (index))
+#define GET_STACK_INDEX(stk)   ((stk) - stk_base)
+
+#define STACK_PUSH(stack_type,pat,s,sprev) do {\
+  STACK_ENSURE(1);\
+  stk->type = (stack_type);\
+  stk->u.state.pcode     = (pat);\
+  stk->u.state.pstr      = (s);\
+  stk->u.state.pstr_prev = (sprev);\
+  STACK_INC;\
+} while(0)
+
+#define STACK_PUSH_ENSURED(stack_type,pat) do {\
+  stk->type = (stack_type);\
+  stk->u.state.pcode = (pat);\
+  STACK_INC;\
+} while(0)
+
+#define STACK_PUSH_TYPE(stack_type) do {\
+  STACK_ENSURE(1);\
+  stk->type = (stack_type);\
+  STACK_INC;\
+} while(0)
+
+#define STACK_PUSH_ALT(pat,s,sprev)     STACK_PUSH(STK_ALT,pat,s,sprev)
+#define STACK_PUSH_POS(s,sprev)         STACK_PUSH(STK_POS,NULL_UCHARP,s,sprev)
+#define STACK_PUSH_POS_NOT(pat,s,sprev) STACK_PUSH(STK_POS_NOT,pat,s,sprev)
+#define STACK_PUSH_STOP_BT              STACK_PUSH_TYPE(STK_STOP_BT)
+#define STACK_PUSH_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT(pat,s,sprev) \
+        STACK_PUSH(STK_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT,pat,s,sprev)
+
+#define STACK_PUSH_REPEAT(id, pat) do {\
+  STACK_ENSURE(1);\
+  stk->type = STK_REPEAT;\
+  stk->u.repeat.num    = (id);\
+  stk->u.repeat.pcode  = (pat);\
+  stk->u.repeat.count  = 0;\
+  STACK_INC;\
+} while(0)
+
+#define STACK_PUSH_REPEAT_INC(sindex) do {\
+  STACK_ENSURE(1);\
+  stk->type = STK_REPEAT_INC;\
+  stk->u.repeat_inc.si  = (sindex);\
+  STACK_INC;\
+} while(0)
+
+#define STACK_PUSH_MEM_START(mnum, s) do {\
+  STACK_ENSURE(1);\
+  stk->type = STK_MEM_START;\
+  stk->u.mem.num      = (mnum);\
+  stk->u.mem.pstr     = (s);\
+  stk->u.mem.start    = mem_start_stk[mnum];\
+  stk->u.mem.end      = mem_end_stk[mnum];\
+  mem_start_stk[mnum] = GET_STACK_INDEX(stk);\
+  mem_end_stk[mnum]   = INVALID_STACK_INDEX;\
+  STACK_INC;\
+} while(0)
+
+#define STACK_PUSH_MEM_END(mnum, s) do {\
+  STACK_ENSURE(1);\
+  stk->type = STK_MEM_END;\
+  stk->u.mem.num    = (mnum);\
+  stk->u.mem.pstr   = (s);\
+  stk->u.mem.start  = mem_start_stk[mnum];\
+  stk->u.mem.end    = mem_end_stk[mnum];\
+  mem_end_stk[mnum] = GET_STACK_INDEX(stk);\
+  STACK_INC;\
+} while(0)
+
+#define STACK_PUSH_MEM_END_MARK(mnum) do {\
+  STACK_ENSURE(1);\
+  stk->type = STK_MEM_END_MARK;\
+  stk->u.mem.num = (mnum);\
+  STACK_INC;\
+} while(0)
+
+#define STACK_GET_MEM_START(mnum, k) do {\
+  int level = 0;\
+  k = stk;\
+  while (k > stk_base) {\
+    k--;\
+    if ((k->type == STK_MEM_END_MARK || k->type == STK_MEM_END) \
+      && k->u.mem.num == (mnum)) {\
+      level++;\
+    }\
+    else if (k->type == STK_MEM_START && k->u.mem.num == (mnum)) {\
+      if (level == 0) break;\
+      level--;\
+    }\
+  }\
+} while (0)
+
+#define STACK_GET_MEM_RANGE(k, mnum, start, end) do {\
+  int level = 0;\
+  while (k < stk) {\
+    if (k->type == STK_MEM_START && k->u.mem.num == (mnum)) {\
+      if (level == 0) (start) = k->u.mem.pstr;\
+      level++;\
+    }\
+    else if (k->type == STK_MEM_END && k->u.mem.num == (mnum)) {\
+      level--;\
+      if (level == 0) {\
+        (end) = k->u.mem.pstr;\
+        break;\
+      }\
+    }\
+    k++;\
+  }\
+} while (0)
+
+#define STACK_PUSH_NULL_CHECK_START(cnum, s) do {\
+  STACK_ENSURE(1);\
+  stk->type = STK_NULL_CHECK_START;\
+  stk->u.null_check.num  = (cnum);\
+  stk->u.null_check.pstr = (s);\
+  STACK_INC;\
+} while(0)
+
+#define STACK_PUSH_NULL_CHECK_END(cnum) do {\
+  STACK_ENSURE(1);\
+  stk->type = STK_NULL_CHECK_END;\
+  stk->u.null_check.num  = (cnum);\
+  STACK_INC;\
+} while(0)
+
+#define STACK_PUSH_CALL_FRAME(pat) do {\
+  STACK_ENSURE(1);\
+  stk->type = STK_CALL_FRAME;\
+  stk->u.call_frame.ret_addr = (pat);\
+  STACK_INC;\
+} while(0)
+
+#define STACK_PUSH_RETURN do {\
+  STACK_ENSURE(1);\
+  stk->type = STK_RETURN;\
+  STACK_INC;\
+} while(0)
+
+
+#ifdef ONIG_DEBUG
+#define STACK_BASE_CHECK(p) \
+  if ((p) < stk_base)  goto stack_error;
+#else
+#define STACK_BASE_CHECK(p)
+#endif
+
+#define STACK_POP_ONE do {\
+  stk--;\
+  STACK_BASE_CHECK(stk); \
+} while(0)
+
+#define STACK_POP  do {\
+  switch (pop_level) {\
+  case STACK_POP_LEVEL_FREE:\
+    while (1) {\
+      stk--;\
+      STACK_BASE_CHECK(stk); \
+      if ((stk->type & STK_MASK_POP_USED) != 0)  break;\
+    }\
+    break;\
+  case STACK_POP_LEVEL_MEM_START:\
+    while (1) {\
+      stk--;\
+      STACK_BASE_CHECK(stk); \
+      if ((stk->type & STK_MASK_POP_USED) != 0)  break;\
+      else if (stk->type == STK_MEM_START) {\
+        mem_start_stk[stk->u.mem.num] = stk->u.mem.start;\
+        mem_end_stk[stk->u.mem.num]   = stk->u.mem.end;\
+      }\
+    }\
+    break;\
+  default:\
+    while (1) {\
+      stk--;\
+      STACK_BASE_CHECK(stk); \
+      if ((stk->type & STK_MASK_POP_USED) != 0)  break;\
+      else if (stk->type == STK_MEM_START) {\
+        mem_start_stk[stk->u.mem.num] = stk->u.mem.start;\
+        mem_end_stk[stk->u.mem.num]   = stk->u.mem.end;\
+      }\
+      else if (stk->type == STK_REPEAT_INC) {\
+        STACK_AT(stk->u.repeat_inc.si)->u.repeat.count--;\
+      }\
+      else if (stk->type == STK_MEM_END) {\
+        mem_start_stk[stk->u.mem.num] = stk->u.mem.start;\
+        mem_end_stk[stk->u.mem.num]   = stk->u.mem.end;\
+      }\
+    }\
+    break;\
+  }\
+} while(0)
+
+#define STACK_POP_TIL_POS_NOT  do {\
+  while (1) {\
+    stk--;\
+    STACK_BASE_CHECK(stk); \
+    if (stk->type == STK_POS_NOT) break;\
+    else if (stk->type == STK_MEM_START) {\
+      mem_start_stk[stk->u.mem.num] = stk->u.mem.start;\
+      mem_end_stk[stk->u.mem.num]   = stk->u.mem.end;\
+    }\
+    else if (stk->type == STK_REPEAT_INC) {\
+      STACK_AT(stk->u.repeat_inc.si)->u.repeat.count--;\
+    }\
+    else if (stk->type == STK_MEM_END) {\
+      mem_start_stk[stk->u.mem.num] = stk->u.mem.start;\
+      mem_end_stk[stk->u.mem.num]   = stk->u.mem.end;\
+    }\
+  }\
+} while(0)
+
+#define STACK_POP_TIL_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT  do {\
+  while (1) {\
+    stk--;\
+    STACK_BASE_CHECK(stk); \
+    if (stk->type == STK_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT) break;\
+    else if (stk->type == STK_MEM_START) {\
+      mem_start_stk[stk->u.mem.num] = stk->u.mem.start;\
+      mem_end_stk[stk->u.mem.num]   = stk->u.mem.end;\
+    }\
+    else if (stk->type == STK_REPEAT_INC) {\
+      STACK_AT(stk->u.repeat_inc.si)->u.repeat.count--;\
+    }\
+    else if (stk->type == STK_MEM_END) {\
+      mem_start_stk[stk->u.mem.num] = stk->u.mem.start;\
+      mem_end_stk[stk->u.mem.num]   = stk->u.mem.end;\
+    }\
+  }\
+} while(0)
+
+#define STACK_POS_END(k) do {\
+  k = stk;\
+  while (1) {\
+    k--;\
+    STACK_BASE_CHECK(k); \
+    if (IS_TO_VOID_TARGET(k)) {\
+      k->type = STK_VOID;\
+    }\
+    else if (k->type == STK_POS) {\
+      k->type = STK_VOID;\
+      break;\
+    }\
+  }\
+} while(0)
+
+#define STACK_STOP_BT_END do {\
+  StackType *k = stk;\
+  while (1) {\
+    k--;\
+    STACK_BASE_CHECK(k); \
+    if (IS_TO_VOID_TARGET(k)) {\
+      k->type = STK_VOID;\
+    }\
+    else if (k->type == STK_STOP_BT) {\
+      k->type = STK_VOID;\
+      break;\
+    }\
+  }\
+} while(0)
+
+#define STACK_NULL_CHECK(isnull,id,s) do {\
+  StackType* k = stk;\
+  while (1) {\
+    k--;\
+    STACK_BASE_CHECK(k); \
+    if (k->type == STK_NULL_CHECK_START) {\
+      if (k->u.null_check.num == (id)) {\
+        (isnull) = (k->u.null_check.pstr == (s));\
+        break;\
+      }\
+    }\
+  }\
+} while(0)
+
+#define STACK_NULL_CHECK_REC(isnull,id,s) do {\
+  int level = 0;\
+  StackType* k = stk;\
+  while (1) {\
+    k--;\
+    STACK_BASE_CHECK(k); \
+    if (k->type == STK_NULL_CHECK_START) {\
+      if (k->u.null_check.num == (id)) {\
+        if (level == 0) {\
+          (isnull) = (k->u.null_check.pstr == (s));\
+          break;\
+        }\
+        else level--;\
+      }\
+    }\
+    else if (k->type == STK_NULL_CHECK_END) {\
+      level++;\
+    }\
+  }\
+} while(0)
+
+#define STACK_NULL_CHECK_MEMST(isnull,id,s,reg) do {\
+  StackType* k = stk;\
+  while (1) {\
+    k--;\
+    STACK_BASE_CHECK(k); \
+    if (k->type == STK_NULL_CHECK_START) {\
+      if (k->u.null_check.num == (id)) {\
+        if (k->u.null_check.pstr != (s)) {\
+          (isnull) = 0;\
+          break;\
+        }\
+        else {\
+          UChar* endp;\
+          (isnull) = 1;\
+          while (k < stk) {\
+            if (k->type == STK_MEM_START) {\
+              if (k->u.mem.end == INVALID_STACK_INDEX) {\
+                (isnull) = 0; break;\
+              }\
+              if (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_end, k->u.mem.num))\
+                endp = STACK_AT(k->u.mem.end)->u.mem.pstr;\
+              else\
+                endp = (UChar* )k->u.mem.end;\
+              if (STACK_AT(k->u.mem.start)->u.mem.pstr != endp) {\
+                (isnull) = 0; break;\
+              }\
+              else if (endp != s) {\
+                (isnull) = -1; /* empty, but position changed */ \
+              }\
+            }\
+            k++;\
+          }\
+  	  break;\
+        }\
+      }\
+    }\
+  }\
+} while(0)
+
+#define STACK_NULL_CHECK_MEMST_REC(isnull,id,s,reg) do {\
+  int level = 0;\
+  StackType* k = stk;\
+  while (1) {\
+    k--;\
+    STACK_BASE_CHECK(k); \
+    if (k->type == STK_NULL_CHECK_START) {\
+      if (k->u.null_check.num == (id)) {\
+        if (level == 0) {\
+          if (k->u.null_check.pstr != (s)) {\
+            (isnull) = 0;\
+            break;\
+          }\
+          else {\
+            UChar* endp;\
+            (isnull) = 1;\
+            while (k < stk) {\
+              if (k->type == STK_MEM_START) {\
+                if (k->u.mem.end == INVALID_STACK_INDEX) {\
+                  (isnull) = 0; break;\
+                }\
+                if (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_end, k->u.mem.num))\
+                  endp = STACK_AT(k->u.mem.end)->u.mem.pstr;\
+                else\
+                  endp = (UChar* )k->u.mem.end;\
+                if (STACK_AT(k->u.mem.start)->u.mem.pstr != endp) {\
+                  (isnull) = 0; break;\
+                }\
+                else if (endp != s) {\
+                  (isnull) = -1; /* empty, but position changed */ \
+                }\
+              }\
+              k++;\
+            }\
+  	    break;\
+          }\
+        }\
+        else {\
+          level--;\
+        }\
+      }\
+    }\
+    else if (k->type == STK_NULL_CHECK_END) {\
+      if (k->u.null_check.num == (id)) level++;\
+    }\
+  }\
+} while(0)
+
+#define STACK_GET_REPEAT(id, k) do {\
+  int level = 0;\
+  k = stk;\
+  while (1) {\
+    k--;\
+    STACK_BASE_CHECK(k); \
+    if (k->type == STK_REPEAT) {\
+      if (level == 0) {\
+        if (k->u.repeat.num == (id)) {\
+          break;\
+        }\
+      }\
+    }\
+    else if (k->type == STK_CALL_FRAME) level--;\
+    else if (k->type == STK_RETURN)     level++;\
+  }\
+} while (0)
+
+#define STACK_RETURN(addr)  do {\
+  int level = 0;\
+  StackType* k = stk;\
+  while (1) {\
+    k--;\
+    STACK_BASE_CHECK(k); \
+    if (k->type == STK_CALL_FRAME) {\
+      if (level == 0) {\
+        (addr) = k->u.call_frame.ret_addr;\
+        break;\
+      }\
+      else level--;\
+    }\
+    else if (k->type == STK_RETURN)\
+      level++;\
+  }\
+} while(0)
+
+
+#define STRING_CMP(s1,s2,len) do {\
+  while (len-- > 0) {\
+    if (*s1++ != *s2++) goto fail;\
+  }\
+} while(0)
+
+#define STRING_CMP_IC(s1,ps2,len) do {\
+  if (string_cmp_ic(encode, s1, ps2, len) == 0) \
+    goto fail; \
+} while(0)
+
+static int string_cmp_ic(OnigEncoding enc,
+			 UChar* s1, UChar** ps2, int mblen)
+{
+  UChar buf1[ONIGENC_MBC_TO_LOWER_MAXLEN];
+  UChar buf2[ONIGENC_MBC_TO_LOWER_MAXLEN];
+  UChar *p1, *p2, *end, *s2;
+  int len1, len2;
+
+  s2  = *ps2;
+  end = s1 + mblen;
+  while (s1 < end) {
+    len1 = ONIGENC_MBC_TO_LOWER(enc, s1, buf1);
+    len2 = ONIGENC_MBC_TO_LOWER(enc, s2, buf2);
+    if (len1 != len2) return 0;
+    p1 = buf1;
+    p2 = buf2;
+    while (len1-- > 0) {
+      if (*p1 != *p2) return 0;
+      p1++;
+      p2++;
+    }
+
+    s1 += enc_len(enc, *s1);
+    s2 += enc_len(enc, *s2);
+  }
+
+  *ps2 = s2;
+  return 1;
+}
+
+#define STRING_CMP_VALUE(s1,s2,len,is_fail) do {\
+  is_fail = 0;\
+  while (len-- > 0) {\
+    if (*s1++ != *s2++) {\
+      is_fail = 1; break;\
+    }\
+  }\
+} while(0)
+
+#define STRING_CMP_VALUE_IC(s1,ps2,len,is_fail) do {\
+  if (string_cmp_ic(encode, s1, ps2, len) == 0) \
+    is_fail = 1; \
+  else \
+    is_fail = 0; \
+} while(0)
+
+#define ON_STR_BEGIN(s)  ((s) == str)
+#define ON_STR_END(s)    ((s) == end)
+#define IS_EMPTY_STR     (str == end)
+
+#define DATA_ENSURE(n) \
+  if (s + (n) > end) goto fail
+
+#define DATA_ENSURE_CHECK(n)   (s + (n) <= end)
+
+#ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_STATISTICS
+
+#define USE_TIMEOFDAY
+
+#ifdef USE_TIMEOFDAY
+#ifdef HAVE_SYS_TIME_H
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H
+#include <unistd.h>
+#endif
+static struct timeval ts, te;
+#define GETTIME(t)        gettimeofday(&(t), (struct timezone* )0)
+#define TIMEDIFF(te,ts)   (((te).tv_usec - (ts).tv_usec) + \
+                           (((te).tv_sec - (ts).tv_sec)*1000000))
+#else
+#ifdef HAVE_SYS_TIMES_H
+#include <sys/times.h>
+#endif
+static struct tms ts, te;
+#define GETTIME(t)         times(&(t))
+#define TIMEDIFF(te,ts)   ((te).tms_utime - (ts).tms_utime)
+#endif
+
+static int OpCounter[256];
+static int OpPrevCounter[256];
+static unsigned long OpTime[256];
+static int OpCurr = OP_FINISH;
+static int OpPrevTarget = OP_FAIL;
+static int MaxStackDepth = 0;
+
+#define STAT_OP_IN(opcode) do {\
+  if (opcode == OpPrevTarget) OpPrevCounter[OpCurr]++;\
+  OpCurr = opcode;\
+  OpCounter[opcode]++;\
+  GETTIME(ts);\
+} while (0)
+
+#define STAT_OP_OUT do {\
+  GETTIME(te);\
+  OpTime[OpCurr] += TIMEDIFF(te, ts);\
+} while (0)
+
+#ifdef RUBY_PLATFORM
+/*
+ * :nodoc:
+ */
+static VALUE onig_stat_print()
+{
+  onig_print_statistics(stderr);
+  return Qnil;
+}
+#endif
+
+extern void onig_statistics_init()
+{
+  int i;
+  for (i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
+    OpCounter[i] = OpPrevCounter[i] = 0; OpTime[i] = 0;
+  }
+  MaxStackDepth = 0;
+
+#ifdef RUBY_PLATFORM
+  rb_define_global_function("onig_stat_print", onig_stat_print, 0);
+#endif
+}
+
+extern void
+onig_print_statistics(FILE* f)
+{
+  int i;
+  fprintf(f, "   count      prev        time\n");
+  for (i = 0; OnigOpInfo[i].opcode >= 0; i++) {
+    fprintf(f, "%8d: %8d: %10ld: %s\n",
+	    OpCounter[i], OpPrevCounter[i], OpTime[i], OnigOpInfo[i].name);
+  }
+  fprintf(f, "\nmax stack depth: %d\n", MaxStackDepth);
+}
+
+#define STACK_INC do {\
+  stk++;\
+  if (stk - stk_base > MaxStackDepth) \
+    MaxStackDepth = stk - stk_base;\
+} while (0)
+
+#else
+#define STACK_INC     stk++
+
+#define STAT_OP_IN(opcode)
+#define STAT_OP_OUT
+#endif
+
+extern int
+onig_is_in_code_range(UChar* p, OnigCodePoint code)
+{
+  OnigCodePoint n, *data;
+  OnigCodePoint low, high, x;
+
+  GET_CODE_POINT(n, p);
+  data = (OnigCodePoint* )p;
+  data++;
+
+  for (low = 0, high = n; low < high; ) {
+    x = (low + high) >> 1;
+    if (code > data[x * 2 + 1])
+      low = x + 1;
+    else
+      high = x;
+  }
+
+  return ((low < n && code >= data[low * 2]) ? 1 : 0);
+}
+
+
+/* matching region of POSIX API */
+typedef int regoff_t;
+
+typedef struct {
+  regoff_t  rm_so;
+  regoff_t  rm_eo;
+} posix_regmatch_t;
+
+/* match data(str - end) from position (sstart). */
+/* if sstart == str then set sprev to NULL. */
+static int
+match_at(regex_t* reg, UChar* str, UChar* end, UChar* sstart,
+	 UChar* sprev, MatchArg* msa)
+{
+  static UChar FinishCode[] = { OP_FINISH };
+
+  int i, n, num_mem, best_len, pop_level;
+  LengthType tlen, tlen2;
+  MemNumType mem;
+  RelAddrType addr;
+  OnigOptionType option = reg->options;
+  OnigEncoding encode = reg->enc;
+  int ignore_case;
+  UChar *s, *q, *sbegin;
+  UChar *p = reg->p;
+  char *alloca_base;
+  StackType *stk_alloc, *stk_base, *stk, *stk_end;
+  StackType *stkp; /* used as any purpose. */
+  StackIndex *repeat_stk;
+  StackIndex *mem_start_stk, *mem_end_stk;
+  n = reg->num_repeat + reg->num_mem * 2;
+
+  STACK_INIT(alloca_base, n, INIT_MATCH_STACK_SIZE);
+  ignore_case = IS_IGNORECASE(option);
+  pop_level = reg->stack_pop_level;
+  num_mem = reg->num_mem;
+  repeat_stk = (StackIndex* )alloca_base;
+
+  mem_start_stk = (StackIndex* )(repeat_stk + reg->num_repeat);
+  mem_end_stk   = mem_start_stk + num_mem;
+  mem_start_stk--; /* for index start from 1,
+		      mem_start_stk[1]..mem_start_stk[num_mem] */
+  mem_end_stk--;   /* for index start from 1,
+		      mem_end_stk[1]..mem_end_stk[num_mem] */
+  for (i = 1; i <= num_mem; i++) {
+    mem_start_stk[i] = mem_end_stk[i] = INVALID_STACK_INDEX;
+  }
+
+#ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_MATCH
+  fprintf(stderr, "match_at: str: %d, end: %d, start: %d, sprev: %d\n",
+	  (int )str, (int )end, (int )sstart, (int )sprev);
+  fprintf(stderr, "size: %d, start offset: %d\n",
+	  (int )(end - str), (int )(sstart - str));
+#endif
+
+  STACK_PUSH_ENSURED(STK_ALT, FinishCode);  /* bottom stack */
+  best_len = ONIG_MISMATCH;
+  s = sstart;
+  while (1) {
+#ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_MATCH
+    {
+      UChar *q, *bp, buf[50];
+      int len;
+      fprintf(stderr, "%4d> \"", (int )(s - str));
+      bp = buf;
+      for (i = 0, q = s; i < 7 && q < end; i++) {
+	len = enc_len(encode, *q);
+	while (len-- > 0) *bp++ = *q++;
+      }
+      if (q < end) { xmemcpy(bp, "...\"", 4); bp += 4; }
+      else         { xmemcpy(bp, "\"",    1); bp += 1; }
+      *bp = 0;
+      fputs(buf, stderr);
+      for (i = 0; i < 20 - (bp - buf); i++) fputc(' ', stderr);
+      onig_print_compiled_byte_code(stderr, p, NULL);
+      fprintf(stderr, "\n");
+    }
+#endif
+
+    sbegin = s;
+    switch (*p++) {
+    case OP_END:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_END);
+      n = s - sstart;
+      if (n > best_len) {
+	OnigRegion* region = msa->region;
+	best_len = n;
+	if (region) {
+#ifdef USE_POSIX_REGION_OPTION
+	  if (IS_POSIX_REGION(msa->options)) {
+	    posix_regmatch_t* rmt = (posix_regmatch_t* )region;
+
+	    rmt[0].rm_so = sstart - str;
+	    rmt[0].rm_eo = s      - str;
+	    for (i = 1; i <= num_mem; i++) {
+	      if (mem_end_stk[i] != INVALID_STACK_INDEX) {
+		if (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_start, i))
+		  rmt[i].rm_so = STACK_AT(mem_start_stk[i])->u.mem.pstr - str;
+		else
+		  rmt[i].rm_so = (UChar* )((void* )(mem_start_stk[i])) - str;
+
+		rmt[i].rm_eo = (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_end, i)
+				? STACK_AT(mem_end_stk[i])->u.mem.pstr
+				: (UChar* )((void* )mem_end_stk[i])) - str;
+	      }
+	      else {
+		rmt[i].rm_so = rmt[i].rm_eo = ONIG_REGION_NOTPOS;
+	      }
+	    }
+	  }
+	  else {
+#endif /* USE_POSIX_REGION_OPTION */
+	    region->beg[0] = sstart - str;
+	    region->end[0] = s      - str;
+	    for (i = 1; i <= num_mem; i++) {
+	      if (mem_end_stk[i] != INVALID_STACK_INDEX) {
+		if (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_start, i))
+		  region->beg[i] = STACK_AT(mem_start_stk[i])->u.mem.pstr - str;
+		else
+		  region->beg[i] = (UChar* )((void* )mem_start_stk[i]) - str;
+
+		region->end[i] = (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_end, i)
+				  ? STACK_AT(mem_end_stk[i])->u.mem.pstr
+				  : (UChar* )((void* )mem_end_stk[i])) - str;
+	      }
+	      else {
+		region->beg[i] = region->end[i] = ONIG_REGION_NOTPOS;
+	      }
+	    }
+
+	    if (reg->capture_history != 0) {
+	      UChar *pstart, *pend;
+	      for (i = 1; i <= ONIG_MAX_CAPTURE_HISTORY_GROUP; i++) {
+		if (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->capture_history, i) != 0) {
+		  stkp = stk_base;
+		  do {
+		    STACK_GET_MEM_RANGE(stkp, i, pstart, pend);
+		    if (stkp < stk) {
+		      int r;
+		      r = region_list_add_entry(region, i,
+						pstart - str, pend - str);
+		      if (r) {
+			STACK_SAVE;
+			return r;
+		      }
+		    }
+		    stkp++;
+		  } while (stkp < stk);
+		}
+	      }
+	    } /* list of captures */
+#ifdef USE_POSIX_REGION_OPTION
+	  } /* else IS_POSIX_REGION() */
+#endif
+	} /* if (region) */
+      } /* n > best_len */
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+
+      if (IS_FIND_CONDITION(option)) {
+	if (IS_FIND_NOT_EMPTY(option) && s == sstart) {
+	  best_len = ONIG_MISMATCH;
+	  goto fail; /* for retry */
+	}
+	if (IS_FIND_LONGEST(option) && s < end) {
+	  goto fail; /* for retry */
+	}
+      }
+      else {
+	/* default behavior: return first-matching result. */
+	goto finish;
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case OP_EXACT1:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_EXACT1);
+#if 0
+      DATA_ENSURE(1);
+      if (*p != *s) goto fail;
+      p++; s++;
+#endif
+      if (*p != *s++) goto fail;
+      DATA_ENSURE(0);
+      p++;
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_EXACT1_IC:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_EXACT1_IC);
+      {
+	int len;
+	UChar *q, lowbuf[ONIGENC_MBC_TO_LOWER_MAXLEN];
+
+	len = ONIGENC_MBC_TO_LOWER(encode, s, lowbuf);
+	DATA_ENSURE(len);
+	q = lowbuf;
+	s += enc_len(encode, *s);
+	while (len-- > 0) {
+	  if (*p != *q) goto fail;
+	  p++; q++;
+	}
+      }
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_EXACT2:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_EXACT2);
+      DATA_ENSURE(2);
+      if (*p != *s) goto fail;
+      p++; s++;
+      if (*p != *s) goto fail;
+      sprev = s;
+      p++; s++;
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_EXACT3:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_EXACT3);
+      DATA_ENSURE(3);
+      if (*p != *s) goto fail;
+      p++; s++;
+      if (*p != *s) goto fail;
+      p++; s++;
+      if (*p != *s) goto fail;
+      sprev = s;
+      p++; s++;
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_EXACT4:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_EXACT4);
+      DATA_ENSURE(4);
+      if (*p != *s) goto fail;
+      p++; s++;
+      if (*p != *s) goto fail;
+      p++; s++;
+      if (*p != *s) goto fail;
+      p++; s++;
+      if (*p != *s) goto fail;
+      sprev = s;
+      p++; s++;
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_EXACT5:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_EXACT5);
+      DATA_ENSURE(5);
+      if (*p != *s) goto fail;
+      p++; s++;
+      if (*p != *s) goto fail;
+      p++; s++;
+      if (*p != *s) goto fail;
+      p++; s++;
+      if (*p != *s) goto fail;
+      p++; s++;
+      if (*p != *s) goto fail;
+      sprev = s;
+      p++; s++;
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_EXACTN:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_EXACTN);
+      GET_LENGTH_INC(tlen, p);
+      DATA_ENSURE(tlen);
+      while (tlen-- > 0) {
+	if (*p++ != *s++) goto fail;
+      }
+      sprev = s - 1;
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_EXACTN_IC:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_EXACTN_IC);
+      {
+	int len;
+	UChar *q, *endp, lowbuf[ONIGENC_MBC_TO_LOWER_MAXLEN];
+
+	GET_LENGTH_INC(tlen, p);
+	endp = p + tlen;
+
+	while (p < endp) {
+	  len = ONIGENC_MBC_TO_LOWER(encode, s, lowbuf);
+	  DATA_ENSURE(len);
+	  sprev = s;
+	  s += enc_len(encode, *s);
+	  q = lowbuf;
+	  while (len-- > 0) {
+	    if (*p != *q) goto fail;
+	    p++; q++;
+	  }
+	}
+      }
+
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_EXACTMB2N1:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_EXACTMB2N1);
+      DATA_ENSURE(2);
+      if (*p != *s) goto fail;
+      p++; s++;
+      if (*p != *s) goto fail;
+      p++; s++;
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_EXACTMB2N2:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_EXACTMB2N2);
+      DATA_ENSURE(4);
+      if (*p != *s) goto fail;
+      p++; s++;
+      if (*p != *s) goto fail;
+      p++; s++;
+      sprev = s;
+      if (*p != *s) goto fail;
+      p++; s++;
+      if (*p != *s) goto fail;
+      p++; s++;
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_EXACTMB2N3:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_EXACTMB2N3);
+      DATA_ENSURE(6);
+      if (*p != *s) goto fail;
+      p++; s++;
+      if (*p != *s) goto fail;
+      p++; s++;
+      if (*p != *s) goto fail;
+      p++; s++;
+      if (*p != *s) goto fail;
+      p++; s++;
+      sprev = s;
+      if (*p != *s) goto fail;
+      p++; s++;
+      if (*p != *s) goto fail;
+      p++; s++;
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_EXACTMB2N:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_EXACTMB2N);
+      GET_LENGTH_INC(tlen, p);
+      DATA_ENSURE(tlen * 2);
+      while (tlen-- > 0) {
+	if (*p != *s) goto fail;
+	p++; s++;
+	if (*p != *s) goto fail;
+	p++; s++;
+      }
+      sprev = s - 2;
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_EXACTMB3N:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_EXACTMB3N);
+      GET_LENGTH_INC(tlen, p);
+      DATA_ENSURE(tlen * 3);
+      while (tlen-- > 0) {
+	if (*p != *s) goto fail;
+	p++; s++;
+	if (*p != *s) goto fail;
+	p++; s++;
+	if (*p != *s) goto fail;
+	p++; s++;
+      }
+      sprev = s - 3;
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_EXACTMBN:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_EXACTMBN);
+      GET_LENGTH_INC(tlen,  p);  /* mb-len */
+      GET_LENGTH_INC(tlen2, p);  /* string len */
+      tlen2 *= tlen;
+      DATA_ENSURE(tlen2);
+      while (tlen2-- > 0) {
+	if (*p != *s) goto fail;
+	p++; s++;
+      }
+      sprev = s - tlen;
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_CCLASS:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_CCLASS);
+      DATA_ENSURE(1);
+      if (BITSET_AT(((BitSetRef )p), *s) == 0) goto fail;
+      p += SIZE_BITSET;
+      s += enc_len(encode, *s);   /* OP_CCLASS can match mb-code. \D, \S */
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_CCLASS_MB:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_CCLASS_MB);
+      if (! ONIGENC_IS_MBC_HEAD(encode, *s)) goto fail;
+
+    cclass_mb:
+      GET_LENGTH_INC(tlen, p);
+      {
+	OnigCodePoint code;
+	UChar *ss;
+	int mb_len = enc_len(encode, *s);
+
+	DATA_ENSURE(mb_len);
+	ss = s;
+	s += mb_len;
+	code = ONIGENC_MBC_TO_CODE(encode, ss, s);
+
+#ifdef PLATFORM_UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS
+	if (! onig_is_in_code_range(p, code)) goto fail;
+#else
+	q = p;
+	ALIGNMENT_RIGHT(q);
+	if (! onig_is_in_code_range(q, code)) goto fail;
+#endif
+      }
+      p += tlen;
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_CCLASS_MIX:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_CCLASS_MIX);
+      DATA_ENSURE(1);
+      if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_HEAD(encode, *s)) {
+	p += SIZE_BITSET;
+	goto cclass_mb;
+      }
+      else {
+	if (BITSET_AT(((BitSetRef )p), *s) == 0)
+	  goto fail;
+
+	p += SIZE_BITSET;
+	GET_LENGTH_INC(tlen, p);
+	p += tlen;
+	s++;
+      }
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_CCLASS_NOT:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_CCLASS_NOT);
+      DATA_ENSURE(1);
+      if (BITSET_AT(((BitSetRef )p), *s) != 0) goto fail;
+      p += SIZE_BITSET;
+      s += enc_len(encode, *s);
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_CCLASS_MB_NOT:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_CCLASS_MB_NOT);
+      if (! ONIGENC_IS_MBC_HEAD(encode, *s)) {
+	DATA_ENSURE(1);
+	s++;
+	GET_LENGTH_INC(tlen, p);
+	p += tlen;
+	goto cc_mb_not_success;
+      }
+
+    cclass_mb_not:
+      GET_LENGTH_INC(tlen, p);
+      {
+	OnigCodePoint code;
+	UChar *ss;
+	int mb_len = enc_len(encode, *s);
+
+	if (s + mb_len > end) {
+	  s = end;
+	  p += tlen;
+	  goto cc_mb_not_success;
+	}
+
+	ss = s;
+	s += mb_len;
+	code = ONIGENC_MBC_TO_CODE(encode, ss, s);
+
+#ifdef PLATFORM_UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS
+	if (onig_is_in_code_range(p, code)) goto fail;
+#else
+	q = p;
+	ALIGNMENT_RIGHT(q);
+	if (onig_is_in_code_range(q, code)) goto fail;
+#endif
+      }
+      p += tlen;
+
+    cc_mb_not_success:
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_CCLASS_MIX_NOT:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_CCLASS_MIX_NOT);
+      DATA_ENSURE(1);
+      if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_HEAD(encode, *s)) {
+	p += SIZE_BITSET;
+	goto cclass_mb_not;
+      }
+      else {
+	if (BITSET_AT(((BitSetRef )p), *s) != 0)
+	  goto fail;
+
+	p += SIZE_BITSET;
+	GET_LENGTH_INC(tlen, p);
+	p += tlen;
+	s++;
+      }
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_ANYCHAR:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_ANYCHAR);
+      n = enc_len(encode, *s);
+      if (n > 1) {
+	DATA_ENSURE(n);
+	s += n;
+      }
+      else {
+	DATA_ENSURE(1);
+	if (ONIG_IS_NEWLINE(*s)) goto fail;
+	s++;
+      }
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_ANYCHAR_ML:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_ANYCHAR_ML);
+      n = enc_len(encode, *s);
+      DATA_ENSURE(n);
+      s += n;
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_ANYCHAR_STAR:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_ANYCHAR_STAR);
+      while (s < end) {
+	STACK_PUSH_ALT(p, s, sprev);
+	n = enc_len(encode, *s);
+	if (n > 1) {
+	  DATA_ENSURE(n);
+	  sprev = s;
+	  s += n;
+	}
+	else {
+	  if (ONIG_IS_NEWLINE(*s))  goto fail;
+	  sprev = s;
+	  s++;
+	}
+      }
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR);
+      while (s < end) {
+	STACK_PUSH_ALT(p, s, sprev);
+	n = enc_len(encode, *s);
+	if (n > 1) {
+	  DATA_ENSURE(n);
+	  sprev = s;
+	  s += n;
+	}
+	else {
+	  sprev = s;
+	  s++;
+	}
+      }
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_ANYCHAR_STAR_PEEK_NEXT:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_ANYCHAR_STAR_PEEK_NEXT);
+      while (s < end) {
+	if (*p == *s) {
+	  STACK_PUSH_ALT(p + 1, s, sprev);
+	}
+	n = enc_len(encode, *s);
+	if (n > 1) {
+	  DATA_ENSURE(n);
+	  sprev = s;
+	  s += n;
+	}
+	else {
+	  if (ONIG_IS_NEWLINE(*s))  goto fail;
+	  sprev = s;
+	  s++;
+	}
+      }
+      p++;
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR_PEEK_NEXT:STAT_OP_IN(OP_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR_PEEK_NEXT);
+      while (s < end) {
+	if (*p == *s) {
+	  STACK_PUSH_ALT(p + 1, s, sprev);
+	}
+	n = enc_len(encode, *s);
+	if (n >1) {
+	  DATA_ENSURE(n);
+	  sprev = s;
+	  s += n;
+	}
+	else {
+	  sprev = s;
+	  s++;
+	}
+      }
+      p++;
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_WORD:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_WORD);
+      DATA_ENSURE(1);
+      if (! ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(encode, s, end))
+	goto fail;
+
+      s += enc_len(encode, *s);
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_NOT_WORD:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_NOT_WORD);
+      DATA_ENSURE(1);
+      if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(encode, s, end))
+	goto fail;
+
+      s += enc_len(encode, *s);
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_WORD_BOUND:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_WORD_BOUND);
+      if (ON_STR_BEGIN(s)) {
+	DATA_ENSURE(1);
+	if (! ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(encode, s, end))
+	  goto fail;
+      }
+      else if (ON_STR_END(s)) {
+	if (! ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(encode, sprev, end))
+	  goto fail;
+      }
+      else {
+	if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(encode, s, end)
+	    == ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(encode, sprev, end))
+	  goto fail;
+      }
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_NOT_WORD_BOUND:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_NOT_WORD_BOUND);
+      if (ON_STR_BEGIN(s)) {
+	if (DATA_ENSURE_CHECK(1) && ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(encode, s, end))
+	  goto fail;
+      }
+      else if (ON_STR_END(s)) {
+	if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(encode, sprev, end))
+	  goto fail;
+      }
+      else {
+	if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(encode, s, end)
+	    != ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(encode, sprev, end))
+	  goto fail;
+      }
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+#ifdef USE_WORD_BEGIN_END
+    case OP_WORD_BEGIN:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_WORD_BEGIN);
+      if (DATA_ENSURE_CHECK(1) && ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(encode, s, end)) {
+	if (ON_STR_BEGIN(s) || !ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(encode, sprev, end)) {
+	  STAT_OP_OUT;
+	  continue;
+	}
+      }
+      goto fail;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_WORD_END:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_WORD_END);
+      if (!ON_STR_BEGIN(s) && ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(encode, sprev, end)) {
+	if (ON_STR_END(s) || !ONIGENC_IS_MBC_WORD(encode, s, end)) {
+	  STAT_OP_OUT;
+	  continue;
+	}
+      }
+      goto fail;
+      break;
+#endif
+
+    case OP_BEGIN_BUF:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_BEGIN_BUF);
+      if (! ON_STR_BEGIN(s)) goto fail;
+
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_END_BUF:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_END_BUF);
+      if (! ON_STR_END(s)) goto fail;
+
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_BEGIN_LINE:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_BEGIN_LINE);
+      if (ON_STR_BEGIN(s)) {
+	if (IS_NOTBOL(msa->options)) goto fail;
+	STAT_OP_OUT;
+	continue;
+      }
+      else if (ONIG_IS_NEWLINE(*sprev) && !ON_STR_END(s)) {
+	STAT_OP_OUT;
+	continue;
+      }
+      goto fail;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_END_LINE:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_END_LINE);
+      if (ON_STR_END(s)) {
+#ifndef USE_NEWLINE_AT_END_OF_STRING_HAS_EMPTY_LINE
+	if (IS_EMPTY_STR || !ONIG_IS_NEWLINE(*sprev)) {
+#endif
+	  if (IS_NOTEOL(msa->options)) goto fail;
+	  STAT_OP_OUT;
+	  continue;
+#ifndef USE_NEWLINE_AT_END_OF_STRING_HAS_EMPTY_LINE
+	}
+#endif
+      }
+      else if (ONIG_IS_NEWLINE(*s)) {
+	STAT_OP_OUT;
+	continue;
+      }
+      goto fail;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_SEMI_END_BUF:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_SEMI_END_BUF);
+      if (ON_STR_END(s)) {
+#ifndef USE_NEWLINE_AT_END_OF_STRING_HAS_EMPTY_LINE
+	if (IS_EMPTY_STR || !ONIG_IS_NEWLINE(*sprev)) {
+#endif
+	  if (IS_NOTEOL(msa->options)) goto fail;   /* Is it needed? */
+	  STAT_OP_OUT;
+	  continue;
+#ifndef USE_NEWLINE_AT_END_OF_STRING_HAS_EMPTY_LINE
+	}
+#endif
+      }
+      if (ONIG_IS_NEWLINE(*s) && ON_STR_END(s+1)) {
+	STAT_OP_OUT;
+	continue;
+      }
+      goto fail;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_BEGIN_POSITION:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_BEGIN_POSITION);
+      if (s != msa->start)
+	goto fail;
+
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_MEMORY_START_PUSH:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_MEMORY_START_PUSH);
+      GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, p);
+      STACK_PUSH_MEM_START(mem, s);
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_MEMORY_START:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_MEMORY_START);
+      GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, p);
+      mem_start_stk[mem] = (StackIndex )((void* )s);
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH);
+      GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, p);
+      STACK_PUSH_MEM_END(mem, s);
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_MEMORY_END:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_MEMORY_END);
+      GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, p);
+      mem_end_stk[mem] = (StackIndex )((void* )s);
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+#ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+    case OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH_REC:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH_REC);
+      GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, p);
+      STACK_GET_MEM_START(mem, stkp); /* should be before push mem-end. */
+      STACK_PUSH_MEM_END(mem, s);
+      mem_start_stk[mem] = GET_STACK_INDEX(stkp);
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_MEMORY_END_REC:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_MEMORY_END_REC);
+      GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, p);
+      mem_end_stk[mem] = (StackIndex )((void* )s);
+      STACK_GET_MEM_START(mem, stkp);
+
+      if (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_start, mem))
+	mem_start_stk[mem] = GET_STACK_INDEX(stkp);
+      else
+	mem_start_stk[mem] = (StackIndex )((void* )stkp->u.mem.pstr);
+
+      STACK_PUSH_MEM_END_MARK(mem);
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+#endif
+
+    case OP_BACKREF1:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_BACKREF1);
+      mem = 1;
+      goto backref;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_BACKREF2:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_BACKREF2);
+      mem = 2;
+      goto backref;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_BACKREF3:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_BACKREF3);
+      mem = 3;
+      goto backref;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_BACKREFN:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_BACKREFN);
+      GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, p);
+    backref:
+      {
+	int len;
+	UChar *pstart, *pend;
+
+	/* if you want to remove following line, 
+	   you should check in parse and compile time. */
+	if (mem > num_mem) goto fail;
+	if (mem_end_stk[mem]   == INVALID_STACK_INDEX) goto fail;
+	if (mem_start_stk[mem] == INVALID_STACK_INDEX) goto fail;
+
+	if (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_start, mem))
+	  pstart = STACK_AT(mem_start_stk[mem])->u.mem.pstr;
+	else
+	  pstart = (UChar* )((void* )mem_start_stk[mem]);
+
+	pend = (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_end, mem)
+		? STACK_AT(mem_end_stk[mem])->u.mem.pstr
+		: (UChar* )((void* )mem_end_stk[mem]));
+	n = pend - pstart;
+	DATA_ENSURE(n);
+	sprev = s;
+	STRING_CMP(pstart, s, n);
+	while (sprev + (len = enc_len(encode, *sprev)) < s)
+	  sprev += len;
+
+	STAT_OP_OUT;
+	continue;
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case OP_BACKREFN_IC:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_BACKREFN_IC);
+      GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, p);
+      {
+	int len;
+	UChar *pstart, *pend;
+
+	/* if you want to remove following line, 
+	   you should check in parse and compile time. */
+	if (mem > num_mem) goto fail;
+	if (mem_end_stk[mem]   == INVALID_STACK_INDEX) goto fail;
+	if (mem_start_stk[mem] == INVALID_STACK_INDEX) goto fail;
+
+	if (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_start, mem))
+	  pstart = STACK_AT(mem_start_stk[mem])->u.mem.pstr;
+	else
+	  pstart = (UChar* )((void* )mem_start_stk[mem]);
+
+	pend = (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_end, mem)
+		? STACK_AT(mem_end_stk[mem])->u.mem.pstr
+		: (UChar* )((void* )mem_end_stk[mem]));
+	n = pend - pstart;
+	DATA_ENSURE(n);
+	sprev = s;
+	STRING_CMP_IC(pstart, &s, n);
+	while (sprev + (len = enc_len(encode, *sprev)) < s)
+	  sprev += len;
+
+	STAT_OP_OUT;
+	continue;
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case OP_BACKREF_MULTI:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_BACKREF_MULTI);
+      {
+	int len, is_fail;
+	UChar *pstart, *pend, *swork;
+
+	GET_LENGTH_INC(tlen, p);
+	for (i = 0; i < tlen; i++) {
+	  GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, p);
+
+	  if (mem_end_stk[mem]   == INVALID_STACK_INDEX) continue;
+	  if (mem_start_stk[mem] == INVALID_STACK_INDEX) continue;
+
+	  if (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_start, mem))
+	    pstart = STACK_AT(mem_start_stk[mem])->u.mem.pstr;
+	  else
+	    pstart = (UChar* )((void* )mem_start_stk[mem]);
+
+	  pend = (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_end, mem)
+		  ? STACK_AT(mem_end_stk[mem])->u.mem.pstr
+		  : (UChar* )((void* )mem_end_stk[mem]));
+	  n = pend - pstart;
+	  DATA_ENSURE(n);
+	  sprev = s;
+	  swork = s;
+	  STRING_CMP_VALUE(pstart, swork, n, is_fail);
+	  if (is_fail) continue;
+	  s = swork;
+	  while (sprev + (len = enc_len(encode, *sprev)) < s)
+	    sprev += len;
+
+	  p += (SIZE_MEMNUM * (tlen - i - 1));
+	  break; /* success */
+	}
+	if (i == tlen) goto fail;
+	STAT_OP_OUT;
+	continue;
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case OP_BACKREF_MULTI_IC:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_BACKREF_MULTI_IC);
+      {
+	int len, is_fail;
+	UChar *pstart, *pend, *swork;
+
+	GET_LENGTH_INC(tlen, p);
+	for (i = 0; i < tlen; i++) {
+	  GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, p);
+
+	  if (mem_end_stk[mem]   == INVALID_STACK_INDEX) continue;
+	  if (mem_start_stk[mem] == INVALID_STACK_INDEX) continue;
+
+	  if (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_start, mem))
+	    pstart = STACK_AT(mem_start_stk[mem])->u.mem.pstr;
+	  else
+	    pstart = (UChar* )((void* )mem_start_stk[mem]);
+
+	  pend = (BIT_STATUS_AT(reg->bt_mem_end, mem)
+		  ? STACK_AT(mem_end_stk[mem])->u.mem.pstr
+		  : (UChar* )((void* )mem_end_stk[mem]));
+	  n = pend - pstart;
+	  DATA_ENSURE(n);
+	  sprev = s;
+	  swork = s;
+	  STRING_CMP_VALUE_IC(pstart, &swork, n, is_fail);
+	  if (is_fail) continue;
+	  s = swork;
+	  while (sprev + (len = enc_len(encode, *sprev)) < s)
+	    sprev += len;
+
+	  p += (SIZE_MEMNUM * (tlen - i - 1));
+	  break; /* success */
+	}
+	if (i == tlen) goto fail;
+	STAT_OP_OUT;
+	continue;
+      }
+      break;
+    
+    case OP_SET_OPTION_PUSH:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_SET_OPTION_PUSH);
+      GET_OPTION_INC(option, p);
+      ignore_case = IS_IGNORECASE(option);
+      STACK_PUSH_ALT(p, s, sprev);
+      p += SIZE_OP_SET_OPTION + SIZE_OP_FAIL;
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_SET_OPTION:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_SET_OPTION);
+      GET_OPTION_INC(option, p);
+      ignore_case = IS_IGNORECASE(option);
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_NULL_CHECK_START:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_NULL_CHECK_START);
+      GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, p);    /* mem: null check id */
+      STACK_PUSH_NULL_CHECK_START(mem, s);
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_NULL_CHECK_END:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_NULL_CHECK_END);
+      {
+	int isnull;
+
+	GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, p); /* mem: null check id */
+	STACK_NULL_CHECK(isnull, mem, s);
+	if (isnull) {
+#ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_MATCH
+	  fprintf(stderr, "NULL_CHECK_END: skip  id:%d, s:%d\n",
+		  (int )mem, (int )s);
+#endif
+	null_check_found:
+	  /* empty loop founded, skip next instruction */
+	  switch (*p++) {
+	  case OP_JUMP:
+	  case OP_PUSH:
+	    p += SIZE_RELADDR;
+	    break;
+	  case OP_REPEAT_INC:
+	  case OP_REPEAT_INC_NG:
+	    p += SIZE_MEMNUM;
+	    break;
+	  default:
+	    goto unexpected_bytecode_error;
+	    break;
+	  }
+	}
+      }
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+#ifdef USE_INFINITE_REPEAT_MONOMANIAC_MEM_STATUS_CHECK
+    case OP_NULL_CHECK_END_MEMST:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_NULL_CHECK_END_MEMST);
+      {
+	int isnull;
+
+	GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, p); /* mem: null check id */
+	STACK_NULL_CHECK_MEMST(isnull, mem, s, reg);
+	if (isnull) {
+#ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_MATCH
+	  fprintf(stderr, "NULL_CHECK_END_MEMST: skip  id:%d, s:%d\n",
+		  (int )mem, (int )s);
+#endif
+	  if (isnull == -1) goto fail;
+	  goto 	null_check_found;
+	}
+      }
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+    case OP_NULL_CHECK_END_MEMST_PUSH:
+      STAT_OP_IN(OP_NULL_CHECK_END_MEMST_PUSH);
+      {
+	int isnull;
+
+	GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, p); /* mem: null check id */
+#ifdef USE_INFINITE_REPEAT_MONOMANIAC_MEM_STATUS_CHECK
+	STACK_NULL_CHECK_MEMST_REC(isnull, mem, s, reg);
+#else
+	STACK_NULL_CHECK_REC(isnull, mem, s);
+#endif
+	if (isnull) {
+#ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_MATCH
+	  fprintf(stderr, "NULL_CHECK_END_MEMST_PUSH: skip  id:%d, s:%d\n",
+		  (int )mem, (int )s);
+#endif
+	  if (isnull == -1) goto fail;
+	  goto 	null_check_found;
+	}
+	else {
+	  STACK_PUSH_NULL_CHECK_END(mem);
+	}
+      }
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+#endif
+
+    case OP_JUMP:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_JUMP);
+      GET_RELADDR_INC(addr, p);
+      p += addr;
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_PUSH:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_PUSH);
+      GET_RELADDR_INC(addr, p);
+      STACK_PUSH_ALT(p + addr, s, sprev);
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_POP:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_POP);
+      STACK_POP_ONE;
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT1:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT1);
+      GET_RELADDR_INC(addr, p);
+      if (*p == *s && DATA_ENSURE_CHECK(1)) {
+	p++;
+	STACK_PUSH_ALT(p + addr, s, sprev);
+	STAT_OP_OUT;
+	continue;
+      }
+      p += (addr + 1);
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_PUSH_IF_PEEK_NEXT:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_PUSH_IF_PEEK_NEXT);
+      GET_RELADDR_INC(addr, p);
+      if (*p == *s) {
+	p++;
+	STACK_PUSH_ALT(p + addr, s, sprev);
+	STAT_OP_OUT;
+	continue;
+      }
+      p++;
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_REPEAT:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_REPEAT);
+      {
+	GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, p);    /* mem: OP_REPEAT ID */
+	GET_RELADDR_INC(addr, p);
+
+	STACK_ENSURE(1);
+	repeat_stk[mem] = GET_STACK_INDEX(stk);
+	STACK_PUSH_REPEAT(mem, p);
+
+	if (reg->repeat_range[mem].lower == 0) {
+	  STACK_PUSH_ALT(p + addr, s, sprev);
+	}
+      }
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_REPEAT_NG:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_REPEAT_NG);
+      {
+	GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, p);    /* mem: OP_REPEAT ID */
+	GET_RELADDR_INC(addr, p);
+
+	STACK_ENSURE(1);
+	repeat_stk[mem] = GET_STACK_INDEX(stk);
+	STACK_PUSH_REPEAT(mem, p);
+
+	if (reg->repeat_range[mem].lower == 0) {
+	  STACK_PUSH_ALT(p, s, sprev);
+	  p += addr;
+	}
+      }
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_REPEAT_INC:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_REPEAT_INC);
+      {
+	StackIndex si;
+
+	GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, p); /* mem: OP_REPEAT ID */
+#ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+	if (reg->num_call > 0) {
+	  STACK_GET_REPEAT(mem, stkp);
+	  si = GET_STACK_INDEX(stkp);
+	}
+	else {
+	  si = repeat_stk[mem];
+	  stkp = STACK_AT(si);
+	}
+#else
+	si = repeat_stk[mem];
+	stkp = STACK_AT(si);
+#endif
+	stkp->u.repeat.count++;
+	if (stkp->u.repeat.count == reg->repeat_range[mem].upper) {
+	  /* end of repeat. Nothing to do. */
+	}
+	else if (stkp->u.repeat.count >= reg->repeat_range[mem].lower) {
+	  STACK_PUSH_ALT(p, s, sprev);
+	  p = stkp->u.repeat.pcode;
+	}
+	else {
+	  p = stkp->u.repeat.pcode;
+	}
+	STACK_PUSH_REPEAT_INC(si);
+      }
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_REPEAT_INC_NG:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_REPEAT_INC_NG);
+      {
+	StackIndex si;
+
+	GET_MEMNUM_INC(mem, p); /* mem: OP_REPEAT ID */
+#ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+	if (reg->num_call > 0) {
+	  STACK_GET_REPEAT(mem, stkp);
+	  si = GET_STACK_INDEX(stkp);
+	}
+	else {
+	  si = repeat_stk[mem];
+	  stkp = STACK_AT(si);
+	}
+#else
+	si = repeat_stk[mem];
+	stkp = STACK_AT(si);
+#endif
+	stkp->u.repeat.count++;
+	if (stkp->u.repeat.count < reg->repeat_range[mem].upper) {
+	  if (stkp->u.repeat.count >= reg->repeat_range[mem].lower) {
+	    UChar* pcode = stkp->u.repeat.pcode;
+
+	    STACK_PUSH_REPEAT_INC(si);
+	    STACK_PUSH_ALT(pcode, s, sprev);
+	  }
+	  else {
+	    p = stkp->u.repeat.pcode;
+	    STACK_PUSH_REPEAT_INC(si);
+	  }
+	}
+	else if (stkp->u.repeat.count == reg->repeat_range[mem].upper) {
+	  STACK_PUSH_REPEAT_INC(si);
+	}
+      }
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_PUSH_POS:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_PUSH_POS);
+      STACK_PUSH_POS(s, sprev);
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_POP_POS:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_POP_POS);
+      {
+	STACK_POS_END(stkp);
+	s     = stkp->u.state.pstr;
+	sprev = stkp->u.state.pstr_prev;
+      }
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_PUSH_POS_NOT:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_PUSH_POS_NOT);
+      GET_RELADDR_INC(addr, p);
+      STACK_PUSH_POS_NOT(p + addr, s, sprev);
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_FAIL_POS:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_FAIL_POS);
+      STACK_POP_TIL_POS_NOT;
+      goto fail;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_PUSH_STOP_BT:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_PUSH_STOP_BT);
+      STACK_PUSH_STOP_BT;
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_POP_STOP_BT:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_POP_STOP_BT);
+      STACK_STOP_BT_END;
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_LOOK_BEHIND:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_LOOK_BEHIND);
+      GET_LENGTH_INC(tlen, p);
+      s = ONIGENC_STEP_BACK(encode, str, s, (int )tlen);
+      if (IS_NULL(s)) goto fail;
+      sprev = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(encode, str, s);
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_PUSH_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_PUSH_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT);
+      GET_RELADDR_INC(addr, p);
+      GET_LENGTH_INC(tlen, p);
+      q = ONIGENC_STEP_BACK(encode, str, s, (int )tlen);
+      if (IS_NULL(q)) {
+	/* too short case -> success. ex. /(?<!XXX)a/.match("a")
+	   If you want to change to fail, replace following line. */
+	p += addr;
+	/* goto fail; */
+      }
+      else {
+	STACK_PUSH_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT(p + addr, s, sprev);
+	s = q;
+	sprev = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(encode, str, s);
+      }
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_FAIL_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_FAIL_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT);
+      STACK_POP_TIL_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT;
+      goto fail;
+      break;
+
+#ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+    case OP_CALL:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_CALL);
+      GET_ABSADDR_INC(addr, p);
+      STACK_PUSH_CALL_FRAME(p);
+      p = reg->p + addr;
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+    case OP_RETURN:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_RETURN);
+      STACK_RETURN(p);
+      STACK_PUSH_RETURN;
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+#endif
+
+    case OP_FINISH:
+      goto finish;
+      break;
+
+    fail:
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      /* fall */
+    case OP_FAIL:  STAT_OP_IN(OP_FAIL);
+      STACK_POP;
+      p     = stk->u.state.pcode;
+      s     = stk->u.state.pstr;
+      sprev = stk->u.state.pstr_prev;
+      STAT_OP_OUT;
+      continue;
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      goto bytecode_error;
+
+    } /* end of switch */
+    sprev = sbegin;
+  } /* end of while(1) */
+
+ finish:
+  STACK_SAVE;
+  return best_len;
+
+#ifdef ONIG_DEBUG
+ stack_error:
+  STACK_SAVE;
+  return ONIGERR_STACK_BUG;
+#endif
+
+ bytecode_error:
+  STACK_SAVE;
+  return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_BYTECODE;
+
+ unexpected_bytecode_error:
+  STACK_SAVE;
+  return ONIGERR_UNEXPECTED_BYTECODE;
+}
+
+
+static UChar*
+slow_search(OnigEncoding enc, UChar* target, UChar* target_end,
+	    UChar* text, UChar* text_end, UChar* text_range)
+{
+  UChar *t, *p, *s, *end;
+
+  end = text_end - (target_end - target) + 1;
+  if (end > text_range)
+    end = text_range;
+
+  s = text;
+
+  while (s < end) {
+    if (*s == *target) {
+      p = s + 1;
+      t = target + 1;
+      while (t < target_end) {
+	if (*t != *p++)
+	  break;
+	t++;
+      }
+      if (t == target_end)
+	return s;
+    }
+    s += enc_len(enc, *s);
+  }
+
+  return (UChar* )NULL;
+}
+
+#if 0
+static int
+str_trans_match_after_head_byte(OnigEncoding enc,
+				int len, UChar* t, UChar* tend, UChar* p)
+{
+  while (--len > 0) {
+    if (*t != *p) break;
+    t++; p++;
+  }
+
+  if (len == 0) {
+    int lowlen;
+    UChar *q, lowbuf[ONIGENC_MBC_TO_LOWER_MAXLEN];
+
+    while (t < tend) {
+      len = enc_len(enc, *p);
+      lowlen = ONIGENC_MBC_TO_LOWER(enc, p, lowbuf);
+      q = lowbuf;
+      while (lowlen > 0) {
+	if (*t++ != *q++) break;
+	lowlen--;
+      }
+      if (lowlen > 0) break;
+      p += len;
+    }
+    if (t == tend)
+      return 1;
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+static int
+str_lower_case_match(OnigEncoding enc, UChar* t, UChar* tend, UChar* p)
+{
+  int len, lowlen;
+  UChar *q, lowbuf[ONIGENC_MBC_TO_LOWER_MAXLEN];
+
+  while (t < tend) {
+    len = enc_len(enc, *p);
+    lowlen = ONIGENC_MBC_TO_LOWER(enc, p, lowbuf);
+    q = lowbuf;
+    while (lowlen > 0) {
+      if (*t++ != *q++) return 0;
+      lowlen--;
+    }
+    p += len;
+  }
+
+  return 1;
+}
+
+static UChar*
+slow_search_ic(OnigEncoding enc,
+	       UChar* target, UChar* target_end,
+	       UChar* text, UChar* text_end, UChar* text_range)
+{
+  int len, lowlen;
+  UChar *t, *p, *s, *end;
+  UChar lowbuf[ONIGENC_MBC_TO_LOWER_MAXLEN];
+
+  end = text_end - (target_end - target) + 1;
+  if (end > text_range)
+    end = text_range;
+
+  s = text;
+
+  while (s < end) {
+    len = enc_len(enc, *s);
+    lowlen = ONIGENC_MBC_TO_LOWER(enc, s, lowbuf);
+    if (*target == *lowbuf) {
+      p = lowbuf + 1;
+      t = target + 1;
+      while (--lowlen > 0) {
+	if (*p != *t) break;
+	p++; *t++;
+      }
+      if (lowlen == 0) {
+	if (str_lower_case_match(enc, t, target_end, s + len))
+	  return s;
+      }
+    }
+
+    s += len;
+  }
+
+  return (UChar* )NULL;
+}
+
+static UChar*
+slow_search_backward(OnigEncoding enc, UChar* target, UChar* target_end,
+	     UChar* text, UChar* adjust_text, UChar* text_end, UChar* text_start)
+{
+  UChar *t, *p, *s;
+
+  s = text_end - (target_end - target);
+  if (s > text_start)
+    s = text_start;
+  else
+    s = ONIGENC_LEFT_ADJUST_CHAR_HEAD(enc, adjust_text, s);
+
+  while (s >= text) {
+    if (*s == *target) {
+      p = s + 1;
+      t = target + 1;
+      while (t < target_end) {
+	if (*t != *p++)
+	  break;
+	t++;
+      }
+      if (t == target_end)
+	return s;
+    }
+    s = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(enc, adjust_text, s);
+  }
+
+  return (UChar* )NULL;
+}
+
+static UChar*
+slow_search_backward_ic(OnigEncoding enc,
+			UChar* target,UChar* target_end,
+			UChar* text, UChar* adjust_text,
+			UChar* text_end, UChar* text_start)
+{
+  int len, lowlen;
+  UChar *t, *p, *s;
+  UChar lowbuf[ONIGENC_MBC_TO_LOWER_MAXLEN];
+
+  s = text_end - (target_end - target);
+  if (s > text_start)
+    s = text_start;
+  else
+    s = ONIGENC_LEFT_ADJUST_CHAR_HEAD(enc, adjust_text, s);
+
+  while (s >= text) {
+    len = enc_len(enc, *s);
+    lowlen = ONIGENC_MBC_TO_LOWER(enc, s, lowbuf);
+    if (*target == *lowbuf) {
+      p = lowbuf + 1;
+      t = target + 1;
+      while (--lowlen > 0) {
+	if (*p != *t) break;
+	p++; *t++;
+      }
+      if (lowlen == 0) {
+	if (str_lower_case_match(enc, t, target_end, s + len))
+	  return s;
+      }
+    }
+
+    s = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(enc, adjust_text, s);
+  }
+
+  return (UChar* )NULL;
+}
+
+static UChar*
+bm_search_notrev(regex_t* reg, UChar* target, UChar* target_end,
+		 UChar* text, UChar* text_end, UChar* text_range)
+{
+  UChar *s, *t, *p, *end;
+  UChar *tail;
+  int skip;
+
+  end = text_range + (target_end - target) - 1;
+  if (end > text_end)
+    end = text_end;
+
+  tail = target_end - 1;
+  s = text;
+  while ((s - text) < target_end - target) {
+    s += enc_len(reg->enc, *s);
+  }
+  s--; /* set to text check tail position. */
+
+  if (IS_NULL(reg->int_map)) {
+    while (s < end) {
+      p = s;
+      t = tail;
+      while (t >= target && *p == *t) {
+	p--; t--;
+      }
+      if (t < target) return p + 1;
+
+      skip = reg->map[*s];
+      p++;
+      t = p;
+      while ((p - t) < skip) {
+	p += enc_len(reg->enc, *p);
+      }
+      s += (p - t);
+    }
+  }
+  else {
+    while (s < end) {
+      p = s;
+      t = tail;
+      while (t >= target && *p == *t) {
+	p--; t--;
+      }
+      if (t < target) return p + 1;
+
+      skip = reg->int_map[*s];
+      p++;
+      t = p;
+      while ((p - t) < skip) {
+	p += enc_len(reg->enc, *p);
+      }
+      s += (p - t);
+    }
+  }
+  return (UChar* )NULL;
+}
+
+static UChar*
+bm_search(regex_t* reg, UChar* target, UChar* target_end,
+	  UChar* text, UChar* text_end, UChar* text_range)
+{
+  UChar *s, *t, *p, *end;
+  UChar *tail;
+
+  end = text_range + (target_end - target) - 1;
+  if (end > text_end)
+    end = text_end;
+
+  tail = target_end - 1;
+  s = text + (target_end - target) - 1;
+  if (IS_NULL(reg->int_map)) {
+    while (s < end) {
+      p = s;
+      t = tail;
+      while (t >= target && *p == *t) {
+	p--; t--;
+      }
+      if (t < target) return p + 1;
+      s += reg->map[*s];
+    }
+  }
+  else { /* see int_map[] */
+    while (s < end) {
+      p = s;
+      t = tail;
+      while (t >= target && *p == *t) {
+	p--; t--;
+      }
+      if (t < target) return p + 1;
+      s += reg->int_map[*s];
+    }
+  }
+  return (UChar* )NULL;
+}
+
+static int
+set_bm_backward_skip(UChar* s, UChar* end, OnigEncoding enc,
+		     int ignore_case, int** skip)
+{
+  int i, len;
+  UChar lowbuf[ONIGENC_MBC_TO_LOWER_MAXLEN];
+
+  if (IS_NULL(*skip)) {
+    *skip = (int* )xmalloc(sizeof(int) * ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE);
+    if (IS_NULL(*skip)) return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
+  }
+
+  len = end - s;
+  for (i = 0; i < ONIG_CHAR_TABLE_SIZE; i++)
+    (*skip)[i] = len;
+
+  if (ignore_case) {
+    for (i = len - 1; i > 0; i--) {
+      ONIGENC_MBC_TO_LOWER(enc, &(s[i]), lowbuf);
+      (*skip)[*lowbuf] = i;
+    }
+  }
+  else {
+    for (i = len - 1; i > 0; i--)
+      (*skip)[s[i]] = i;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static UChar*
+bm_search_backward(regex_t* reg, UChar* target, UChar* target_end, UChar* text,
+		   UChar* adjust_text, UChar* text_end, UChar* text_start)
+{
+  UChar *s, *t, *p;
+
+  s = text_end - (target_end - target);
+  if (text_start < s)
+    s = text_start;
+  else
+    s = ONIGENC_LEFT_ADJUST_CHAR_HEAD(reg->enc, adjust_text, s);
+
+  while (s >= text) {
+    p = s;
+    t = target;
+    while (t < target_end && *p == *t) {
+      p++; t++;
+    }
+    if (t == target_end)
+      return s;
+
+    s -= reg->int_map_backward[*s];
+    s = ONIGENC_LEFT_ADJUST_CHAR_HEAD(reg->enc, adjust_text, s);
+  }
+
+  return (UChar* )NULL;
+}
+
+static UChar*
+map_search(OnigEncoding enc, UChar map[], UChar* text, UChar* text_range)
+{
+  UChar *s = text;
+
+  while (s < text_range) {
+    if (map[*s]) return s;
+
+    s += enc_len(enc, *s);
+  }
+  return (UChar* )NULL;
+}
+
+static UChar*
+map_search_backward(OnigEncoding enc, UChar map[],
+		    UChar* text, UChar* adjust_text, UChar* text_start)
+{
+  UChar *s = text_start;
+
+  while (s >= text) {
+    if (map[*s]) return s;
+
+    s = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(enc, adjust_text, s);
+  }
+  return (UChar* )NULL;
+}
+
+extern int
+onig_match(regex_t* reg, UChar* str, UChar* end, UChar* at, OnigRegion* region,
+	    OnigOptionType option)
+{
+  int r;
+  UChar *prev;
+  MatchArg msa;
+
+  MATCH_ARG_INIT(msa, option, region, at);
+
+  if (region
+#ifdef USE_POSIX_REGION_OPTION
+      && !IS_POSIX_REGION(option)
+#endif
+      ) {
+    r = onig_region_resize(region, reg->num_mem + 1);
+  }
+  else
+    r = 0;
+
+  if (r == 0) {
+    prev = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc, str, at);
+    r = match_at(reg, str, end, at, prev, &msa);
+  }
+  MATCH_ARG_FREE(msa);
+  return r;
+}
+
+static int
+forward_search_range(regex_t* reg, UChar* str, UChar* end, UChar* s,
+		     UChar* range, UChar** low, UChar** high, UChar** low_prev)
+{
+  UChar *p, *pprev = (UChar* )NULL;
+
+#ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_SEARCH
+  fprintf(stderr, "forward_search_range: str: %d, end: %d, s: %d, range: %d\n",
+	  (int )str, (int )end, (int )s, (int )range);
+#endif
+
+  p = s;
+  if (reg->dmin > 0) {
+    if (ONIGENC_IS_SINGLEBYTE(reg->enc)) {
+      p += reg->dmin;
+    }
+    else {
+      UChar *q = p + reg->dmin;
+      while (p < q) p += enc_len(reg->enc, *p);
+    }
+  }
+
+ retry:
+  switch (reg->optimize) {
+  case ONIG_OPTIMIZE_EXACT:
+    p = slow_search(reg->enc, reg->exact, reg->exact_end, p, end, range);
+    break;
+  case ONIG_OPTIMIZE_EXACT_IC:
+    p = slow_search_ic(reg->enc, reg->exact, reg->exact_end, p, end, range);
+    break;
+
+  case ONIG_OPTIMIZE_EXACT_BM:
+    p = bm_search(reg, reg->exact, reg->exact_end, p, end, range);
+    break;
+
+  case ONIG_OPTIMIZE_EXACT_BM_NOT_REV:
+    p = bm_search_notrev(reg, reg->exact, reg->exact_end, p, end, range);
+    break;
+
+  case ONIG_OPTIMIZE_MAP:
+    p = map_search(reg->enc, reg->map, p, range);
+    break;
+  }
+
+  if (p && p < range) {
+    if (p - reg->dmin < s) {
+    retry_gate:
+      pprev = p;
+      p += enc_len(reg->enc, *p);
+      goto retry;
+    }
+
+    if (reg->sub_anchor) {
+      UChar* prev;
+
+      switch (reg->sub_anchor) {
+      case ANCHOR_BEGIN_LINE:
+	if (!ON_STR_BEGIN(p)) {
+	  prev = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc,
+					    (pprev ? pprev : str), p);
+	  if (!ONIG_IS_NEWLINE(*prev))
+	    goto retry_gate;
+	}
+	break;
+
+      case ANCHOR_END_LINE:
+	if (ON_STR_END(p)) {
+	  prev = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc,
+					    (pprev ? pprev : str), p);
+	  if (prev && ONIG_IS_NEWLINE(*prev))
+	    goto retry_gate;
+	}
+	else if (!ONIG_IS_NEWLINE(*p))
+	  goto retry_gate;
+	break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (reg->dmax == 0) {
+      *low = p;
+      if (low_prev) {
+	if (*low > s)
+	  *low_prev = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc, s, p);
+	else
+	  *low_prev = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc,
+						 (pprev ? pprev : str), p);
+      }
+    }
+    else {
+      if (reg->dmax != ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE) {
+	*low = p - reg->dmax;
+	if (*low > s) {
+	  *low = onigenc_get_right_adjust_char_head_with_prev(reg->enc, s,
+							  *low, low_prev);
+	  if (low_prev && IS_NULL(*low_prev))
+	    *low_prev = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc,
+						   (pprev ? pprev : s), *low);
+	}
+	else {
+	  if (low_prev)
+	    *low_prev = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc,
+					       (pprev ? pprev : str), *low);
+	}
+      }
+    }
+    /* no needs to adjust *high, *high is used as range check only */
+    *high = p - reg->dmin;
+
+#ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_SEARCH
+    fprintf(stderr,
+    "forward_search_range success: low: %d, high: %d, dmin: %d, dmax: %d\n",
+	    (int )(*low - str), (int )(*high - str), reg->dmin, reg->dmax);
+#endif
+    return 1; /* success */
+  }
+
+  return 0; /* fail */
+}
+
+static int set_bm_backward_skip P_((UChar* s, UChar* end, OnigEncoding enc,
+				    int ignore_case, int** skip));
+
+#define BM_BACKWARD_SEARCH_LENGTH_THRESHOLD   100
+
+static int
+backward_search_range(regex_t* reg, UChar* str, UChar* end, UChar* s,
+		      UChar* range, UChar* adjrange, UChar** low, UChar** high)
+{
+  int r;
+  UChar *p;
+
+  range += reg->dmin;
+  p = s;
+
+ retry:
+  switch (reg->optimize) {
+  case ONIG_OPTIMIZE_EXACT:
+  exact_method:
+    p = slow_search_backward(reg->enc, reg->exact, reg->exact_end,
+			     range, adjrange, end, p);
+    break;
+
+  case ONIG_OPTIMIZE_EXACT_IC:
+    p = slow_search_backward_ic(reg->enc, reg->exact,
+				reg->exact_end, range, adjrange, end, p);
+    break;
+
+  case ONIG_OPTIMIZE_EXACT_BM:
+  case ONIG_OPTIMIZE_EXACT_BM_NOT_REV:
+    if (IS_NULL(reg->int_map_backward)) {
+      if (s - range < BM_BACKWARD_SEARCH_LENGTH_THRESHOLD)
+	goto exact_method;
+
+      r = set_bm_backward_skip(reg->exact, reg->exact_end, reg->enc, 0,
+			       &(reg->int_map_backward));
+      if (r) return r;
+    }
+    p = bm_search_backward(reg, reg->exact, reg->exact_end, range, adjrange,
+			   end, p);
+    break;
+
+  case ONIG_OPTIMIZE_MAP:
+    p = map_search_backward(reg->enc, reg->map, range, adjrange, p);
+    break;
+  }
+
+  if (p) {
+    if (reg->sub_anchor) {
+      UChar* prev;
+
+      switch (reg->sub_anchor) {
+      case ANCHOR_BEGIN_LINE:
+	if (!ON_STR_BEGIN(p)) {
+	  prev = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc, adjrange, p);
+	  if (!ONIG_IS_NEWLINE(*prev)) {
+	    p = prev;
+	    goto retry;
+	  }
+	}
+	break;
+
+      case ANCHOR_END_LINE:
+	if (ON_STR_END(p)) {
+	  prev = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc, adjrange, p);
+	  if (IS_NULL(prev)) goto fail;
+	  if (ONIG_IS_NEWLINE(*prev)) {
+	    p = prev;
+	    goto retry;
+	  }
+	}
+	else if (!ONIG_IS_NEWLINE(*p)) {
+	  p = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc, adjrange, p);
+	  if (IS_NULL(p)) goto fail;
+	  goto retry;
+	}
+	break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* no needs to adjust *high, *high is used as range check only */
+    if (reg->dmax != ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE) {
+      *low  = p - reg->dmax;
+      *high = p - reg->dmin;
+      *high = onigenc_get_right_adjust_char_head(reg->enc, adjrange, *high);
+    }
+
+#ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_SEARCH
+    fprintf(stderr, "backward_search_range: low: %d, high: %d\n",
+	    (int )(*low - str), (int )(*high - str));
+#endif
+    return 1; /* success */
+  }
+
+ fail:
+#ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_SEARCH
+  fprintf(stderr, "backward_search_range: fail.\n");
+#endif
+  return 0; /* fail */
+}
+
+
+extern int
+onig_search(regex_t* reg, UChar* str, UChar* end,
+	     UChar* start, UChar* range, OnigRegion* region, OnigOptionType option)
+{
+  int r;
+  UChar *s, *prev;
+  MatchArg msa;
+
+  if (ONIG_STATE(reg) == ONIG_STATE_NORMAL) {
+    reg->state++;  /* increment as search counter */
+    if (IS_NOT_NULL(reg->chain)) {
+      onig_chain_reduce(reg);
+      reg->state++;
+    }
+  }
+  else {
+    int n = 0;
+    while (ONIG_STATE(reg) < ONIG_STATE_NORMAL) {
+      if (++n > THREAD_PASS_LIMIT_COUNT)
+	return ONIGERR_OVER_THREAD_PASS_LIMIT_COUNT;
+      THREAD_PASS;
+    }
+    reg->state++;  /* increment as search counter */
+  }
+
+#ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_SEARCH
+  fprintf(stderr, "onig_search (entry point): str: %d, end: %d, start: %d, range: %d\n",
+	  (int )str, (int )(end - str), (int )(start - str), (int )(range - str));
+#endif
+
+  if (region
+#ifdef USE_POSIX_REGION_OPTION
+      && !IS_POSIX_REGION(option)
+#endif
+      ) {
+    r = onig_region_resize(region, reg->num_mem + 1);
+    if (r) goto finish_no_msa;
+  }
+
+  if (start > end || start < str) goto mismatch_no_msa;
+
+#define MATCH_AND_RETURN_CHECK \
+  r = match_at(reg, str, end, s, prev, &msa);\
+  if (r != ONIG_MISMATCH) {\
+    if (r >= 0) goto match;\
+    goto finish; /* error */ \
+  }
+
+  /* anchor optimize: resume search range */
+  if (reg->anchor != 0 && str < end) {
+    UChar* semi_end;
+
+    if (reg->anchor & ANCHOR_BEGIN_POSITION) {
+      /* search start-position only */
+    begin_position:
+      if (range > start)
+	range = start + 1;
+      else
+	range = start;
+    }
+    else if (reg->anchor & ANCHOR_BEGIN_BUF) {
+      /* search str-position only */
+      if (range > start) {
+	if (start != str) goto mismatch_no_msa;
+	range = str + 1;
+      }
+      else {
+	if (range <= str) {
+	  start = str;
+	  range = str;
+	}
+	else
+	  goto mismatch_no_msa;
+      }
+    }
+    else if (reg->anchor & ANCHOR_END_BUF) {
+      semi_end = end;
+
+    end_buf:
+      if ((OnigDistance )(semi_end - str) < reg->anchor_dmin)
+	goto mismatch_no_msa;
+
+      if (range > start) {
+	if ((OnigDistance )(semi_end - start) > reg->anchor_dmax) {
+	  start = semi_end - reg->anchor_dmax;
+	  if (start < end)
+	    start = onigenc_get_right_adjust_char_head(reg->enc, str, start);
+	  else { /* match with empty at end */
+	    start = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc, str, end);
+	  }
+	}
+	if ((OnigDistance )(semi_end - (range - 1)) < reg->anchor_dmin) {
+	  range = semi_end - reg->anchor_dmin + 1;
+	}
+
+	if (start >= range) goto mismatch_no_msa;
+      }
+      else {
+	if ((OnigDistance )(semi_end - range) > reg->anchor_dmax) {
+	  range = semi_end - reg->anchor_dmax;
+	}
+	if ((OnigDistance )(semi_end - start) < reg->anchor_dmin) {
+	  start = semi_end - reg->anchor_dmin;
+	  start = ONIGENC_LEFT_ADJUST_CHAR_HEAD(reg->enc, str, start);
+	  if (range > start) goto mismatch_no_msa;
+	}
+      }
+    }
+    else if (reg->anchor & ANCHOR_SEMI_END_BUF) {
+      if (ONIG_IS_NEWLINE(end[-1])) {
+	semi_end = end - 1;
+	if (semi_end > str && start <= semi_end) {
+	  goto end_buf;
+	}
+      }
+      else {
+	semi_end = end;
+	goto end_buf;
+      }
+    }
+    else if ((reg->anchor & ANCHOR_ANYCHAR_STAR_PL)) {
+      goto begin_position;
+    }
+  }
+  else if (str == end) { /* empty string */
+    static UChar* address_for_empty_string = "";
+
+#ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_SEARCH
+    fprintf(stderr, "onig_search: empty string.\n");
+#endif
+
+    if (reg->threshold_len == 0) {
+      s = start = end = str = address_for_empty_string;
+      prev = (UChar* )NULL;
+
+      MATCH_ARG_INIT(msa, option, region, start);
+      MATCH_AND_RETURN_CHECK;
+      goto mismatch;
+    }
+    goto mismatch_no_msa;
+  }
+
+#ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_SEARCH
+  fprintf(stderr, "onig_search(apply anchor): end: %d, start: %d, range: %d\n",
+	  (int )(end - str), (int )(start - str), (int )(range - str));
+#endif
+
+  MATCH_ARG_INIT(msa, option, region, start);
+
+  s = start;
+  if (range > start) {   /* forward search */
+    if (s > str)
+      prev = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc, str, s);
+    else
+      prev = (UChar* )NULL;
+
+    if (reg->optimize != ONIG_OPTIMIZE_NONE) {
+      UChar *sch_range, *low, *high, *low_prev;
+
+      sch_range = range;
+      if (reg->dmax != 0) {
+	if (reg->dmax == ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE)
+	  sch_range = end;
+	else {
+	  sch_range += reg->dmax;
+	  if (sch_range > end) sch_range = end;
+	}
+      }
+      if (reg->dmax != ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE &&
+	  (end - start) >= reg->threshold_len) {
+	do {
+	  if (! forward_search_range(reg, str, end, s, sch_range,
+				     &low, &high, &low_prev)) goto mismatch;
+	  if (s < low) {
+	    s    = low;
+	    prev = low_prev;
+	  }
+	  while (s <= high) {
+	    MATCH_AND_RETURN_CHECK;
+	    prev = s;
+	    s += enc_len(reg->enc, *s);
+	  }
+	  if ((reg->anchor & ANCHOR_ANYCHAR_STAR) != 0) {
+	    if (IS_NOT_NULL(prev)) {
+	      while (!ONIG_IS_NEWLINE(*prev) && s < range) {
+		prev = s;
+		s += enc_len(reg->enc, *s);
+	      }
+	    }
+	  }
+	} while (s < range);
+	goto mismatch;
+      }
+      else { /* check only. */
+	if ((end - start) < reg->threshold_len ||
+	    ! forward_search_range(reg, str, end, s, sch_range,
+				   &low, &high, (UChar** )NULL)) goto mismatch;
+      }
+    }
+
+    do {
+      MATCH_AND_RETURN_CHECK;
+      prev = s;
+      s += enc_len(reg->enc, *s);
+    } while (s <= range);   /* exec s == range, because empty match with /$/. */
+  }
+  else {  /* backward search */
+    if (reg->optimize != ONIG_OPTIMIZE_NONE) {
+      UChar *low, *high, *adjrange, *sch_start;
+
+      adjrange = ONIGENC_LEFT_ADJUST_CHAR_HEAD(reg->enc, str, range);
+      if (reg->dmax != ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE &&
+	  (end - range) >= reg->threshold_len) {
+	do {
+	  sch_start = s + reg->dmax;
+	  if (sch_start > end) sch_start = end;
+	  if (backward_search_range(reg, str, end, sch_start, range, adjrange,
+				    &low, &high) <= 0)
+	    goto mismatch;
+
+	  if (s > high)
+	    s = high;
+
+	  while (s >= low) {
+	    prev = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc, str, s);
+	    MATCH_AND_RETURN_CHECK;
+	    s = prev;
+	  }
+	} while (s >= range);
+	goto mismatch;
+      }
+      else { /* check only. */
+	if ((end - range) < reg->threshold_len) goto mismatch;
+
+	sch_start = s;
+	if (reg->dmax != 0) {
+	  if (reg->dmax == ONIG_INFINITE_DISTANCE)
+	    sch_start = end;
+	  else {
+	    sch_start += reg->dmax;
+	    if (sch_start > end) sch_start = end;
+	    else
+	      sch_start = ONIGENC_LEFT_ADJUST_CHAR_HEAD(reg->enc,
+						    start, sch_start);
+	  }
+	}
+	if (backward_search_range(reg, str, end, sch_start, range, adjrange,
+				  &low, &high) <= 0) goto mismatch;
+      }
+    }
+
+    do {
+      prev = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(reg->enc, str, s);
+      MATCH_AND_RETURN_CHECK;
+      s = prev;
+    } while (s >= range);
+  }
+
+ mismatch:
+  r = ONIG_MISMATCH;
+
+ finish:
+  MATCH_ARG_FREE(msa);
+  reg->state--;  /* decrement as search counter */
+
+  /* If result is mismatch and no FIND_NOT_EMPTY option,
+     then the region is not setted in match_at(). */
+  if (IS_FIND_NOT_EMPTY(reg->options) && region
+#ifdef USE_POSIX_REGION_OPTION
+      && !IS_POSIX_REGION(option)
+#endif
+      ) {
+    onig_region_clear(region);
+  }
+
+#ifdef ONIG_DEBUG
+  if (r != ONIG_MISMATCH)
+    fprintf(stderr, "onig_search: error %d\n", r);
+#endif
+  return r;
+
+ mismatch_no_msa:
+  r = ONIG_MISMATCH;
+ finish_no_msa:
+  reg->state--;  /* decrement as search counter */
+#ifdef ONIG_DEBUG
+  if (r != ONIG_MISMATCH)
+    fprintf(stderr, "onig_search: error %d\n", r);
+#endif
+  return r;
+
+ match:
+  reg->state--;  /* decrement as search counter */
+  MATCH_ARG_FREE(msa);
+  return s - str;
+}
+
+extern OnigEncoding
+onig_get_encoding(regex_t* reg)
+{
+  return reg->enc;
+}
+
+extern OnigOptionType
+onig_get_options(regex_t* reg)
+{
+  return reg->options;
+}
+
+extern OnigSyntaxType*
+onig_get_syntax(regex_t* reg)
+{
+  return reg->syntax;
+}
+
+extern const char*
+onig_version(void)
+{
+#define MSTR(a)  # a
+
+  return (MSTR(ONIGURUMA_VERSION_MAJOR) "."
+	  MSTR(ONIGURUMA_VERSION_MINOR) "."
+	  MSTR(ONIGURUMA_VERSION_TEENY));
+}
diff --git a/reggnu.c b/reggnu.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9c6a2161c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/reggnu.c
@@ -0,0 +1,256 @@
+/**********************************************************************
+
+  reggnu.c -  Oniguruma (regular expression library)
+
+  Copyright (C) 2002-2004  K.Kosako ([email protected])
+
+**********************************************************************/
+#include "regint.h"
+
+#ifndef ONIGGNU_H     /* name changes from oniggnu.h to regex.h in ruby. */
+#include "oniggnu.h"
+#endif
+
+#if defined(RUBY_PLATFORM) || defined(RUBY)
+#ifndef ONIG_RUBY_M17N
+#define USE_COMPATIBILITY_FOR_RUBY_EXTENSION_LIBRARY
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef NULL
+#define NULL   ((void* )0)
+#endif
+
+extern void
+re_free_registers(OnigRegion* r)
+{
+  /* 0: don't free self */
+  onig_region_free(r, 0);
+}
+
+extern int
+re_adjust_startpos(regex_t* reg, const char* string, int size,
+		   int startpos, int range)
+{
+  if (startpos > 0 && ONIGENC_MBC_MAXLEN(reg->enc) != 1 && startpos < size) {
+    UChar *p;
+    UChar *s = (UChar* )string + startpos;
+
+    if (range > 0) {
+      p = onigenc_get_right_adjust_char_head(reg->enc, (UChar* )string, s);
+    }
+    else {
+      p = ONIGENC_LEFT_ADJUST_CHAR_HEAD(reg->enc, (UChar* )string, s);
+    }
+    return p - (UChar* )string;
+  }
+
+  return startpos;
+}
+
+extern int
+re_match(regex_t* reg, const char* str, int size, int pos,
+	 struct re_registers* regs)
+{
+  return onig_match(reg, (UChar* )str, (UChar* )(str + size),
+		    (UChar* )(str + pos), regs, ONIG_OPTION_NONE);
+}
+
+extern int
+re_search(regex_t* bufp, const char* string, int size, int startpos, int range,
+	  struct re_registers* regs)
+{
+  return onig_search(bufp, (UChar* )string, (UChar* )(string + size),
+		     (UChar* )(string + startpos),
+		     (UChar* )(string + startpos + range),
+		     regs, ONIG_OPTION_NONE);
+}
+
+extern int
+re_compile_pattern(const char* pattern, int size, regex_t* reg, char* ebuf)
+{
+  int r;
+  OnigErrorInfo einfo;
+
+  r = onig_compile(reg, (UChar* )pattern, (UChar* )(pattern + size), &einfo);
+  if (r != 0) {
+    if (IS_NOT_NULL(ebuf))
+      (void )onig_error_code_to_str((UChar* )ebuf, r, &einfo);
+  }
+
+  return r;
+}
+
+extern int
+re_recompile_pattern(const char* pattern, int size, regex_t* reg, char* ebuf)
+{
+  int r;
+  OnigErrorInfo einfo;
+  OnigEncoding enc;
+
+  /* I think encoding and options should be arguments of this function.
+     But this is adapted to present re.c. (2002/11/29)
+   */
+  enc = OnigEncDefaultCharEncoding;
+
+  r = onig_recompile(reg, (UChar* )pattern, (UChar* )(pattern + size),
+		     reg->options, enc, OnigDefaultSyntax, &einfo);
+  if (r != 0) {
+    if (IS_NOT_NULL(ebuf))
+      (void )onig_error_code_to_str((UChar* )ebuf, r, &einfo);
+  }
+  return r;
+}
+
+extern void
+re_free_pattern(regex_t* reg)
+{
+  onig_free(reg);
+}
+
+extern int
+re_alloc_pattern(regex_t** reg)
+{
+  return onig_alloc_init(reg, ONIG_OPTION_DEFAULT, OnigEncDefaultCharEncoding,
+			 OnigDefaultSyntax);
+}
+
+extern void
+re_set_casetable(const char* table)
+{
+  onigenc_set_default_caseconv_table((UChar* )table);
+}
+
+#ifdef USE_COMPATIBILITY_FOR_RUBY_EXTENSION_LIBRARY
+static const unsigned char mbctab_ascii[] = {
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+};
+
+static const unsigned char mbctab_euc[] = {
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
+};
+
+static const unsigned char mbctab_sjis[] = {
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0
+};
+
+static const unsigned char mbctab_utf8[] = {
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
+  3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 0, 0,
+};
+
+const unsigned char *re_mbctab = mbctab_ascii;
+#endif
+
+extern void
+#ifdef ONIG_RUBY_M17N
+re_mbcinit(OnigEncoding enc)
+#else
+re_mbcinit(int mb_code)
+#endif
+{
+#ifdef ONIG_RUBY_M17N
+
+  onigenc_set_default_encoding(enc);
+
+#else
+
+  OnigEncoding enc;
+
+  switch (mb_code) {
+  case MBCTYPE_ASCII:
+    enc = ONIG_ENCODING_ASCII;
+    break;
+  case MBCTYPE_EUC:
+    enc = ONIG_ENCODING_EUC_JP;
+    break;
+  case MBCTYPE_SJIS:
+    enc = ONIG_ENCODING_SJIS;
+    break;
+  case MBCTYPE_UTF8:
+    enc = ONIG_ENCODING_UTF8;
+    break;
+  default:
+    return ;
+    break;
+  }
+
+  onigenc_set_default_encoding(enc);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef USE_COMPATIBILITY_FOR_RUBY_EXTENSION_LIBRARY
+  switch (mb_code) {
+  case MBCTYPE_ASCII:
+    re_mbctab = mbctab_ascii;
+    break;
+  case MBCTYPE_EUC:
+    re_mbctab = mbctab_euc;
+    break;
+  case MBCTYPE_SJIS:
+    re_mbctab = mbctab_sjis;
+    break;
+  case MBCTYPE_UTF8:
+    re_mbctab = mbctab_utf8;
+    break;
+  }
+#endif
+}
diff --git a/regint.h b/regint.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..35736b6dcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/regint.h
@@ -0,0 +1,685 @@
+/**********************************************************************
+
+  regint.h -  Oniguruma (regular expression library)
+
+  Copyright (C) 2002-2004  K.Kosako ([email protected])
+
+**********************************************************************/
+#ifndef REGINT_H
+#define REGINT_H
+
+/* for debug */
+/* #define ONIG_DEBUG_PARSE_TREE */
+/* #define ONIG_DEBUG_COMPILE */
+/* #define ONIG_DEBUG_SEARCH */
+/* #define ONIG_DEBUG_MATCH */
+/* #define ONIG_DONT_OPTIMIZE */
+
+/* for byte-code statistical data. */
+/* #define ONIG_DEBUG_STATISTICS */
+
+#if defined(ONIG_DEBUG_PARSE_TREE) || defined(ONIG_DEBUG_MATCH) || \
+    defined(ONIG_DEBUG_COMPILE) || defined(ONIG_DEBUG_STATISTICS)
+#ifndef ONIG_DEBUG
+#define ONIG_DEBUG
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__i386) || defined(__i386__) || defined(_M_IX86) || \
+    (defined(__ppc__) && defined(__APPLE__)) || \
+    defined(__x86_64) || defined(__x86_64__) || \
+    defined(__mc68020__)
+#define PLATFORM_UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS
+#endif
+
+/* config */
+/* spec. config */
+#define USE_NAMED_GROUP
+#define USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+#define USE_FOLD_MATCH                                  /* ess-tsett etc... */
+#define USE_INFINITE_REPEAT_MONOMANIAC_MEM_STATUS_CHECK /* /(?:()|())*\2/ */
+#define USE_NEWLINE_AT_END_OF_STRING_HAS_EMPTY_LINE     /* /\n$/ =~ "\n" */
+#define USE_WARNING_REDUNDANT_NESTED_REPEAT_OPERATOR
+/* internal config */
+#define USE_RECYCLE_NODE
+#define USE_OP_PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT
+#define USE_QUALIFIER_PEEK_NEXT
+
+#define INIT_MATCH_STACK_SIZE                     160
+#define MATCH_STACK_LIMIT_SIZE                 500000
+
+/* interface to external system */
+#ifdef NOT_RUBY      /* gived from Makefile */
+#include "config.h"
+#define USE_VARIABLE_META_CHARS
+#define USE_VARIABLE_SYNTAX
+#define USE_WORD_BEGIN_END          /* "\<": word-begin, "\>": word-end */
+#define USE_POSIX_REGION_OPTION     /* needed for POSIX API support */
+#define THREAD_ATOMIC_START         /* depend on thread system */
+#define THREAD_ATOMIC_END           /* depend on thread system */
+#define THREAD_PASS                 /* depend on thread system */
+#define xmalloc     malloc
+#define xrealloc    realloc
+#define xfree       free
+#else
+#include "ruby.h"
+#include "version.h"
+#include "rubysig.h"      /* for DEFER_INTS, ENABLE_INTS */
+#define THREAD_ATOMIC_START          DEFER_INTS
+#define THREAD_ATOMIC_END            ENABLE_INTS
+#define THREAD_PASS                  rb_thread_schedule()
+#define DEFAULT_WARN_FUNCTION        rb_warn
+#define DEFAULT_VERB_WARN_FUNCTION   rb_warning
+
+#if defined(RUBY_VERSION_MAJOR)
+#if RUBY_VERSION_MAJOR > 1 || \
+(RUBY_VERSION_MAJOR == 1 && \
+ defined(RUBY_VERSION_MINOR) && RUBY_VERSION_MINOR >= 8)
+#define USE_ST_HASH_TABLE
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#endif /* else NOT_RUBY */
+
+#define THREAD_PASS_LIMIT_COUNT    10
+#define xmemset     memset
+#define xmemcpy     memcpy
+#define xmemmove    memmove
+#if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__CYGWIN__)
+#define xalloca     _alloca
+#ifdef NOT_RUBY
+#define vsnprintf   _vsnprintf
+#endif
+#else
+#define xalloca     alloca
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_STDLIB_H
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#endif
+
+#if defined(HAVE_ALLOCA_H) && !defined(__GNUC__)
+#include <alloca.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_STRING_H
+# include <string.h>
+#else
+# include <strings.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#ifdef ONIG_DEBUG
+# include <stdio.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "regenc.h"
+#include "oniguruma.h"
+
+#ifdef MIN
+#undef MIN
+#endif
+#ifdef MAX
+#undef MAX
+#endif
+#define MIN(a,b) (((a)>(b))?(b):(a))
+#define MAX(a,b) (((a)<(b))?(b):(a))
+
+#define IS_NULL(p)                    (((void*)(p)) == (void*)0)
+#define IS_NOT_NULL(p)                (((void*)(p)) != (void*)0)
+#define CHECK_NULL_RETURN(p)          if (IS_NULL(p)) return NULL
+#define CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(p,val)  if (IS_NULL(p)) return (val)
+#define NULL_UCHARP                   ((UChar* )0)
+
+#ifndef PLATFORM_UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS
+#define WORD_ALIGNMENT_SIZE       SIZEOF_INT
+
+#define GET_ALIGNMENT_PAD_SIZE(addr,pad_size) do {\
+  (pad_size) = WORD_ALIGNMENT_SIZE \
+               - ((unsigned int )(addr) % WORD_ALIGNMENT_SIZE);\
+  if ((pad_size) == WORD_ALIGNMENT_SIZE) (pad_size) = 0;\
+} while (0)
+
+#define ALIGNMENT_RIGHT(addr) do {\
+  (addr) += (WORD_ALIGNMENT_SIZE - 1);\
+  (addr) -= ((unsigned int )(addr) % WORD_ALIGNMENT_SIZE);\
+} while (0)
+
+
+#define B_SHIFT  8
+#define B_MASK   0xff
+
+#define SERIALIZE_2BYTE_INT(i,p) do {\
+  *(p)     = ((i) >> B_SHIFT) & B_MASK;\
+  *((p)+1) = (i) & B_MASK;\
+} while (0)
+
+#define SERIALIZE_4BYTE_INT(i,p) do {\
+  *(p)     = ((i) >> B_SHIFT*3) & B_MASK;\
+  *((p)+1) = ((i) >> B_SHIFT*2) & B_MASK;\
+  *((p)+2) = ((i) >> B_SHIFT  ) & B_MASK;\
+  *((p)+3) = (i) & B_MASK;\
+} while (0)
+
+#define SERIALIZE_8BYTE_INT(i,p) do {\
+  *(p)     = ((i) >> B_SHIFT*7) & B_MASK;\
+  *((p)+1) = ((i) >> B_SHIFT*6) & B_MASK;\
+  *((p)+2) = ((i) >> B_SHIFT*5) & B_MASK;\
+  *((p)+3) = ((i) >> B_SHIFT*4) & B_MASK;\
+  *((p)+4) = ((i) >> B_SHIFT*3) & B_MASK;\
+  *((p)+5) = ((i) >> B_SHIFT*2) & B_MASK;\
+  *((p)+6) = ((i) >> B_SHIFT  ) & B_MASK;\
+  *((p)+7) = (i) & B_MASK;\
+} while (0)
+
+#define GET_2BYTE_INT_INC(type,i,p) do {\
+  (i) = (type )(((unsigned int )(*(p)) << B_SHIFT) | (unsigned int )((p)[1]));\
+  (p) += 2;\
+} while (0)
+
+#define GET_4BYTE_INT_INC(type,i,p) do {\
+  (i) = (type )(((unsigned int )((p)[0]) << B_SHIFT*3) | \
+		((unsigned int )((p)[1]) << B_SHIFT*2) | \
+		((unsigned int )((p)[2]) << B_SHIFT  ) | \
+		((unsigned int )((p)[3])             )); \
+  (p) += 4;\
+} while (0)
+
+#define GET_8BYTE_INT_INC(type,i,p) do {\
+  (i) = (type )(((unsigned long )((p)[0]) << B_SHIFT*7) | \
+		((unsigned long )((p)[1]) << B_SHIFT*6) | \
+		((unsigned long )((p)[2]) << B_SHIFT*5) | \
+		((unsigned long )((p)[3]) << B_SHIFT*4) | \
+		((unsigned long )((p)[4]) << B_SHIFT*3) | \
+		((unsigned long )((p)[5]) << B_SHIFT*2) | \
+		((unsigned long )((p)[6]) << B_SHIFT  ) | \
+		((unsigned long )((p)[7])             )); \
+  (p) += 8;\
+} while (0)
+
+#if SIZEOF_SHORT == 2
+#define GET_SHORT_INC(i,p)     GET_2BYTE_INT_INC(short,i,p)
+#define SERIALIZE_SHORT(i,p)   SERIALIZE_2BYTE_INT(i,p)
+#elif SIZEOF_SHORT == 4
+#define GET_SHORT_INC(i,p)     GET_4BYTE_INT_INC(short,i,p)
+#define SERIALIZE_SHORT(i,p)   SERIALIZE_4BYTE_INT(i,p)
+#elif SIZEOF_SHORT == 8
+#define GET_SHORT_INC(i,p)     GET_8BYTE_INT_INC(short,i,p)
+#define SERIALIZE_SHORT(i,p)   SERIALIZE_8BYTE_INT(i,p)
+#endif
+
+#if SIZEOF_INT == 2
+#define GET_INT_INC(i,p)       GET_2BYTE_INT_INC(int,i,p)
+#define GET_UINT_INC(i,p)      GET_2BYTE_INT_INC(unsigned,i,p)
+#define SERIALIZE_INT(i,p)     SERIALIZE_2BYTE_INT(i,p)
+#define SERIALIZE_UINT(i,p)    SERIALIZE_2BYTE_INT(i,p)
+#elif SIZEOF_INT == 4
+#define GET_INT_INC(i,p)       GET_4BYTE_INT_INC(int,i,p)
+#define GET_UINT_INC(i,p)      GET_4BYTE_INT_INC(unsigned,i,p)
+#define SERIALIZE_INT(i,p)     SERIALIZE_4BYTE_INT(i,p)
+#define SERIALIZE_UINT(i,p)    SERIALIZE_4BYTE_INT(i,p)
+#elif SIZEOF_INT == 8
+#define GET_INT_INC(i,p)       GET_8BYTE_INT_INC(int,i,p)
+#define GET_UINT_INC(i,p)      GET_8BYTE_INT_INC(unsigned,i,p)
+#define SERIALIZE_INT(i,p)     SERIALIZE_8BYTE_INT(i,p)
+#define SERIALIZE_UINT(i,p)    SERIALIZE_8BYTE_INT(i,p)
+#endif
+
+#endif /* PLATFORM_UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS */
+
+/* stack pop level */
+#define STACK_POP_LEVEL_FREE        0
+#define STACK_POP_LEVEL_MEM_START   1
+#define STACK_POP_LEVEL_ALL         2
+
+/* optimize flags */
+#define ONIG_OPTIMIZE_NONE              0
+#define ONIG_OPTIMIZE_EXACT             1   /* Slow Search */
+#define ONIG_OPTIMIZE_EXACT_BM          2   /* Boyer Moore Search */
+#define ONIG_OPTIMIZE_EXACT_BM_NOT_REV  3   /* BM   (but not simple match) */
+#define ONIG_OPTIMIZE_EXACT_IC          4   /* Slow Search (ignore case) */
+#define ONIG_OPTIMIZE_MAP               5   /* char map */
+
+/* bit status */
+typedef unsigned int  BitStatusType;
+
+#define BIT_STATUS_BITS_NUM          (sizeof(BitStatusType) * 8)
+#define BIT_STATUS_CLEAR(stats)      (stats) = 0
+#define BIT_STATUS_ON_ALL(stats)     (stats) = ~((BitStatusType )0)
+#define BIT_STATUS_AT(stats,n) \
+  ((n) < BIT_STATUS_BITS_NUM  ?  ((stats) & (1 << n)) : ((stats) & 1))
+
+#define BIT_STATUS_ON_AT(stats,n) do {\
+  if ((n) < BIT_STATUS_BITS_NUM)\
+    (stats) |= (1 << (n));\
+  else\
+    (stats) |= 1;\
+} while (0)
+
+#define BIT_STATUS_ON_AT_SIMPLE(stats,n) do {\
+  if ((n) < BIT_STATUS_BITS_NUM)\
+    (stats) |= (1 << (n));\
+} while (0)
+
+
+#define INT_MAX_LIMIT           ((1UL << (SIZEOF_INT * 8 - 1)) - 1)
+
+#define DIGITVAL(code)    ((code) - '0')
+#define ODIGITVAL(code)   DIGITVAL(code)
+#define XDIGITVAL(enc,code) \
+  (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_DIGIT(enc,code) ? DIGITVAL(code) \
+   : (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_UPPER(enc,code) ? (code) - 'A' + 10 : (code) - 'a' + 10))
+
+#define IS_SINGLELINE(option)     ((option) & ONIG_OPTION_SINGLELINE)
+#define IS_MULTILINE(option)      ((option) & ONIG_OPTION_MULTILINE)
+#define IS_IGNORECASE(option)     ((option) & ONIG_OPTION_IGNORECASE)
+#define IS_EXTEND(option)         ((option) & ONIG_OPTION_EXTEND)
+#define IS_FIND_LONGEST(option)   ((option) & ONIG_OPTION_FIND_LONGEST)
+#define IS_FIND_NOT_EMPTY(option) ((option) & ONIG_OPTION_FIND_NOT_EMPTY)
+#define IS_POSIXLINE(option)      (IS_SINGLELINE(option) && IS_MULTILINE(option))
+#define IS_FIND_CONDITION(option) ((option) & \
+          (ONIG_OPTION_FIND_LONGEST | ONIG_OPTION_FIND_NOT_EMPTY))
+#define IS_NOTBOL(option)         ((option) & ONIG_OPTION_NOTBOL)
+#define IS_NOTEOL(option)         ((option) & ONIG_OPTION_NOTEOL)
+#define IS_POSIX_REGION(option)   ((option) & ONIG_OPTION_POSIX_REGION)
+
+/* OP_SET_OPTION is required for these options.
+#define IS_DYNAMIC_OPTION(option) \
+  (((option) & (ONIG_OPTION_MULTILINE | ONIG_OPTION_IGNORECASE)) != 0)
+*/
+/* ignore-case and multibyte status are included in compiled code. */
+#define IS_DYNAMIC_OPTION(option)  0
+
+
+/* bitset */
+#define BITS_PER_BYTE      8
+#define SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE   (1 << BITS_PER_BYTE)
+#define BITS_IN_ROOM       (sizeof(Bits) * BITS_PER_BYTE)
+#define BITSET_SIZE        (SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE / BITS_IN_ROOM)
+
+#ifdef PLATFORM_UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS
+typedef unsigned int   Bits;
+#else
+typedef unsigned char  Bits;
+#endif
+typedef Bits           BitSet[BITSET_SIZE];
+typedef Bits*          BitSetRef;
+
+#define SIZE_BITSET        sizeof(BitSet)
+
+#define BITSET_CLEAR(bs) do {\
+  int i;\
+  for (i = 0; i < BITSET_SIZE; i++) { (bs)[i] = 0; }\
+} while (0)
+
+#define BS_ROOM(bs,pos)            (bs)[pos / BITS_IN_ROOM]
+#define BS_BIT(pos)                (1 << (pos % BITS_IN_ROOM))
+
+#define BITSET_AT(bs, pos)         (BS_ROOM(bs,pos) & BS_BIT(pos))
+#define BITSET_SET_BIT(bs, pos)     BS_ROOM(bs,pos) |= BS_BIT(pos)
+#define BITSET_CLEAR_BIT(bs, pos)   BS_ROOM(bs,pos) &= ~(BS_BIT(pos))
+#define BITSET_INVERT_BIT(bs, pos)  BS_ROOM(bs,pos) ^= BS_BIT(pos)
+
+/* bytes buffer */
+typedef struct _BBuf {
+  UChar* p;
+  unsigned int used;
+  unsigned int alloc;
+} BBuf;
+
+#define BBUF_INIT(buf,size)    onig_bbuf_init((BBuf* )(buf), (size))
+
+#define BBUF_SIZE_INC(buf,inc) do{\
+  (buf)->alloc += (inc);\
+  (buf)->p = (UChar* )xrealloc((buf)->p, (buf)->alloc);\
+  if (IS_NULL((buf)->p)) return(ONIGERR_MEMORY);\
+} while (0)
+
+#define BBUF_EXPAND(buf,low) do{\
+  do { (buf)->alloc *= 2; } while ((buf)->alloc < (unsigned int )low);\
+  (buf)->p = (UChar* )xrealloc((buf)->p, (buf)->alloc);\
+  if (IS_NULL((buf)->p)) return(ONIGERR_MEMORY);\
+} while (0)
+
+#define BBUF_ENSURE_SIZE(buf,size) do{\
+  unsigned int new_alloc = (buf)->alloc;\
+  while (new_alloc < (unsigned int )(size)) { new_alloc *= 2; }\
+  if ((buf)->alloc != new_alloc) {\
+    (buf)->p = (UChar* )xrealloc((buf)->p, new_alloc);\
+    if (IS_NULL((buf)->p)) return(ONIGERR_MEMORY);\
+    (buf)->alloc = new_alloc;\
+  }\
+} while (0)
+
+#define BBUF_WRITE(buf,pos,bytes,n) do{\
+  int used = (pos) + (n);\
+  if ((buf)->alloc < (unsigned int )used) BBUF_EXPAND((buf),used);\
+  xmemcpy((buf)->p + (pos), (bytes), (n));\
+  if ((buf)->used < (unsigned int )used) (buf)->used = used;\
+} while (0)
+
+#define BBUF_WRITE1(buf,pos,byte) do{\
+  int used = (pos) + 1;\
+  if ((buf)->alloc < (unsigned int )used) BBUF_EXPAND((buf),used);\
+  (buf)->p[(pos)] = (byte);\
+  if ((buf)->used < (unsigned int )used) (buf)->used = used;\
+} while (0)
+
+#define BBUF_ADD(buf,bytes,n)       BBUF_WRITE((buf),(buf)->used,(bytes),(n))
+#define BBUF_ADD1(buf,byte)         BBUF_WRITE1((buf),(buf)->used,(byte))
+#define BBUF_GET_ADD_ADDRESS(buf)   ((buf)->p + (buf)->used)
+#define BBUF_GET_OFFSET_POS(buf)    ((buf)->used)
+
+/* from < to */
+#define BBUF_MOVE_RIGHT(buf,from,to,n) do {\
+  if ((unsigned int )((to)+(n)) > (buf)->alloc) BBUF_EXPAND((buf),(to) + (n));\
+  xmemmove((buf)->p + (to), (buf)->p + (from), (n));\
+  if ((unsigned int )((to)+(n)) > (buf)->used) (buf)->used = (to) + (n);\
+} while (0)
+
+/* from > to */
+#define BBUF_MOVE_LEFT(buf,from,to,n) do {\
+  xmemmove((buf)->p + (to), (buf)->p + (from), (n));\
+} while (0)
+
+/* from > to */
+#define BBUF_MOVE_LEFT_REDUCE(buf,from,to) do {\
+  xmemmove((buf)->p + (to), (buf)->p + (from), (buf)->used - (from));\
+  (buf)->used -= (from - to);\
+} while (0)
+
+#define BBUF_INSERT(buf,pos,bytes,n) do {\
+  if (pos >= (buf)->used) {\
+    BBUF_WRITE(buf,pos,bytes,n);\
+  }\
+  else {\
+    BBUF_MOVE_RIGHT((buf),(pos),(pos) + (n),((buf)->used - (pos)));\
+    xmemcpy((buf)->p + (pos), (bytes), (n));\
+  }\
+} while (0)
+
+#define BBUF_GET_BYTE(buf, pos) (buf)->p[(pos)]
+
+
+#define ANCHOR_BEGIN_BUF        (1<<0)
+#define ANCHOR_BEGIN_LINE       (1<<1)
+#define ANCHOR_BEGIN_POSITION   (1<<2)
+#define ANCHOR_END_BUF          (1<<3)
+#define ANCHOR_SEMI_END_BUF     (1<<4)
+#define ANCHOR_END_LINE         (1<<5)
+
+#define ANCHOR_WORD_BOUND       (1<<6)
+#define ANCHOR_NOT_WORD_BOUND   (1<<7)
+#define ANCHOR_WORD_BEGIN       (1<<8)
+#define ANCHOR_WORD_END         (1<<9)
+#define ANCHOR_PREC_READ        (1<<10)
+#define ANCHOR_PREC_READ_NOT    (1<<11)
+#define ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND      (1<<12)
+#define ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT  (1<<13)
+
+#define ANCHOR_ANYCHAR_STAR     (1<<14)   /* ".*" optimize info */
+#define ANCHOR_ANYCHAR_STAR_PL  (1<<15)   /* ".*" optimize info (posix-line) */
+
+/* operation code */
+enum OpCode {
+  OP_FINISH = 0,        /* matching process terminator (no more alternative) */
+  OP_END    = 1,        /* pattern code terminator (success end) */
+
+  OP_EXACT1 = 2,        /* single byte, N = 1 */
+  OP_EXACT2,            /* single byte, N = 2 */
+  OP_EXACT3,            /* single byte, N = 3 */
+  OP_EXACT4,            /* single byte, N = 4 */
+  OP_EXACT5,            /* single byte, N = 5 */
+  OP_EXACTN,            /* single byte */
+  OP_EXACTMB2N1,        /* mb-length = 2 N = 1 */
+  OP_EXACTMB2N2,        /* mb-length = 2 N = 2 */
+  OP_EXACTMB2N3,        /* mb-length = 2 N = 3 */
+  OP_EXACTMB2N,         /* mb-length = 2 */
+  OP_EXACTMB3N,         /* mb-length = 3 */
+  OP_EXACTMBN,          /* other length */
+
+  OP_EXACT1_IC,         /* single byte, N = 1, ignore case */
+  OP_EXACTN_IC,         /* single byte,        ignore case */
+
+  OP_CCLASS,
+  OP_CCLASS_MB,
+  OP_CCLASS_MIX,
+  OP_CCLASS_NOT,
+  OP_CCLASS_MB_NOT,
+  OP_CCLASS_MIX_NOT,
+
+  OP_ANYCHAR,                 /* "."  */
+  OP_ANYCHAR_ML,              /* "."  multi-line */
+  OP_ANYCHAR_STAR,            /* ".*" */
+  OP_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR,         /* ".*" multi-line */
+  OP_ANYCHAR_STAR_PEEK_NEXT,
+  OP_ANYCHAR_ML_STAR_PEEK_NEXT,
+
+  OP_WORD,
+  OP_NOT_WORD,
+  OP_WORD_SB,
+  OP_WORD_MB,
+  OP_WORD_BOUND,
+  OP_NOT_WORD_BOUND,
+  OP_WORD_BEGIN,
+  OP_WORD_END,
+
+  OP_BEGIN_BUF,
+  OP_END_BUF,
+  OP_BEGIN_LINE,
+  OP_END_LINE,
+  OP_SEMI_END_BUF,
+  OP_BEGIN_POSITION,
+
+  OP_BACKREF1,
+  OP_BACKREF2,
+  OP_BACKREF3,
+  OP_BACKREFN,
+  OP_BACKREFN_IC,
+  OP_BACKREF_MULTI,
+  OP_BACKREF_MULTI_IC,
+
+  OP_MEMORY_START,
+  OP_MEMORY_START_PUSH,   /* push back-tracker to stack */
+  OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH,     /* push back-tracker to stack */
+  OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH_REC, /* push back-tracker to stack */
+  OP_MEMORY_END,
+  OP_MEMORY_END_REC,      /* push marker to stack */
+
+  OP_SET_OPTION_PUSH,    /* set option and push recover option */
+  OP_SET_OPTION,         /* set option */
+
+  OP_FAIL,               /* pop stack and move */
+  OP_JUMP,
+  OP_PUSH,
+  OP_POP,
+  OP_PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT1,  /* if match exact then push, else jump. */
+  OP_PUSH_IF_PEEK_NEXT,    /* if match exact then push, else none. */
+  OP_REPEAT,               /* {n,m} */
+  OP_REPEAT_NG,            /* {n,m}? (non greedy) */
+  OP_REPEAT_INC,
+  OP_REPEAT_INC_NG,        /* non greedy */
+  OP_NULL_CHECK_START,     /* null loop checker start */
+  OP_NULL_CHECK_END,       /* null loop checker end   */
+  OP_NULL_CHECK_END_MEMST, /* null loop checker end (with capture status) */
+  OP_NULL_CHECK_END_MEMST_PUSH, /* with capture status and push check-end */
+
+  OP_PUSH_POS,             /* (?=...)  start */
+  OP_POP_POS,              /* (?=...)  end   */
+  OP_PUSH_POS_NOT,         /* (?!...)  start */
+  OP_FAIL_POS,             /* (?!...)  end   */
+  OP_PUSH_STOP_BT,         /* (?>...)  start */
+  OP_POP_STOP_BT,          /* (?>...)  end   */
+  OP_LOOK_BEHIND,          /* (?<=...) start (no needs end opcode) */
+  OP_PUSH_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT, /* (?<!...) start */
+  OP_FAIL_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT, /* (?<!...) end   */
+
+  OP_CALL,                 /* \g<name> */
+  OP_RETURN
+};
+
+/* arguments type */
+#define ARG_SPECIAL     -1
+#define ARG_NON          0
+#define ARG_RELADDR      1
+#define ARG_ABSADDR      2
+#define ARG_LENGTH       3
+#define ARG_MEMNUM       4
+#define ARG_OPTION       5
+
+typedef short int   RelAddrType;
+typedef short int   AbsAddrType;
+typedef short int   LengthType;
+typedef short int   MemNumType;
+typedef int         RepeatNumType;
+
+#define SIZE_OPCODE        1
+#define SIZE_RELADDR       sizeof(RelAddrType)
+#define SIZE_ABSADDR       sizeof(AbsAddrType)
+#define SIZE_LENGTH        sizeof(LengthType)
+#define SIZE_MEMNUM        sizeof(MemNumType)
+#define SIZE_REPEATNUM     sizeof(RepeatNumType)
+#define SIZE_OPTION        sizeof(OnigOptionType)
+#define SIZE_CODE_POINT    sizeof(OnigCodePoint)
+
+#ifdef PLATFORM_UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS
+#define GET_RELADDR_INC(addr,p) do{\
+  addr = *((RelAddrType* )(p));\
+  (p) += SIZE_RELADDR;\
+} while(0)
+
+#define GET_ABSADDR_INC(addr,p) do{\
+  addr = *((AbsAddrType* )(p));\
+  (p) += SIZE_ABSADDR;\
+} while(0)
+
+#define GET_LENGTH_INC(len,p) do{\
+  len = *((LengthType* )(p));\
+  (p) += SIZE_LENGTH;\
+} while(0)
+
+#define GET_MEMNUM_INC(num,p) do{\
+  num = *((MemNumType* )(p));\
+  (p) += SIZE_MEMNUM;\
+} while(0)
+
+#define GET_REPEATNUM_INC(num,p) do{\
+  num = *((RepeatNumType* )(p));\
+  (p) += SIZE_REPEATNUM;\
+} while(0)
+
+#define GET_OPTION_INC(option,p) do{\
+  option = *((OnigOptionType* )(p));\
+  (p) += SIZE_OPTION;\
+} while(0)
+#else
+
+#define GET_RELADDR_INC(addr,p)      GET_SHORT_INC(addr,p)
+#define GET_ABSADDR_INC(addr,p)      GET_SHORT_INC(addr,p)
+#define GET_LENGTH_INC(len,p)        GET_SHORT_INC(len,p)
+#define GET_MEMNUM_INC(num,p)        GET_SHORT_INC(num,p)
+#define GET_REPEATNUM_INC(num,p)     GET_INT_INC(num,p)
+#define GET_OPTION_INC(option,p)     GET_UINT_INC(option,p)
+
+#define SERIALIZE_RELADDR(addr,p)    SERIALIZE_SHORT(addr,p)
+#define SERIALIZE_ABSADDR(addr,p)    SERIALIZE_SHORT(addr,p)
+#define SERIALIZE_LENGTH(len,p)      SERIALIZE_SHORT(len,p)
+#define SERIALIZE_MEMNUM(num,p)      SERIALIZE_SHORT(num,p)
+#define SERIALIZE_REPEATNUM(num,p)   SERIALIZE_INT(num,p)
+#define SERIALIZE_OPTION(option,p)   SERIALIZE_UINT(option,p)
+
+#define SERIALIZE_BUFSIZE            SIZEOF_INT
+
+#endif  /* PLATFORM_UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS */
+
+/* code point's address must be aligned address. */
+#define GET_CODE_POINT(code,p)   code = *((OnigCodePoint* )(p))
+#define GET_BYTE_INC(byte,p) do{\
+  byte = *(p);\
+  (p)++;\
+} while(0)
+
+
+/* op-code + arg size */
+#define SIZE_OP_ANYCHAR_STAR            SIZE_OPCODE
+#define SIZE_OP_ANYCHAR_STAR_PEEK_NEXT (SIZE_OPCODE + 1)
+#define SIZE_OP_JUMP                   (SIZE_OPCODE + SIZE_RELADDR)
+#define SIZE_OP_PUSH                   (SIZE_OPCODE + SIZE_RELADDR)
+#define SIZE_OP_POP                     SIZE_OPCODE
+#define SIZE_OP_PUSH_OR_JUMP_EXACT1    (SIZE_OPCODE + SIZE_RELADDR + 1)
+#define SIZE_OP_PUSH_IF_PEEK_NEXT      (SIZE_OPCODE + SIZE_RELADDR + 1)
+#define SIZE_OP_REPEAT_INC             (SIZE_OPCODE + SIZE_MEMNUM)
+#define SIZE_OP_REPEAT_INC_NG          (SIZE_OPCODE + SIZE_MEMNUM)
+#define SIZE_OP_PUSH_POS                SIZE_OPCODE
+#define SIZE_OP_PUSH_POS_NOT           (SIZE_OPCODE + SIZE_RELADDR)
+#define SIZE_OP_POP_POS                 SIZE_OPCODE
+#define SIZE_OP_FAIL_POS                SIZE_OPCODE
+#define SIZE_OP_SET_OPTION             (SIZE_OPCODE + SIZE_OPTION)
+#define SIZE_OP_SET_OPTION_PUSH        (SIZE_OPCODE + SIZE_OPTION)
+#define SIZE_OP_FAIL                    SIZE_OPCODE
+#define SIZE_OP_MEMORY_START           (SIZE_OPCODE + SIZE_MEMNUM)
+#define SIZE_OP_MEMORY_START_PUSH      (SIZE_OPCODE + SIZE_MEMNUM)
+#define SIZE_OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH        (SIZE_OPCODE + SIZE_MEMNUM)
+#define SIZE_OP_MEMORY_END_PUSH_REC    (SIZE_OPCODE + SIZE_MEMNUM)
+#define SIZE_OP_MEMORY_END             (SIZE_OPCODE + SIZE_MEMNUM)
+#define SIZE_OP_MEMORY_END_REC         (SIZE_OPCODE + SIZE_MEMNUM)
+#define SIZE_OP_PUSH_STOP_BT            SIZE_OPCODE
+#define SIZE_OP_POP_STOP_BT             SIZE_OPCODE
+#define SIZE_OP_NULL_CHECK_START       (SIZE_OPCODE + SIZE_MEMNUM)
+#define SIZE_OP_NULL_CHECK_END         (SIZE_OPCODE + SIZE_MEMNUM)
+#define SIZE_OP_LOOK_BEHIND            (SIZE_OPCODE + SIZE_LENGTH)
+#define SIZE_OP_PUSH_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT   (SIZE_OPCODE + SIZE_RELADDR + SIZE_LENGTH)
+#define SIZE_OP_FAIL_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT    SIZE_OPCODE
+#define SIZE_OP_CALL                   (SIZE_OPCODE + SIZE_ABSADDR)
+#define SIZE_OP_RETURN                  SIZE_OPCODE
+
+
+typedef struct {
+  UChar esc;
+  UChar anychar;
+  UChar anytime;
+  UChar zero_or_one_time;
+  UChar one_or_more_time;
+  UChar anychar_anytime;
+} OnigMetaCharTableType;
+
+extern OnigMetaCharTableType OnigMetaCharTable;
+
+#define MC_ESC               OnigMetaCharTable.esc
+#define MC_ANYCHAR           OnigMetaCharTable.anychar
+#define MC_ANYTIME           OnigMetaCharTable.anytime
+#define MC_ZERO_OR_ONE_TIME  OnigMetaCharTable.zero_or_one_time
+#define MC_ONE_OR_MORE_TIME  OnigMetaCharTable.one_or_more_time
+#define MC_ANYCHAR_ANYTIME   OnigMetaCharTable.anychar_anytime
+
+
+#ifdef ONIG_DEBUG
+
+typedef struct {
+  short int opcode;
+  char*     name;
+  short int arg_type;
+} OnigOpInfoType;
+
+extern OnigOpInfoType OnigOpInfo[];
+
+extern void onig_print_compiled_byte_code P_((FILE* f, UChar* bp, UChar** nextp));
+
+#ifdef ONIG_DEBUG_STATISTICS
+extern void onig_statistics_init P_((void));
+extern void onig_print_statistics P_((FILE* f));
+#endif
+#endif
+
+extern char* onig_error_code_to_format P_((int code));
+extern void  onig_snprintf_with_pattern PV_((char buf[], int bufsize, OnigEncoding enc, char* pat, char* pat_end, char *fmt, ...));
+extern UChar* onig_strdup P_((UChar* s, UChar* end));
+extern int  onig_bbuf_init P_((BBuf* buf, int size));
+extern int  onig_alloc_init P_((regex_t** reg, OnigOptionType option, OnigEncoding enc, OnigSyntaxType* syntax));
+extern int  onig_compile P_((regex_t* reg, UChar* pattern, UChar* pattern_end, OnigErrorInfo* einfo));
+extern void onig_chain_reduce P_((regex_t* reg));
+extern int  onig_is_in_code_range P_((UChar* p, OnigCodePoint code));
+
+#endif /* REGINT_H */
diff --git a/regparse.c b/regparse.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2260df4155
--- /dev/null
+++ b/regparse.c
@@ -0,0 +1,4815 @@
+/**********************************************************************
+
+  regparse.c -  Oniguruma (regular expression library)
+
+  Copyright (C) 2003-2004  K.Kosako ([email protected])
+
+**********************************************************************/
+#include "regparse.h"
+
+#define WARN_BUFSIZE    256
+
+#define SYN_POSIX_COMMON_OP \
+ ( ONIG_SYN_OP_DOT_ANYCHAR | ONIG_SYN_OP_POSIX_BRACKET | \
+   ONIG_SYN_OP_DECIMAL_BACKREF | \
+   ONIG_SYN_OP_BRACKET_CC | ONIG_SYN_OP_ASTERISK_ZERO_INF | \
+   ONIG_SYN_OP_LINE_ANCHOR | \
+   ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_CONTROL_CHARS )
+
+#define SYN_GNU_REGEX_OP \
+  ( ONIG_SYN_OP_DOT_ANYCHAR | ONIG_SYN_OP_BRACKET_CC | \
+    ONIG_SYN_OP_POSIX_BRACKET | ONIG_SYN_OP_DECIMAL_BACKREF | \
+    ONIG_SYN_OP_BRACE_INTERVAL | ONIG_SYN_OP_LPAREN_SUBEXP | \
+    ONIG_SYN_OP_VBAR_ALT | \
+    ONIG_SYN_OP_ASTERISK_ZERO_INF | ONIG_SYN_OP_PLUS_ONE_INF | \
+    ONIG_SYN_OP_QMARK_ZERO_ONE | \
+    ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_AZ_BUF_ANCHOR | ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_CAPITAL_G_BEGIN_ANCHOR | \
+    ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_W_WORD | \
+    ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_B_WORD_BOUND | ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_LTGT_WORD_BEGIN_END | \
+    ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_S_WHITE_SPACE | ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_D_DIGIT | \
+    ONIG_SYN_OP_LINE_ANCHOR )
+
+#define SYN_GNU_REGEX_BV \
+  ( ONIG_SYN_CONTEXT_INDEP_ANCHORS | ONIG_SYN_CONTEXT_INDEP_REPEAT_OPS | \
+    ONIG_SYN_CONTEXT_INVALID_REPEAT_OPS | ONIG_SYN_ALLOW_INVALID_INTERVAL | \
+    ONIG_SYN_BACKSLASH_ESCAPE_IN_CC | ONIG_SYN_ALLOW_DOUBLE_RANGE_OP_IN_CC )
+
+#ifdef USE_VARIABLE_SYNTAX
+OnigSyntaxType OnigSyntaxPosixBasic = {
+  ( SYN_POSIX_COMMON_OP | ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_LPAREN_SUBEXP |
+    ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_BRACE_INTERVAL )
+  , 0
+  , 0
+  , ( ONIG_OPTION_SINGLELINE | ONIG_OPTION_MULTILINE )
+};
+
+OnigSyntaxType OnigSyntaxPosixExtended = {
+  ( SYN_POSIX_COMMON_OP | ONIG_SYN_OP_LPAREN_SUBEXP |
+    ONIG_SYN_OP_BRACE_INTERVAL |
+    ONIG_SYN_OP_PLUS_ONE_INF | ONIG_SYN_OP_QMARK_ZERO_ONE | ONIG_SYN_OP_VBAR_ALT )
+  , 0
+  , ( ONIG_SYN_CONTEXT_INDEP_ANCHORS | 
+      ONIG_SYN_CONTEXT_INDEP_REPEAT_OPS | ONIG_SYN_CONTEXT_INVALID_REPEAT_OPS | 
+      ONIG_SYN_ALLOW_UNMATCHED_CLOSE_SUBEXP |
+      ONIG_SYN_ALLOW_DOUBLE_RANGE_OP_IN_CC )
+  , ( ONIG_OPTION_SINGLELINE | ONIG_OPTION_MULTILINE )
+};
+
+OnigSyntaxType OnigSyntaxEmacs = {
+  ( ONIG_SYN_OP_DOT_ANYCHAR | ONIG_SYN_OP_BRACKET_CC |
+    ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_BRACE_INTERVAL |
+    ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_LPAREN_SUBEXP | ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_VBAR_ALT |
+    ONIG_SYN_OP_ASTERISK_ZERO_INF | ONIG_SYN_OP_PLUS_ONE_INF |
+    ONIG_SYN_OP_QMARK_ZERO_ONE | ONIG_SYN_OP_DECIMAL_BACKREF |
+    ONIG_SYN_OP_LINE_ANCHOR | ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_CONTROL_CHARS )
+  , ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_GNU_BUF_ANCHOR
+  , ONIG_SYN_ALLOW_EMPTY_RANGE_IN_CC
+  , ONIG_OPTION_NONE
+};
+
+OnigSyntaxType OnigSyntaxGrep = {
+  ( ONIG_SYN_OP_DOT_ANYCHAR | ONIG_SYN_OP_BRACKET_CC | ONIG_SYN_OP_POSIX_BRACKET |
+    ONIG_SYN_OP_BRACE_INTERVAL | ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_LPAREN_SUBEXP |
+    ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_VBAR_ALT |
+    ONIG_SYN_OP_ASTERISK_ZERO_INF | ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_PLUS_ONE_INF |
+    ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_QMARK_ZERO_ONE | ONIG_SYN_OP_LINE_ANCHOR |
+    ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_W_WORD | ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_B_WORD_BOUND |
+    ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_LTGT_WORD_BEGIN_END | ONIG_SYN_OP_DECIMAL_BACKREF )
+  , 0
+  , ( ONIG_SYN_ALLOW_EMPTY_RANGE_IN_CC | ONIG_SYN_NOT_NEWLINE_IN_NEGATIVE_CC )
+  , ONIG_OPTION_NONE
+};
+
+OnigSyntaxType OnigSyntaxGnuRegex = {
+  SYN_GNU_REGEX_OP
+  , 0
+  , SYN_GNU_REGEX_BV
+  , ONIG_OPTION_NONE
+};
+
+OnigSyntaxType OnigSyntaxJava = {
+  (( SYN_GNU_REGEX_OP | ONIG_SYN_OP_QMARK_NON_GREEDY |
+     ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_CONTROL_CHARS | ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_C_CONTROL |
+     ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_OCTAL3 | ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_X_HEX2 )
+   & ~ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_LTGT_WORD_BEGIN_END )
+  , ( ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_CAPITAL_Q_QUOTE | ONIG_SYN_OP2_QMARK_GROUP_EFFECT |
+      ONIG_SYN_OP2_OPTION_PERL | ONIG_SYN_OP2_PLUS_POSSESSIVE_REPEAT |
+      ONIG_SYN_OP2_PLUS_POSSESSIVE_INTERVAL | ONIG_SYN_OP2_CCLASS_SET_OP |
+      ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_V_VTAB | ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_U_HEX4 |
+      ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_P_CHAR_PROPERTY )
+  , ( SYN_GNU_REGEX_BV | ONIG_SYN_DIFFERENT_LEN_ALT_LOOK_BEHIND )
+  , ONIG_OPTION_SINGLELINE
+};
+
+OnigSyntaxType OnigSyntaxPerl = {
+  (( SYN_GNU_REGEX_OP | ONIG_SYN_OP_QMARK_NON_GREEDY |
+     ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_OCTAL3 | ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_X_HEX2 |
+     ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_X_BRACE_HEX8 | ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_CONTROL_CHARS |
+     ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_C_CONTROL )
+   & ~ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_LTGT_WORD_BEGIN_END )
+  , ( ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_CAPITAL_Q_QUOTE |
+      ONIG_SYN_OP2_QMARK_GROUP_EFFECT | ONIG_SYN_OP2_OPTION_PERL |
+      ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_P_CHAR_PROPERTY )
+  , SYN_GNU_REGEX_BV
+  , ONIG_OPTION_SINGLELINE
+};
+#endif /* USE_VARIABLE_SYNTAX */
+
+OnigSyntaxType OnigSyntaxRuby = {
+  (( SYN_GNU_REGEX_OP | ONIG_SYN_OP_QMARK_NON_GREEDY |
+     ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_OCTAL3 | ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_X_HEX2 |
+     ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_X_BRACE_HEX8 | ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_CONTROL_CHARS |
+     ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_C_CONTROL )
+   & ~ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_LTGT_WORD_BEGIN_END )
+  , ( ONIG_SYN_OP2_QMARK_GROUP_EFFECT |
+      ONIG_SYN_OP2_OPTION_RUBY |
+      ONIG_SYN_OP2_QMARK_LT_NAMED_GROUP | ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_K_NAMED_BACKREF |
+      ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_G_SUBEXP_CALL |
+      ONIG_SYN_OP2_PLUS_POSSESSIVE_REPEAT |
+      ONIG_SYN_OP2_CCLASS_SET_OP | ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_CAPITAL_C_BAR_CONTROL |
+      ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_CAPITAL_M_BAR_META | ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_V_VTAB )
+  , ( SYN_GNU_REGEX_BV | 
+      ONIG_SYN_ALLOW_INTERVAL_LOW_ABBREV |
+      ONIG_SYN_DIFFERENT_LEN_ALT_LOOK_BEHIND |
+      ONIG_SYN_CAPTURE_ONLY_NAMED_GROUP |
+      ONIG_SYN_ALLOW_MULTIPLEX_DEFINITION_NAME |
+      ONIG_SYN_WARN_CC_OP_NOT_ESCAPED |
+      ONIG_SYN_WARN_REDUNDANT_NESTED_REPEAT )
+  , ONIG_OPTION_NONE
+};
+
+OnigSyntaxType*  OnigDefaultSyntax = ONIG_SYNTAX_RUBY;
+
+#ifdef USE_VARIABLE_SYNTAX
+extern int
+onig_set_default_syntax(OnigSyntaxType* syntax)
+{
+  if (IS_NULL(syntax))
+    syntax = ONIG_SYNTAX_RUBY;
+
+  OnigDefaultSyntax = syntax;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+extern void
+onig_copy_syntax(OnigSyntaxType* to, OnigSyntaxType* from)
+{
+  *to = *from;
+}
+
+extern void
+onig_set_syntax_op(OnigSyntaxType* syntax, unsigned int op)
+{
+  syntax->op = op;
+}
+
+extern void
+onig_set_syntax_op2(OnigSyntaxType* syntax, unsigned int op2)
+{
+  syntax->op2 = op2;
+}
+
+extern void
+onig_set_syntax_behavior(OnigSyntaxType* syntax, unsigned int behavior)
+{
+  syntax->behavior = behavior;
+}
+
+extern void
+onig_set_syntax_options(OnigSyntaxType* syntax, OnigOptionType options)
+{
+  syntax->options = options;
+}
+#endif
+
+OnigMetaCharTableType OnigMetaCharTable = {
+  (OnigCodePoint )'\\'   /* esc */
+  , (OnigCodePoint )0    /* anychar '.'  */
+  , (OnigCodePoint )0    /* anytime '*'  */
+  , (OnigCodePoint )0    /* zero or one time '?' */
+  , (OnigCodePoint )0    /* one or more time '+' */
+  , (OnigCodePoint )0    /* anychar anytime */
+};
+
+#ifdef USE_VARIABLE_META_CHARS
+extern int onig_set_meta_char(unsigned int what, unsigned int c)
+{
+  switch (what) {
+  case ONIG_META_CHAR_ESCAPE:
+    OnigMetaCharTable.esc = c;
+    break;
+  case ONIG_META_CHAR_ANYCHAR:
+    OnigMetaCharTable.anychar = c;
+    break;
+  case ONIG_META_CHAR_ANYTIME:
+    OnigMetaCharTable.anytime = c;
+    break;
+  case ONIG_META_CHAR_ZERO_OR_ONE_TIME:
+    OnigMetaCharTable.zero_or_one_time = c;
+    break;
+  case ONIG_META_CHAR_ONE_OR_MORE_TIME:
+    OnigMetaCharTable.one_or_more_time = c;
+    break;
+  case ONIG_META_CHAR_ANYCHAR_ANYTIME:
+    OnigMetaCharTable.anychar_anytime = c;
+    break;
+  default:
+    return ONIGERR_INVALID_ARGUMENT;
+    break;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+#endif /* USE_VARIABLE_META_CHARS */
+
+
+extern void onig_null_warn(char* s) { }
+
+#ifdef DEFAULT_WARN_FUNCTION
+static OnigWarnFunc onig_warn = (OnigWarnFunc )DEFAULT_WARN_FUNCTION;
+#else
+static OnigWarnFunc onig_warn = onig_null_warn;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef DEFAULT_VERB_WARN_FUNCTION
+static OnigWarnFunc onig_verb_warn = (OnigWarnFunc )DEFAULT_VERB_WARN_FUNCTION;
+#else
+static OnigWarnFunc onig_verb_warn = onig_null_warn;
+#endif
+
+extern void onig_set_warn_func(OnigWarnFunc f)
+{
+  onig_warn = f;
+}
+
+extern void onig_set_verb_warn_func(OnigWarnFunc f)
+{
+  onig_verb_warn = f;
+}
+
+static void
+bbuf_free(BBuf* bbuf)
+{
+  if (IS_NOT_NULL(bbuf)) {
+    if (IS_NOT_NULL(bbuf->p)) xfree(bbuf->p);
+    xfree(bbuf);
+  }
+}
+
+static int
+bbuf_clone(BBuf** rto, BBuf* from)
+{
+  int r;
+  BBuf *to;
+
+  *rto = to = (BBuf* )xmalloc(sizeof(BBuf));
+  CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(to, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+  r = BBUF_INIT(to, from->alloc);
+  if (r != 0) return r;
+  to->used = from->used;
+  xmemcpy(to->p, from->p, from->used);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+#define ONOFF(v,f,negative)    (negative) ? ((v) &= ~(f)) : ((v) |= (f))
+
+#define SET_ALL_MULTI_BYTE_RANGE(pbuf) \
+  add_code_range_to_buf(pbuf, (OnigCodePoint )0x80, ~((OnigCodePoint )0))
+
+#define ADD_ALL_MULTI_BYTE_RANGE(code, mbuf) do {\
+  if (! ONIGENC_IS_SINGLEBYTE(code)) {\
+    r = SET_ALL_MULTI_BYTE_RANGE(&(mbuf));\
+    if (r) return r;\
+  }\
+} while (0)
+
+
+#define BITSET_IS_EMPTY(bs,empty) do {\
+  int i;\
+  empty = 1;\
+  for (i = 0; i < BITSET_SIZE; i++) {\
+    if ((bs)[i] != 0) {\
+      empty = 0; break;\
+    }\
+  }\
+} while (0)
+
+static void
+bitset_set_range(BitSetRef bs, int from, int to)
+{
+  int i;
+  for (i = from; i <= to && i < SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; i++) {
+    BITSET_SET_BIT(bs, i);
+  }
+}
+
+#if 0
+static void
+bitset_set_all(BitSetRef bs)
+{
+  int i;
+  for (i = 0; i < BITSET_SIZE; i++) {
+    bs[i] = ~((Bits )0);
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+static void
+bitset_invert(BitSetRef bs)
+{
+  int i;
+  for (i = 0; i < BITSET_SIZE; i++) {
+    bs[i] = ~(bs[i]);
+  }
+}
+
+static void
+bitset_invert_to(BitSetRef from, BitSetRef to)
+{
+  int i;
+  for (i = 0; i < BITSET_SIZE; i++) {
+    to[i] = ~(from[i]);
+  }
+}
+
+static void
+bitset_and(BitSetRef dest, BitSetRef bs)
+{
+  int i;
+  for (i = 0; i < BITSET_SIZE; i++) {
+    dest[i] &= bs[i];
+  }
+}
+
+static void
+bitset_or(BitSetRef dest, BitSetRef bs)
+{
+  int i;
+  for (i = 0; i < BITSET_SIZE; i++) {
+    dest[i] |= bs[i];
+  }
+}
+
+static void
+bitset_copy(BitSetRef dest, BitSetRef bs)
+{
+  int i;
+  for (i = 0; i < BITSET_SIZE; i++) {
+    dest[i] = bs[i];
+  }
+}
+
+extern int
+onig_strncmp(UChar* s1, UChar* s2, int n)
+{
+  int x;
+
+  while (n-- > 0) {
+    x = *s2++ - *s1++;
+    if (x) return x;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static void
+k_strcpy(UChar* dest, UChar* src, UChar* end)
+{
+  int len = end - src;
+  if (len > 0) {
+    xmemcpy(dest, src, len);
+    dest[len] = (UChar )0;
+  }
+}
+
+extern UChar*
+onig_strdup(UChar* s, UChar* end)
+{
+  int len = end - s;
+
+  if (len > 0) {
+    UChar* r = (UChar* )xmalloc(len + 1);
+    CHECK_NULL_RETURN(r);
+    xmemcpy(r, s, len);
+    r[len] = (UChar )0;
+    return r;
+  }
+  else return NULL;
+}
+
+/* scan pattern methods */
+#define PEND_VALUE  -1
+
+#define PFETCH(c)   do { (c) = *p++; } while (0)
+#define PUNFETCH    p--
+#define PINC        p++
+#define PPEEK       (p < end ? *p : PEND_VALUE)
+#define PEND        (p < end ?  0 : 1)
+
+
+static UChar*
+k_strcat_capa(UChar* dest, UChar* dest_end, UChar* src, UChar* src_end,
+	      int capa)
+{
+  UChar* r;
+
+  if (dest)
+    r = (UChar* )xrealloc(dest, capa + 1);
+  else
+    r = (UChar* )xmalloc(capa + 1);
+
+  CHECK_NULL_RETURN(r);
+  k_strcpy(r + (dest_end - dest), src, src_end);
+  return r;
+}
+
+/* dest on static area */
+static UChar*
+strcat_capa_from_static(UChar* dest, UChar* dest_end,
+			UChar* src, UChar* src_end, int capa)
+{
+  UChar* r;
+
+  r = (UChar* )xmalloc(capa + 1);
+  CHECK_NULL_RETURN(r);
+  k_strcpy(r, dest, dest_end);
+  k_strcpy(r + (dest_end - dest), src, src_end);
+  return r;
+}
+
+#ifdef USE_NAMED_GROUP
+
+#define INIT_NAME_BACKREFS_ALLOC_NUM   8
+
+typedef struct {
+  UChar* name;
+  int    name_len;   /* byte length */
+  int    back_num;   /* number of backrefs */
+  int    back_alloc;
+  int    back_ref1;
+  int*   back_refs;
+} NameEntry;
+
+#ifdef USE_ST_HASH_TABLE
+
+#include <st.h>
+
+typedef st_table  NameTable;
+typedef st_data_t HashDataType;   /* 1.6 st.h doesn't define st_data_t type */
+
+#define NAMEBUF_SIZE    24
+#define NAMEBUF_SIZE_1  25
+
+#ifdef ONIG_DEBUG
+static int
+i_print_name_entry(UChar* key, NameEntry* e, void* arg)
+{
+  int i;
+  FILE* fp = (FILE* )arg;
+
+  fprintf(fp, "%s: ", e->name);
+  if (e->back_num == 0)
+    fputs("-", fp);
+  else if (e->back_num == 1)
+    fprintf(fp, "%d", e->back_ref1);
+  else {
+    for (i = 0; i < e->back_num; i++) {
+      if (i > 0) fprintf(fp, ", ");
+      fprintf(fp, "%d", e->back_refs[i]);
+    }
+  }
+  fputs("\n", fp);
+  return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+extern int
+onig_print_names(FILE* fp, regex_t* reg)
+{
+  NameTable* t = (NameTable* )reg->name_table;
+
+  if (IS_NOT_NULL(t)) {
+    fprintf(fp, "name table\n");
+    st_foreach(t, i_print_name_entry, (HashDataType )fp);
+    fputs("\n", fp);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+static int
+i_free_name_entry(UChar* key, NameEntry* e, void* arg)
+{
+  xfree(e->name);  /* == key */
+  if (IS_NOT_NULL(e->back_refs)) xfree(e->back_refs);
+  return ST_DELETE;
+}
+
+static int
+names_clear(regex_t* reg)
+{
+  NameTable* t = (NameTable* )reg->name_table;
+
+  if (IS_NOT_NULL(t)) {
+    st_foreach(t, i_free_name_entry, 0);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+extern int
+onig_names_free(regex_t* reg)
+{
+  int r;
+  NameTable* t;
+
+  r = names_clear(reg);
+  if (r) return r;
+
+  t = (NameTable* )reg->name_table;
+  if (IS_NOT_NULL(t)) st_free_table(t);
+  reg->name_table = (void* )NULL;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static NameEntry*
+name_find(regex_t* reg, UChar* name, UChar* name_end)
+{
+  int len;
+  UChar namebuf[NAMEBUF_SIZE_1];
+  UChar *key;
+  NameEntry* e;
+  NameTable* t = (NameTable* )reg->name_table;
+
+  e = (NameEntry* )NULL;
+  if (IS_NOT_NULL(t)) {
+    if (*name_end == '\0') {
+      key = name;
+    }
+    else {
+      /* dirty, but st.c API claims NULL terminated key. */
+      len = name_end - name;
+      if (len <= NAMEBUF_SIZE) {
+	xmemcpy(namebuf, name, len);
+	namebuf[len] = '\0';
+	key = namebuf;
+      }
+      else {
+	key = onig_strdup(name, name_end);
+	if (IS_NULL(key)) return (NameEntry* )NULL;
+      }
+    }
+
+    st_lookup(t, (HashDataType )key, (HashDataType * )&e);
+    if (key != name && key != namebuf) xfree(key);
+  }
+  return e;
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+  int (*func)(UChar*,UChar*,int,int*,regex_t*,void*);
+  regex_t* reg;
+  void* arg;
+  int ret;
+} INamesArg;
+
+static int
+i_names(UChar* key, NameEntry* e, INamesArg* arg)
+{
+  int r = (*(arg->func))(e->name, e->name + strlen(e->name), e->back_num,
+			 (e->back_num > 1 ? e->back_refs : &(e->back_ref1)),
+			 arg->reg, arg->arg);
+  if (r != 0) {
+    arg->ret = r;
+    return ST_STOP;
+  }
+  return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+extern int
+onig_foreach_name(regex_t* reg,
+		   int (*func)(UChar*,UChar*,int,int*,regex_t*,void*),
+		   void* arg)
+{
+  INamesArg narg;
+  NameTable* t = (NameTable* )reg->name_table;
+
+  narg.ret = 0;
+  if (IS_NOT_NULL(t)) {
+    narg.func = func;
+    narg.reg  = reg;
+    narg.arg  = arg;
+    st_foreach(t, i_names, (HashDataType )&narg);
+  }
+  return narg.ret;
+}
+
+extern int
+onig_number_of_names(regex_t* reg)
+{
+  NameTable* t = (NameTable* )reg->name_table;
+
+  if (IS_NOT_NULL(t))
+    return t->num_entries;
+  else
+    return 0;
+}
+
+#else  /* USE_ST_HASH_TABLE */
+
+#define INIT_NAMES_ALLOC_NUM    8
+
+typedef struct {
+  NameEntry* e;
+  int        num;
+  int        alloc;
+} NameTable;
+
+
+#ifdef ONIG_DEBUG
+extern int
+onig_print_names(FILE* fp, regex_t* reg)
+{
+  int i, j;
+  NameEntry* e;
+  NameTable* t = (NameTable* )reg->name_table;
+
+  if (IS_NOT_NULL(t) && t->num > 0) {
+    fprintf(fp, "name table\n");
+    for (i = 0; i < t->num; i++) {
+      e = &(t->e[i]);
+      fprintf(fp, "%s: ", e->name);
+      if (e->back_num == 0) {
+	fputs("-", fp);
+      }
+      else if (e->back_num == 1) {
+	fprintf(fp, "%d", e->back_ref1);
+      }
+      else {
+	for (j = 0; j < e->back_num; j++) {
+	  if (j > 0) fprintf(fp, ", ");
+	  fprintf(fp, "%d", e->back_refs[j]);
+	}
+      }
+      fputs("\n", fp);
+    }
+    fputs("\n", fp);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+static int
+names_clear(regex_t* reg)
+{
+  int i;
+  NameEntry* e;
+  NameTable* t = (NameTable* )reg->name_table;
+
+  if (IS_NOT_NULL(t)) {
+    for (i = 0; i < t->num; i++) {
+      e = &(t->e[i]);
+      if (IS_NOT_NULL(e->name)) {
+	xfree(e->name);
+	e->name       = NULL;
+	e->name_len   = 0;
+	e->back_num   = 0;
+	e->back_alloc = 0;
+	if (IS_NOT_NULL(e->back_refs)) xfree(e->back_refs);
+	e->back_refs = (int* )NULL;
+      }
+    }
+    if (IS_NOT_NULL(t->e)) {
+      xfree(t->e);
+      t->e = NULL;
+    }
+    t->num = 0;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+extern int
+onig_names_free(regex_t* reg)
+{
+  int r;
+  NameTable* t;
+
+  r = names_clear(reg);
+  if (r) return r;
+
+  t = (NameTable* )reg->name_table;
+  if (IS_NOT_NULL(t)) xfree(t);
+  reg->name_table = NULL;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static NameEntry*
+name_find(regex_t* reg, UChar* name, UChar* name_end)
+{
+  int i, len;
+  NameEntry* e;
+  NameTable* t = (NameTable* )reg->name_table;
+
+  if (IS_NOT_NULL(t)) {
+    len = name_end - name;
+    for (i = 0; i < t->num; i++) {
+      e = &(t->e[i]);
+      if (len == e->name_len && onig_strncmp(name, e->name, len) == 0)
+	return e;
+    }
+  }
+  return (NameEntry* )NULL;
+}
+
+extern int
+onig_foreach_name(regex_t* reg,
+		   int (*func)(UChar*,UChar*,int,int*,regex_t*,void*),
+		   void* arg)
+{
+  int i, r;
+  NameEntry* e;
+  NameTable* t = (NameTable* )reg->name_table;
+
+  if (IS_NOT_NULL(t)) {
+    for (i = 0; i < t->num; i++) {
+      e = &(t->e[i]);
+      r = (*func)(e->name, e->name + e->name_len, e->back_num,
+		  (e->back_num > 1 ? e->back_refs : &(e->back_ref1)),
+		  reg, arg);
+      if (r != 0) return r;
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+extern int
+onig_number_of_names(regex_t* reg)
+{
+  NameTable* t = (NameTable* )reg->name_table;
+
+  if (IS_NOT_NULL(t))
+    return t->num;
+  else
+    return 0;
+}
+
+#endif /* else USE_ST_HASH_TABLE */
+
+static int
+name_add(regex_t* reg, UChar* name, UChar* name_end, int backref, ScanEnv* env)
+{
+  int alloc;
+  NameEntry* e;
+  NameTable* t = (NameTable* )reg->name_table;
+
+  if (name_end - name <= 0)
+    return ONIGERR_EMPTY_GROUP_NAME;
+
+  e = name_find(reg, name, name_end);
+  if (IS_NULL(e)) {
+#ifdef USE_ST_HASH_TABLE
+    if (IS_NULL(t)) {
+      reg->name_table = t = st_init_strtable();
+    }
+    e = (NameEntry* )xmalloc(sizeof(NameEntry));
+    CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(e, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+
+    e->name     = onig_strdup(name, name_end);
+    if (IS_NULL(e->name)) return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
+    st_insert(t, (HashDataType )e->name, (HashDataType )e);
+
+    e->name_len   = name_end - name;
+    e->back_num   = 0;
+    e->back_alloc = 0;
+    e->back_refs  = (int* )NULL;
+
+#else
+
+    if (IS_NULL(t)) {
+      alloc = INIT_NAMES_ALLOC_NUM;
+      t = (NameTable* )xmalloc(sizeof(NameTable));
+      CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(t, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+      t->e     = NULL;
+      t->alloc = 0;
+      t->num   = 0;
+
+      t->e = (NameEntry* )xmalloc(sizeof(NameEntry) * alloc);
+      if (IS_NULL(t->e)) {
+	xfree(t);
+	return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
+      }
+      t->alloc = alloc;
+      reg->name_table = t;
+      goto clear;
+    }
+    else if (t->num == t->alloc) {
+      int i;
+
+      alloc = t->alloc * 2;
+      t->e = (NameEntry* )xrealloc(t->e, sizeof(NameEntry) * alloc);
+      CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(t->e, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+      t->alloc = alloc;
+
+    clear:
+      for (i = t->num; i < t->alloc; i++) {
+	t->e[i].name       = NULL;
+	t->e[i].name_len   = 0;
+	t->e[i].back_num   = 0;
+	t->e[i].back_alloc = 0;
+	t->e[i].back_refs  = (int* )NULL;
+      }
+    }
+    e = &(t->e[t->num]);
+    t->num++;
+    e->name = onig_strdup(name, name_end);
+    e->name_len = name_end - name;
+#endif
+  }
+
+  if (e->back_num >= 1 &&
+      ! IS_SYNTAX_BV(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_ALLOW_MULTIPLEX_DEFINITION_NAME)) {
+    onig_scan_env_set_error_string(env, ONIGERR_MULTIPLEX_DEFINED_NAME,
+				    name, name_end);
+    return ONIGERR_MULTIPLEX_DEFINED_NAME;
+  }
+
+  e->back_num++;
+  if (e->back_num == 1) {
+    e->back_ref1 = backref;
+  }
+  else {
+    if (e->back_num == 2) {
+      alloc = INIT_NAME_BACKREFS_ALLOC_NUM;
+      e->back_refs = (int* )xmalloc(sizeof(int) * alloc);
+      CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(e->back_refs, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+      e->back_alloc = alloc;
+      e->back_refs[0] = e->back_ref1;
+      e->back_refs[1] = backref;
+    }
+    else {
+      if (e->back_num > e->back_alloc) {
+	alloc = e->back_alloc * 2;
+	e->back_refs = (int* )xrealloc(e->back_refs, sizeof(int) * alloc);
+	CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(e->back_refs, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+	e->back_alloc = alloc;
+      }
+      e->back_refs[e->back_num - 1] = backref;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+extern int
+onig_name_to_group_numbers(regex_t* reg, UChar* name, UChar* name_end,
+			    int** nums)
+{
+  NameEntry* e;
+
+  e = name_find(reg, name, name_end);
+  if (IS_NULL(e)) return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_NAME_REFERENCE;
+
+  switch (e->back_num) {
+  case 0:
+    break;
+  case 1:
+    *nums = &(e->back_ref1);
+    break;
+  default:
+    *nums = e->back_refs;
+    break;
+  }
+  return e->back_num;
+}
+
+extern int
+onig_name_to_backref_number(regex_t* reg, UChar* name, UChar* name_end,
+			     OnigRegion *region)
+{
+  int i, n, *nums;
+
+  n = onig_name_to_group_numbers(reg, name, name_end, &nums);
+  if (n < 0)
+    return n;
+  else if (n == 0)
+    return ONIGERR_PARSER_BUG;
+  else if (n == 1)
+    return nums[0];
+  else {
+    if (IS_NOT_NULL(region)) {
+      for (i = n - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+	if (region->beg[nums[i]] != ONIG_REGION_NOTPOS)
+	  return nums[i];
+      }
+    }
+    return nums[n - 1];
+  }
+}
+
+#else /* USE_NAMED_GROUP */
+
+extern int
+onig_name_to_group_numbers(regex_t* reg, UChar* name, UChar* name_end,
+			    int** nums)
+{
+  return ONIG_NO_SUPPORT_CONFIG;
+}
+
+extern int
+onig_name_to_backref_number(regex_t* reg, UChar* name, UChar* name_end,
+			     OnigRegion* region)
+{
+  return ONIG_NO_SUPPORT_CONFIG;
+}
+
+extern int
+onig_foreach_name(regex_t* reg,
+		   int (*func)(UChar*,UChar*,int,int*,regex_t*,void*),
+		   void* arg)
+{
+  return ONIG_NO_SUPPORT_CONFIG;
+}
+
+extern int
+onig_number_of_names(regex_t* reg)
+{
+  return 0;
+}
+#endif /* else USE_NAMED_GROUP */
+
+
+#define INIT_SCANENV_MEMNODES_ALLOC_SIZE   16
+
+static void
+scan_env_clear(ScanEnv* env)
+{
+  int i;
+
+  BIT_STATUS_CLEAR(env->capture_history);
+  BIT_STATUS_CLEAR(env->bt_mem_start);
+  BIT_STATUS_CLEAR(env->bt_mem_end);
+  BIT_STATUS_CLEAR(env->backrefed_mem);
+  env->error             = (UChar* )NULL;
+  env->error_end         = (UChar* )NULL;
+  env->num_call          = 0;
+  env->num_mem           = 0;
+#ifdef USE_NAMED_GROUP
+  env->num_named         = 0;
+#endif
+  env->mem_alloc         = 0;
+  env->mem_nodes_dynamic = (Node** )NULL;
+
+  for (i = 0; i < SCANENV_MEMNODES_SIZE; i++)
+    env->mem_nodes_static[i] = NULL_NODE;
+}
+
+static int
+scan_env_add_mem_entry(ScanEnv* env)
+{
+  int i, need, alloc;
+  Node** p;
+
+  need = env->num_mem + 1;
+  if (need >= SCANENV_MEMNODES_SIZE) {
+    if (env->mem_alloc <= need) {
+      if (IS_NULL(env->mem_nodes_dynamic)) {
+	alloc = INIT_SCANENV_MEMNODES_ALLOC_SIZE;
+	p = (Node** )xmalloc(sizeof(Node*) * alloc);
+	xmemcpy(p, env->mem_nodes_static,
+		sizeof(Node*) * SCANENV_MEMNODES_SIZE);
+      }
+      else {
+	alloc = env->mem_alloc * 2;
+	p = (Node** )xrealloc(env->mem_nodes_dynamic, sizeof(Node*) * alloc);
+      }
+      CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(p, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+
+      for (i = env->num_mem + 1; i < alloc; i++)
+	p[i] = NULL_NODE;
+
+      env->mem_nodes_dynamic = p;
+      env->mem_alloc = alloc;
+    }
+  }
+
+  env->num_mem++;
+  return env->num_mem;
+}
+
+static int
+scan_env_set_mem_node(ScanEnv* env, int num, Node* node)
+{
+  if (env->num_mem >= num)
+    SCANENV_MEM_NODES(env)[num] = node;
+  else
+    return ONIGERR_PARSER_BUG;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+
+#ifdef USE_RECYCLE_NODE
+typedef struct _FreeNode {
+  struct _FreeNode* next;
+} FreeNode;
+
+static FreeNode* FreeNodeList = (FreeNode* )NULL;
+#endif
+
+extern void
+onig_node_free(Node* node)
+{
+  if (IS_NULL(node)) return ;
+
+  switch (NTYPE(node)) {
+  case N_STRING:
+    if (IS_NOT_NULL(NSTRING(node).s) && NSTRING(node).s != NSTRING(node).buf) {
+      xfree(NSTRING(node).s);
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_LIST:
+  case N_ALT:
+    onig_node_free(NCONS(node).left);
+    onig_node_free(NCONS(node).right);
+    break;
+
+  case N_CCLASS:
+    if (NCCLASS(node).mbuf)
+      bbuf_free(NCCLASS(node).mbuf);
+    break;
+
+  case N_QUALIFIER:
+    if (NQUALIFIER(node).target)
+      onig_node_free(NQUALIFIER(node).target);
+    break;
+
+  case N_EFFECT:
+    if (NEFFECT(node).target)
+      onig_node_free(NEFFECT(node).target);
+    break;
+
+  case N_BACKREF:
+    if (IS_NOT_NULL(NBACKREF(node).back_dynamic))
+      xfree(NBACKREF(node).back_dynamic);
+    break;
+
+  case N_ANCHOR:
+    if (NANCHOR(node).target)
+      onig_node_free(NANCHOR(node).target);
+    break;
+  }
+
+#ifdef USE_RECYCLE_NODE
+  {
+    FreeNode* n;
+
+    n = (FreeNode* )node;
+    n->next = FreeNodeList;
+    FreeNodeList = n;
+  }
+#else
+  xfree(node);
+#endif
+}
+
+#ifdef USE_RECYCLE_NODE
+extern int
+onig_free_node_list()
+{
+  FreeNode* n;
+
+  THREAD_ATOMIC_START;
+  while (FreeNodeList) {
+    n = FreeNodeList;
+    FreeNodeList = FreeNodeList->next;
+    xfree(n);
+  }
+  THREAD_ATOMIC_END;
+  return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+static Node*
+node_new()
+{
+  Node* node;
+
+#ifdef USE_RECYCLE_NODE
+  if (IS_NOT_NULL(FreeNodeList)) {
+    node = (Node* )FreeNodeList;
+    FreeNodeList = FreeNodeList->next;
+    return node;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  node = (Node* )xmalloc(sizeof(Node));
+  return node;
+}
+
+
+static void
+initialize_cclass(CClassNode* cc)
+{
+  BITSET_CLEAR(cc->bs);
+  cc->not  = 0;
+  cc->mbuf = NULL;
+}
+
+static Node*
+node_new_cclass()
+{
+  Node* node = node_new();
+  CHECK_NULL_RETURN(node);
+  node->type = N_CCLASS;
+
+  initialize_cclass(&(NCCLASS(node)));
+  return node;
+}
+
+static Node*
+node_new_ctype(int type)
+{
+  Node* node = node_new();
+  CHECK_NULL_RETURN(node);
+  node->type = N_CTYPE;
+  NCTYPE(node).type = type;
+  return node;
+}
+
+static Node*
+node_new_anychar()
+{
+  Node* node = node_new();
+  CHECK_NULL_RETURN(node);
+  node->type = N_ANYCHAR;
+  return node;
+}
+
+static Node*
+node_new_list(Node* left, Node* right)
+{
+  Node* node = node_new();
+  CHECK_NULL_RETURN(node);
+  node->type = N_LIST;
+  NCONS(node).left  = left;
+  NCONS(node).right = right;
+  return node;
+}
+
+static Node*
+node_new_alt(Node* left, Node* right)
+{
+  Node* node = node_new();
+  CHECK_NULL_RETURN(node);
+  node->type = N_ALT;
+  NCONS(node).left  = left;
+  NCONS(node).right = right;
+  return node;
+}
+
+extern Node*
+onig_node_new_anchor(int type)
+{
+  Node* node = node_new();
+  CHECK_NULL_RETURN(node);
+  node->type = N_ANCHOR;
+  NANCHOR(node).type     = type;
+  NANCHOR(node).target   = NULL;
+  NANCHOR(node).char_len = -1;
+  return node;
+}
+
+static Node*
+node_new_backref(int back_num, int* backrefs, int by_name, ScanEnv* env)
+{
+  int i;
+  Node* node = node_new();
+
+  CHECK_NULL_RETURN(node);
+  node->type = N_BACKREF;
+  NBACKREF(node).state    = 0;
+  NBACKREF(node).back_num = back_num;
+  NBACKREF(node).back_dynamic = (int* )NULL;
+  if (by_name != 0)
+    NBACKREF(node).state |= NST_NAME_REF;
+
+  for (i = 0; i < back_num; i++) {
+    if (backrefs[i] <= env->num_mem &&
+	IS_NULL(SCANENV_MEM_NODES(env)[backrefs[i]])) {
+      NBACKREF(node).state |= NST_RECURSION;   /* /...(\1).../ */
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (back_num <= NODE_BACKREFS_SIZE) {
+    for (i = 0; i < back_num; i++)
+      NBACKREF(node).back_static[i] = backrefs[i];
+  }
+  else {
+    int* p = (int* )xmalloc(sizeof(int) * back_num);
+    if (IS_NULL(p)) {
+      onig_node_free(node);
+      return NULL;
+    }
+    NBACKREF(node).back_dynamic = p;
+    for (i = 0; i < back_num; i++)
+      p[i] = backrefs[i];
+  }
+  return node;
+}
+
+#ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+static Node*
+node_new_call(UChar* name, UChar* name_end)
+{
+  Node* node = node_new();
+  CHECK_NULL_RETURN(node);
+
+  node->type = N_CALL;
+  NCALL(node).state    = 0;
+  NCALL(node).ref_num  = CALLNODE_REFNUM_UNDEF;
+  NCALL(node).target   = NULL_NODE;
+  NCALL(node).name     = name;
+  NCALL(node).name_end = name_end;
+  return node;
+}
+#endif
+
+static Node*
+node_new_qualifier(int lower, int upper, int by_number)
+{
+  Node* node = node_new();
+  CHECK_NULL_RETURN(node);
+  node->type = N_QUALIFIER;
+  NQUALIFIER(node).target = NULL;
+  NQUALIFIER(node).lower  = lower;
+  NQUALIFIER(node).upper  = upper;
+  NQUALIFIER(node).greedy = 1;
+  NQUALIFIER(node).by_number         = by_number;
+  NQUALIFIER(node).target_empty_info = NQ_TARGET_ISNOT_EMPTY;
+  NQUALIFIER(node).head_exact        = NULL_NODE;
+  NQUALIFIER(node).next_head_exact   = NULL_NODE;
+  NQUALIFIER(node).is_refered        = 0;
+  return node;
+}
+
+static Node*
+node_new_effect(int type)
+{
+  Node* node = node_new();
+  CHECK_NULL_RETURN(node);
+  node->type = N_EFFECT;
+  NEFFECT(node).type      = type;
+  NEFFECT(node).state     =  0;
+  NEFFECT(node).regnum    =  0;
+  NEFFECT(node).option    =  0;
+  NEFFECT(node).target    = NULL;
+  NEFFECT(node).call_addr = -1;
+  NEFFECT(node).opt_count =  0;
+  return node;
+}
+
+extern Node*
+onig_node_new_effect(int type)
+{
+  return node_new_effect(type);
+}
+
+static Node*
+node_new_effect_memory(OnigOptionType option, int is_named)
+{
+  Node* node = node_new_effect(EFFECT_MEMORY);
+  CHECK_NULL_RETURN(node);
+  if (is_named != 0)
+    SET_EFFECT_STATUS(node, NST_NAMED_GROUP);
+
+#ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+  NEFFECT(node).option = option;
+#endif
+  return node;
+}
+
+static Node*
+node_new_option(OnigOptionType option)
+{
+  Node* node = node_new_effect(EFFECT_OPTION);
+  CHECK_NULL_RETURN(node);
+  NEFFECT(node).option = option;
+  return node;
+}
+
+extern int
+onig_node_str_cat(Node* node, UChar* s, UChar* end)
+{
+  int addlen = end - s;
+
+  if (addlen > 0) {
+    int len  = NSTRING(node).end - NSTRING(node).s;
+
+    if (NSTRING(node).capa > 0 || (len + addlen > NODE_STR_BUF_SIZE - 1)) {
+      UChar* p;
+      int capa = len + addlen + NODE_STR_MARGIN;
+
+      if (capa <= NSTRING(node).capa) {
+	k_strcpy(NSTRING(node).s + len, s, end);
+      }
+      else {
+	if (NSTRING(node).s == NSTRING(node).buf)
+	  p = strcat_capa_from_static(NSTRING(node).s, NSTRING(node).end,
+				      s, end, capa);
+	else
+	  p = k_strcat_capa(NSTRING(node).s, NSTRING(node).end, s, end, capa);
+
+	CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(p, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+	NSTRING(node).s    = p;
+	NSTRING(node).capa = capa;
+      }
+    }
+    else {
+      k_strcpy(NSTRING(node).s + len, s, end);
+    }
+    NSTRING(node).end = NSTRING(node).s + len + addlen;
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+node_str_cat_char(Node* node, UChar c)
+{
+  UChar s[1];
+
+  s[0] = c;
+  return onig_node_str_cat(node, s, s + 1);
+}
+
+extern void
+onig_node_conv_to_str_node(Node* node, int flag)
+{
+  node->type = N_STRING;
+
+  NSTRING(node).flag = flag;
+  NSTRING(node).capa = 0;
+  NSTRING(node).s    = NSTRING(node).buf;
+  NSTRING(node).end  = NSTRING(node).buf;
+}
+
+static Node*
+node_new_str(UChar* s, UChar* end)
+{
+  Node* node = node_new();
+  CHECK_NULL_RETURN(node);
+
+  node->type = N_STRING;
+  NSTRING(node).capa = 0;
+  NSTRING(node).flag = 0;
+  NSTRING(node).s    = NSTRING(node).buf;
+  NSTRING(node).end  = NSTRING(node).buf;
+  if (onig_node_str_cat(node, s, end)) {
+    onig_node_free(node);
+    return NULL;
+  }
+  return node;
+}
+
+static Node*
+node_new_str_raw(UChar* s, UChar* end)
+{
+  Node* node = node_new_str(s, end);
+  NSTRING_SET_RAW(node);
+  return node;
+}
+
+static Node*
+node_new_empty()
+{
+  return node_new_str(NULL, NULL);
+}
+
+static Node*
+node_new_str_char(UChar c)
+{
+  UChar p[1];
+
+  p[0] = c;
+  return node_new_str(p, p + 1);
+}
+
+static Node*
+node_new_str_raw_char(UChar c)
+{
+  UChar p[1];
+
+  p[0] = c;
+  return node_new_str_raw(p, p + 1);
+}
+
+static Node*
+str_node_split_last_char(StrNode* sn, OnigEncoding enc)
+{
+  UChar *p;
+  Node* n = NULL_NODE;
+
+  if (sn->end > sn->s) {
+    p = onigenc_get_prev_char_head(enc, sn->s, sn->end);
+    if (p && p > sn->s) { /* can be splitted. */
+      n = node_new_str(p, sn->end);
+      if ((sn->flag & NSTR_RAW) != 0)
+	NSTRING_SET_RAW(n);
+      sn->end = p;
+    }
+  }
+  return n;
+}
+
+static int
+str_node_can_be_split(StrNode* sn, OnigEncoding enc)
+{
+  if (sn->end > sn->s) {
+    return ((enc_len(enc, *(sn->s)) < sn->end - sn->s)  ?  1 : 0);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+extern int
+onig_scan_unsigned_number(UChar** src, UChar* end, OnigEncoding enc)
+{
+  unsigned int num, val;
+  int c;
+  UChar* p = *src;
+
+  num = 0;
+  while (!PEND) {
+    PFETCH(c);
+    if (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_DIGIT(enc, c)) {
+      val = (unsigned int )DIGITVAL(c);
+      if ((INT_MAX_LIMIT - val) / 10UL < num)
+	return -1;  /* overflow */
+
+      num = num * 10 + val;
+    }
+    else {
+      PUNFETCH;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  *src = p;
+  return num;
+}
+
+static int
+scan_unsigned_hexadecimal_number(UChar** src, UChar* end, int maxlen,
+				 OnigEncoding enc)
+{
+  int c;
+  unsigned int num, val;
+  UChar* p = *src;
+
+  num = 0;
+  while (!PEND && maxlen-- != 0) {
+    PFETCH(c);
+    if (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_XDIGIT(enc, c)) {
+      val = (unsigned int )XDIGITVAL(enc,c);
+      if ((INT_MAX_LIMIT - val) / 16UL < num)
+	return -1;  /* overflow */
+
+      num = (num << 4) + XDIGITVAL(enc,c);
+    }
+    else {
+      PUNFETCH;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  *src = p;
+  return num;
+}
+
+static int
+scan_unsigned_octal_number(UChar** src, UChar* end, int maxlen,
+			   OnigEncoding enc)
+{
+  int c;
+  unsigned int num, val;
+  UChar* p = *src;
+
+  num = 0;
+  while (!PEND && maxlen-- != 0) {
+    PFETCH(c);
+    if (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_DIGIT(enc, c) && c < '8') {
+      val = ODIGITVAL(c);
+      if ((INT_MAX_LIMIT - val) / 8UL < num)
+	return -1;  /* overflow */
+
+      num = (num << 3) + val;
+    }
+    else {
+      PUNFETCH;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  *src = p;
+  return num;
+}
+
+
+#define BBUF_WRITE_CODE_POINT(bbuf,pos,code) \
+    BBUF_WRITE(bbuf, pos, &(code), SIZE_CODE_POINT)
+
+/* data format:
+     [n][from-1][to-1][from-2][to-2] ... [from-n][to-n]
+     (all data size is OnigCodePoint)
+ */
+static int
+new_code_range(BBuf** pbuf)
+{
+#define INIT_MULTI_BYTE_RANGE_SIZE  (SIZE_CODE_POINT * 5)
+  int r;
+  OnigCodePoint n;
+  BBuf* bbuf;
+
+  bbuf = *pbuf = (BBuf* )xmalloc(sizeof(BBuf));
+  CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(*pbuf, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+  r = BBUF_INIT(*pbuf, INIT_MULTI_BYTE_RANGE_SIZE);
+  if (r) return r;
+
+  n = 0;
+  BBUF_WRITE_CODE_POINT(bbuf, 0, n);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+add_code_range_to_buf(BBuf** pbuf, OnigCodePoint from, OnigCodePoint to)
+{
+  int r, inc_n, pos;
+  int low, high, bound, x;
+  OnigCodePoint n, *data;
+  BBuf* bbuf;
+
+  if (from > to) {
+    n = from; from = to; to = n;
+  }
+
+  if (IS_NULL(*pbuf)) {
+    r = new_code_range(pbuf);
+    if (r) return r;
+    bbuf = *pbuf;
+    n = 0;
+  }
+  else {
+    bbuf = *pbuf;
+    GET_CODE_POINT(n, bbuf->p);
+  }
+  data = (OnigCodePoint* )(bbuf->p);
+  data++;
+
+  for (low = 0, bound = n; low < bound; ) {
+    x = (low + bound) >> 1;
+    if (from > data[x*2 + 1])
+      low = x + 1;
+    else
+      bound = x;
+  }
+
+  for (high = low, bound = n; high < bound; ) {
+    x = (high + bound) >> 1;
+    if (to >= data[x*2] - 1)
+      high = x + 1;
+    else
+      bound = x;
+  }
+
+  inc_n = low + 1 - high;
+  if (n + inc_n > ONIG_MAX_MULTI_BYTE_RANGES_NUM)
+    return ONIGERR_TOO_MANY_MULTI_BYTE_RANGES;
+
+  if (inc_n != 1) {
+    if (from > data[low*2])
+      from = data[low*2];
+    if (to < data[(high - 1)*2 + 1])
+      to = data[(high - 1)*2 + 1];
+  }
+
+  if (inc_n != 0 && (OnigCodePoint )high < n) {
+    int from_pos = SIZE_CODE_POINT * (1 + high * 2);
+    int to_pos   = SIZE_CODE_POINT * (1 + (low + 1) * 2);
+    int size = (n - high) * 2 * SIZE_CODE_POINT;
+
+    if (inc_n > 0) {
+      BBUF_MOVE_RIGHT(bbuf, from_pos, to_pos, size);
+    }
+    else {
+      BBUF_MOVE_LEFT_REDUCE(bbuf, from_pos, to_pos);
+    }
+  }
+
+  pos = SIZE_CODE_POINT * (1 + low * 2);
+  BBUF_ENSURE_SIZE(bbuf, pos + SIZE_CODE_POINT * 2);
+  BBUF_WRITE_CODE_POINT(bbuf, pos, from);
+  BBUF_WRITE_CODE_POINT(bbuf, pos + SIZE_CODE_POINT, to);
+  n += inc_n;
+  BBUF_WRITE_CODE_POINT(bbuf, 0, n);
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+add_code_range(BBuf** pbuf, ScanEnv* env, OnigCodePoint from, OnigCodePoint to)
+{
+  if (from > to) {
+    if (IS_SYNTAX_BV(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_ALLOW_EMPTY_RANGE_IN_CC))
+      return 0;
+    else
+      return ONIGERR_EMPTY_RANGE_IN_CHAR_CLASS;
+  }
+
+  return add_code_range_to_buf(pbuf, from, to);
+}
+
+static int
+not_code_range_buf(BBuf* bbuf, BBuf** pbuf)
+{
+  int r, i, n;
+  OnigCodePoint pre, from, to, *data;
+
+  *pbuf = (BBuf* )NULL;
+  if (IS_NULL(bbuf)) {
+  set_all:
+    return SET_ALL_MULTI_BYTE_RANGE(pbuf);
+  }
+
+  data = (OnigCodePoint* )(bbuf->p);
+  GET_CODE_POINT(n, data);
+  data++;
+  if (n <= 0) goto set_all;
+
+  r = 0;
+  pre = 0x80;
+  for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    from = data[i*2];
+    to   = data[i*2+1];
+    if (pre <= from - 1) {
+      r = add_code_range_to_buf(pbuf, pre, from - 1);
+      if (r != 0) return r;
+    }
+    if (to == ~((OnigCodePoint )0)) break;
+    pre = to + 1;
+  }
+  if (to < ~((OnigCodePoint )0)) {
+    r = add_code_range_to_buf(pbuf, to + 1, ~((OnigCodePoint )0));
+  }
+  return r;
+}
+
+#define SWAP_BBUF_NOT(bbuf1, not1, bbuf2, not2) do {\
+  BBuf *tbuf; \
+  int  tnot; \
+  tnot = not1;  not1  = not2;  not2  = tnot; \
+  tbuf = bbuf1; bbuf1 = bbuf2; bbuf2 = tbuf; \
+} while (0)
+
+static int
+or_code_range_buf(BBuf* bbuf1, int not1, BBuf* bbuf2, int not2, BBuf** pbuf)
+{
+  int r;
+  OnigCodePoint i, n1, *data1;
+  OnigCodePoint from, to;
+
+  *pbuf = (BBuf* )NULL;
+  if (IS_NULL(bbuf1) && IS_NULL(bbuf2)) {
+    if (not1 != 0 || not2 != 0)
+      return SET_ALL_MULTI_BYTE_RANGE(pbuf);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  r = 0;
+  if (IS_NULL(bbuf2))
+    SWAP_BBUF_NOT(bbuf1, not1, bbuf2, not2);
+
+  if (IS_NULL(bbuf1)) {
+    if (not1 != 0) {
+      return SET_ALL_MULTI_BYTE_RANGE(pbuf);
+    }
+    else {
+      if (not2 == 0) {
+	return bbuf_clone(pbuf, bbuf2);
+      }
+      else {
+	return not_code_range_buf(bbuf2, pbuf);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (not1 != 0)
+    SWAP_BBUF_NOT(bbuf1, not1, bbuf2, not2);
+
+  data1 = (OnigCodePoint* )(bbuf1->p);
+  GET_CODE_POINT(n1, data1);
+  data1++;
+
+  if (not2 == 0 && not1 == 0) { /* 1 OR 2 */
+    r = bbuf_clone(pbuf, bbuf2);
+  }
+  else if (not1 == 0) { /* 1 OR (not 2) */
+    r = not_code_range_buf(bbuf2, pbuf);
+  }
+  if (r != 0) return r;
+
+  for (i = 0; i < n1; i++) {
+    from = data1[i*2];
+    to   = data1[i*2+1];
+    r = add_code_range_to_buf(pbuf, from, to);
+    if (r != 0) return r;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+and_code_range1(BBuf** pbuf, OnigCodePoint from1, OnigCodePoint to1,
+	        OnigCodePoint* data, int n)
+{
+  int i, r;
+  OnigCodePoint from2, to2;
+
+  for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    from2 = data[i*2];
+    to2   = data[i*2+1];
+    if (from2 < from1) {
+      if (to2 < from1) continue;
+      else {
+	from1 = to2 + 1;
+      }
+    }
+    else if (from2 <= to1) {
+      if (to2 < to1) {
+	if (from1 <= from2 - 1) {
+	  r = add_code_range_to_buf(pbuf, from1, from2-1);
+	  if (r != 0) return r;
+	}
+	from1 = to2 + 1;
+      }
+      else {
+	to1 = from2 - 1;
+      }
+    }
+    else {
+      from1 = from2;
+    }
+    if (from1 > to1) break;
+  }
+  if (from1 <= to1) {
+    r = add_code_range_to_buf(pbuf, from1, to1);
+    if (r != 0) return r;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+and_code_range_buf(BBuf* bbuf1, int not1, BBuf* bbuf2, int not2, BBuf** pbuf)
+{
+  int r;
+  OnigCodePoint i, j, n1, n2, *data1, *data2;
+  OnigCodePoint from, to, from1, to1, from2, to2;
+
+  *pbuf = (BBuf* )NULL;
+  if (IS_NULL(bbuf1)) {
+    if (not1 != 0 && IS_NOT_NULL(bbuf2)) /* not1 != 0 -> not2 == 0 */
+      return bbuf_clone(pbuf, bbuf2);
+    return 0;
+  }
+  else if (IS_NULL(bbuf2)) {
+    if (not2 != 0)
+      return bbuf_clone(pbuf, bbuf1);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  if (not1 != 0)
+    SWAP_BBUF_NOT(bbuf1, not1, bbuf2, not2);
+
+  data1 = (OnigCodePoint* )(bbuf1->p);
+  data2 = (OnigCodePoint* )(bbuf2->p);
+  GET_CODE_POINT(n1, data1);
+  GET_CODE_POINT(n2, data2);
+  data1++;
+  data2++;
+
+  if (not2 == 0 && not1 == 0) { /* 1 AND 2 */
+    for (i = 0; i < n1; i++) {
+      from1 = data1[i*2];
+      to1   = data1[i*2+1];
+      for (j = 0; j < n2; j++) {
+	from2 = data2[j*2];
+	to2   = data2[j*2+1];
+	if (from2 > to1) break;
+	if (to2 < from1) continue;
+	from = MAX(from1, from2);
+	to   = MIN(to1, to2);
+	r = add_code_range_to_buf(pbuf, from, to);
+	if (r != 0) return r;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  else if (not1 == 0) { /* 1 AND (not 2) */
+    for (i = 0; i < n1; i++) {
+      from1 = data1[i*2];
+      to1   = data1[i*2+1];
+      r = and_code_range1(pbuf, from1, to1, data2, n2);
+      if (r != 0) return r;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+and_cclass(CClassNode* dest, CClassNode* cc, OnigEncoding enc)
+{
+  int r, not1, not2;
+  BBuf *buf1, *buf2, *pbuf;
+  BitSetRef bsr1, bsr2;
+  BitSet bs1, bs2;
+
+  not1 = dest->not;
+  bsr1 = dest->bs;
+  buf1 = dest->mbuf;
+  not2 = cc->not;
+  bsr2 = cc->bs;
+  buf2 = cc->mbuf;
+
+  if (not1 != 0) {
+    bitset_invert_to(bsr1, bs1);
+    bsr1 = bs1;
+  }
+  if (not2 != 0) {
+    bitset_invert_to(bsr2, bs2);
+    bsr2 = bs2;
+  }
+  bitset_and(bsr1, bsr2);
+  if (bsr1 != dest->bs) {
+    bitset_copy(dest->bs, bsr1);
+    bsr1 = dest->bs;
+  }
+  if (not1 != 0) {
+    bitset_invert(dest->bs);
+  }
+
+  if (! ONIGENC_IS_SINGLEBYTE(enc)) {
+    if (not1 != 0 && not2 != 0) {
+      r = or_code_range_buf(buf1, 0, buf2, 0, &pbuf);
+    }
+    else {
+      r = and_code_range_buf(buf1, not1, buf2, not2, &pbuf);
+      if (r == 0 && not1 != 0) {
+	BBuf *tbuf;
+	r = not_code_range_buf(pbuf, &tbuf);
+	if (r != 0) {
+	  bbuf_free(pbuf);
+	  return r;
+	}
+	bbuf_free(pbuf);
+	pbuf = tbuf;
+      }
+    }
+    if (r != 0) return r;
+
+    dest->mbuf = pbuf;
+    bbuf_free(buf1);
+    return r;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+or_cclass(CClassNode* dest, CClassNode* cc, OnigEncoding enc)
+{
+  int r, not1, not2;
+  BBuf *buf1, *buf2, *pbuf;
+  BitSetRef bsr1, bsr2;
+  BitSet bs1, bs2;
+
+  not1 = dest->not;
+  bsr1 = dest->bs;
+  buf1 = dest->mbuf;
+  not2 = cc->not;
+  bsr2 = cc->bs;
+  buf2 = cc->mbuf;
+
+  if (not1 != 0) {
+    bitset_invert_to(bsr1, bs1);
+    bsr1 = bs1;
+  }
+  if (not2 != 0) {
+    bitset_invert_to(bsr2, bs2);
+    bsr2 = bs2;
+  }
+  bitset_or(bsr1, bsr2);
+  if (bsr1 != dest->bs) {
+    bitset_copy(dest->bs, bsr1);
+    bsr1 = dest->bs;
+  }
+  if (not1 != 0) {
+    bitset_invert(dest->bs);
+  }
+
+  if (! ONIGENC_IS_SINGLEBYTE(enc)) {
+    if (not1 != 0 && not2 != 0) {
+      r = and_code_range_buf(buf1, 0, buf2, 0, &pbuf);
+    }
+    else {
+      r = or_code_range_buf(buf1, not1, buf2, not2, &pbuf);
+      if (r == 0 && not1 != 0) {
+	BBuf *tbuf;
+	r = not_code_range_buf(pbuf, &tbuf);
+	if (r != 0) {
+	  bbuf_free(pbuf);
+	  return r;
+	}
+	bbuf_free(pbuf);
+	pbuf = tbuf;
+      }
+    }
+    if (r != 0) return r;
+
+    dest->mbuf = pbuf;
+    bbuf_free(buf1);
+    return r;
+  }
+  else
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+conv_backslash_value(int c, ScanEnv* env)
+{
+  if (IS_SYNTAX_OP(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_CONTROL_CHARS)) {
+    switch (c) {
+    case 'n':  return '\n';
+    case 't':  return '\t';
+    case 'r':  return '\r';
+    case 'f':  return '\f';
+    case 'a':  return '\007';
+    case 'b':  return '\010';
+    case 'e':  return '\033';
+    case 'v':
+      if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_V_VTAB))
+	return '\v';
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  return c;
+}
+
+static int
+is_invalid_qualifier_target(Node* node)
+{
+  switch (NTYPE(node)) {
+  case N_ANCHOR:
+    return 1;
+    break;
+
+  case N_EFFECT:
+    if (NEFFECT(node).type == EFFECT_OPTION)
+      return is_invalid_qualifier_target(NEFFECT(node).target);
+    break;
+
+  case N_LIST: /* ex. (?:\G\A)* */
+    do {
+      if (! is_invalid_qualifier_target(NCONS(node).left)) return 0;
+    } while (IS_NOT_NULL(node = NCONS(node).right));
+    return 0;
+    break;
+
+  case N_ALT:  /* ex. (?:abc|\A)* */
+    do {
+      if (is_invalid_qualifier_target(NCONS(node).left)) return 1;
+    } while (IS_NOT_NULL(node = NCONS(node).right));
+    break;
+
+  default:
+    break;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/* ?:0, *:1, +:2, ??:3, *?:4, +?:5 */
+static int
+popular_qualifier_num(QualifierNode* qf)
+{
+  if (qf->greedy) {
+    if (qf->lower == 0) {
+      if (qf->upper == 1) return 0;
+      else if (IS_REPEAT_INFINITE(qf->upper)) return 1;
+    }
+    else if (qf->lower == 1) {
+      if (IS_REPEAT_INFINITE(qf->upper)) return 2;
+    }
+  }
+  else {
+    if (qf->lower == 0) {
+      if (qf->upper == 1) return 3;
+      else if (IS_REPEAT_INFINITE(qf->upper)) return 4;
+    }
+    else if (qf->lower == 1) {
+      if (IS_REPEAT_INFINITE(qf->upper)) return 5;
+    }
+  }
+  return -1;
+}
+
+extern void
+onig_reduce_nested_qualifier(Node* pnode, Node* cnode)
+{
+#define NQ_ASIS    0   /* as is     */
+#define NQ_DEL     1   /* delete parent */
+#define NQ_A       2   /* to '*'    */
+#define NQ_AQ      3   /* to '*?'   */
+#define NQ_QQ      4   /* to '??'   */
+#define NQ_P_QQ    5   /* to '+)??' */
+#define NQ_PQ_Q    6   /* to '+?)?' */
+
+  static char reduces[][6] = {
+    {NQ_DEL,  NQ_A,    NQ_A,   NQ_QQ,   NQ_AQ,   NQ_ASIS}, /* '?'  */
+    {NQ_DEL,  NQ_DEL,  NQ_DEL, NQ_P_QQ, NQ_P_QQ, NQ_DEL},  /* '*'  */
+    {NQ_A,    NQ_A,    NQ_DEL, NQ_ASIS, NQ_P_QQ, NQ_DEL},  /* '+'  */
+    {NQ_DEL,  NQ_AQ,   NQ_AQ,  NQ_DEL,  NQ_AQ,   NQ_AQ},   /* '??' */
+    {NQ_DEL,  NQ_DEL,  NQ_DEL, NQ_DEL,  NQ_DEL,  NQ_DEL},  /* '*?' */
+    {NQ_ASIS, NQ_PQ_Q, NQ_DEL, NQ_AQ,   NQ_AQ,   NQ_DEL}   /* '+?' */
+  };
+
+  int pnum, cnum;
+  QualifierNode *p, *c;
+
+  p = &(NQUALIFIER(pnode));
+  c = &(NQUALIFIER(cnode));
+  pnum = popular_qualifier_num(p);
+  cnum = popular_qualifier_num(c);
+
+  switch(reduces[cnum][pnum]) {
+  case NQ_DEL:
+    *p = *c;
+    break;
+  case NQ_A:
+    p->target = c->target;
+    p->lower  = 0;  p->upper = REPEAT_INFINITE;  p->greedy = 1;
+    break;
+  case NQ_AQ:
+    p->target = c->target;
+    p->lower  = 0;  p->upper = REPEAT_INFINITE;  p->greedy = 0;
+    break;
+  case NQ_QQ:
+    p->target = c->target;
+    p->lower  = 0;  p->upper = 1;  p->greedy = 0;
+    break;
+  case NQ_P_QQ:
+    p->target = cnode;
+    p->lower  = 0;  p->upper = 1;  p->greedy = 0;
+    c->lower  = 1;  c->upper = REPEAT_INFINITE;  c->greedy = 1;
+    return ;
+    break;
+  case NQ_PQ_Q:
+    p->target = cnode;
+    p->lower  = 0;  p->upper = 1;  p->greedy = 1;
+    c->lower  = 1;  c->upper = REPEAT_INFINITE;  c->greedy = 0;
+    return ;
+    break;
+  case NQ_ASIS:
+    p->target = cnode;
+    return ;
+    break;
+  }
+
+  c->target = NULL_NODE;
+  onig_node_free(cnode);
+}
+
+
+enum TokenSyms {
+  TK_EOT      = 0,   /* end of token */
+  TK_BYTE     = 1,
+  TK_RAW_BYTE = 2,
+  TK_CODE_POINT,
+  TK_ANYCHAR,
+  TK_CHAR_TYPE,
+  TK_BACKREF,
+  TK_CALL,
+  TK_ANCHOR,
+  TK_OP_REPEAT,
+  TK_INTERVAL,
+  TK_ANYCHAR_ANYTIME,  /* SQL '%' == .* */
+  TK_ALT,
+  TK_SUBEXP_OPEN,
+  TK_SUBEXP_CLOSE,
+  TK_CC_OPEN,
+  TK_QUOTE_OPEN,
+  TK_CHAR_PROPERTY,    /* \p{...}, \P{...} */
+  /* in cc */
+  TK_CC_CLOSE,
+  TK_CC_RANGE,
+  TK_POSIX_BRACKET_OPEN,
+  TK_CC_AND,             /* && */
+  TK_CC_CC_OPEN          /* [ */
+};
+
+typedef struct {
+  enum TokenSyms type;
+  int escaped;
+  int base;   /* is number: 8, 16 (used in [....]) */
+  UChar* backp;
+  union {
+    int   c;
+    OnigCodePoint code;
+    int   anchor;
+    int   subtype;
+    struct {
+      int lower;
+      int upper;
+      int greedy;
+      int possessive;
+    } repeat;
+    struct {
+      int  num;
+      int  ref1;
+      int* refs;
+      int  by_name;
+    } backref;
+    struct {
+      UChar* name;
+      UChar* name_end;
+    } call;
+    struct {
+      int not;
+    } prop;
+  } u;
+} OnigToken;
+
+
+static int
+fetch_range_qualifier(UChar** src, UChar* end, OnigToken* tok, ScanEnv* env)
+{
+  int low, up, syn_allow, non_low = 0;
+  int c;
+  UChar* p = *src;
+
+  syn_allow = IS_SYNTAX_BV(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_ALLOW_INVALID_INTERVAL);
+
+  if (PEND) {
+    if (syn_allow)
+      return 1;  /* "....{" : OK! */
+    else
+      return ONIGERR_END_PATTERN_AT_LEFT_BRACE;  /* "....{" syntax error */
+  }
+
+  if (! syn_allow) {
+    c = PPEEK;
+    if (c == ')' || c == '(' || c == '|') {
+      return ONIGERR_END_PATTERN_AT_LEFT_BRACE;
+    }
+  }
+
+  low = onig_scan_unsigned_number(&p, end, env->enc);
+  if (low < 0) return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER_FOR_REPEAT_RANGE;
+  if (low > ONIG_MAX_REPEAT_NUM)
+    return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER_FOR_REPEAT_RANGE;
+
+  if (p == *src) { /* can't read low */
+    if (IS_SYNTAX_BV(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_ALLOW_INTERVAL_LOW_ABBREV)) {
+      /* allow {,n} as {0,n} */
+      low = 0;
+      non_low = 1;
+    }
+    else
+      goto invalid;
+  }
+
+  if (PEND) goto invalid;
+  PFETCH(c);
+  if (c == ',') {
+    UChar* prev = p;
+    up = onig_scan_unsigned_number(&p, end, env->enc);
+    if (up < 0) return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER_FOR_REPEAT_RANGE;
+    if (up > ONIG_MAX_REPEAT_NUM)
+      return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER_FOR_REPEAT_RANGE;
+
+    if (p == prev) {
+      if (non_low != 0)
+	goto invalid;
+      up = REPEAT_INFINITE;  /* {n,} : {n,infinite} */
+    }
+  }
+  else {
+    if (non_low != 0)
+      goto invalid;
+
+    PUNFETCH;
+    up = low;  /* {n} : exact n times */
+  }
+
+  if (PEND) goto invalid;
+  PFETCH(c);
+  if (IS_SYNTAX_OP(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_BRACE_INTERVAL)) {
+    if (c != MC_ESC) goto invalid;
+    PFETCH(c);
+  }
+  if (c != '}') goto invalid;
+
+  if (!IS_REPEAT_INFINITE(up) && low > up) {
+    return ONIGERR_UPPER_SMALLER_THAN_LOWER_IN_REPEAT_RANGE;
+  }
+
+  tok->type = TK_INTERVAL;
+  tok->u.repeat.lower = low;
+  tok->u.repeat.upper = up;
+  *src = p;
+  return 0;
+
+ invalid:
+  if (syn_allow)
+    return 1;  /* OK */
+  else
+    return ONIGERR_INVALID_REPEAT_RANGE_PATTERN;
+}
+
+/* \M-, \C-, \c, or \... */
+static int
+fetch_escaped_value(UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
+{
+  int c;
+  UChar* p = *src;
+
+  if (PEND) return ONIGERR_END_PATTERN_AT_BACKSLASH;
+
+  PFETCH(c);
+  switch (c) {
+  case 'M':
+    if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_CAPITAL_M_BAR_META)) {
+      if (PEND) return ONIGERR_END_PATTERN_AT_META;
+      PFETCH(c);
+      if (c != '-') return ONIGERR_META_CODE_SYNTAX;
+      if (PEND) return ONIGERR_END_PATTERN_AT_META;
+      PFETCH(c);
+      if (c == MC_ESC) {
+	c = fetch_escaped_value(&p, end, env);
+	if (c < 0) return c;
+      }
+      c = ((c & 0xff) | 0x80);
+    }
+    else
+      goto backslash;
+    break;
+
+  case 'C':
+    if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_CAPITAL_C_BAR_CONTROL)) {
+      if (PEND) return ONIGERR_END_PATTERN_AT_CONTROL;
+      PFETCH(c);
+      if (c != '-') return ONIGERR_CONTROL_CODE_SYNTAX;
+      goto control;
+    }
+    else
+      goto backslash;
+
+  case 'c':
+    if (IS_SYNTAX_OP(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_C_CONTROL)) {
+    control:
+      if (PEND) return ONIGERR_END_PATTERN_AT_CONTROL;
+      PFETCH(c);
+      if (c == MC_ESC) {
+	c = fetch_escaped_value(&p, end, env);
+	if (c < 0) return c;
+      }
+      else if (c == '?')
+	c = 0177;
+      else
+	c &= 0x9f;
+      break;
+    }
+    /* fall through */
+
+  default:
+    {
+    backslash:
+      c = conv_backslash_value(c, env);
+    }
+    break;
+  }
+
+  *src = p;
+  return c;
+}
+
+static int fetch_token(OnigToken* tok, UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env);
+
+#ifdef USE_NAMED_GROUP
+/*
+  def: 0 -> define name    (don't allow number name)
+       1 -> reference name (allow number name)
+*/
+static int
+fetch_name(UChar** src, UChar* end, UChar** rname_end, ScanEnv* env, int ref)
+{
+  int r, len, is_num;
+  int c = 0;
+  UChar *name_end;
+  UChar *p = *src;
+
+  name_end = end;
+  r = 0;
+  is_num = 0;
+  if (PEND) {
+    return ONIGERR_EMPTY_GROUP_NAME;
+  }
+  else {
+    PFETCH(c);
+    if (c == '>')
+      return ONIGERR_EMPTY_GROUP_NAME;
+
+    if (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_DIGIT(env->enc, c)) {
+      if (ref == 1)
+	is_num = 1;
+      else {
+	r = ONIGERR_INVALID_GROUP_NAME;
+      }
+    }
+    len = enc_len(env->enc, c);
+    while (!PEND && len-- > 1)
+      PFETCH(c);
+  }
+
+  while (!PEND) {
+    name_end = p;
+    PFETCH(c);
+    if (c == '>' || c == ')') break;
+
+    len = enc_len(env->enc, c);
+    if (is_num == 1) {
+      if (! ONIGENC_IS_CODE_DIGIT(env->enc, c)) {
+	if (!ONIGENC_IS_CODE_ALPHA(env->enc, c) && c != '_')
+	  r = ONIGERR_INVALID_CHAR_IN_GROUP_NAME;
+	else
+	  r = ONIGERR_INVALID_GROUP_NAME;
+      }
+    }
+    else {
+      if (len == 1) {
+	if (!ONIGENC_IS_CODE_ALPHA(env->enc, c) &&
+	    !ONIGENC_IS_CODE_DIGIT(env->enc, c) &&
+	    c != '_') {
+	  r = ONIGERR_INVALID_CHAR_IN_GROUP_NAME;
+	}
+      }
+    }
+
+    while (!PEND && len-- > 1)
+      PFETCH(c);
+  }
+  if (c != '>') {
+    r = ONIGERR_INVALID_GROUP_NAME;
+    name_end = end;
+  }
+  else {
+    c = **src;
+    if (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_UPPER(env->enc, c))
+      r = ONIGERR_INVALID_GROUP_NAME;
+  }
+
+  if (r == 0) {
+    *rname_end = name_end;
+    *src = p;
+    return 0;
+  }
+  else {
+    onig_scan_env_set_error_string(env, r, *src, name_end);
+    return r;
+  }
+}
+#else
+static int
+fetch_name(UChar** src, UChar* end, UChar** rname_end, ScanEnv* env, int ref)
+{
+  int r, len;
+  int c = 0;
+  UChar *name_end;
+  UChar *p = *src;
+
+  r = 0;
+  while (!PEND) {
+    name_end = p;
+    PFETCH(c);
+    if (enc_len(env->enc, c) > 1)
+      r = ONIGERR_INVALID_CHAR_IN_GROUP_NAME;
+
+    if (c == '>' || c == ')') break;
+    if (! ONIGENC_IS_CODE_DIGIT(env->enc, c))
+      r = ONIGERR_INVALID_CHAR_IN_GROUP_NAME;
+  }
+  if (c != '>') {
+    r = ONIGERR_INVALID_GROUP_NAME;
+    name_end = end;
+  }
+
+  if (r == 0) {
+    *rname_end = name_end;
+    *src = p;
+    return 0;
+  }
+  else {
+  err:
+    onig_scan_env_set_error_string(env, r, *src, name_end);
+    return r;
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+static void
+CC_ESC_WARN(ScanEnv* env, UChar *c)
+{
+  if (onig_warn == onig_null_warn) return ;
+
+  if (IS_SYNTAX_BV(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_WARN_CC_OP_NOT_ESCAPED) &&
+      IS_SYNTAX_BV(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_BACKSLASH_ESCAPE_IN_CC)) {
+    char buf[WARN_BUFSIZE];
+    onig_snprintf_with_pattern(buf, WARN_BUFSIZE, env->enc,
+		env->pattern, env->pattern_end,
+		"character class has '%s' without escape", c);
+    (*onig_warn)(buf);
+  }
+}
+
+static void
+CCEND_ESC_WARN(ScanEnv* env, UChar* c)
+{
+  if (onig_warn == onig_null_warn) return ;
+
+  if (IS_SYNTAX_BV((env)->syntax, ONIG_SYN_WARN_CC_OP_NOT_ESCAPED)) {
+    char buf[WARN_BUFSIZE];
+    onig_snprintf_with_pattern(buf, WARN_BUFSIZE, (env)->enc,
+		(env)->pattern, (env)->pattern_end,
+		"regular expression has '%s' without escape", c);
+    (*onig_warn)(buf);
+  }
+}
+
+static UChar*
+find_str_position(OnigCodePoint s[], int n, UChar* from, UChar* to,
+		  UChar **next, OnigEncoding enc)
+{
+  int i;
+  OnigCodePoint x;
+  UChar *q;
+  UChar *p = from;
+  
+  while (p < to) {
+    x = ONIGENC_MBC_TO_CODE(enc, p, to);
+    q = p + enc_len(enc, *p);
+    if (x == s[0]) {
+      for (i = 1; i < n && q < to; i++) {
+	x = ONIGENC_MBC_TO_CODE(enc, q, to);
+	if (x != s[i]) break;
+	q += enc_len(enc, *q);
+      }
+      if (i >= n) {
+	if (IS_NOT_NULL(next))
+	  *next = q;
+	return p;
+      }
+    }
+    p = q;
+  }
+  return NULL_UCHARP;
+}
+
+static int
+str_exist_check_with_esc(OnigCodePoint s[], int n, UChar* from, UChar* to,
+			 OnigCodePoint bad, OnigEncoding enc)
+{
+  int i, in_esc;
+  OnigCodePoint x;
+  UChar *q;
+  UChar *p = from;
+
+  in_esc = 0;
+  while (p < to) {
+    if (in_esc) {
+      in_esc = 0;
+      p += enc_len(enc, *p);
+    }
+    else {
+      x = ONIGENC_MBC_TO_CODE(enc, p, to);
+      q = p + enc_len(enc, *p);
+      if (x == s[0]) {
+	for (i = 1; i < n && q < to; i++) {
+	  x = ONIGENC_MBC_TO_CODE(enc, q, to);
+	  if (x != s[i]) break;
+	  q += enc_len(enc, *q);
+	}
+	if (i >= n) return 1;
+	p += enc_len(enc, *p);
+      }
+      else {
+	x = ONIGENC_MBC_TO_CODE(enc, p, to);
+	if (x == bad) return 0;
+	else if (x == MC_ESC) in_esc = 1;
+	p = q;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+fetch_token_in_cc(OnigToken* tok, UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
+{
+  int c, num;
+  OnigSyntaxType* syn = env->syntax;
+  UChar* prev;
+  UChar* p = *src;
+
+  if (PEND) {
+    tok->type = TK_EOT;
+    return tok->type;
+  }
+
+  PFETCH(c);
+  tok->type = TK_BYTE;
+  tok->base = 0;
+  tok->u.c  = c;
+  if (c == ']') {
+    tok->type = TK_CC_CLOSE;
+  }
+  else if (c == '-') {
+    tok->type = TK_CC_RANGE;
+  }
+  else if (c == MC_ESC) {
+    if (! IS_SYNTAX_BV(syn, ONIG_SYN_BACKSLASH_ESCAPE_IN_CC))
+      goto end;
+
+    if (PEND) return ONIGERR_END_PATTERN_AT_BACKSLASH;
+
+    PFETCH(c);
+    tok->escaped = 1;
+    tok->u.c = c;
+    switch (c) {
+    case 'w':
+      tok->type = TK_CHAR_TYPE;
+      tok->u.subtype = CTYPE_WORD;
+      break;
+    case 'W':
+      tok->type = TK_CHAR_TYPE;
+      tok->u.subtype = CTYPE_NOT_WORD;
+      break;
+    case 'd':
+      tok->type = TK_CHAR_TYPE;
+      tok->u.subtype = CTYPE_DIGIT;
+      break;
+    case 'D':
+      tok->type = TK_CHAR_TYPE;
+      tok->u.subtype = CTYPE_NOT_DIGIT;
+      break;
+    case 's':
+      tok->type = TK_CHAR_TYPE;
+      tok->u.subtype = CTYPE_WHITE_SPACE;
+      break;
+    case 'S':
+      tok->type = TK_CHAR_TYPE;
+      tok->u.subtype = CTYPE_NOT_WHITE_SPACE;
+      break;
+
+    case 'p':
+    case 'P':
+      if (PPEEK == '{' &&
+	  IS_SYNTAX_OP2(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_P_CHAR_PROPERTY)) {
+	PINC;
+	tok->type = TK_CHAR_PROPERTY;
+	tok->u.prop.not = (c == 'P' ? 1 : 0);
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case 'x':
+      if (PEND) break;
+
+      prev = p;
+      if (PPEEK == '{' && IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_X_BRACE_HEX8)) {
+	PINC;
+	num = scan_unsigned_hexadecimal_number(&p, end, 8, env->enc);
+	if (num < 0) return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE;
+	if (!PEND && ONIGENC_IS_CODE_XDIGIT(env->enc, *p) && p - prev >= 9)
+	  return ONIGERR_TOO_LONG_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE;
+
+	if (p > prev + 1 && !PEND && PPEEK == '}') {
+	  PINC;
+	  tok->type   = TK_CODE_POINT;
+	  tok->base   = 16;
+	  tok->u.code = (OnigCodePoint )num;
+	}
+	else {
+	  /* can't read nothing or invalid format */
+	  p = prev;
+	}
+      }
+      else if (IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_X_HEX2)) {
+	num = scan_unsigned_hexadecimal_number(&p, end, 2, env->enc);
+	if (num < 0) return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER;
+	if (p == prev) {  /* can't read nothing. */
+	  num = 0; /* but, it's not error */
+	}
+	tok->type = TK_RAW_BYTE;
+	tok->base = 16;
+	tok->u.c  = num;
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case 'u':
+      if (PEND) break;
+
+      prev = p;
+      if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_U_HEX4)) {
+	num = scan_unsigned_hexadecimal_number(&p, end, 4, env->enc);
+	if (num < 0) return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER;
+	if (p == prev) {  /* can't read nothing. */
+	  num = 0; /* but, it's not error */
+	}
+	tok->type = TK_RAW_BYTE;
+	tok->base = 16;
+	tok->u.c  = num;
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case '0':
+    case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4': case '5': case '6': case '7':
+      if (IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_OCTAL3)) {
+	PUNFETCH;
+	prev = p;
+	num = scan_unsigned_octal_number(&p, end, 3, env->enc);
+	if (num < 0) return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER;
+	if (p == prev) {  /* can't read nothing. */
+	  num = 0; /* but, it's not error */
+	}
+	tok->type = TK_RAW_BYTE;
+	tok->base = 8;
+	tok->u.c  = num;
+      }
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      PUNFETCH;
+      num = fetch_escaped_value(&p, end, env);
+      if (num < 0) return num;
+      if (tok->u.c != num) {
+	tok->u.c = num;
+	tok->type = TK_RAW_BYTE;
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  else if (c == '[') {
+    if (IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_POSIX_BRACKET) && PPEEK == ':') {
+      OnigCodePoint send[] = { (OnigCodePoint )':', (OnigCodePoint )']' };
+      tok->backp = p; /* point at '[' is readed */
+      PINC;
+      if (str_exist_check_with_esc(send, 2, p, end, (OnigCodePoint )']',
+				   env->enc)) {
+	tok->type = TK_POSIX_BRACKET_OPEN;
+      }
+      else {
+	PUNFETCH;
+	goto cc_in_cc;
+      }
+    }
+    else {
+    cc_in_cc:
+      if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP2_CCLASS_SET_OP)) {
+	tok->type = TK_CC_CC_OPEN;
+      }
+      else {
+	CC_ESC_WARN(env, "[");
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  else if (c == '&') {
+    if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP2_CCLASS_SET_OP) &&
+	!PEND && PPEEK == '&') {
+      PINC;
+      tok->type = TK_CC_AND;
+    }
+  }
+
+ end:
+  *src = p;
+  return tok->type;
+}
+
+static int
+fetch_token(OnigToken* tok, UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
+{
+  int r, c, num;
+  OnigSyntaxType* syn = env->syntax;
+  UChar* prev;
+  UChar* p = *src;
+
+ start:
+  if (PEND) {
+    tok->type = TK_EOT;
+    return tok->type;
+  }
+
+  tok->type = TK_BYTE;
+  tok->base = 0;
+  PFETCH(c);
+  if (c == MC_ESC) {
+    if (PEND) return ONIGERR_END_PATTERN_AT_BACKSLASH;
+
+    PFETCH(c);
+    tok->u.c = c;
+    tok->escaped = 1;
+    switch (c) {
+    case '*':
+      if (! IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_ASTERISK_ZERO_INF)) break;
+      tok->type = TK_OP_REPEAT;
+      tok->u.repeat.lower = 0;
+      tok->u.repeat.upper = REPEAT_INFINITE;
+      goto greedy_check;
+      break;
+
+    case '+':
+      if (! IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_PLUS_ONE_INF)) break;
+      tok->type = TK_OP_REPEAT;
+      tok->u.repeat.lower = 1;
+      tok->u.repeat.upper = REPEAT_INFINITE;
+      goto greedy_check;
+      break;
+
+    case '?':
+      if (! IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_QMARK_ZERO_ONE)) break;
+      tok->type = TK_OP_REPEAT;
+      tok->u.repeat.lower = 0;
+      tok->u.repeat.upper = 1;
+    greedy_check:
+      if (!PEND && PPEEK == '?' &&
+	  IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_QMARK_NON_GREEDY)) {
+	PFETCH(c);
+	tok->u.repeat.greedy     = 0;
+	tok->u.repeat.possessive = 0;
+      }
+      else if (!PEND && PPEEK == '+' &&
+	       ((IS_SYNTAX_OP2(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP2_PLUS_POSSESSIVE_REPEAT) &&
+		 tok->type != TK_INTERVAL)  ||
+		(IS_SYNTAX_OP2(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP2_PLUS_POSSESSIVE_INTERVAL) &&
+		 tok->type == TK_INTERVAL))) {
+	PFETCH(c);
+	tok->u.repeat.greedy     = 1;
+	tok->u.repeat.possessive = 1;
+      }
+      else {
+	tok->u.repeat.greedy     = 1;
+	tok->u.repeat.possessive = 0;
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case '{':
+      if (! IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_BRACE_INTERVAL)) break;
+      tok->backp = p;
+      r = fetch_range_qualifier(&p, end, tok, env);
+      if (r < 0) return r;  /* error */
+      if (r > 0) {
+	/* normal char */
+      }
+      else
+	goto greedy_check;
+      break;
+
+    case '|':
+      if (! IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_VBAR_ALT)) break;
+      tok->type = TK_ALT;
+      break;
+
+    case '(':
+      if (! IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_LPAREN_SUBEXP)) break;
+      tok->type = TK_SUBEXP_OPEN;
+      break;
+
+    case ')':
+      if (! IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_LPAREN_SUBEXP)) break;
+      tok->type = TK_SUBEXP_CLOSE;
+      break;
+
+    case 'w':
+      if (! IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_W_WORD)) break;
+      tok->type = TK_CHAR_TYPE;
+      tok->u.subtype = CTYPE_WORD;
+      break;
+
+    case 'W':
+      if (! IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_W_WORD)) break;
+      tok->type = TK_CHAR_TYPE;
+      tok->u.subtype = CTYPE_NOT_WORD;
+      break;
+
+    case 'b':
+      if (! IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_B_WORD_BOUND)) break;
+      tok->type = TK_ANCHOR;
+      tok->u.anchor = ANCHOR_WORD_BOUND;
+      break;
+
+    case 'B':
+      if (! IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_B_WORD_BOUND)) break;
+      tok->type = TK_ANCHOR;
+      tok->u.anchor = ANCHOR_NOT_WORD_BOUND;
+      break;
+
+#ifdef USE_WORD_BEGIN_END
+    case '<':
+      if (! IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_LTGT_WORD_BEGIN_END)) break;
+      tok->type = TK_ANCHOR;
+      tok->u.anchor = ANCHOR_WORD_BEGIN;
+      break;
+
+    case '>':
+      if (! IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_LTGT_WORD_BEGIN_END)) break;
+      tok->type = TK_ANCHOR;
+      tok->u.anchor = ANCHOR_WORD_END;
+      break;
+#endif
+
+    case 's':
+      if (! IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_S_WHITE_SPACE)) break;
+      tok->type = TK_CHAR_TYPE;
+      tok->u.subtype = CTYPE_WHITE_SPACE;
+      break;
+
+    case 'S':
+      if (! IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_S_WHITE_SPACE)) break;
+      tok->type = TK_CHAR_TYPE;
+      tok->u.subtype = CTYPE_NOT_WHITE_SPACE;
+      break;
+
+    case 'd':
+      if (! IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_D_DIGIT)) break;
+      tok->type = TK_CHAR_TYPE;
+      tok->u.subtype = CTYPE_DIGIT;
+      break;
+
+    case 'D':
+      if (! IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_D_DIGIT)) break;
+      tok->type = TK_CHAR_TYPE;
+      tok->u.subtype = CTYPE_NOT_DIGIT;
+      break;
+
+    case 'A':
+      if (! IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_AZ_BUF_ANCHOR)) break;
+    begin_buf:
+      tok->type = TK_ANCHOR;
+      tok->u.subtype = ANCHOR_BEGIN_BUF;
+      break;
+
+    case 'Z':
+      if (! IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_AZ_BUF_ANCHOR)) break;
+      tok->type = TK_ANCHOR;
+      tok->u.subtype = ANCHOR_SEMI_END_BUF;
+      break;
+
+    case 'z':
+      if (! IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_AZ_BUF_ANCHOR)) break;
+    end_buf:
+      tok->type = TK_ANCHOR;
+      tok->u.subtype = ANCHOR_END_BUF;
+      break;
+
+    case 'G':
+      if (! IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_CAPITAL_G_BEGIN_ANCHOR)) break;
+      tok->type = TK_ANCHOR;
+      tok->u.subtype = ANCHOR_BEGIN_POSITION;
+      break;
+
+    case '`':
+      if (! IS_SYNTAX_OP2(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_GNU_BUF_ANCHOR)) break;
+      goto begin_buf;
+      break;
+
+    case '\'':
+      if (! IS_SYNTAX_OP2(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_GNU_BUF_ANCHOR)) break;
+      goto end_buf;
+      break;
+
+    case 'x':
+      if (PEND) break;
+
+      prev = p;
+      if (PPEEK == '{' && IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_X_BRACE_HEX8)) {
+	PINC;
+	num = scan_unsigned_hexadecimal_number(&p, end, 8, env->enc);
+	if (num < 0) return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE;
+	if (!PEND && ONIGENC_IS_CODE_XDIGIT(env->enc, *p) && p - prev >= 9)
+	  return ONIGERR_TOO_LONG_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE;
+
+	if (p > prev + 1 && !PEND && PPEEK == '}') {
+	  PINC;
+	  tok->type   = TK_CODE_POINT;
+	  tok->u.code = (OnigCodePoint )num;
+	}
+	else {
+	  /* can't read nothing or invalid format */
+	  p = prev;
+	}
+      }
+      else if (IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_X_HEX2)) {
+	num = scan_unsigned_hexadecimal_number(&p, end, 2, env->enc);
+	if (num < 0) return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER;
+	if (p == prev) {  /* can't read nothing. */
+	  num = 0; /* but, it's not error */
+	}
+	tok->type = TK_RAW_BYTE;
+	tok->base = 16;
+	tok->u.c  = num;
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case 'u':
+      if (PEND) break;
+
+      prev = p;
+      if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_U_HEX4)) {
+	num = scan_unsigned_hexadecimal_number(&p, end, 4, env->enc);
+	if (num < 0) return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER;
+	if (p == prev) {  /* can't read nothing. */
+	  num = 0; /* but, it's not error */
+	}
+	tok->type = TK_RAW_BYTE;
+	tok->base = 16;
+	tok->u.c  = num;
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4':
+    case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9':
+      PUNFETCH;
+      prev = p;
+      num = onig_scan_unsigned_number(&p, end, env->enc);
+      if (num < 0)  return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER;
+      if (num > ONIG_MAX_BACKREF_NUM) return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_BACKREF_NUMBER;
+
+      if (IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_DECIMAL_BACKREF) && 
+	  (num <= env->num_mem || num <= 9)) { /* This spec. from GNU regex */
+	if (IS_SYNTAX_BV(syn, ONIG_SYN_STRICT_CHECK_BACKREF)) {
+	  if (num > env->num_mem || IS_NULL(SCANENV_MEM_NODES(env)[num]))
+	    return ONIGERR_INVALID_BACKREF;
+	}
+
+	tok->type = TK_BACKREF;
+	tok->u.backref.num     = 1;
+	tok->u.backref.ref1    = num;
+	tok->u.backref.by_name = 0;
+	break;
+      }
+      else if (c == '8' || c == '9') {
+	/* normal char */
+	p = prev; PINC;
+	break;
+      }
+
+      p = prev;
+      /* fall through */
+    case '0':
+      if (IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_ESC_OCTAL3)) {
+	prev = p;
+	num = scan_unsigned_octal_number(&p, end, (c == '0' ? 2:3), env->enc);
+	if (num < 0) return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_NUMBER;
+	if (p == prev) {  /* can't read nothing. */
+	  num = 0; /* but, it's not error */
+	}
+	tok->type = TK_RAW_BYTE;
+	tok->base = 8;
+	tok->u.c  = num;
+      }
+      else if (c != '0') {
+	PINC;
+      }
+      break;
+
+#ifdef USE_NAMED_GROUP
+    case 'k':
+      if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_K_NAMED_BACKREF)) {
+	PFETCH(c);
+	if (c == '<') {
+	  UChar* name_end;
+	  int* backs;
+
+	  prev = p;
+	  r = fetch_name(&p, end, &name_end, env, 1);
+	  if (r < 0) return r;
+	  num = onig_name_to_group_numbers(env->reg, prev, name_end, &backs);
+	  if (num <= 0) {
+	    onig_scan_env_set_error_string(env,
+			    ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_NAME_REFERENCE, prev, name_end);
+	    return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_NAME_REFERENCE;
+	  }
+	  if (IS_SYNTAX_BV(syn, ONIG_SYN_STRICT_CHECK_BACKREF)) {
+	    int i;
+	    for (i = 0; i < num; i++) {
+	      if (backs[i] > env->num_mem ||
+		  IS_NULL(SCANENV_MEM_NODES(env)[backs[i]]))
+		return ONIGERR_INVALID_BACKREF;
+	    }
+	  }
+
+	  tok->type = TK_BACKREF;
+	  tok->u.backref.by_name = 1;
+	  if (num == 1) {
+	    tok->u.backref.num  = 1;
+	    tok->u.backref.ref1 = backs[0];
+	  }
+	  else {
+	    tok->u.backref.num  = num;
+	    tok->u.backref.refs = backs;
+	  }
+	}
+	else
+	  PUNFETCH;
+      }
+      break;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+    case 'g':
+      if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_G_SUBEXP_CALL)) {
+	PFETCH(c);
+	if (c == '<') {
+	  UChar* name_end;
+
+	  prev = p;
+	  r = fetch_name(&p, end, &name_end, env, 1);
+	  if (r < 0) return r;
+
+	  tok->type = TK_CALL;
+	  tok->u.call.name     = prev;
+	  tok->u.call.name_end = name_end;
+	}
+	else
+	  PUNFETCH;
+      }
+      break;
+#endif
+
+    case 'Q':
+      if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_CAPITAL_Q_QUOTE)) {
+	tok->type = TK_QUOTE_OPEN;
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case 'p':
+    case 'P':
+      if (PPEEK == '{' &&
+	  IS_SYNTAX_OP2(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP2_ESC_P_CHAR_PROPERTY)) {
+	PINC;
+	tok->type = TK_CHAR_PROPERTY;
+	tok->u.prop.not = (c == 'P' ? 1 : 0);
+      }
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      PUNFETCH;
+      num = fetch_escaped_value(&p, end, env);
+      if (num < 0) return num;
+      /* set_raw: */
+      if (tok->u.c != num) {
+	tok->type = TK_RAW_BYTE;
+	tok->u.c = num;
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  else {
+    tok->u.c = c;
+    tok->escaped = 0;
+
+#ifdef USE_VARIABLE_META_CHARS
+    if ((c != ONIG_INEFFECTIVE_META_CHAR) &&
+	IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_VARIABLE_META_CHARACTERS)) {
+      if (c == MC_ANYCHAR)
+	goto any_char;
+      else if (c == MC_ANYTIME)
+	goto anytime;
+      else if (c == MC_ZERO_OR_ONE_TIME)
+	goto zero_or_one_time;
+      else if (c == MC_ONE_OR_MORE_TIME)
+	goto one_or_more_time;
+      else if (c == MC_ANYCHAR_ANYTIME) {
+	tok->type = TK_ANYCHAR_ANYTIME;
+	goto out;
+      }
+    }
+#endif
+
+    switch (c) {
+    case '.':
+      if (! IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_DOT_ANYCHAR)) break;
+    any_char:
+      tok->type = TK_ANYCHAR;
+      break;
+
+    case '*':
+      if (! IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_ASTERISK_ZERO_INF)) break;
+    anytime:
+      tok->type = TK_OP_REPEAT;
+      tok->u.repeat.lower = 0;
+      tok->u.repeat.upper = REPEAT_INFINITE;
+      goto greedy_check;
+      break;
+
+    case '+':
+      if (! IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_PLUS_ONE_INF)) break;
+    one_or_more_time:
+      tok->type = TK_OP_REPEAT;
+      tok->u.repeat.lower = 1;
+      tok->u.repeat.upper = REPEAT_INFINITE;
+      goto greedy_check;
+      break;
+
+    case '?':
+      if (! IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_QMARK_ZERO_ONE)) break;
+    zero_or_one_time:
+      tok->type = TK_OP_REPEAT;
+      tok->u.repeat.lower = 0;
+      tok->u.repeat.upper = 1;
+      goto greedy_check;
+      break;
+
+    case '{':
+      if (! IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_BRACE_INTERVAL)) break;
+      tok->backp = p;
+      r = fetch_range_qualifier(&p, end, tok, env);
+      if (r < 0) return r;  /* error */
+      if (r > 0) {
+	/* normal char */
+      }
+      else
+	goto greedy_check;
+      break;
+
+    case '|':
+      if (! IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_VBAR_ALT)) break;
+      tok->type = TK_ALT;
+      break;
+
+    case '(':
+      if (! IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_LPAREN_SUBEXP)) break;
+      tok->type = TK_SUBEXP_OPEN;
+      break;
+
+    case ')':
+      if (! IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_LPAREN_SUBEXP)) break;
+      tok->type = TK_SUBEXP_CLOSE;
+      break;
+
+    case '^':
+      if (! IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_LINE_ANCHOR)) break;
+      tok->type = TK_ANCHOR;
+      tok->u.subtype = (IS_SINGLELINE(env->option)
+			? ANCHOR_BEGIN_BUF : ANCHOR_BEGIN_LINE);
+      break;
+
+    case '$':
+      if (! IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_LINE_ANCHOR)) break;
+      tok->type = TK_ANCHOR;
+      tok->u.subtype = (IS_SINGLELINE(env->option)
+			? ANCHOR_END_BUF : ANCHOR_END_LINE);
+      break;
+
+    case '[':
+      if (! IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, ONIG_SYN_OP_BRACKET_CC)) break;
+      tok->type = TK_CC_OPEN;
+      break;
+
+    case ']':
+      if (*src > env->pattern)   /* /].../ is allowed. */
+	CCEND_ESC_WARN(env, "]");
+      break;
+
+    case '#':
+      if (IS_EXTEND(env->option)) {
+	while (!PEND) {
+	  PFETCH(c);
+	  if (ONIG_IS_NEWLINE(c))
+	    break;
+	}
+	goto start;
+	break;
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case ' ': case '\t': case '\n': case '\r': case '\f':
+      if (IS_EXTEND(env->option))
+	goto start;
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+ out:
+  *src = p;
+  return tok->type;
+}
+
+static int
+add_ctype_to_cc_by_list(CClassNode* cc, int ctype, int not,
+			OnigEncoding enc)
+{
+  int i, r, nsb, nmb;
+  OnigCodePointRange *sbr, *mbr;
+  OnigCodePoint j;
+
+  r = ONIGENC_GET_CTYPE_CODE_RANGE(enc, ctype, &nsb, &nmb, &sbr, &mbr);
+  if (r != 0) return r;
+
+  if (not == 0) {
+    for (i = 0; i < nsb; i++) {
+      for (j = sbr[i].from; j <= sbr[i].to; j++) {
+	BITSET_SET_BIT(cc->bs, j);
+      }
+    }
+    for (i = 0; i < nmb; i++) {
+      r = add_code_range_to_buf(&(cc->mbuf), mbr[i].from, mbr[i].to);
+      if (r != 0) return r;
+    }
+  }
+  else {
+    OnigCodePoint prev = 0;
+    for (i = 0; i < nsb; i++) {
+      for (j = prev; j < sbr[i].from; j++) {
+	BITSET_SET_BIT(cc->bs, j);
+      }
+      prev = sbr[i].to + 1;
+    }
+    if (prev < 0x7f) {
+      for (j = prev; j < 0x7f; j++) {
+	BITSET_SET_BIT(cc->bs, j);
+      }
+    }
+
+    prev = 0x80;
+    for (i = 0; i < nmb; i++) {
+      if (prev < mbr[i].from) {
+	r = add_code_range_to_buf(&(cc->mbuf), prev, mbr[i].from - 1);
+	if (r != 0) return r;
+      }
+      prev = mbr[i].to + 1;
+    }
+    if (prev < 0x7fffffff) {
+      r = add_code_range_to_buf(&(cc->mbuf), prev, 0x7fffffff);
+      if (r != 0) return r;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return r;
+}
+
+static int
+add_ctype_to_cc(CClassNode* cc, int ctype, int not, ScanEnv* env)
+{
+  int c, r;
+  OnigEncoding enc = env->enc;
+
+  if (ONIGENC_CTYPE_SUPPORT_LEVEL(enc) != ONIGENC_CTYPE_SUPPORT_LEVEL_SB) {
+    r = add_ctype_to_cc_by_list(cc, ctype, not, env->enc);
+    return r;
+  }
+
+  r = 0;
+  switch (ctype) {
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_ALPHA:
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_BLANK:
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_CNTRL:
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_DIGIT:
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_LOWER:
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_PUNCT:
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_SPACE:
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_UPPER:
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_XDIGIT:
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_ASCII:
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_ALNUM:
+    if (not != 0) {
+      for (c = 0; c < SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; c++) {
+	if (! ONIGENC_IS_CODE_CTYPE(enc, (OnigCodePoint )c, ctype))
+	  BITSET_SET_BIT(cc->bs, c);
+      }
+      ADD_ALL_MULTI_BYTE_RANGE(enc, cc->mbuf);
+    }
+    else {
+      for (c = 0; c < SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; c++) {
+	if (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_CTYPE(enc, (OnigCodePoint )c, ctype))
+	  BITSET_SET_BIT(cc->bs, c);
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_GRAPH:
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_PRINT:
+    if (not != 0) {
+      for (c = 0; c < SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; c++) {
+	if (! ONIGENC_IS_CODE_CTYPE(enc, (OnigCodePoint )c, ctype))
+	  BITSET_SET_BIT(cc->bs, c);
+      }
+    }
+    else {
+      for (c = 0; c < SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; c++) {
+	if (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_CTYPE(enc, (OnigCodePoint )c, ctype))
+	  BITSET_SET_BIT(cc->bs, c);
+      }
+      ADD_ALL_MULTI_BYTE_RANGE(enc, cc->mbuf);
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_WORD:
+    if (not == 0) {
+      for (c = 0; c < SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; c++) {
+	if (ONIGENC_IS_CODE_SB_WORD(enc, c)) BITSET_SET_BIT(cc->bs, c);
+      }
+      ADD_ALL_MULTI_BYTE_RANGE(enc, cc->mbuf);
+    }
+    else {
+      for (c = 0; c < SINGLE_BYTE_SIZE; c++) {
+	if (! ONIGENC_IS_CODE_SB_WORD(enc, c) && ! ONIGENC_IS_MBC_HEAD(enc, c))
+	  BITSET_SET_BIT(cc->bs, c);
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+  default:
+    return ONIGERR_PARSER_BUG;
+    break;
+  }
+
+  return r;
+}
+
+static int
+parse_ctype_to_enc_ctype(int pctype, int* not)
+{
+  int ctype;
+
+  switch (pctype) {
+  case CTYPE_WORD:
+    ctype = ONIGENC_CTYPE_WORD;
+    *not = 0;
+    break;
+  case CTYPE_NOT_WORD:
+    ctype = ONIGENC_CTYPE_WORD;
+    *not = 1;
+    break;
+  case CTYPE_WHITE_SPACE:
+    ctype = ONIGENC_CTYPE_SPACE;
+    *not = 0;
+    break;
+  case CTYPE_NOT_WHITE_SPACE:
+    ctype = ONIGENC_CTYPE_SPACE;
+    *not = 1;
+    break;
+  case CTYPE_DIGIT:
+    ctype = ONIGENC_CTYPE_DIGIT;
+    *not = 0;
+    break;
+  case CTYPE_NOT_DIGIT:
+    ctype = ONIGENC_CTYPE_DIGIT;
+    *not = 1;
+    break;
+  default:
+    return ONIGERR_PARSER_BUG;
+    break;
+  }
+  return ctype;
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+  UChar    *name;
+  int       ctype;
+  short int len;
+} PosixBracketEntryType;
+
+static int
+parse_posix_bracket(CClassNode* cc, UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
+{
+#define POSIX_BRACKET_CHECK_LIMIT_LENGTH  20
+#define POSIX_BRACKET_NAME_MAX_LEN         6
+
+  static PosixBracketEntryType PBS[] = {
+    { "alnum",  ONIGENC_CTYPE_ALNUM,  5 },
+    { "alpha",  ONIGENC_CTYPE_ALPHA,  5 },
+    { "blank",  ONIGENC_CTYPE_BLANK,  5 },
+    { "cntrl",  ONIGENC_CTYPE_CNTRL,  5 },
+    { "digit",  ONIGENC_CTYPE_DIGIT,  5 },
+    { "graph",  ONIGENC_CTYPE_GRAPH,  5 },
+    { "lower",  ONIGENC_CTYPE_LOWER,  5 },
+    { "print",  ONIGENC_CTYPE_PRINT,  5 },
+    { "punct",  ONIGENC_CTYPE_PUNCT,  5 },
+    { "space",  ONIGENC_CTYPE_SPACE,  5 },
+    { "upper",  ONIGENC_CTYPE_UPPER,  5 },
+    { "xdigit", ONIGENC_CTYPE_XDIGIT, 6 },
+    { "ascii",  ONIGENC_CTYPE_ASCII,  5 }, /* I don't know origin. Perl? */
+    { (UChar* )NULL, -1, 0 }
+  };
+
+  PosixBracketEntryType *pb;
+  int not, i, c, r;
+  UChar *p = *src;
+
+  if (PPEEK == '^') {
+    PINC;
+    not = 1;
+  }
+  else
+    not = 0;
+
+  if (end - p < POSIX_BRACKET_NAME_MAX_LEN + 1)
+    goto not_posix_bracket;
+
+  for (pb = PBS; IS_NOT_NULL(pb->name); pb++) {
+    if (onig_strncmp(p, pb->name, pb->len) == 0) {
+      p += pb->len;
+      if (end - p < 2 || *p != ':' || *(p+1) != ']')
+	return ONIGERR_INVALID_POSIX_BRACKET_TYPE;
+
+      r = add_ctype_to_cc(cc, pb->ctype, not, env);
+      if (r != 0) return r;
+
+      PINC; PINC;
+      *src = p;
+      return 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+ not_posix_bracket:
+  c = 0;
+  i = 0;
+  while (!PEND && ((c = PPEEK) != ':') && c != ']') {
+    PINC;
+    if (++i > POSIX_BRACKET_CHECK_LIMIT_LENGTH) break;
+  }
+  if (c == ':' && !PEND) {
+    PINC;
+    if (!PEND) {
+      PFETCH(c);
+      if (c == ']')
+	return ONIGERR_INVALID_POSIX_BRACKET_TYPE;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return 1;   /* 1: is not POSIX bracket, but no error. */
+}
+
+static int
+property_name_to_ctype(UChar* p, UChar* end)
+{
+  static PosixBracketEntryType PBS[] = {
+    { "Alnum",  ONIGENC_CTYPE_ALNUM,  5 },
+    { "Alpha",  ONIGENC_CTYPE_ALPHA,  5 },
+    { "Blank",  ONIGENC_CTYPE_BLANK,  5 },
+    { "Cntrl",  ONIGENC_CTYPE_CNTRL,  5 },
+    { "Digit",  ONIGENC_CTYPE_DIGIT,  5 },
+    { "Graph",  ONIGENC_CTYPE_GRAPH,  5 },
+    { "Lower",  ONIGENC_CTYPE_LOWER,  5 },
+    { "Print",  ONIGENC_CTYPE_PRINT,  5 },
+    { "Punct",  ONIGENC_CTYPE_PUNCT,  5 },
+    { "Space",  ONIGENC_CTYPE_SPACE,  5 },
+    { "Upper",  ONIGENC_CTYPE_UPPER,  5 },
+    { "XDigit", ONIGENC_CTYPE_XDIGIT, 6 },
+    { "ASCII",  ONIGENC_CTYPE_ASCII,  5 },
+    { (UChar* )NULL, -1, 0 }
+  };
+
+  PosixBracketEntryType *pb;
+  int len;
+
+  len = end - p;
+  for (pb = PBS; IS_NOT_NULL(pb->name); pb++) {
+    if (len == pb->len && onig_strncmp(p, pb->name, pb->len) == 0)
+      return pb->ctype;
+  }
+
+  return ONIGERR_INVALID_CHAR_PROPERTY_NAME;
+}
+
+static int
+fetch_char_property_to_ctype(UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
+{
+  int ctype;
+  UChar *prev, *p = *src;
+  int c = 0;
+
+  while (!PEND) {
+    prev = p;
+    PFETCH(c);
+    if (c == '}') {
+      ctype = property_name_to_ctype(*src, prev);
+      if (ctype < 0) return ctype;
+
+      *src = p;
+      return ctype;
+    }
+    else if (c == '(' || c == ')' || c == '{' || c == '|')
+      break;
+  }
+
+  return ONIGERR_INVALID_CHAR_PROPERTY_NAME;
+}
+
+static int
+parse_char_property(Node** np, OnigToken* tok, UChar** src, UChar* end,
+		    ScanEnv* env)
+{
+  int r, ctype;
+  CClassNode* cc;
+
+  ctype = fetch_char_property_to_ctype(src, end, env);
+  if (ctype < 0) return ctype;
+
+  *np = node_new_cclass();
+  CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(*np, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+  cc = &(NCCLASS(*np));
+  r = add_ctype_to_cc(cc, ctype, 0, env);
+  if (r != 0) return r;
+  if (tok->u.prop.not != 0) CCLASS_SET_NOT(cc);
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+
+enum CCSTATE {
+  CCS_VALUE,
+  CCS_RANGE,
+  CCS_COMPLETE,
+  CCS_START
+};
+
+enum CCVALTYPE {
+  CCV_SB,
+  CCV_CODE_POINT,
+  CCV_CLASS
+};
+
+static int
+next_state_class(CClassNode* cc, OnigCodePoint* vs, enum CCVALTYPE* type,
+		 enum CCSTATE* state, ScanEnv* env)
+{
+  int r;
+
+  if (*state == CCS_RANGE)
+    return ONIGERR_CHAR_CLASS_VALUE_AT_END_OF_RANGE;
+
+  if (*state == CCS_VALUE && *type != CCV_CLASS) {
+    if (*type == CCV_SB)
+      BITSET_SET_BIT(cc->bs, (int )(*vs));
+    else if (*type == CCV_CODE_POINT) {
+      r = add_code_range(&(cc->mbuf), env, *vs, *vs);
+      if (r < 0) return r;
+    }
+  }
+
+  *state = CCS_VALUE;
+  *type  = CCV_CLASS;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+next_state_val(CClassNode* cc, OnigCodePoint *vs, OnigCodePoint v,
+	       int* vs_israw, int v_israw,
+	       enum CCVALTYPE intype, enum CCVALTYPE* type,
+	       enum CCSTATE* state, ScanEnv* env)
+{
+  int r;
+
+  switch (*state) {
+  case CCS_VALUE:
+    if (*type == CCV_SB)
+      BITSET_SET_BIT(cc->bs, (int )(*vs));
+    else if (*type == CCV_CODE_POINT) {
+      r = add_code_range(&(cc->mbuf), env, *vs, *vs);
+      if (r < 0) return r;
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case CCS_RANGE:
+    if (intype == *type) {
+      if (intype == CCV_SB) {
+	if (*vs > v) {
+	  if (IS_SYNTAX_BV(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_ALLOW_EMPTY_RANGE_IN_CC))
+	    goto ccs_range_end;
+	  else
+	    return ONIGERR_EMPTY_RANGE_IN_CHAR_CLASS;
+	}
+	bitset_set_range(cc->bs, (int )*vs, (int )v);
+      }
+      else {
+	r = add_code_range(&(cc->mbuf), env, *vs, v);
+	if (r < 0) return r;
+      }
+    }
+    else {
+      if (intype == CCV_CODE_POINT && *type == CCV_SB &&
+	  ONIGENC_IS_CONTINUOUS_SB_MB(env->enc)) {
+	bitset_set_range(cc->bs, (int )*vs, 0x7f);
+	r = add_code_range(&(cc->mbuf), env, (OnigCodePoint )0x80, v);
+	if (r < 0) return r;
+      }
+      else
+	return ONIGERR_MISMATCH_CODE_LENGTH_IN_CLASS_RANGE;
+    }
+  ccs_range_end:
+    *state = CCS_COMPLETE;
+    break;
+
+  case CCS_COMPLETE:
+  case CCS_START:
+    *state = CCS_VALUE;
+    break;
+
+  default:
+    break;
+  }
+
+  *vs_israw = v_israw;
+  *vs       = v;
+  *type     = intype;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+char_exist_check(UChar c, UChar* from, UChar* to, int ignore_escaped,
+		 OnigEncoding enc)
+{
+  int in_esc;
+  UChar* p = from;
+
+  in_esc = 0;
+  while (p < to) {
+    if (ignore_escaped && in_esc) {
+      in_esc = 0;
+    }
+    else {
+      if (*p == c) return 1;
+      if (*p == MC_ESC) in_esc = 1;
+    }
+    p += enc_len(enc, *p);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+parse_char_class(Node** np, OnigToken* tok, UChar** src, UChar* end,
+		 ScanEnv* env)
+{
+  int r, neg, len, fetched, and_start;
+  OnigCodePoint v, vs;
+  UChar *p;
+  Node* node;
+  CClassNode *cc, *prev_cc;
+  CClassNode work_cc;
+
+  enum CCSTATE state;
+  enum CCVALTYPE val_type, in_type;
+  int val_israw, in_israw;
+
+  prev_cc = (CClassNode* )NULL;
+  *np = NULL_NODE;
+  r = fetch_token_in_cc(tok, src, end, env);
+  if (r == TK_BYTE && tok->u.c == '^' && tok->escaped == 0) {
+    neg = 1;
+    r = fetch_token_in_cc(tok, src, end, env);
+  }
+  else {
+    neg = 0;
+  }
+
+  if (r < 0) return r;
+  if (r == TK_CC_CLOSE) {
+    if (! char_exist_check(']', *src, env->pattern_end, 1, env->enc))
+      return ONIGERR_EMPTY_CHAR_CLASS;
+
+    CC_ESC_WARN(env, "]");
+    r = tok->type = TK_BYTE;  /* allow []...] */
+  }
+
+  *np = node = node_new_cclass();
+  CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(node, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+  cc = &(NCCLASS(node));
+
+  and_start = 0;
+  state = CCS_START;
+  p = *src;
+  while (r != TK_CC_CLOSE) {
+    fetched = 0;
+    switch (r) {
+    case TK_BYTE:
+      len = enc_len(env->enc, tok->u.c);
+      if (len > 1) {
+	PUNFETCH;
+	v = ONIGENC_MBC_TO_CODE(env->enc, p, end);
+	p += len;
+	in_type = CCV_CODE_POINT;
+      }
+      else {
+      sb_char:
+	v = (OnigCodePoint )tok->u.c;
+	in_type = CCV_SB;
+      }
+      in_israw = 0;
+      goto val_entry2;
+      break;
+
+    case TK_RAW_BYTE:
+      len = enc_len(env->enc, tok->u.c);
+      if (len > 1 && tok->base != 0) { /* tok->base != 0 : octal or hexadec. */
+	UChar buf[ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBC_MAXLEN];
+	UChar* bufp = buf;
+	UChar* bufe = buf + ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBC_MAXLEN;
+	int i, base = tok->base;
+
+	if (len > ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBC_MAXLEN) {
+	  bufp = (UChar* )xmalloc(len);
+	  if (IS_NULL(bufp)) {
+	    r = ONIGERR_MEMORY;
+	    goto err;
+	  }
+	  bufe = bufp + len;
+	}
+	bufp[0] = tok->u.c;
+	for (i = 1; i < len; i++) {
+	  r = fetch_token_in_cc(tok, &p, end, env);
+	  if (r < 0) goto raw_byte_err;
+	  if (r != TK_RAW_BYTE || tok->base != base) break;
+	  bufp[i] = tok->u.c;
+	}
+	if (i < len) {
+	  r = ONIGERR_TOO_SHORT_MULTI_BYTE_STRING;
+	raw_byte_err:
+	  if (bufp != buf) xfree(bufp);
+	  goto err;
+	}
+	v = ONIGENC_MBC_TO_CODE(env->enc, bufp, bufe);
+	if (bufp != buf) xfree(bufp);
+	in_type = CCV_CODE_POINT;
+      }
+      else {
+	v = (OnigCodePoint )tok->u.c;
+	in_type = CCV_SB;
+      }
+      in_israw = 1;
+      goto val_entry2;
+      break;
+
+    case TK_CODE_POINT:
+      v = tok->u.code;
+      in_israw = 1;
+    val_entry:
+      len = ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBCLEN(env->enc, v);
+      if (len < 0) {
+	r = len;
+	goto err;
+      }
+      in_type = (len == 1 ? CCV_SB : CCV_CODE_POINT);
+    val_entry2:
+      r = next_state_val(cc, &vs, v, &val_israw, in_israw, in_type, &val_type,
+			 &state, env);
+      if (r != 0) goto err;
+      break;
+
+    case TK_POSIX_BRACKET_OPEN:
+      r = parse_posix_bracket(cc, &p, end, env);
+      if (r < 0) goto err;
+      if (r == 1) {  /* is not POSIX bracket */
+	CC_ESC_WARN(env, "[");
+	p = tok->backp;
+	v = (OnigCodePoint )tok->u.c;
+	in_israw = 0;
+	goto val_entry;
+      }
+      goto next_class;
+      break;
+
+    case TK_CHAR_TYPE:
+      {
+	int ctype, not;
+	ctype = parse_ctype_to_enc_ctype(tok->u.subtype, &not);
+	r = add_ctype_to_cc(cc, ctype, not, env);
+	if (r != 0) return r;
+      }
+
+    next_class:
+      r = next_state_class(cc, &vs, &val_type, &state, env);
+      if (r != 0) goto err;
+      break;
+
+    case TK_CHAR_PROPERTY:
+      {
+	int ctype;
+
+	ctype = fetch_char_property_to_ctype(&p, end, env);
+	if (ctype < 0) return ctype;
+	r = add_ctype_to_cc(cc, ctype, tok->u.prop.not, env);
+	if (r != 0) return r;
+	goto next_class;
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case TK_CC_RANGE:
+      if (state == CCS_VALUE) {
+	r = fetch_token_in_cc(tok, &p, end, env);
+	if (r < 0) goto err;
+	fetched = 1;
+	if (r == TK_CC_CLOSE) { /* allow [x-] */
+	range_end_val:
+	  v = (OnigCodePoint )'-';
+	  in_israw = 0;
+	  goto val_entry;
+	}
+	else if (r == TK_CC_AND) {
+	  CC_ESC_WARN(env, "-");
+	  goto range_end_val;
+	}
+	state = CCS_RANGE;
+      }
+      else if (state == CCS_START) {
+	/* [-xa] is allowed */
+	v = (OnigCodePoint )tok->u.c;
+	in_israw = 0;
+
+	r = fetch_token_in_cc(tok, &p, end, env);
+	if (r < 0) goto err;
+	fetched = 1;
+	/* [--x] or [a&&-x] is warned. */
+	if (r == TK_CC_RANGE || and_start != 0)
+	  CC_ESC_WARN(env, "-");
+
+	goto val_entry;
+      }
+      else if (state == CCS_RANGE) {
+	CC_ESC_WARN(env, "-");
+	goto sb_char;  /* [!--x] is allowed */
+      }
+      else { /* CCS_COMPLETE */
+	r = fetch_token_in_cc(tok, &p, end, env);
+	if (r < 0) goto err;
+	fetched = 1;
+	if (r == TK_CC_CLOSE) goto range_end_val; /* allow [a-b-] */
+	else if (r == TK_CC_AND) {
+	  CC_ESC_WARN(env, "-");
+	  goto range_end_val;
+	}
+	
+	if (IS_SYNTAX_BV(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_ALLOW_DOUBLE_RANGE_OP_IN_CC)) {
+	  CC_ESC_WARN(env, "-");
+	  goto sb_char;   /* [0-9-a] is allowed as [0-9\-a] */
+	}
+	r = ONIGERR_UNMATCHED_RANGE_SPECIFIER_IN_CHAR_CLASS;
+	goto err;
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case TK_CC_CC_OPEN: /* [ */
+      {
+	Node *anode;
+	CClassNode* acc;
+
+	r = parse_char_class(&anode, tok, &p, end, env);
+	if (r != 0) goto cc_open_err;
+	acc = &(NCCLASS(anode));
+	r = or_cclass(cc, acc, env->enc);
+
+	onig_node_free(anode);
+      cc_open_err:
+	if (r != 0) goto err;
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case TK_CC_AND: /* && */
+      {
+	if (state == CCS_VALUE) {
+	  r = next_state_val(cc, &vs, 0, &val_israw, 0, CCV_SB,
+			     &val_type, &state, env);
+	  if (r != 0) goto err;
+	}
+	/* initialize local variables */
+	and_start = 1;
+	state = CCS_START;
+
+	if (IS_NOT_NULL(prev_cc)) {
+	  r = and_cclass(prev_cc, cc, env->enc);
+	  if (r != 0) goto err;
+	  bbuf_free(cc->mbuf);
+	}
+	else {
+	  prev_cc = cc;
+	  cc = &work_cc;
+	}
+	initialize_cclass(cc);
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case TK_EOT:
+      r = ONIGERR_PREMATURE_END_OF_CHAR_CLASS;
+      goto err;
+      break;
+    default:
+      r = ONIGERR_PARSER_BUG;
+      goto err;
+      break;
+    }
+
+    if (fetched)
+      r = tok->type;
+    else {
+      r = fetch_token_in_cc(tok, &p, end, env);
+      if (r < 0) goto err;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (state == CCS_VALUE) {
+    r = next_state_val(cc, &vs, 0, &val_israw, 0, CCV_SB,
+		       &val_type, &state, env);
+    if (r != 0) goto err;
+  }
+
+  if (IS_NOT_NULL(prev_cc)) {
+    r = and_cclass(prev_cc, cc, env->enc);
+    if (r != 0) goto err;
+    bbuf_free(cc->mbuf);
+    cc = prev_cc;
+  }
+
+  cc->not = neg;
+  if (cc->not != 0 &&
+      IS_SYNTAX_BV(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_NOT_NEWLINE_IN_NEGATIVE_CC)) {
+    int is_empty;
+
+    is_empty = (IS_NULL(cc->mbuf) ? 1 : 0);
+    if (is_empty != 0)
+      BITSET_IS_EMPTY(cc->bs, is_empty);
+    if (is_empty == 0)
+      BITSET_SET_BIT(cc->bs, ONIG_NEWLINE);
+  }
+  *src = p;
+  return 0;
+
+ err:
+  if (cc != &(NCCLASS(*np)))
+    bbuf_free(cc->mbuf);
+  onig_node_free(*np);
+  return r;
+}
+
+static int parse_subexp(Node** top, OnigToken* tok, int term,
+			UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env);
+
+static int
+parse_effect(Node** np, OnigToken* tok, int term, UChar** src, UChar* end,
+	     ScanEnv* env)
+{
+  Node *target;
+  OnigOptionType option;
+  int r, c, num;
+  int list_capture;
+  UChar* p = *src;
+
+  *np = NULL;
+  if (PEND) return ONIGERR_END_PATTERN_WITH_UNMATCHED_PARENTHESIS;
+
+  option = env->option;
+  if (PPEEK == '?' &&
+      IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_QMARK_GROUP_EFFECT)) {
+    PINC;
+    if (PEND) return ONIGERR_END_PATTERN_IN_GROUP;
+
+    PFETCH(c);
+    switch (c) {
+    case '#':   /* (?#...) comment */
+      while (1) {
+	if (PEND) return ONIGERR_END_PATTERN_IN_GROUP;
+	PFETCH(c);
+	if (c == ')') break;
+      }
+      *src = p;
+      return 3; /* 3: comment */
+      break;
+
+    case ':':   /* (?:...) grouping only */
+    group:
+      r = fetch_token(tok, &p, end, env);
+      if (r < 0) return r;
+      r = parse_subexp(np, tok, term, &p, end, env);
+      if (r < 0) return r;
+      *src = p;
+      return 1; /* group */
+      break;
+
+    case '=':
+      *np = onig_node_new_anchor(ANCHOR_PREC_READ);
+      break;
+    case '!':  /*         preceding read */
+      *np = onig_node_new_anchor(ANCHOR_PREC_READ_NOT);
+      break;
+    case '>':            /* (?>...) stop backtrack */
+      *np = node_new_effect(EFFECT_STOP_BACKTRACK);
+      break;
+
+    case '<':   /* look behind (?<=...), (?<!...) */
+      PFETCH(c);
+      if (c == '=')
+	*np = onig_node_new_anchor(ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND);
+      else if (c == '!')
+	*np = onig_node_new_anchor(ANCHOR_LOOK_BEHIND_NOT);
+#ifdef USE_NAMED_GROUP
+      else if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_QMARK_LT_NAMED_GROUP)) {
+	UChar *name;
+	UChar *name_end;
+
+	PUNFETCH;
+	list_capture = 0;
+
+      named_group:
+	name = p;
+	r = fetch_name(&p, end, &name_end, env, 0);
+	if (r < 0) return r;
+
+	num = scan_env_add_mem_entry(env);
+	if (num < 0) return num;
+	if (list_capture != 0 && num >= BIT_STATUS_BITS_NUM)
+	  return ONIGERR_GROUP_NUMBER_OVER_FOR_CAPTURE_HISTORY;
+
+	r = name_add(env->reg, name, name_end, num, env);
+	if (r != 0) return r;
+	*np = node_new_effect_memory(env->option, 1);
+	CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(*np, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+	NEFFECT(*np).regnum = num;
+	if (list_capture != 0)
+	  BIT_STATUS_ON_AT_SIMPLE(env->capture_history, num);
+	env->num_named++;
+      }
+#endif
+      else
+	return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION;
+      break;
+
+    case '@':
+      if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_ATMARK_CAPTURE_HISTORY)) {
+#ifdef USE_NAMED_GROUP
+	if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_QMARK_LT_NAMED_GROUP)) {
+	  PFETCH(c);
+	  if (c == '<') {
+	    list_capture = 1;
+	    goto named_group; /* (?@<name>...) */
+	  }
+	  PUNFETCH;
+	}
+#endif
+	*np = node_new_effect_memory(env->option, 0);
+	CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(*np, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+	num = scan_env_add_mem_entry(env);
+	if (num < 0) {
+	  onig_node_free(*np);
+	  return num;
+	}
+	else if (num >= BIT_STATUS_BITS_NUM) {
+	  onig_node_free(*np);
+	  return ONIGERR_GROUP_NUMBER_OVER_FOR_CAPTURE_HISTORY;
+	}
+	NEFFECT(*np).regnum = num;
+	BIT_STATUS_ON_AT_SIMPLE(env->capture_history, num);
+      }
+      else {
+	return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION;
+      }
+      break;
+
+#ifdef USE_POSIXLINE_OPTION
+    case 'p':
+#endif
+    case '-': case 'i': case 'm': case 's': case 'x':
+      {
+	int neg = 0;
+
+	while (1) {
+	  switch (c) {
+	  case ':':
+	  case ')':
+	  break;
+
+	  case '-':  neg = 1; break;
+	  case 'x':  ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_EXTEND,     neg); break;
+	  case 'i':  ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_IGNORECASE, neg); break;
+	  case 's':
+	    if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_OPTION_PERL)) {
+	      ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_MULTILINE,  neg);
+	    }
+	    else
+	      return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION;
+	    break;
+
+	  case 'm':
+	    if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_OPTION_PERL)) {
+	      ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_SINGLELINE, (neg == 0 ? 1 : 0));
+	    }
+	    else if (IS_SYNTAX_OP2(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_OP2_OPTION_RUBY)) {
+	      ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_MULTILINE,  neg);
+	    }
+	    else
+	      return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION;
+	    break;
+#ifdef USE_POSIXLINE_OPTION
+	  case 'p':
+	    ONOFF(option, ONIG_OPTION_MULTILINE|ONIG_OPTION_SINGLELINE, neg);
+	    break;
+#endif
+	  default:
+	    return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION;
+	  }
+
+	  if (c == ')') {
+	    *np = node_new_option(option);
+	    CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(*np, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+	    *src = p;
+	    return 2; /* option only */
+	  }
+	  else if (c == ':') {
+	    OnigOptionType prev = env->option;
+
+	    env->option = option;
+	    r = fetch_token(tok, &p, end, env);
+	    if (r < 0) return r;
+	    r = parse_subexp(&target, tok, term, &p, end, env);
+	    env->option = prev;
+	    if (r < 0) return r;
+	    *np = node_new_option(option);
+	    CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(*np, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+	    NEFFECT(*np).target = target;
+	    *src = p;
+	    return 0;
+	  }
+
+	  if (PEND) return ONIGERR_END_PATTERN_IN_GROUP;
+	  PFETCH(c);
+	}
+      }
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      return ONIGERR_UNDEFINED_GROUP_OPTION;
+    }
+  }
+  else {
+#ifdef USE_NAMED_GROUP
+    if (ONIG_IS_OPTION_ON(env->option, ONIG_OPTION_DONT_CAPTURE_GROUP))
+      goto group;
+#endif
+    *np = node_new_effect_memory(env->option, 0);
+    CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(*np, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+    num = scan_env_add_mem_entry(env);
+    if (num < 0) return num;
+    NEFFECT(*np).regnum = num;
+  }
+
+  CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(*np, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+  r = fetch_token(tok, &p, end, env);
+  if (r < 0) return r;
+  r = parse_subexp(&target, tok, term, &p, end, env);
+  if (r < 0) return r;
+
+  if (NTYPE(*np) == N_ANCHOR)
+    NANCHOR(*np).target = target;
+  else {
+    NEFFECT(*np).target = target;
+    if (NEFFECT(*np).type == EFFECT_MEMORY) {
+      /* Don't move this to previous of parse_subexp() */
+      r = scan_env_set_mem_node(env, NEFFECT(*np).regnum, *np);
+      if (r != 0) return r;
+    }
+  }
+
+  *src = p;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+set_qualifier(Node* qnode, Node* target, int group, ScanEnv* env)
+{
+  QualifierNode* qn;
+
+  qn = &(NQUALIFIER(qnode));
+  if (qn->lower == 1 && qn->upper == 1) {
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  switch (NTYPE(target)) {
+  case N_STRING:
+    if (! group) {
+      StrNode* sn = &(NSTRING(target));
+      if (str_node_can_be_split(sn, env->enc)) {
+	Node* n = str_node_split_last_char(sn, env->enc);
+	if (IS_NOT_NULL(n)) {
+	  qn->target = n;
+	  return 2;
+	}
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case N_QUALIFIER:
+    { /* check redundant double repeat. */
+      /* verbose warn (?:.?)? etc... but not warn (.?)? etc... */
+      QualifierNode* qnt = &(NQUALIFIER(target));
+
+#ifdef USE_WARNING_REDUNDANT_NESTED_REPEAT_OPERATOR
+      if (qn->by_number == 0 && qnt->by_number == 0 &&
+	  IS_SYNTAX_BV(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_WARN_REDUNDANT_NESTED_REPEAT)) {
+	if (IS_REPEAT_INFINITE(qn->upper)) {
+	  if (qn->lower == 0) { /* '*' */
+	  redundant:
+	    {
+	      char buf[WARN_BUFSIZE];
+	      if (onig_verb_warn != onig_null_warn) {
+		onig_snprintf_with_pattern(buf, WARN_BUFSIZE, env->enc,
+			    env->pattern, env->pattern_end,
+			    "redundant nested repeat operator");
+		(*onig_verb_warn)(buf);
+	      }
+	      goto warn_exit;
+	    }
+	  }
+	  else if (qn->lower == 1) { /* '+' */
+	    /* (?:a?)+? only allowed. */
+	    if (qn->greedy || !(qnt->upper == 1 && qnt->greedy))
+	      goto redundant;
+	  }
+	}
+	else if (qn->upper == 1 && qn->lower == 0) {
+	  if (qn->greedy) { /* '?' */
+	    if (!(qnt->lower == 1 && qnt->greedy == 0)) /* not '+?' */
+	      goto redundant;
+	  }
+	  else { /* '??' */
+	    /* '(?:a+)?? only allowd. (?:a*)?? can be replaced to (?:a+)?? */
+	    if (!(qnt->greedy && qnt->lower == 1 &&
+		  IS_REPEAT_INFINITE(qnt->upper)))
+	      goto redundant;
+	  }
+	}
+      }
+
+    warn_exit:
+#endif
+      if (popular_qualifier_num(qnt) >= 0 && popular_qualifier_num(qn) >= 0) {
+	onig_reduce_nested_qualifier(qnode, target);
+	goto q_exit;
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+  default:
+    break;
+  }
+
+  qn->target = target;
+ q_exit:
+  return 0;
+}
+
+#ifdef USE_FOLD_MATCH
+static int
+make_alt_node_from_fold_info(OnigEncFoldMatchInfo* info, Node** node)
+{
+  int i;
+  UChar *s, *end;
+  Node *root, **ptail, *snode;
+
+  ptail = &root;
+  for (i = 0; i < info->target_num; i++) {
+    s   = info->target_str[i];
+    end = s + info->target_byte_len[i];
+    /* ex.
+       U+00DF match "ss" and "SS, but not match "Ss".
+       So, string nodes must be raw.
+     */
+    snode = node_new_str_raw(s, end);
+    CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(snode, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+
+    *ptail = node_new_alt(snode, NULL_NODE);
+    CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(*ptail, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+    ptail = &(NCONS(*ptail).right);
+  }
+  *ptail = NULL_NODE;
+  *node = root;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+make_fold_alt_node_from_cc(OnigEncoding enc, CClassNode* cc, Node** root)
+{
+  int i, j, flen, len, ncode, n;
+  UChar *s, *end, buf[ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBC_MAXLEN];
+  OnigCodePoint* codes;
+  Node **ptail, *snode;
+  OnigEncFoldMatchInfo* info;
+
+  *root = NULL_NODE;
+  ptail = root;
+
+  ncode = ONIGENC_GET_ALL_FOLD_MATCH_CODE(enc, &codes);
+  n = 0;
+  for (i = 0; i < ncode; i++) {
+    if (onig_is_code_in_cc(enc, codes[i], cc)) {
+      len = ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBC(enc, codes[i], buf);
+      flen = ONIGENC_GET_FOLD_MATCH_INFO(enc, buf, buf + len, &info);
+      if (flen > 0) { /* fold */
+	for (j = 0; j < info->target_num; j++) {
+	  s   = info->target_str[j];
+	  end = s + info->target_byte_len[j];
+	  if (onig_strncmp(s, buf, enc_len(enc, *s)) == 0) 
+	    continue; /* ignore single char. */
+
+	  snode = node_new_str_raw(s, end);
+	  CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(snode, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+
+	  *ptail = node_new_alt(snode, NULL_NODE);
+	  CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(*ptail, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+	  ptail = &(NCONS(*ptail).right);
+	  n++;
+	}
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return n;
+}
+#endif
+
+static int
+parse_exp(Node** np, OnigToken* tok, int term,
+	  UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
+{
+  int r, len, group = 0;
+  Node* qn;
+  Node** targetp;
+
+ start:
+  *np = NULL;
+  if (tok->type == term)
+    goto end_of_token;
+
+  switch (tok->type) {
+  case TK_ALT:
+  case TK_EOT:
+  end_of_token:
+  *np = node_new_empty();
+  return tok->type;
+  break;
+
+  case TK_SUBEXP_OPEN:
+    r = parse_effect(np, tok, TK_SUBEXP_CLOSE, src, end, env);
+    if (r < 0) return r;
+    if (r == 1) group = 1;
+    else if (r == 2) { /* option only */
+      Node* target;
+      OnigOptionType prev = env->option;
+
+      env->option = NEFFECT(*np).option;
+      r = fetch_token(tok, src, end, env);
+      if (r < 0) return r;
+      r = parse_subexp(&target, tok, term, src, end, env);
+      env->option = prev;
+      if (r < 0) return r;
+      NEFFECT(*np).target = target;	
+      return tok->type;
+    }
+    else if (r == 3) { /* comment */
+      r = fetch_token(tok, src, end, env);
+      if (r < 0) return r;
+      goto start;
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case TK_SUBEXP_CLOSE:
+    if (! IS_SYNTAX_BV(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_ALLOW_UNMATCHED_CLOSE_SUBEXP))
+      return ONIGERR_UNMATCHED_CLOSE_PARENTHESIS;
+
+    if (tok->escaped) goto tk_raw_byte;
+    else goto tk_byte;
+    break;
+
+  case TK_BYTE:
+  tk_byte:
+    {
+      *np = node_new_str_char((UChar )tok->u.c);
+      CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(*np, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+
+      while (1) {
+	len = enc_len(env->enc, tok->u.c);
+	if (len > 1) {
+	  r = onig_node_str_cat(*np, *src, *src + len - 1);
+	  if (r < 0) return r;
+	  *src += (len - 1);
+	}
+
+	r = fetch_token(tok, src, end, env);
+	if (r < 0) return r;
+	if (r != TK_BYTE) break;
+
+	r = node_str_cat_char(*np, (UChar )tok->u.c);
+	if (r < 0) return r;
+      }
+
+    fold_entry:
+#ifdef USE_FOLD_MATCH
+      if (IS_IGNORECASE(env->option) && ONIGENC_IS_FOLD_MATCH(env->enc)) {
+	int flen, ret;
+	Node *root, **ptail, *work, *snode, *anode;
+	UChar *p, *pprev;
+	OnigEncFoldMatchInfo* fold_info;
+	StrNode* sn = &(NSTRING(*np));
+
+	ptail = &root;
+	pprev = sn->s;
+	for (p = sn->s; p < sn->end; ) {
+	  flen = ONIGENC_GET_FOLD_MATCH_INFO(env->enc, p, sn->end, &fold_info);
+	  if (flen > 0) { /* fold */
+	    ret = make_alt_node_from_fold_info(fold_info, &anode);
+	    if (ret != 0) return ret;
+	    work = node_new_list(anode, NULL);
+	    CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(work, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+
+	    if (pprev < p) {
+	      snode = node_new_str(pprev, p);
+	      CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(snode, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+	      *ptail = node_new_list(snode, work);
+	      CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(*ptail, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+	    }
+	    else {
+	      *ptail = work;
+	    }
+	    ptail = &(NCONS(work).right);
+	    p += flen;
+	    pprev = p;
+	  }
+	  else
+	    p += enc_len(env->enc, *p);
+	}
+	*ptail = NULL_NODE;
+	if (IS_NOT_NULL(root)) {
+	  if (pprev < sn->end) {
+	    snode = node_new_str(pprev, sn->end);
+	    CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(snode, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+	    *ptail = node_new_list(snode, NULL_NODE);
+	    CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(*ptail, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+	  }
+	  onig_node_free(*np);
+	  *np = root;
+	}
+      }
+#endif
+      targetp = np;
+      goto repeat;
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case TK_RAW_BYTE:
+  tk_raw_byte:
+    {
+      int expect_len;
+
+      *np = node_new_str_raw_char((UChar )tok->u.c);
+      CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(*np, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+      expect_len = enc_len(env->enc, tok->u.c);
+      len = 1;
+      while (1) {
+	r = fetch_token(tok, src, end, env);
+	if (r < 0) return r;
+	if (r != TK_RAW_BYTE) {
+#ifndef NUMBERED_CHAR_IS_NOT_CASE_AMBIG
+	  if (len >= expect_len) {
+	    NSTRING_CLEAR_RAW(*np);
+	  }
+#endif
+	  goto fold_entry;
+	}
+
+	r = node_str_cat_char(*np, (UChar )tok->u.c);
+	if (r < 0) return r;
+	len++;
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case TK_CODE_POINT:
+    {
+      UChar buf[ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBC_MAXLEN];
+      int num = ONIGENC_CODE_TO_MBC(env->enc, tok->u.code, buf);
+      if (num < 0) return num;
+#ifdef NUMBERED_CHAR_IS_NOT_CASE_AMBIG
+      *np = node_new_str_raw(buf, buf + num);
+#else
+      *np = node_new_str(buf, buf + num);
+#endif
+      CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(*np, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case TK_QUOTE_OPEN:
+    {
+      OnigCodePoint end_op[] = { (OnigCodePoint )MC_ESC, (OnigCodePoint )'E' };
+      UChar *qstart, *qend, *nextp;
+
+      qstart = *src;
+      qend = find_str_position(end_op, 2, qstart, end, &nextp, env->enc);
+      if (IS_NULL(qend)) {
+	nextp = qend = end;
+      }
+      *np = node_new_str(qstart, qend);
+      CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(*np, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+      *src = nextp;
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case TK_CHAR_TYPE:
+    {
+      switch (tok->u.subtype) {
+      case CTYPE_WORD:
+      case CTYPE_NOT_WORD:
+	*np = node_new_ctype(tok->u.subtype);
+	CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(*np, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+	break;
+
+      case CTYPE_WHITE_SPACE:
+      case CTYPE_NOT_WHITE_SPACE:
+      case CTYPE_DIGIT:
+      case CTYPE_NOT_DIGIT:
+	{
+	  CClassNode* cc;
+	  int ctype, not;
+
+	  ctype = parse_ctype_to_enc_ctype(tok->u.subtype, &not);
+
+	  *np = node_new_cclass();
+	  CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(*np, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+	  cc = &(NCCLASS(*np));
+	  add_ctype_to_cc(cc, ctype, 0, env);
+	  if (not != 0) CCLASS_SET_NOT(cc);
+	}
+	break;
+
+      default:
+	return ONIGERR_PARSER_BUG;
+	break;
+      }
+    }
+    break;
+
+  case TK_CHAR_PROPERTY:
+    r = parse_char_property(np, tok, src, end, env);
+    if (r != 0) return r;
+    break;
+
+  case TK_CC_OPEN:
+    r = parse_char_class(np, tok, src, end, env);
+    if (r != 0) return r;
+
+#ifdef USE_FOLD_MATCH
+    if (IS_IGNORECASE(env->option) && ONIGENC_IS_FOLD_MATCH(env->enc)) {
+      int res;
+      Node *alt_root, *work;
+      CClassNode* cc = &(NCCLASS(*np));
+
+      res = make_fold_alt_node_from_cc(env->enc, cc, &alt_root);
+      if (res < 0) return res;
+      if (res > 0) {
+	work = node_new_alt(*np, alt_root);
+	if (IS_NULL(work)) {
+	  onig_node_free(alt_root);
+	  return ONIGERR_MEMORY;
+	}
+	*np = work;
+      }
+    }
+#endif
+    break;
+
+  case TK_ANYCHAR:
+    *np = node_new_anychar();
+    CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(*np, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+    break;
+
+  case TK_ANYCHAR_ANYTIME:
+    *np = node_new_anychar();
+    CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(*np, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+    qn = node_new_qualifier(0, REPEAT_INFINITE, 0);
+    CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(qn, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+    NQUALIFIER(qn).target = *np;
+    *np = qn;
+    break;
+
+  case TK_BACKREF:
+    len = tok->u.backref.num;
+    *np = node_new_backref(len,
+	       (len > 1 ? tok->u.backref.refs : &(tok->u.backref.ref1)),
+	        tok->u.backref.by_name, env);
+    CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(*np, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+    break;
+
+#ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+  case TK_CALL:
+    *np = node_new_call(tok->u.call.name, tok->u.call.name_end);
+    CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(*np, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+    env->num_call++;
+    break;
+#endif
+
+  case TK_ANCHOR:
+    *np = onig_node_new_anchor(tok->u.anchor);
+    break;
+
+  case TK_OP_REPEAT:
+  case TK_INTERVAL:
+    if (IS_SYNTAX_BV(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_CONTEXT_INDEP_REPEAT_OPS)) {
+      if (IS_SYNTAX_BV(env->syntax, ONIG_SYN_CONTEXT_INVALID_REPEAT_OPS))
+	return ONIGERR_TARGET_OF_REPEAT_OPERATOR_NOT_SPECIFIED;
+      else
+	*np = node_new_empty();
+    }
+    else {
+      *src = tok->backp;
+      goto tk_byte;
+    }
+    break;
+
+  default:
+    return ONIGERR_PARSER_BUG;
+    break;
+  }
+
+  {
+    targetp = np;
+
+  re_entry:
+    r = fetch_token(tok, src, end, env);
+    if (r < 0) return r;
+
+  repeat:
+    if (r == TK_OP_REPEAT || r == TK_INTERVAL) {
+      if (is_invalid_qualifier_target(*targetp))
+	return ONIGERR_TARGET_OF_REPEAT_OPERATOR_INVALID;
+
+      qn = node_new_qualifier(tok->u.repeat.lower, tok->u.repeat.upper,
+			      (r == TK_INTERVAL ? 1 : 0));
+      CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(qn, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+      NQUALIFIER(qn).greedy = tok->u.repeat.greedy;
+      r = set_qualifier(qn, *targetp, group, env);
+      if (r < 0) return r;
+      
+      if (tok->u.repeat.possessive != 0) {
+	Node* en;
+	en = node_new_effect(EFFECT_STOP_BACKTRACK);
+	CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(en, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+	NEFFECT(en).target = qn;
+	qn = en;
+      }
+
+      if (r == 0) {
+	*targetp = qn;
+      }
+      else if (r == 2) { /* split case: /abc+/ */
+	Node *tmp;
+
+	*targetp = node_new_list(*targetp, NULL);
+	CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(*targetp, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+	tmp = NCONS(*targetp).right = node_new_list(qn, NULL);
+	CHECK_NULL_RETURN_VAL(tmp, ONIGERR_MEMORY);
+	targetp = &(NCONS(tmp).left);
+      }
+      goto re_entry;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return r;
+}
+
+static int
+parse_branch(Node** top, OnigToken* tok, int term,
+	     UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
+{
+  int r;
+  Node *node, **headp;
+
+  *top = NULL;
+  r = parse_exp(&node, tok, term, src, end, env);
+  if (r < 0) return r;
+
+  if (r == TK_EOT || r == term || r == TK_ALT) {
+    *top = node;
+  }
+  else {
+    *top  = node_new_list(node, NULL);
+    headp = &(NCONS(*top).right);
+    while (r != TK_EOT && r != term && r != TK_ALT) {
+      r = parse_exp(&node, tok, term, src, end, env);
+      if (r < 0) return r;
+
+      if (NTYPE(node) == N_LIST) {
+	*headp = node;
+	while (IS_NOT_NULL(NCONS(node).right)) node = NCONS(node).right;
+	headp = &(NCONS(node).right);
+      }
+      else {
+	*headp = node_new_list(node, NULL);
+	headp = &(NCONS(*headp).right);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return r;
+}
+
+/* term_tok: TK_EOT or TK_SUBEXP_CLOSE */
+static int
+parse_subexp(Node** top, OnigToken* tok, int term,
+	     UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
+{
+  int r;
+  Node *node, **headp;
+
+  *top = NULL;
+  r = parse_branch(&node, tok, term, src, end, env);
+  if (r < 0) {
+    onig_node_free(node);
+    return r;
+  }
+
+  if (r == term) {
+    *top = node;
+  }
+  else if (r == TK_ALT) {
+    *top  = node_new_alt(node, NULL);
+    headp = &(NCONS(*top).right);
+    while (r == TK_ALT) {
+      r = fetch_token(tok, src, end, env);
+      if (r < 0) return r;
+      r = parse_branch(&node, tok, term, src, end, env);
+      if (r < 0) return r;
+
+      *headp = node_new_alt(node, NULL);
+      headp = &(NCONS(*headp).right);
+    }
+
+    if (tok->type != term)
+      goto err;
+  }
+  else {
+  err:
+    if (term == TK_SUBEXP_CLOSE)
+      return ONIGERR_END_PATTERN_WITH_UNMATCHED_PARENTHESIS;
+    else
+      return ONIGERR_PARSER_BUG;
+  }
+
+  return r;
+}
+
+static int
+parse_regexp(Node** top, UChar** src, UChar* end, ScanEnv* env)
+{
+  int r;
+  OnigToken tok;
+
+  r = fetch_token(&tok, src, end, env);
+  if (r < 0) return r;
+  r = parse_subexp(top, &tok, TK_EOT, src, end, env);
+  if (r < 0) return r;
+  return 0;
+}
+
+extern int
+onig_parse_make_tree(Node** root, UChar* pattern, UChar* end, regex_t* reg,
+		      ScanEnv* env)
+{
+  int r;
+  UChar* p;
+
+#ifdef USE_NAMED_GROUP
+  names_clear(reg);
+#endif
+
+  scan_env_clear(env);
+  env->option      = reg->options;
+  env->enc         = reg->enc;
+  env->syntax      = reg->syntax;
+  env->pattern     = pattern;
+  env->pattern_end = end;
+  env->reg         = reg;
+
+  *root = NULL;
+  p = pattern;
+  r = parse_regexp(root, &p, end, env);
+  reg->num_mem = env->num_mem;
+  return r;
+}
+
+extern void
+onig_scan_env_set_error_string(ScanEnv* env, int ecode,
+				UChar* arg, UChar* arg_end)
+{
+  env->error     = arg;
+  env->error_end = arg_end;
+}
diff --git a/regparse.h b/regparse.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b2726becbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/regparse.h
@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+/**********************************************************************
+
+  regparse.h -  Oniguruma (regular expression library)
+
+  Copyright (C) 2003-2004  K.Kosako ([email protected])
+
+**********************************************************************/
+#ifndef REGPARSE_H
+#define REGPARSE_H
+
+#include "regint.h"
+
+/* node type */
+#define N_STRING       (1<< 0)
+#define N_CCLASS       (1<< 1)
+#define N_CTYPE        (1<< 2)
+#define N_ANYCHAR      (1<< 3)
+#define N_BACKREF      (1<< 4)
+#define N_QUALIFIER    (1<< 5)
+#define N_EFFECT       (1<< 6)
+#define N_ANCHOR       (1<< 7)
+#define N_LIST         (1<< 8)
+#define N_ALT          (1<< 9)
+#define N_CALL         (1<<10)
+
+#define IS_NODE_TYPE_SIMPLE(type) \
+  (((type) & (N_STRING | N_CCLASS | N_CTYPE | N_ANYCHAR | N_BACKREF)) != 0)
+
+#define NTYPE(node)        ((node)->type)
+#define NCONS(node)        ((node)->u.cons)
+#define NSTRING(node)      ((node)->u.str)
+#define NCCLASS(node)      ((node)->u.cclass)
+#define NCTYPE(node)       ((node)->u.ctype)
+#define NQUALIFIER(node)   ((node)->u.qualifier)
+#define NANCHOR(node)      ((node)->u.anchor)
+#define NBACKREF(node)     ((node)->u.backref)
+#define NEFFECT(node)      ((node)->u.effect)
+#define NCALL(node)        ((node)->u.call)
+
+#define CTYPE_WORD              (1<<0)
+#define CTYPE_NOT_WORD          (1<<1)
+#define CTYPE_WHITE_SPACE       (1<<2)
+#define CTYPE_NOT_WHITE_SPACE   (1<<3)
+#define CTYPE_DIGIT             (1<<4)
+#define CTYPE_NOT_DIGIT         (1<<5)
+
+
+#define ANCHOR_ANYCHAR_STAR_MASK (ANCHOR_ANYCHAR_STAR | ANCHOR_ANYCHAR_STAR_PL)
+#define ANCHOR_END_BUF_MASK      (ANCHOR_END_BUF | ANCHOR_SEMI_END_BUF)
+
+#define EFFECT_MEMORY           (1<<0)
+#define EFFECT_OPTION           (1<<1)
+#define EFFECT_STOP_BACKTRACK   (1<<2)
+
+#define REPEAT_INFINITE         -1
+#define IS_REPEAT_INFINITE(n)   ((n) == REPEAT_INFINITE)
+
+#define NODE_STR_MARGIN         16
+#define NODE_STR_BUF_SIZE       24  /* sizeof(CClassNode) - sizeof(int)*4 */
+#define NODE_BACKREFS_SIZE       7
+
+#define NSTR_RAW                (1<<0) /* by backslashed number */
+#define NSTR_CASE_AMBIG         (1<<1)
+
+#define NSTRING_LEN(node)            ((node)->u.str.end - (node)->u.str.s)
+#define NSTRING_SET_RAW(node)        (node)->u.str.flag |= NSTR_RAW
+#define NSTRING_CLEAR_RAW(node)      (node)->u.str.flag &= ~NSTR_RAW
+#define NSTRING_SET_CASE_AMBIG(node) (node)->u.str.flag |= NSTR_CASE_AMBIG
+#define NSTRING_IS_RAW(node)         (((node)->u.str.flag & NSTR_RAW) != 0)
+#define NSTRING_IS_CASE_AMBIG(node)  \
+       (((node)->u.str.flag & NSTR_CASE_AMBIG) != 0)
+
+#define BACKREFS_P(br) \
+  (IS_NOT_NULL((br)->back_dynamic) ? (br)->back_dynamic : (br)->back_static);
+
+#define CCLASS_SET_NOT(cc)      (cc)->not = 1
+
+#define NQ_TARGET_ISNOT_EMPTY     0
+#define NQ_TARGET_IS_EMPTY        1
+#define NQ_TARGET_IS_EMPTY_MEM    2
+#define NQ_TARGET_IS_EMPTY_REC    3
+
+
+typedef struct {
+  UChar* s;
+  UChar* end;
+  unsigned int flag;
+  int    capa;    /* (allocated size - 1) or 0: use buf[] */
+  UChar  buf[NODE_STR_BUF_SIZE];
+} StrNode;
+
+typedef struct {
+  int    not;
+  BitSet bs;
+  BBuf*  mbuf;     /* multi-byte info or NULL */
+} CClassNode;
+
+typedef struct {
+  struct _Node* target;
+  int lower;
+  int upper;
+  int greedy;
+  int by_number;         /* {n,m} */
+  int target_empty_info;
+  struct _Node* head_exact;
+  struct _Node* next_head_exact;
+  int is_refered;     /* include called node. don't eliminate even if {0} */
+} QualifierNode;
+
+/* status bits */
+#define NST_MIN_FIXED        (1<<0)
+#define NST_MAX_FIXED        (1<<1)
+#define NST_CLEN_FIXED       (1<<2)
+#define NST_MARK1            (1<<3)
+#define NST_MARK2            (1<<4)
+#define NST_MEM_BACKREFED    (1<<5)
+#define NST_SIMPLE_REPEAT    (1<<6)  /* for stop backtrack optimization */
+
+#define NST_RECURSION        (1<<7)
+#define NST_CALLED           (1<<8)
+#define NST_ADDR_FIXED       (1<<9)
+#define NST_NAMED_GROUP      (1<<10)
+#define NST_NAME_REF         (1<<11)
+
+#define SET_EFFECT_STATUS(node,f)      (node)->u.effect.state |=  (f)
+#define CLEAR_EFFECT_STATUS(node,f)    (node)->u.effect.state &= ~(f)
+
+#define IS_EFFECT_CALLED(en)           (((en)->state & NST_CALLED)        != 0)
+#define IS_EFFECT_ADDR_FIXED(en)       (((en)->state & NST_ADDR_FIXED)    != 0)
+#define IS_EFFECT_RECURSION(en)        (((en)->state & NST_RECURSION)     != 0)
+#define IS_EFFECT_MARK1(en)            (((en)->state & NST_MARK1)         != 0)
+#define IS_EFFECT_MARK2(en)            (((en)->state & NST_MARK2)         != 0)
+#define IS_EFFECT_MIN_FIXED(en)        (((en)->state & NST_MIN_FIXED)     != 0)
+#define IS_EFFECT_MAX_FIXED(en)        (((en)->state & NST_MAX_FIXED)     != 0)
+#define IS_EFFECT_CLEN_FIXED(en)       (((en)->state & NST_CLEN_FIXED)    != 0)
+#define IS_EFFECT_SIMPLE_REPEAT(en)    (((en)->state & NST_SIMPLE_REPEAT) != 0)
+#define IS_EFFECT_NAMED_GROUP(en)      (((en)->state & NST_NAMED_GROUP)   != 0)
+
+#define SET_CALL_RECURSION(node)       (node)->u.call.state |= NST_RECURSION
+#define IS_CALL_RECURSION(cn)          (((cn)->state & NST_RECURSION)  != 0)
+#define IS_CALL_NAME_REF(cn)           (((cn)->state & NST_NAME_REF)   != 0)
+#define IS_BACKREF_NAME_REF(bn)        (((bn)->state & NST_NAME_REF)   != 0)
+
+typedef struct {
+  int state;
+  int type;
+  int regnum;
+  OnigOptionType option;
+  struct _Node* target;
+  AbsAddrType call_addr;
+  /* for multiple call reference */
+  OnigDistance min_len; /* min length (byte) */
+  OnigDistance max_len; /* max length (byte) */ 
+  int char_len;        /* character length  */
+  int opt_count;       /* referenced count in optimize_node_left() */
+} EffectNode;
+
+#define CALLNODE_REFNUM_UNDEF  -1
+
+#ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+
+typedef struct {
+  int offset;
+  struct _Node* target;
+} UnsetAddr;
+
+typedef struct {
+  int num;
+  int alloc;
+  UnsetAddr* us;
+} UnsetAddrList;
+
+typedef struct {
+  int     state;
+  int     ref_num;
+  UChar*  name;
+  UChar*  name_end;
+  struct _Node* target;  /* EffectNode : EFFECT_MEMORY */
+  UnsetAddrList* unset_addr_list;
+} CallNode;
+
+#endif
+
+typedef struct {
+  int     state;
+  int     back_num;
+  int     back_static[NODE_BACKREFS_SIZE];
+  int*    back_dynamic;
+} BackrefNode;
+
+typedef struct {
+  int type;
+  struct _Node* target;
+  int char_len;
+} AnchorNode;
+
+typedef struct _Node {
+  int type;
+  union {
+    StrNode       str;
+    CClassNode    cclass;
+    QualifierNode qualifier;
+    EffectNode    effect;
+#ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+    CallNode      call;
+#endif
+    BackrefNode   backref;
+    AnchorNode    anchor;
+    struct {
+      struct _Node* left;
+      struct _Node* right;
+    } cons;
+    struct {
+      int type;
+    } ctype;
+  } u;
+} Node;
+
+#define NULL_NODE  ((Node* )0)
+
+#define SCANENV_MEMNODES_SIZE               8
+#define SCANENV_MEM_NODES(senv)   \
+ (IS_NOT_NULL((senv)->mem_nodes_dynamic) ? \
+    (senv)->mem_nodes_dynamic : (senv)->mem_nodes_static)
+
+typedef struct {
+  OnigOptionType   option;
+  OnigEncoding enc;
+  OnigSyntaxType*  syntax;
+  BitStatusType   capture_history;
+  BitStatusType   bt_mem_start;
+  BitStatusType   bt_mem_end;
+  BitStatusType   backrefed_mem;
+  UChar*          pattern;
+  UChar*          pattern_end;
+  UChar*          error;
+  UChar*          error_end;
+  regex_t*        reg;       /* for reg->names only */
+  int             num_call;
+#ifdef USE_SUBEXP_CALL
+  UnsetAddrList*  unset_addr_list;
+#endif
+  int             num_mem;
+#ifdef USE_NAMED_GROUP
+  int             num_named;
+#endif
+  int             mem_alloc;
+  Node*           mem_nodes_static[SCANENV_MEMNODES_SIZE];
+  Node**          mem_nodes_dynamic;
+} ScanEnv;
+
+
+#define IS_SYNTAX_OP(syn, opm)    (((syn)->op  & (opm)) != 0)
+#define IS_SYNTAX_OP2(syn, opm)   (((syn)->op2 & (opm)) != 0)
+#define IS_SYNTAX_BV(syn, bvm)    (((syn)->behavior & (bvm)) != 0)
+
+extern int    onig_is_code_in_cc P_((OnigEncoding enc, OnigCodePoint code, CClassNode* cc));
+extern int    onig_strncmp P_((UChar* s1, UChar* s2, int n));
+extern void   onig_scan_env_set_error_string P_((ScanEnv* env, int ecode, UChar* arg, UChar* arg_end));
+extern int    onig_scan_unsigned_number P_((UChar** src, UChar* end, OnigEncoding enc));
+extern void   onig_reduce_nested_qualifier P_((Node* pnode, Node* cnode));
+extern void   onig_node_conv_to_str_node P_((Node* node, int raw));
+extern int    onig_node_str_cat P_((Node* node, UChar* s, UChar* end));
+extern void   onig_node_free P_((Node* node));
+extern Node*  onig_node_new_effect P_((int type));
+extern Node*  onig_node_new_anchor P_((int type));
+extern int    onig_free_node_list();
+extern int    onig_names_free P_((regex_t* reg));
+extern int    onig_parse_make_tree P_((Node** root, UChar* pattern, UChar* end, regex_t* reg, ScanEnv* env));
+
+#ifdef ONIG_DEBUG
+#ifdef USE_NAMED_GROUP
+extern int onig_print_names(FILE*, regex_t*);
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#endif /* REGPARSE_H */
diff --git a/sjis.c b/sjis.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8485910e69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sjis.c
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+/**********************************************************************
+
+  sjis.c -  Oniguruma (regular expression library)
+
+  Copyright (C) 2003-2004  K.Kosako ([email protected])
+
+**********************************************************************/
+#include "regenc.h"
+
+static const char SJIS_CAN_BE_TRAIL_TABLE[256] = {
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+  1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0
+};
+
+#define SJIS_ISMB_FIRST(byte)  (OnigEncodingSJIS.len_table[byte] > 1)
+#define SJIS_ISMB_TRAIL(byte)  SJIS_CAN_BE_TRAIL_TABLE[(byte)]
+
+static OnigCodePoint
+sjis_mbc_to_code(UChar* p, UChar* end)
+{
+  int c, i, len;
+  OnigCodePoint n;
+
+  c = *p++;
+  len = enc_len(ONIG_ENCODING_SJIS, c);
+  n = c;
+  if (len == 1) return n;
+
+  for (i = 1; i < len; i++) {
+    if (p >= end) break;
+    c = *p++;
+    n <<= 8;  n += c;
+  }
+  return n;
+}
+
+static int
+sjis_code_to_mbc(OnigCodePoint code, UChar *buf)
+{
+  UChar *p = buf;
+
+  if ((code & 0xff00) != 0) *p++ = (UChar )(((code >>  8) & 0xff));
+  *p++ = (UChar )(code & 0xff);
+
+#if 0
+  if (enc_len(ONIG_ENCODING_SJIS, buf[0]) != (p - buf))
+    return REGERR_INVALID_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE;
+#endif
+  return p - buf;
+}
+
+static int
+sjis_mbc_to_lower(UChar* p, UChar* lower)
+{
+  int len;
+
+  if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_ASCII(p)) {
+    *lower = ONIGENC_ASCII_CODE_TO_LOWER_CASE(*p);
+    return 1;
+  }
+  else {
+    len = enc_len(ONIG_ENCODING_SJIS, *p);
+    if (lower != p) {
+      /* memcpy(lower, p, len); */
+      int i;
+      for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+	*lower++ = *p++;
+      }
+    }
+    return len; /* return byte length of converted char to lower */
+  }
+}
+
+static int
+sjis_code_is_ctype(OnigCodePoint code, unsigned int ctype)
+{
+  if ((ctype & ONIGENC_CTYPE_WORD) != 0) {
+    if (code < 128)
+      return ONIGENC_IS_ASCII_CODE_CTYPE(code, ctype);
+    else {
+      int first = onigenc_mb2_code_to_mbc_first(code);
+      return (enc_len(ONIG_ENCODING_SJIS, first) > 1 ? TRUE : FALSE);
+    }
+
+    ctype &= ~ONIGENC_CTYPE_WORD;
+    if (ctype == 0) return FALSE;
+  }
+
+  if (code < 128)
+    return ONIGENC_IS_ASCII_CODE_CTYPE(code, ctype);
+  else
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+static UChar*
+sjis_left_adjust_char_head(UChar* start, UChar* s)
+{
+  UChar *p;
+  int len;
+
+  if (s <= start) return s;
+  p = s;
+
+  if (SJIS_ISMB_TRAIL(*p)) {
+    while (p > start) {
+      if (! SJIS_ISMB_FIRST(*--p)) {
+	p++;
+	break;
+      }
+    } 
+  }
+  len = enc_len(ONIG_ENCODING_SJIS, *p);
+  if (p + len > s) return p;
+  p += len;
+  return p + ((s - p) & ~1);
+}
+
+static int
+sjis_is_allowed_reverse_match(UChar* s, UChar* end)
+{
+  UChar c = *s;
+  return (SJIS_ISMB_TRAIL(c) ? FALSE : TRUE);
+}
+
+OnigEncodingType OnigEncodingSJIS = {
+  {
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1, 1, 1
+  },
+  "Shift_JIS",   /* name */
+  2,             /* max byte length */
+  FALSE,         /* is_fold_match */
+  ONIGENC_CTYPE_SUPPORT_LEVEL_SB,     /* ctype_support_level */
+  FALSE,         /* is continuous sb mb codepoint */
+  sjis_mbc_to_code,
+  onigenc_mb2_code_to_mbclen,
+  sjis_code_to_mbc,
+  sjis_mbc_to_lower,
+  onigenc_mbn_mbc_is_case_ambig,
+  sjis_code_is_ctype,
+  onigenc_nothing_get_ctype_code_range,
+  sjis_left_adjust_char_head,
+  sjis_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+  onigenc_nothing_get_all_fold_match_code,
+  onigenc_nothing_get_fold_match_info
+};
diff --git a/utf8.c b/utf8.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..604cfac2ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/utf8.c
@@ -0,0 +1,566 @@
+/**********************************************************************
+
+  utf8.c -  Oniguruma (regular expression library)
+
+  Copyright (C) 2003-2004  K.Kosako ([email protected])
+
+**********************************************************************/
+#include "regenc.h"
+
+#define utf8_islead(c)     ((UChar )((c) & 0xc0) != 0x80)
+
+#define ENC_IS_ISO_8859_1_CTYPE(code,ctype) \
+  ((EncUnicode_ISO_8859_1_CtypeTable[code] & ctype) != 0)
+
+static unsigned short EncUnicode_ISO_8859_1_CtypeTable[256] = {
+  0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004,
+  0x1004, 0x1106, 0x1104, 0x1104, 0x1104, 0x1104, 0x1004, 0x1004,
+  0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004,
+  0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004,
+  0x1142, 0x10d0, 0x10d0, 0x10d0, 0x1050, 0x10d0, 0x10d0, 0x10d0,
+  0x10d0, 0x10d0, 0x10d0, 0x1050, 0x10d0, 0x10d0, 0x10d0, 0x10d0,
+  0x1c58, 0x1c58, 0x1c58, 0x1c58, 0x1c58, 0x1c58, 0x1c58, 0x1c58,
+  0x1c58, 0x1c58, 0x10d0, 0x10d0, 0x1050, 0x1050, 0x1050, 0x10d0,
+  0x10d0, 0x1e51, 0x1e51, 0x1e51, 0x1e51, 0x1e51, 0x1e51, 0x1a51,
+  0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51,
+  0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51,
+  0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x10d0, 0x10d0, 0x10d0, 0x1050, 0x18d0,
+  0x1050, 0x1c71, 0x1c71, 0x1c71, 0x1c71, 0x1c71, 0x1c71, 0x1871,
+  0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871,
+  0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871,
+  0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x10d0, 0x1050, 0x10d0, 0x1050, 0x1004,
+  0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004,
+  0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004,
+  0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004,
+  0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004, 0x1004,
+  0x1142, 0x10d0, 0x1050, 0x1050, 0x1050, 0x1050, 0x1050, 0x1050,
+  0x1050, 0x1050, 0x1871, 0x10d0, 0x1050, 0x10d0, 0x1050, 0x1050,
+  0x1050, 0x1050, 0x1850, 0x1850, 0x1050, 0x1871, 0x1050, 0x10d0,
+  0x1050, 0x1850, 0x1871, 0x10d0, 0x1850, 0x1850, 0x1850, 0x10d0,
+  0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51,
+  0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51,
+  0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1050,
+  0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1a51, 0x1871,
+  0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871,
+  0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871,
+  0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1050,
+  0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871, 0x1871
+};
+
+static OnigCodePoint
+utf8_mbc_to_code(UChar* p, UChar* end)
+{
+  int c, len;
+  OnigCodePoint n;
+
+  c = *p++;
+  len = enc_len(ONIG_ENCODING_UTF8, c);
+  if (len > 1) {
+    len--;
+    n = c & ((1 << (6 - len)) - 1);
+    while (len--) {
+      c = *p++;
+      n = (n << 6) | (c & ((1 << 6) - 1));
+    }
+    return n;
+  }
+  else
+    return (OnigCodePoint )c;
+}
+
+static int
+utf8_code_to_mbclen(OnigCodePoint code)
+{
+  if      ((code & 0xffffff80) == 0) return 1;
+  else if ((code & 0xfffff800) == 0) {
+    if (code <= 0xff && code >= 0xfe)
+      return 1;
+    return 2;
+  }
+  else if ((code & 0xffff0000) == 0) return 3;
+  else if ((code & 0xffe00000) == 0) return 4;
+  else if ((code & 0xfc000000) == 0) return 5;
+  else if ((code & 0x80000000) == 0) return 6;
+  else
+    return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE;
+}
+
+#if 0
+static int
+utf8_code_to_mbc_first(OnigCodePoint code)
+{
+  if ((code & 0xffffff80) == 0)
+    return code;
+  else {
+    if ((code & 0xfffff800) == 0)
+      return ((code>>6)& 0x1f) | 0xc0;
+    else if ((code & 0xffff0000) == 0)
+      return ((code>>12) & 0x0f) | 0xe0;
+    else if ((code & 0xffe00000) == 0)
+      return ((code>>18) & 0x07) | 0xf0;
+    else if ((code & 0xfc000000) == 0)
+      return ((code>>24) & 0x03) | 0xf8;
+    else if ((code & 0x80000000) == 0)
+      return ((code>>30) & 0x01) | 0xfc;
+    else {
+      return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE;
+    }
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+static int
+utf8_code_to_mbc(OnigCodePoint code, UChar *buf)
+{
+#define UTF8_TRAILS(code, shift) (UChar )((((code) >> (shift)) & 0x3f) | 0x80)
+#define UTF8_TRAIL0(code)        (UChar )(((code) & 0x3f) | 0x80)
+
+  if ((code & 0xffffff80) == 0) {
+    *buf = (UChar )code;
+    return 1;
+  }
+  else {
+    UChar *p = buf;
+
+    if ((code & 0xfffff800) == 0) {
+      *p++ = (UChar )(((code>>6)& 0x1f) | 0xc0);
+    }
+    else if ((code & 0xffff0000) == 0) {
+      *p++ = (UChar )(((code>>12) & 0x0f) | 0xe0);
+      *p++ = UTF8_TRAILS(code, 6);
+    }
+    else if ((code & 0xffe00000) == 0) {
+      *p++ = (UChar )(((code>>18) & 0x07) | 0xf0);
+      *p++ = UTF8_TRAILS(code, 12);
+      *p++ = UTF8_TRAILS(code,  6);
+    }
+    else if ((code & 0xfc000000) == 0) {
+      *p++ = (UChar )(((code>>24) & 0x03) | 0xf8);
+      *p++ = UTF8_TRAILS(code, 18);
+      *p++ = UTF8_TRAILS(code, 12);
+      *p++ = UTF8_TRAILS(code,  6);
+    }
+    else if ((code & 0x80000000) == 0) {
+      *p++ = (UChar )(((code>>30) & 0x01) | 0xfc);
+      *p++ = UTF8_TRAILS(code, 24);
+      *p++ = UTF8_TRAILS(code, 18);
+      *p++ = UTF8_TRAILS(code, 12);
+      *p++ = UTF8_TRAILS(code,  6);
+    }
+    else {
+      return ONIGERR_TOO_BIG_WIDE_CHAR_VALUE;
+    }
+
+    *p++ = UTF8_TRAIL0(code);
+    return p - buf;
+  }
+}
+
+static int
+utf8_mbc_to_lower(UChar* p, UChar* lower)
+{
+  int len;
+
+  /* !!! U+0080 - U+00ff is treated by fold match. !!! */
+  if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_ASCII(p)) {
+    *lower = ONIGENC_ASCII_CODE_TO_LOWER_CASE(*p);
+    return 1; /* return byte length of converted char to lower */
+  }
+  else {
+    len = enc_len(ONIG_ENCODING_UTF8, *p);
+    if (lower != p) {
+      /* memcpy(lower, p, len); */
+      int i;
+      for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+	*lower++ = *p++;
+      }
+    }
+    return len; /* return byte length of converted char to lower */
+  }
+}
+
+static int
+utf8_mbc_is_case_ambig(UChar* p)
+{
+  /* !!! U+0080 - U+00ff ( 0x80[0xc2,0x80] - 0xff[0xc3,0xbf] )
+     is treated by fold match. !!! */
+
+  if (ONIGENC_IS_MBC_ASCII(p))
+    return ONIGENC_IS_ASCII_CODE_CASE_AMBIG(*p);
+
+  return FALSE;
+}
+
+static int
+utf8_code_is_ctype(OnigCodePoint code, unsigned int ctype)
+{
+  if (code < 256) {
+    return ENC_IS_ISO_8859_1_CTYPE(code, ctype);
+  }
+
+  if ((ctype & ONIGENC_CTYPE_WORD) != 0) {
+    return TRUE;
+  }
+
+  return FALSE;
+}
+
+static int
+utf8_get_ctype_code_range(int ctype, int* nsb, int* nmb,
+			  OnigCodePointRange* sbr[], OnigCodePointRange* mbr[])
+{
+#define CR_SET(sbl,mbl) do { \
+  *nsb = sizeof(sbl) / sizeof(OnigCodePointRange); \
+  *nmb = sizeof(mbl) / sizeof(OnigCodePointRange); \
+  *sbr = sbl; \
+  *mbr = mbl; \
+} while (0)
+
+#define CR_SB_SET(sbl) do { \
+  *nsb = sizeof(sbl) / sizeof(OnigCodePointRange); \
+  *nmb = 0; \
+  *sbr = sbl; \
+} while (0)
+
+  static OnigCodePointRange SBAlpha[] = {
+    { 0x41, 0x5a },
+    { 0x61, 0x7a }
+  };
+
+  static OnigCodePointRange MBAlpha[] = {
+    { 0xaa, 0xaa },
+    { 0xb5, 0xb5 },
+    { 0xba, 0xba },
+    { 0xc0, 0xd6 },
+    { 0xd8, 0xf6 },
+    { 0xf8, 0x220 }
+  };
+
+  static OnigCodePointRange SBBlank[] = {
+    { 0x09, 0x09 },
+    { 0x20, 0x20 }
+  };
+
+  static OnigCodePointRange MBBlank[] = {
+    { 0xa0, 0xa0 }
+  };
+
+  static OnigCodePointRange SBCntrl[] = {
+    { 0x00, 0x1f },
+    { 0x7f, 0x7f }
+  };
+
+  static OnigCodePointRange MBCntrl[] = {
+    { 0x80, 0x9f }
+  };
+
+  static OnigCodePointRange SBDigit[] = {
+    { 0x30, 0x39 }
+  };
+
+  static OnigCodePointRange SBGraph[] = {
+    { 0x21, 0x7e }
+  };
+
+  static OnigCodePointRange MBGraph[] = {
+    { 0xa1, 0x220 }
+  };
+
+  static OnigCodePointRange SBLower[] = {
+    { 0x61, 0x7a }
+  };
+
+  static OnigCodePointRange MBLower[] = {
+    { 0xaa, 0xaa },
+    { 0xb5, 0xb5 },
+    { 0xba, 0xba },
+    { 0xdf, 0xf6 },
+    { 0xf8, 0xff }
+  };
+
+  static OnigCodePointRange SBPrint[] = {
+    { 0x20, 0x7e }
+  };
+
+  static OnigCodePointRange MBPrint[] = {
+    { 0xa0, 0x220 }
+  };
+
+  static OnigCodePointRange SBPunct[] = {
+    { 0x21, 0x23 },
+    { 0x25, 0x2a },
+    { 0x2c, 0x2f },
+    { 0x3a, 0x3b },
+    { 0x3f, 0x40 },
+    { 0x5b, 0x5d },
+    { 0x5f, 0x5f },
+    { 0x7b, 0x7b },
+    { 0x7d, 0x7d }
+  };
+
+  static OnigCodePointRange MBPunct[] = {
+    { 0xa1, 0xa1 },
+    { 0xab, 0xab },
+    { 0xad, 0xad },
+    { 0xb7, 0xb7 },
+    { 0xbb, 0xbb },
+    { 0xbf, 0xbf }
+  };
+
+  static OnigCodePointRange SBSpace[] = {
+    { 0x09, 0x0d },
+    { 0x20, 0x20 }
+  };
+
+  static OnigCodePointRange MBSpace[] = {
+    { 0xa0, 0xa0 }
+  };
+
+  static OnigCodePointRange SBUpper[] = {
+    { 0x41, 0x5a }
+  };
+
+  static OnigCodePointRange MBUpper[] = {
+    { 0xc0, 0xd6 },
+    { 0xd8, 0xde }
+  };
+
+  static OnigCodePointRange SBXDigit[] = {
+    { 0x30, 0x39 },
+    { 0x41, 0x46 },
+    { 0x61, 0x66 }
+  };
+
+  static OnigCodePointRange SBWord[] = {
+    { 0x30, 0x39 },
+    { 0x41, 0x5a },
+    { 0x5f, 0x5f },
+    { 0x61, 0x7a }
+  };
+
+  static OnigCodePointRange MBWord[] = {
+    { 0xaa, 0xaa },
+    { 0xb2, 0xb3 },
+    { 0xb5, 0xb5 },
+    { 0xb9, 0xba },
+    { 0xbc, 0xbe },
+    { 0xc0, 0xd6 },
+    { 0xd8, 0xf6 },
+#if 0
+    { 0xf8, 0x220 }
+#else
+    { 0xf8, 0x7fffffff } /* all multibyte code as word */
+#endif
+  };
+
+  static OnigCodePointRange SBAscii[] = {
+    { 0x00, 0x7f }
+  };
+
+  static OnigCodePointRange SBAlnum[] = {
+    { 0x30, 0x39 },
+    { 0x41, 0x5a },
+    { 0x61, 0x7a }
+  };
+
+  static OnigCodePointRange MBAlnum[] = {
+    { 0xaa, 0xaa },
+    { 0xb5, 0xb5 },
+    { 0xba, 0xba },
+    { 0xc0, 0xd6 },
+    { 0xd8, 0xf6 },
+    { 0xf8, 0x220 }
+  };
+
+  switch (ctype) {
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_ALPHA:
+    CR_SET(SBAlpha, MBAlpha);
+    break;
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_BLANK:
+    CR_SET(SBBlank, MBBlank);
+    break;
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_CNTRL:
+    CR_SET(SBCntrl, MBCntrl);
+    break;
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_DIGIT:
+    CR_SB_SET(SBDigit);
+    break;
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_GRAPH:
+    CR_SET(SBGraph, MBGraph);
+    break;
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_LOWER:
+    CR_SET(SBLower, MBLower);
+    break;
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_PRINT:
+    CR_SET(SBPrint, MBPrint);
+    break;
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_PUNCT:
+    CR_SET(SBPunct, MBPunct);
+    break;
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_SPACE:
+    CR_SET(SBSpace, MBSpace);
+    break;
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_UPPER:
+    CR_SET(SBUpper, MBUpper);
+    break;
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_XDIGIT:
+    CR_SB_SET(SBXDigit);
+    break;
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_WORD:
+    CR_SET(SBWord, MBWord);
+    break;
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_ASCII:
+    CR_SB_SET(SBAscii);
+    break;
+  case ONIGENC_CTYPE_ALNUM:
+    CR_SET(SBAlnum, MBAlnum);
+    break;
+
+  default:
+    return ONIGERR_TYPE_BUG;
+    break;
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+utf8_get_all_fold_match_code(OnigCodePoint** codes)
+{
+  static OnigCodePoint list[] = {
+    0xc0, 0xc1, 0xc2, 0xc3, 0xc4, 0xc5, 0xc6, 0xc7,
+    0xc8, 0xc9, 0xca, 0xcb, 0xcc, 0xcd, 0xce, 0xcf,
+    0xd0, 0xd1, 0xd2, 0xd3, 0xd4, 0xd5, 0xd6,
+    0xd8, 0xd9, 0xda, 0xdb, 0xdc, 0xdd, 0xde, 0xdf,
+
+    0xe0, 0xe1, 0xe2, 0xe3, 0xe4, 0xe5, 0xe6, 0xe7,
+    0xe8, 0xe9, 0xea, 0xeb, 0xec, 0xed, 0xee, 0xef,
+    0xf0, 0xf1, 0xf2, 0xf3, 0xf4, 0xf5, 0xf6,
+    0xf8, 0xf9, 0xfa, 0xfb, 0xfc, 0xfd, 0xfe,
+  };
+
+  *codes = list;
+  return sizeof(list) / sizeof(OnigCodePoint);
+}
+
+static int
+utf8_get_fold_match_info(UChar* p, UChar* end, OnigEncFoldMatchInfo** info)
+{
+  
+  static OnigEncFoldMatchInfo xc[] = {
+    { 2, { 2, 2 }, { "\303\200", "\303\240" } }, /* CodePoint 0xc0 */
+    { 2, { 2, 2 }, { "\303\201", "\303\241" } },
+    { 2, { 2, 2 }, { "\303\202", "\303\242" } },
+    { 2, { 2, 2 }, { "\303\203", "\303\243" } },
+    { 2, { 2, 2 }, { "\303\204", "\303\244" } },
+    { 2, { 2, 2 }, { "\303\205", "\303\245" } },
+    { 2, { 2, 2 }, { "\303\206", "\303\246" } },
+    { 2, { 2, 2 }, { "\303\207", "\303\247" } },
+    { 2, { 2, 2 }, { "\303\210", "\303\250" } },
+    { 2, { 2, 2 }, { "\303\211", "\303\251" } },
+    { 2, { 2, 2 }, { "\303\212", "\303\252" } },
+    { 2, { 2, 2 }, { "\303\213", "\303\253" } },
+    { 2, { 2, 2 }, { "\303\214", "\303\254" } },
+    { 2, { 2, 2 }, { "\303\215", "\303\255" } },
+    { 2, { 2, 2 }, { "\303\216", "\303\256" } },
+    { 2, { 2, 2 }, { "\303\217", "\303\257" } },
+    { 2, { 2, 2 }, { "\303\220", "\303\260" } }, /* CodePoint 0xd0 */
+    { 2, { 2, 2 }, { "\303\221", "\303\261" } },
+    { 2, { 2, 2 }, { "\303\222", "\303\262" } },
+    { 2, { 2, 2 }, { "\303\223", "\303\263" } },
+    { 2, { 2, 2 }, { "\303\224", "\303\264" } },
+    { 2, { 2, 2 }, { "\303\225", "\303\265" } },
+    { 2, { 2, 2 }, { "\303\226", "\303\266" } },
+    { 0, { 0 }, { "" } },
+    { 2, { 2, 2 }, { "\303\230", "\303\270" } },
+    { 2, { 2, 2 }, { "\303\231", "\303\271" } },
+    { 2, { 2, 2 }, { "\303\232", "\303\272" } },
+    { 2, { 2, 2 }, { "\303\233", "\303\273" } },
+    { 2, { 2, 2 }, { "\303\234", "\303\274" } },
+    { 2, { 2, 2 }, { "\303\235", "\303\275" } },
+    { 2, { 2, 2 }, { "\303\236", "\303\276" } },
+    { 3, { 2, 2, 2 }, { "\303\237", "ss", "SS" }} /* ess-tsett(U+00DF) */
+  };
+
+  if (p + 1 >= end)  return -1;
+  if (*p < 0x80) {
+    if ((*p == 'S' && *(p+1) == 'S') ||
+	(*p == 's' && *(p+1) == 's')) {
+      *info = &(xc[0xdf - 0xc0]);
+      return 2;
+    }
+  }
+  else if (*p == 195) { /* 195 == '\303' */
+    int c = *(p+1);
+    if (c >= 128) {
+      if (c <= 159) { /* upper */
+	if (c == 151) return -1; /* 0xd7 */
+	*info = &(xc[c - 128]);
+	return 2;
+      }
+      else { /* lower */
+	if (c == 183) return -1; /* 0xf7 */
+	*info = &(xc[c - 160]);
+	return 2;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return -1; /* is not a fold string. */
+}
+
+
+static UChar*
+utf8_left_adjust_char_head(UChar* start, UChar* s)
+{
+  UChar *p;
+
+  if (s <= start) return s;
+  p = s;
+
+  while (!utf8_islead(*p) && p > start) p--;
+  return p;
+}
+
+static int
+utf8_is_allowed_reverse_match(UChar* s, UChar* end)
+{
+  return TRUE;
+}
+
+OnigEncodingType OnigEncodingUTF8 = {
+  {
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
+    2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
+    3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3,
+    4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 1, 1
+  },
+  "UTF-8",     /* name */
+  6,           /* max byte length */
+  TRUE,        /* is_fold_match */
+  ONIGENC_CTYPE_SUPPORT_LEVEL_FULL,  /* ctype_support_level */
+  TRUE,                             /* is continuous sb mb codepoint */
+  utf8_mbc_to_code,
+  utf8_code_to_mbclen,
+  utf8_code_to_mbc,
+  utf8_mbc_to_lower,
+  utf8_mbc_is_case_ambig,
+  utf8_code_is_ctype,
+  utf8_get_ctype_code_range,
+  utf8_left_adjust_char_head,
+  utf8_is_allowed_reverse_match,
+  utf8_get_all_fold_match_code,
+  utf8_get_fold_match_info
+};