[rubygems/rubygems] Add a Marshal.load replacement that walks an AST to safely load permitted classes/symbols

https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/commit/7e4478fe73

10 files changed, 895 insertions, 5 deletions

diff --git a/lib/rubygems.rb b/lib/rubygems.rb
index cb71657018..557d7aa8eb 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems.rb
@@ -604,6 +604,16 @@ An Array (#{env.inspect}) was passed in from #{caller[3]}
     @yaml_loaded = true
   end
 
+  @safe_marshal_loaded = false
+
+  def self.load_safe_marshal
+    return if @safe_marshal_loaded
+
+    require_relative "rubygems/safe_marshal"
+
+    @safe_marshal_loaded = true
+  end
+
   ##
   # The file name and line number of the caller of the caller of this method.
   #
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/indexer.rb b/lib/rubygems/indexer.rb
index c6691517b3..f4c981b9ef 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/indexer.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/indexer.rb
@@ -411,7 +411,8 @@ class Gem::Indexer
   # +dest+.  For a latest index, does not ensure the new file is minimal.
 
   def update_specs_index(index, source, dest)
-    specs_index = Marshal.load Gem.read_binary(source)
+    Gem.load_safe_marshal
+    specs_index = Gem::SafeMarshal.safe_load Gem.read_binary(source)
 
     index.each do |spec|
       platform = spec.original_platform
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/safe_marshal.rb b/lib/rubygems/safe_marshal.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..172b92d5a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/safe_marshal.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "safe_marshal/reader"
+require_relative "safe_marshal/visitors/to_ruby"
+
+module Gem
+  ###
+  # This module is used for safely loading Marshal specs from a gem.  The
+  # `safe_load` method defined on this module is specifically designed for
+  # loading Gem specifications.
+
+  module SafeMarshal
+    PERMITTED_CLASSES = %w[
+      Time
+      Date
+
+      Gem::Dependency
+      Gem::NameTuple
+      Gem::Platform
+      Gem::Requirement
+      Gem::Specification
+      Gem::Version
+      Gem::Version::Requirement
+
+      YAML::Syck::DefaultKey
+      YAML::PrivateType
+    ].freeze
+    private_constant :PERMITTED_CLASSES
+
+    PERMITTED_SYMBOLS = %w[
+      E
+
+      offset
+      zone
+      nano_num
+      nano_den
+      submicro
+
+      @_zone
+      @cpu
+      @force_ruby_platform
+      @marshal_with_utc_coercion
+      @name
+      @os
+      @platform
+      @prerelease
+      @requirement
+      @taguri
+      @type
+      @type_id
+      @value
+      @version
+      @version_requirement
+      @version_requirements
+
+      development
+      runtime
+    ].freeze
+    private_constant :PERMITTED_SYMBOLS
+
+    def self.safe_load(input)
+      load(input, permitted_classes: PERMITTED_CLASSES, permitted_symbols: PERMITTED_SYMBOLS)
+    end
+
+    def self.load(input, permitted_classes: [::Symbol], permitted_symbols: [])
+      root = Reader.new(StringIO.new(input, "r")).read!
+
+      Visitors::ToRuby.new(permitted_classes: permitted_classes, permitted_symbols: permitted_symbols).visit(root)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/safe_marshal/elements.rb b/lib/rubygems/safe_marshal/elements.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..70961c40ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/safe_marshal/elements.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Gem
+  module SafeMarshal
+    module Elements
+      class Element
+      end
+
+      class Symbol < Element
+        def initialize(name:)
+          @name = name
+        end
+        attr_reader :name
+      end
+
+      class UserDefined < Element
+        def initialize(name:, binary_string:)
+          @name = name
+          @binary_string = binary_string
+        end
+
+        attr_reader :name, :binary_string
+      end
+
+      class UserMarshal < Element
+        def initialize(name:, data:)
+          @name = name
+          @data = data
+        end
+
+        attr_reader :name, :data
+      end
+
+      class String < Element
+        def initialize(str:)
+          @str = str
+        end
+
+        attr_reader :str
+      end
+
+      class Hash < Element
+        def initialize(pairs:)
+          @pairs = pairs
+        end
+
+        attr_reader :pairs
+      end
+
+      class HashWithDefaultValue < Hash
+        def initialize(default:, **kwargs)
+          super(**kwargs)
+          @default = default
+        end
+
+        attr_reader :default
+      end
+
+      class Array < Element
+        def initialize(elements:)
+          @elements = elements
+        end
+
+        attr_reader :elements
+      end
+
+      class Integer < Element
+        def initialize(int:)
+          @int = int
+        end
+
+        attr_reader :int
+      end
+
+      class True < Element
+        def initialize
+        end
+        TRUE = new.freeze
+      end
+
+      class False < Element
+        def initialize
+        end
+
+        FALSE = new.freeze
+      end
+
+      class WithIvars < Element
+        def initialize(object:,ivars:)
+          @object = object
+          @ivars = ivars
+        end
+
+        attr_reader :object, :ivars
+      end
+
+      class Object < Element
+        def initialize(name:)
+          @name = name
+        end
+        attr_reader :name
+      end
+
+      class Nil < Element
+        NIL = new.freeze
+      end
+
+      class ObjectLink < Element
+        def initialize(offset:)
+          @offset = offset
+        end
+        attr_reader :offset
+      end
+
+      class SymbolLink < Element
+        def initialize(offset:)
+          @offset = offset
+        end
+        attr_reader :offset
+      end
+
+      class Float < Element
+        def initialize(string:)
+          @string = string
+        end
+        attr_reader :string
+      end
+
+      class Bignum < Element # rubocop:disable Lint/UnifiedInteger
+        def initialize(sign:, data:)
+          @sign = sign
+          @data = data
+        end
+        attr_reader :sign, :data
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/safe_marshal/reader.rb b/lib/rubygems/safe_marshal/reader.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..105984ff04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/safe_marshal/reader.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "elements"
+
+module Gem
+  module SafeMarshal
+    class Reader
+      class UnconsumedBytesError < StandardError
+      end
+
+      def initialize(io)
+        @io = io
+      end
+
+      def read!
+        read_header
+        root = read_element
+        raise UnconsumedBytesError unless @io.eof?
+        root
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      MARSHAL_VERSION = [Marshal::MAJOR_VERSION, Marshal::MINOR_VERSION].map(&:chr).join.freeze
+      private_constant :MARSHAL_VERSION
+
+      def read_header
+        v = @io.read(2)
+        raise "Unsupported marshal version #{v.inspect}, expected #{MARSHAL_VERSION.inspect}" unless v == MARSHAL_VERSION
+      end
+
+      def read_byte
+        @io.getbyte
+      end
+
+      def read_integer
+        b = read_byte
+
+        case b
+        when 0x00
+          0
+        when 0x01
+          @io.read(1).unpack1("C")
+        when 0x02
+          @io.read(2).unpack1("S<")
+        when 0x03
+          (@io.read(3) + "\0").unpack1("L<")
+        when 0x04
+          @io.read(4).unpack1("L<")
+        when 0xFC
+          @io.read(4).unpack1("L<") | -0x100000000
+        when 0xFD
+          (@io.read(3) + "\0").unpack1("L<") | -0x1000000
+        when 0xFE
+          @io.read(2).unpack1("s<") | -0x10000
+        when 0xFF
+          read_byte | -0x100
+        else
+          signed = (b ^ 128) - 128
+          if b >= 128
+            signed + 5
+          else
+            signed - 5
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def read_element
+        type = read_byte
+        case type
+        when 34 then read_string # ?"
+        when 48 then read_nil # ?0
+        when 58 then read_symbol # ?:
+        when 59 then read_symbol_link # ?;
+        when 64 then read_object_link # ?@
+        when 70 then read_false # ?F
+        when 73 then read_object_with_ivars # ?I
+        when 84 then read_true # ?T
+        when 85 then read_user_marshal # ?U
+        when 91 then read_array # ?[
+        when 102 then read_float # ?f
+        when 105 then Elements::Integer.new int: read_integer # ?i
+        when 108 then read_bignum
+        when 111 then read_object # ?o
+        when 117 then read_user_defined # ?u
+        when 123 then read_hash # ?{
+        when 125 then read_hash_with_default_value # ?}
+        when "e".ord then read_extended_object
+        when "c".ord then read_class
+        when "m".ord then read_module
+        when "M".ord then read_class_or_module
+        when "d".ord then read_data
+        when "/".ord then read_regexp
+        when "S".ord then read_struct
+        when "C".ord then read_user_class
+        else
+          raise "Unsupported marshal type discriminator #{type.chr.inspect} (#{type})"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def read_symbol
+        Elements::Symbol.new name: @io.read(read_integer)
+      end
+
+      def read_string
+        Elements::String.new(str: @io.read(read_integer))
+      end
+
+      def read_true
+        Elements::True::TRUE
+      end
+
+      def read_false
+        Elements::False::FALSE
+      end
+
+      def read_user_defined
+        Elements::UserDefined.new(name: read_element, binary_string: @io.read(read_integer))
+      end
+
+      def read_array
+        Elements::Array.new(elements: Array.new(read_integer) do |_i|
+                                        read_element
+                                      end)
+      end
+
+      def read_object_with_ivars
+        Elements::WithIvars.new(object: read_element, ivars:
+          Array.new(read_integer) do
+            [read_element, read_element]
+          end)
+      end
+
+      def read_symbol_link
+        Elements::SymbolLink.new offset: read_integer
+      end
+
+      def read_user_marshal
+        Elements::UserMarshal.new(name: read_element, data: read_element)
+      end
+
+      def read_object_link
+        Elements::ObjectLink.new(offset: read_integer)
+      end
+
+      def read_hash
+        pairs = Array.new(read_integer) do
+          [read_element, read_element]
+        end
+        Elements::Hash.new(pairs: pairs)
+      end
+
+      def read_hash_with_default_value
+        pairs = Array.new(read_integer) do
+          [read_element, read_element]
+        end
+        Elements::HashWithDefaultValue.new(pairs: pairs, default: read_element)
+      end
+
+      def read_object
+        Elements::WithIvars.new(
+          object: Elements::Object.new(name: read_element),
+          ivars: Array.new(read_integer) do
+            [read_element, read_element]
+          end
+        )
+      end
+
+      def read_nil
+        Elements::Nil::NIL
+      end
+
+      def read_float
+        Elements::Float.new string: @io.read(read_integer)
+      end
+
+      def read_bignum
+        Elements::Bignum.new(sign: read_byte, data: @io.read(read_integer * 2))
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/safe_marshal/visitors/to_ruby.rb b/lib/rubygems/safe_marshal/visitors/to_ruby.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f81b91fb46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/safe_marshal/visitors/to_ruby.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "visitor"
+
+module Gem::SafeMarshal
+  module Visitors
+    class ToRuby < Visitor
+      def initialize(permitted_classes:, permitted_symbols:)
+        @permitted_classes = permitted_classes
+        @permitted_symbols = permitted_symbols | permitted_classes | ["E"]
+
+        @objects = []
+        @symbols = []
+        @class_cache = {}
+
+        @stack = ["root"]
+      end
+
+      def inspect # :nodoc:
+        format("#<%s permitted_classes: %p permitted_symbols: %p>", self.class, @permitted_classes, @permitted_symbols)
+      end
+
+      def visit(target)
+        depth = @stack.size
+        super
+      ensure
+        @stack.slice!(depth.pred..)
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def visit_Gem_SafeMarshal_Elements_Array(a)
+        register_object([]).replace(a.elements.each_with_index.map do |e, i|
+          @stack << "[#{i}]"
+          visit(e)
+        end)
+      end
+
+      def visit_Gem_SafeMarshal_Elements_Symbol(s)
+        resolve_symbol(s.name)
+      end
+
+      def map_ivars(ivars)
+        ivars.map.with_index do |(k, v), i|
+          @stack << "ivar #{i}"
+          k = visit(k)
+          @stack << k
+          next k, visit(v)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def visit_Gem_SafeMarshal_Elements_WithIvars(e)
+        idx = 0
+        object_offset = @objects.size
+        @stack << "object"
+        object = visit(e.object)
+        ivars = map_ivars(e.ivars)
+
+        case e.object
+        when Elements::UserDefined
+          if object.class == ::Time
+            offset = zone = nano_num = nano_den = nil
+            ivars.reject! do |k, v|
+              case k
+              when :offset
+                offset = v
+              when :zone
+                zone = v
+              when :nano_num
+                nano_num = v
+              when :nano_den
+                nano_den = v
+              when :submicro
+              else
+                next false
+              end
+              true
+            end
+            object = object.localtime offset if offset
+            if (nano_den || nano_num) && !(nano_den && nano_num)
+              raise FormatError, "Must have all of nano_den, nano_num for Time #{e.pretty_inspect}"
+            elsif nano_den && nano_num
+              nano = Rational(nano_num, nano_den)
+              nsec, subnano = nano.divmod(1)
+              nano  = nsec + subnano
+
+              object = Time.at(object.to_r, nano, :nanosecond)
+            end
+            if zone
+              require "time"
+              Time.send(:force_zone!, object, zone, offset)
+            end
+            @objects[object_offset] = object
+          end
+        when Elements::String
+          enc = nil
+
+          ivars.each do |k, v|
+            case k
+            when :E
+              case v
+              when TrueClass
+                enc = "UTF-8"
+              when FalseClass
+                enc = "US-ASCII"
+              end
+            else
+              break
+            end
+            idx += 1
+          end
+
+          object.replace ::String.new(object, encoding: enc)
+        end
+
+        ivars[idx..].each do |k, v|
+          object.instance_variable_set k, v
+        end
+        object
+      end
+
+      def visit_Gem_SafeMarshal_Elements_Hash(o)
+        hash = register_object({})
+
+        o.pairs.each_with_index do |(k, v), i|
+          @stack << i
+          k = visit(k)
+          @stack << k
+          hash[k] = visit(v)
+        end
+
+        hash
+      end
+
+      def visit_Gem_SafeMarshal_Elements_HashWithDefaultValue(o)
+        hash = visit_Gem_SafeMarshal_Elements_Hash(o)
+        @stack << :default
+        hash.default = visit(o.default)
+        hash
+      end
+
+      def visit_Gem_SafeMarshal_Elements_Object(o)
+        register_object(resolve_class(o.name).allocate)
+      end
+
+      def visit_Gem_SafeMarshal_Elements_ObjectLink(o)
+        @objects[o.offset]
+      end
+
+      def visit_Gem_SafeMarshal_Elements_SymbolLink(o)
+        @symbols[o.offset]
+      end
+
+      def visit_Gem_SafeMarshal_Elements_UserDefined(o)
+        register_object(resolve_class(o.name).send(:_load, o.binary_string))
+      end
+
+      def visit_Gem_SafeMarshal_Elements_UserMarshal(o)
+        register_object(resolve_class(o.name).allocate).tap do |object|
+          @stack << :data
+          object.marshal_load visit(o.data)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def visit_Gem_SafeMarshal_Elements_Integer(i)
+        i.int
+      end
+
+      def visit_Gem_SafeMarshal_Elements_Nil(_)
+        nil
+      end
+
+      def visit_Gem_SafeMarshal_Elements_True(_)
+        true
+      end
+
+      def visit_Gem_SafeMarshal_Elements_False(_)
+        false
+      end
+
+      def visit_Gem_SafeMarshal_Elements_String(s)
+        register_object(s.str)
+      end
+
+      def visit_Gem_SafeMarshal_Elements_Float(f)
+        case f.string
+        when "inf"
+          ::Float::INFINITY
+        when "-inf"
+          -::Float::INFINITY
+        when "nan"
+          ::Float::NAN
+        else
+          f.string.to_f
+        end
+      end
+
+      def visit_Gem_SafeMarshal_Elements_Bignum(b)
+        result = 0
+        b.data.each_byte.with_index do |byte, exp|
+          result += (byte * 2**(exp * 8))
+        end
+
+        case b.sign
+        when 43 # ?+
+          result
+        when 45 # ?-
+          -result
+        else
+          raise FormatError, "Unexpected sign for Bignum #{b.sign.chr.inspect} (#{b.sign})"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def resolve_class(n)
+        @class_cache[n] ||= begin
+          name = nil
+          case n
+          when Elements::Symbol, Elements::SymbolLink
+            @stack << "class name"
+            name = visit(n)
+          else
+            raise FormatError, "Class names must be Symbol or SymbolLink"
+          end
+          to_s = name.to_s
+          raise UnpermittedClassError.new(name: name, stack: @stack.dup) unless @permitted_classes.include?(to_s)
+          begin
+            ::Object.const_get(to_s)
+          rescue NameError
+            raise ArgumentError, "Undefined class #{to_s.inspect}"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def resolve_symbol(name)
+        raise UnpermittedSymbolError.new(symbol: name, stack: @stack.dup) unless @permitted_symbols.include?(name)
+        sym = name.to_sym
+        @symbols << sym
+        sym
+      end
+
+      def register_object(o)
+        @objects << o
+        o
+      end
+
+      class UnpermittedSymbolError < StandardError
+        def initialize(symbol:, stack:)
+          @symbol = symbol
+          @stack = stack
+          super "Attempting to load unpermitted symbol #{symbol.inspect} @ #{stack.join "."}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      class UnpermittedClassError < StandardError
+        def initialize(name:, stack:)
+          @name = name
+          @stack = stack
+          super "Attempting to load unpermitted class #{name.inspect} @ #{stack.join "."}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      class FormatError < StandardError
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/safe_marshal/visitors/visitor.rb b/lib/rubygems/safe_marshal/visitors/visitor.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c9a079dc0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/rubygems/safe_marshal/visitors/visitor.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Gem::SafeMarshal::Visitors
+  class Visitor
+    def visit(target)
+      send DISPATCH.fetch(target.class), target
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    DISPATCH = Gem::SafeMarshal::Elements.constants.each_with_object({}) do |c, h|
+      next if c == :Element
+
+      klass = Gem::SafeMarshal::Elements.const_get(c)
+      h[klass] = :"visit_#{klass.name.gsub("::", "_")}"
+      h.default = :visit_unknown_element
+    end.compare_by_identity.freeze
+    private_constant :DISPATCH
+
+    def visit_unknown_element(e)
+      raise ArgumentError, "Attempting to visit unknown element #{e.inspect}"
+    end
+
+    def visit_Gem_SafeMarshal_Elements_Array(target)
+      target.elements.each {|e| visit(e) }
+    end
+
+    def visit_Gem_SafeMarshal_Elements_Bignum(target); end
+    def visit_Gem_SafeMarshal_Elements_False(target); end
+    def visit_Gem_SafeMarshal_Elements_Float(target); end
+
+    def visit_Gem_SafeMarshal_Elements_Hash(target)
+      target.pairs.each do |k, v|
+        visit(k)
+        visit(v)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def visit_Gem_SafeMarshal_Elements_HashWithDefaultValue(target)
+      visit_Gem_SafeMarshal_Elements_Hash(target)
+      visit(target.default)
+    end
+
+    def visit_Gem_SafeMarshal_Elements_Integer(target); end
+    def visit_Gem_SafeMarshal_Elements_Nil(target); end
+
+    def visit_Gem_SafeMarshal_Elements_Object(target)
+      visit(target.name)
+    end
+
+    def visit_Gem_SafeMarshal_Elements_ObjectLink(target); end
+    def visit_Gem_SafeMarshal_Elements_String(target); end
+    def visit_Gem_SafeMarshal_Elements_Symbol(target); end
+    def visit_Gem_SafeMarshal_Elements_SymbolLink(target); end
+    def visit_Gem_SafeMarshal_Elements_True(target); end
+
+    def visit_Gem_SafeMarshal_Elements_UserDefined(target)
+      visit(target.name)
+    end
+
+    def visit_Gem_SafeMarshal_Elements_UserMarshal(target)
+      visit(target.name)
+      visit(target.data)
+    end
+
+    def visit_Gem_SafeMarshal_Elements_WithIvars(target)
+      visit(target.object)
+      target.ivars.each do |k, v|
+        visit(k)
+        visit(v)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/source.rb b/lib/rubygems/source.rb
index 8b3a8828d1..7c5b746a43 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/source.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/source.rb
@@ -135,8 +135,9 @@ class Gem::Source
 
     if File.exist? local_spec
       spec = Gem.read_binary local_spec
+      Gem.load_safe_marshal
       spec = begin
-               Marshal.load(spec)
+               Gem::SafeMarshal.safe_load(spec)
              rescue StandardError
                nil
              end
@@ -157,8 +158,9 @@ class Gem::Source
       end
     end
 
+    Gem.load_safe_marshal
     # TODO: Investigate setting Gem::Specification#loaded_from to a URI
-    Marshal.load spec
+    Gem::SafeMarshal.safe_load spec
   end
 
   ##
@@ -188,8 +190,9 @@ class Gem::Source
 
     spec_dump = fetcher.cache_update_path spec_path, local_file, update_cache?
 
+    Gem.load_safe_marshal
     begin
-      Gem::NameTuple.from_list Marshal.load(spec_dump)
+      Gem::NameTuple.from_list Gem::SafeMarshal.safe_load(spec_dump)
     rescue ArgumentError
       if update_cache? && !retried
         FileUtils.rm local_file
diff --git a/lib/rubygems/specification.rb b/lib/rubygems/specification.rb
index 0b9bf143df..8a1cd945a5 100644
--- a/lib/rubygems/specification.rb
+++ b/lib/rubygems/specification.rb
@@ -1300,12 +1300,13 @@ class Gem::Specification < Gem::BasicSpecification
 
   def self._load(str)
     Gem.load_yaml
+    Gem.load_safe_marshal
 
     yaml_set = false
     retry_count = 0
 
     array = begin
-      Marshal.load str
+      Gem::SafeMarshal.safe_load str
     rescue ArgumentError => e
       # Avoid an infinite retry loop when the argument error has nothing to do
       # with the classes not being defined.
diff --git a/test/rubygems/test_gem_safe_marshal.rb b/test/rubygems/test_gem_safe_marshal.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5133a63622
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/rubygems/test_gem_safe_marshal.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "helper"
+
+require "date"
+require "rubygems/safe_marshal"
+
+class TestGemSafeMarshal < Gem::TestCase
+  def test_repeated_symbol
+    assert_safe_load_as [:development, :development]
+  end
+
+  def test_repeated_string
+    s = "hello"
+    a = [s]
+    assert_safe_load_as [s, a, s, a]
+    assert_safe_load_as [s, s]
+  end
+
+  def test_recursive_string
+    s = String.new("hello")
+    s.instance_variable_set(:@type, s)
+    assert_safe_load_as s, additional_methods: [:instance_variables]
+  end
+
+  def test_recursive_array
+    a = []
+    a << a
+    assert_safe_load_as a
+  end
+
+  def test_time_loads
+    assert_safe_load_as Time.new
+  end
+
+  def test_time_with_zone_loads
+    assert_safe_load_as Time.now(in: "+04:00")
+  end
+
+  def test_string_with_encoding
+    assert_safe_load_as String.new("abc", encoding: "US-ASCII")
+    assert_safe_load_as String.new("abc", encoding: "UTF-8")
+  end
+
+  def test_string_with_ivar
+    assert_safe_load_as String.new("abc").tap { _1.instance_variable_set :@type, "type" }
+  end
+
+  def test_time_with_ivar
+    assert_safe_load_as Time.new.tap { _1.instance_variable_set :@type, "type" }
+  end
+
+  secs = Time.new(2000, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59).to_i
+  [
+    Time.at(secs, 1, :millisecond),
+    Time.at(secs, 1.1, :millisecond),
+    Time.at(secs, 1.01, :millisecond),
+    Time.at(secs, 1, :microsecond),
+    Time.at(secs, 1.1, :microsecond),
+    Time.at(secs, 1.01, :microsecond),
+    Time.at(secs, 1, :nanosecond),
+    Time.at(secs, 1.1, :nanosecond),
+    Time.at(secs, 1.01, :nanosecond),
+    Time.at(secs, 1.001, :nanosecond),
+    Time.at(secs, 1.00001, :nanosecond),
+    Time.at(secs, 1.00001, :nanosecond).tap {|t| t.instance_variable_set :@type, "type" },
+  ].each_with_index do |t, i|
+    define_method("test_time_#{i} #{t.inspect}") do
+      assert_safe_load_as t, additional_methods: [:ctime, :to_f, :to_r, :to_i, :zone, :subsec, :instance_variables, :to_a]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_floats
+    [0.0, Float::INFINITY, Float::NAN, 1.1, 3e7].each do |f|
+      assert_safe_load_as f
+      assert_safe_load_as(-f)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_with_ivar
+    assert_safe_load_as({ runtime: :development }.tap { _1.instance_variable_set :@type, "null" })
+  end
+
+  def test_hash_with_default_value
+    assert_safe_load_as Hash.new([])
+  end
+
+  def test_frozen_object
+    assert_safe_load_as Gem::Version.new("1.abc").freeze
+  end
+
+  def test_date
+    assert_safe_load_as Date.new
+  end
+
+  [
+    0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 122, 123, 124, 127, 128, 255, 256, 257,
+    2**16, 2**16 - 1, 2**20 - 1,
+    2**28, 2**28 - 1,
+    2**32, 2**32 - 1,
+    2**63, 2**63 - 1
+  ].
+  each do |i|
+    define_method("test_int_ #{i}") do
+      assert_safe_load_as i
+      assert_safe_load_as(-i)
+      assert_safe_load_as(i + 1)
+      assert_safe_load_as(i - 1)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_gem_spec_disallowed_symbol
+    e = assert_raise(Gem::SafeMarshal::Visitors::ToRuby::UnpermittedSymbolError) do
+      spec = Gem::Specification.new do |s|
+        s.name = "hi"
+        s.version = "1.2.3"
+
+        s.dependencies << Gem::Dependency.new("rspec", Gem::Requirement.new([">= 1.2.3"]), :runtime).tap { _1.instance_variable_set(:@name, :rspec) }
+      end
+      Gem::SafeMarshal.safe_load(Marshal.dump(spec))
+    end
+
+    assert_equal e.message, "Attempting to load unpermitted symbol \"rspec\" @ root.[9].[0].@name"
+  end
+
+  def assert_safe_load_as(x, additional_methods: [])
+    dumped = Marshal.dump(x)
+    loaded = Marshal.load(dumped)
+    safe_loaded = Gem::SafeMarshal.safe_load(dumped)
+
+    # NaN != NaN, for example
+    if x == x # rubocop:disable Lint/BinaryOperatorWithIdenticalOperands
+      # assert_equal x, safe_loaded, "should load #{dumped.inspect}"
+      assert_equal loaded, safe_loaded, "should equal what Marshal.load returns"
+    end
+
+    assert_equal x.to_s, safe_loaded.to_s, "should have equal to_s"
+    assert_equal x.inspect, safe_loaded.inspect, "should have equal inspect"
+    additional_methods.each do |m|
+      assert_equal loaded.send(m), safe_loaded.send(m), "should have equal #{m}"
+    end
+    assert_equal Marshal.dump(loaded), Marshal.dump(safe_loaded), "should Marshal.dump the same"
+  end
+end