28 JOURNAL OF ParYROLOGY. 1 wis not our im to offer an exhauntive deseiptlon of the tia pets ae 3 mppeser inthe OLAKKadian ad Somer wt mernly attempted 9 riely point ext some ts of thi ieittion which many be of te t0 Its farther development as wll as ty Taw comparative atc. Penha — University} our Kina SITOLOGIA IN ROMAN EGYPT To thy memory of Pierre Jouguet who initiated me into the scienr of papyelogy and trained me int ie iet rudiments, delicate this paper. In eommemoration of his name T find no exer and more Adequate pane than making thie moder cos tmbation in the phere of papyrologial science which he upheld fd father fe advancement nti the very lat moment of bis feta a ‘date pe ese ad prin oe eg 1115 em. Date Sed July 229 A. D. Recto A (ee PL IVa) v vp) Sapa eat Daperae pete Avmenahe(rn) ape Tinoupig Haceyeren aan Vevey wom oe een + en isi are he cov spetny Sep oe sy econo nf Rope 0900 apes stra tn ooo mo praccoping Grating Ly svronpeopes 1 waunagas Mapas Avpiuoy Zeoongny =JOUREAL OF PAPYROLOGY Anekavipos veces mio, cxPaorwn snowy % Avene Mesure Rageraree enagestoroy emtedoleal? Lessee Kotutes [evgate orp alorey wo] Welton vertically spward the lft rasp: ar Avg alse) Average Avent eB on FI) ~Upeten ‘een enn Lapaneuyem ozpernyact) Avxero”(ieerou) so to en Re Meese + sear me come et te re hr a a eas rponeiscvey Salen) wares Sor one af Pie ease Hons tied Meets aT Written vertically om the sight margin (ume par}: sae? evi ton peperrmaey 5 10y mpoeevor Spapen) 1 ees exe 209 verre wf erm Be Avg Vans Gs. hese wel we + owbde olden Bb seb den wide: mld. nee ‘Vor Gal ap xara Leto as » 1 Wersepeng op “srrovoea ROMAN BEY 2m hey) 29 pep u a a * of Sarapion (2) mare one arab, 208 sip =o —9 entabee tahoe Yen = eta, 38° Bpiph =a) aM a) £0 ge Bee Be ae =n ans an as ote =H), a. om the 274 pip iy a mit} yams eof Hee hy Ya cp Lanfer?) komarch I), at is wifey =a nea! ve he Peanterns 20 of Sarapion (2) [a e§ =20°Fpiph. Sale?) $ ors,on JOURNAL OF ParYROLOGY ome CM Sats? eH con va ml mL nn 6A yh YG) =Total 6 arta, por ‘reaxstarion To Aurcliar Sarapion, alo cll Sarapammmon,srauges of the Lyeoptit nn foom Povris on of Prehatr ond Ponthacsis som ofPouoris, salt olga esha’ of the granery ofthe Thea este of Anouban (2). Than were moat tnt the frssid granary, ving produce of the currant eighth yee, xxty five wtabae of eaped seat i 65 art hp wehty which ‘he propaty of the prako’ effice of Thies. The Bh year of the Imperator Carar Marcus Auriins Severus Alxender Pi, Fale Augustus, Epeiph Oi, Aare Pouoris son af Parcs one oft oppheagist hae sulted thse. Lor Kalotos ert or iy he ing lea? ery om the Mt Prom Avra From Auras fue ecto B To Aurivs Sarapion, ase called Sorapammon, stration of the Lropatie nome fram the Aurel Peuore son of Parthtes and Pater som of Perches ucated stag and upiphragi of the granary of the Theba etat of Anoobies 2). Inia ls of the corm measured int the aforesaid granary ding the month of [Bpuph ofthe cartel sighh yor vie! ~The Aurelé Poveis son of Parchtes aru" Pas su of Parcs at Vert othe er pt he ht ma ndividuel ist of the corm massed itn the afore granary shrine mnt of ph of he erat i ar The “emia mite fr eyes th atte Sc se td apc STroLoGiA 18 ROMA OPE 08 ab tie ah wl el a he ai in ira tiny ning wi ty Spon iro py sae ona! Rig wn. {ep mite fr Aan, the te afer rg 3.0 we pea Tie car te tale tated of ‘he pine mend nen hi le by ge es 1H Tact) sare meme ‘This text touchor wpon one af the most Important ties leaking with the stato-granaion (games Ooxuge) dn Rom pypt and ite working system, During the fet threo ontaries fone ra, the ayer af Rome were firmly and eadfastly fined ‘spon Egypt I es wellknown fae that the contents aad ntl fof thow gain ster hich dotted the country, were carflly Swevbed, roitered ad reported to higher authorities a thor Fevlods, by hirarchy of oiiciles Reger stalagy and ase: ‘ator (usoqe) and asistants, pipheggnes(~ sel). Tt vas pe ‘flaps th eu in Roman Egypt that slot would mbm sepor ‘ot this matare to thir inmate speriors jt seatgh om the ‘stent of their entries every decade ar werk, evry monthy every fear manthe and evory your (See. Prefeighe, lotrduction to P. Straub, 45; Scherer, Commentary on P. Fouad 1 Nec 67 p.l46; Jouguet, Thea No.200p. 147; Wilekem, Griese ‘Osraba Up. O62}, Bat ie has been proved by many teste that practice this ral ar not abuaatly rgd. The monthly acco {jepuatoc Moyo war ither genera, giving the global entry (Get sepedaien) a in P. Fouad 1 No. 61 ot (by megadal) Aetiled, farnishing an account of iadividealentie (x27) Bos) ch the instance ware publishing boeowth eed repo th sa at rp ding ft a 312 Ae De ‘ieee Fase Ne 3} ‘png port Bt see 0 ne owing Ht ee fraighly, asl ya20 JOURNAL OF PAPYROLOGY nal rystom of checks and balances wpon which the Roman. sdminisetion was Int everywhere, ane sfen at work in Ihanling thin commodity, ie storage at these eepoiterien andi safeguarding sed te lia transportation to the Impovedcbed oman populace. The usual procedure was that slog in canjane= tom with thir associat and epspirgit ad to report on the individual enter dtallng thts contents and namon of cont IDutors a short interval to ther superior. Te seem thatthe tents aed_purpine of this provelune were to Keep the etal fovernment well Informed and to Belp im ebeeking upon the sc- tivtoe of thous Toca offieias, Moreover the Dulgetary ator cruld by regulated scenrding to the proceed of thin income in ind. At any sore notice the preectre of Fgypt cold know Ino mach af the com de was collected, "There ix abundant papyeoloical evidence dealing vith slags and the diferent pects of the fietions of officals attached tor the sate gramain. Some are concerned ith reeiple Sued Dy stngt amd their asvcitee to. onteibutors of Far ete fing. to the fact that certain amounts of corn were Ianded in ated daly reared. Other are inert reports oubmited te the ‘Mrategl rationed at the maopoleie of the nom te thee Knowledge ‘This group of papyel dealing with this owt Important Cape af tevation in Roman Egypt has bean dealt wth by Wallace, Joba on ae well at othe eainent scholars ‘The papye desing with oogia, ts calc, the peonnel concerned with i and their ‘whereabouts andthe rytem of storage and tnnepetation. te attered and of a vated nature, Some are concen with the omtifcater owed by. sllgt for he amounts of com recelved by them after the harvest team youry. Te in weleome to have seme new ight shed on the working system of this tax illetion fed tho activitios of silo im thi connection, Tn tho ant of each yar these slog aed te. dstbute seed corn ‘he Indiv pena at tha rte of one arabe of grain for och trou. Tha they have to eep in somplete touch with the pet fm ee entourage. and stay thie requirements tthe vith the accsary sods. A group of ipte for uch sed ante were published by Viereek Tie eZ: tend Df Kam he in Sten, . SrToLOGLA 18 ROMAN REET 206 of the auliple tasks of sig After the harvesting fenton ‘tother Important task commences The sepayment of mounts of corm already alvancd pln the rate of intro hich Tos than fourth of the arignal grant war exacted from the altivatrs and stored in the public gr ‘which war acrumulated in these graves Wa 1 reurements for rach grants in flowing Yyoor, Moreover, there was another and more important task for {he stg to undertake i & the volletion ofthe mal tibate ‘carn neoded for Rome, ‘he text, which T am publishing herewith, seconds im many reapers with the soy published ppyraogial dwninent dew Ting with sieloie a ane. The general phrseslogy tec terms, the Be the Tietly the Peto cs sting of fl tts of the ewperor Sovern Alenander. Secondly the sual accureace of spiopragsal who wone at the same time seting soo, as to Hes ater. The office of those epaplraiati, whowe main dition wee to plac oral wal "pon the gra sore in heaps inthe sate granarie, wat aco fing to Wallace (Tasaton in Ronan Egypt, p. 3) an innova tion ofthe thid a fourth centurer A De ntewdeed by Rome Calderini (Ghana p- 86) ie alo of the sue opinion thatthe Pritelpal tak of onling the granaie reveled pen ones apaial Ulta rho were called spispirgiaat who appear income trample dating fom the thied and fourth centr A.D. He ‘quotes Preisigho, Gimmes, p58: Oertel, Lit p. 257 m1, tn gives an instance from P- Tet 340 ted 206 A.D. whic iy a retum submitted by somo comecivers(ncorepsijerr) of Hermopol to the satepur of the Menderan Nome informing, Fm that co wae stored inthe granary woe the sel of Ammo ior the epuphragister (line 13}. Tu P- Oxy. 1491 Tinos M12 ‘certain Dienysoe styled spipphragies i an lial attached to the village granary have ltely chanced pen a few wooden seals in the Coptic Mosoum in Cate, vehich wore ated by auth fils to nal the Dotto sider of thor beape of orm all round, thor erasing that296 JOUHNAL OF PAPYROLOGY ‘these heaps were not tampered with, Sune of thee seals measure bout # cuit, other are smaller, Beating the name of the pe prntor of a thor phrase or even a verbs Ou one bata ther JB BIATAGG, preceded by a wide open palm incited t0 the ete (PL. Via): oa enather EPMOYOEDE (Cai Msn No45950, PL IV6) written upside dovn (possibly genitive of “EPMOYOIE): fom a third theres AUTON (Captic Museum entry No, 109% PL WIJ) wet feom right to let wth pan and past of the sere ince tothe ltt; om a forth tere ie X'TO KE® + (Coptic ‘Museum No. 1028: PL VIB) which might stand for x8 nepéhavcr ve the capital amount; on a fit there ie APTI (Caro ‘Movcusn Nox 44240; Pl VIe)s om wsinth there AIAATO (Ciro Museum No, 45952; PL. VId) which might stand for ATAOTO 1a him ives and lantly on a enall wooden wel thre leters AEH eeu (Coptic Museum Ne. 1053; PL Vie, the meaning of which annet be caily explained, These ate the pevtetypes af those ‘whic are oil ured tor the same parpse in lrg eetater fa Alerm Baypt and ab Tat infrmed by Prot. Alan Wace In Gro i Tarey. “Thirdly the anzangement of this text ads tits penlnty 1 fae five fle Ingthways om sight to lf with a neato tthe contents written sero om the oatid. The stipe ow ‘ve. The carious feature about its that iti writen in «more lose duplicate form pide down ot tSeshshe, on the reste — 2 fatere which cannot be satefuctorly explained and. hae enly Sue parall to my aowledge. This parallel joys Mes ecount af measured cora forthe month of Pachon pbs {ihe “by Sekerer ia P. Fannd Nev 6T dated 39°, Da ranged in this peculiar way and giving the global entey (xk nope als). ‘The sorbe made the taal entry am the vero indenting the fact that this total amount was seed tn the acvonnt af the fran (buys or Bonigbe Bowron). A eeend eney hice was not indicated war entered to the account ofthe temples (Oyeaneie epi oF lepared) alo on the verso Then the soe goow back to the roto to write a note of thre Knee upside down against fines 14 and when obvited hy there four Tins, be goer om to compete Bin note ight aeons fm the right rin. This parle sheds some interesting light on the promt ext and the conditions which faced the vx in compiling hie monthly report Fourthly another imerating feature the nomenclature fas: nised inthe pets indestod ia the text under diseusion, ‘certain AwrlveSerapion al called Sarapemnony the seep of the Lyeoplite Nome appears te be new. Me iy not found in the ists compiled by Henne’ mor eam he he ideal with aby ‘of the Sarapios oF Sorapammons Intl by Prebsighe, Name Dek Thats Aurelian Sorapion na alin, Saropommon, i nown for the fit tine te bave hem statoge of thi Lyeopalite [Nome ffciatng in the mouth of Tei the ninth year af the ‘emperor Severas Alexander equating the tid of July 29 A.D, “he silo Powers and Petts ws of Parechstes are comic hing the ftices of epicpivagsi. Te is worth noting that this Pouors is in partoeeip with Pethe, poerumey. his breters Dut in the dapliate text his prtaer isa cata Panthers sm ‘of Bowaris, probably bis own sy Dut pouly a eosin, Thee ilo fowad it encumbent apes theauelvs to eubiat tele pero 1 the abovementioned states af the Lyeoplite “fils of wemeationed granary have teaviredaixty Five artaba of sf west. The nature of this ute ix reveled explicily. This amount is sid be the property of the office af the paktors of Thebes, promimably the redncome veo Tn the writing of the ext, the erly wae lnes A of recto Aan B, «sign (]) which does not acm te have any pale inthe published tet. Tugger rather tentatively that this stands for yleoye. © suggestion support bythe etext andthe nu logy of ether documents, OF ll the signe and sbbvevia pel to the published papyri in the HOU, P. Tabu, P. Oxy PoLond, 1 have not found any that hoary any coe winery However, Bc Lond. No- 290 and Now 318 ive the word prog shireviated in the following manunr: P, any 390 Tne 3 werea® Arabic: P. Lond, No. $15; Hine 2 yen In bet cass it teers to aocated inlog! and the tte yo written Mgbidy above the line. Ou the analogy of thee abreviatons fone may venture to take the sign (]74) for wrozom the fit ert of the sign standing for eens te de aa dn fate 8h won298, JOURNAL OF PAPYROLOGY ‘The compoteace of thse siologi and thir suoiats and the syst of tha veeaitmentneod to he disused. hove at 0 length in the light ofthe papyologieal evidene. Tho Renan pe foctrate of Haypt made tpl artngemente in order te stai- Ties cara income and anrre its quality by Inniting om roeving lean grain and honest weight atthe meamuring af the public ‘orm To guard against slabaps and aibcalelations a hirrchy Sf officiate, ome of whom were men of mane aed aby an al al ny, on comp peri he rics ata Mtge afin. ‘Tho oie of sigh sons to ve oon baat lary and thr charge wan ener portant one and figured in the category of state ehargon This Targy dace ot only fll on the perro of its cecupant bat ale fon his property. Dreisigke in his commentary on P. Stash Ne. 45 touches upon the literal phase ofthis offen and refers to Wileken,_ Gr. Ouraka, Ep. 000; P- Lau IITp. 113, No.119% Tins $6 £6" Both soog Seton SP. Stun, No 45 were iterate, Johnson har ivan the view that stag held their amore or fess coveted pet at » public Ttrgy and were supposed {0 enjoy certain pisllges in retors for wndertsking the task af toro of rain and ming payments trom ther deporte a In * Dut it hard tobe that they seceptd thet charges without any romuneration Most Ukely thy wore somehow a quately compenested aad perhaps a certain commision or ial itesimal ee tmoxnting to 134% was alloted to them from among the fees exacted in the caleton of the tbat" ‘According to Tougwet solo were eppsinted either by th ommogrammnatens or hy the gremmatens of the city (yexnoerebe is hee). Ta P. Flr. I it ys the hemarch who nominated hom In the second centary ALD. algh were the restora frmaris situated in the villages the merder of the Fayum, the foperhion and the. marapalas Sometimes too lage wore frouped together to share one granary. This fact has been Safer "Rn Be 08 ‘mem Bs enter TY Up SIL, GU 2, 6th sa eee a a Mey ye ee "Jomanet, Tie mms ans Ep Romsn 9:2 ‘letter dart Tp Srrovocta Wy ROMAN Hever 200 red from the ovidence furnished by # docement ia P. Land. Vol TT No. 346, dated 194 A. Des (p. 92). A certain Seraion functioning a6 silgun of Nagpal irued separate coruientes for three artabue af wheat to recipients who reside jn Sono Pabsu Novos. This sepports the iafrenoe that villager had: Toure ta ths mnasue for facies in calling the corn reve ‘ne, thut using one granary for Une all. Jouguet. bas advanced ‘the tontative view that the two vlog: Thendelphin and. Are sine had perhape one granary (P- That, p. 140) Seog af the “lagers of the village "Theadephia n\adresing Uae report to the strates ofthe Atioito Noxn declare upon oath (pepo ‘frmla) that they recived and stored in the public granary of the viage 27 arabee of pte earh om ryp aa 24 artabae i of the inhabitants of the vilge of Arson, (P. Thea, No 28 dated Augest 26 year 820 A. Dy ‘Thon sitlgh were ansatod nthe suing operation Dy special ‘pisphvagiai Sealing” vers am important and vita operation {or afogurding the sontents of thee granasnn,P. Ryly No. 90, dating frm early third century ar soveaad the eave of no iting certuin. persons w take yp such tarke over a peiod of ‘ne yearn to vllages of the Arsnaite Nome, ‘The spisphragista vere charged with the task of cooperating with slag’ ot Alertake the tas of celloeig the tbe fn ind ead rceving ‘back the Inane daring the Inrverting team. The tribute wat encraly oracted somitine after the threshing operation wat fompleted and. peastate were permitted to remove their grain for payment ofall their duor Am ope (Byer) or pormit ‘eas ened to them to this fleet eating therm to do 3, 1 ace at peananta wore often in arrears, This is proved hy am official Alocutnent dating Som the Frat centary A DV, in which eran Prashor cing tratger showed that srtain ponents, ing it revel ren and one and © hlf the aount of thir snd ad dd ving, small Route and small fre’ af ery Hite nla, eile thers ha loft nothing. Thin sate oi Dog an thee seociates rather = ili “Apart from the village gransion the goverment ehobs ste tegie and cinta Locations for buling wp state granaio for the Meee. The slog’ i00 J00RNAL OF PaPYROLeY charge of them were responsible and had to eoaperate with 4 num ber af eillaborators: epiprogia, fry unis, proiters il an, whaef guns ant tamed and donkey kasper: Tere ave many references inthe papyt to stl! engaged am many sided pers tions Some ae revealed ieing recipes for contributions sf or received by them after the harvest season yearly, ding the months of Packou, Pa and Eyigh. P. Lond. vol. H canaion 9 group ‘of doeuments af this nator. Slog alee have to mabnit pre ‘lal reports to thee saperions raging to their knowlege the ‘ature aad the total or the deta of individual atounteseeived IU is worth noting thatthe wal formula of these reveipt was something ae flloys. The name we samen of the bie sale stl were given and their ellaguee were aeatont elle UUvdy and refered to by the word écoes either writen fally for abbreviated in various ways. Then a sttement to tho eect that they have measured certain amount of era, ited other ise, for such and such individ fa the public granary of se tain ilage or tillage or a peer a meri om a train Ate which would vary daring the month of Pachon, 7 Epriph. P. Lond, No. 100 dated 228 A. D. ina opistor of die: rent amount of ora received aed measire hy stg am varios Alter daring thew tontha. Te seem wes the month Jn whieh the mew cora harvest wax avaiable for repayment af end Inns, state demande a well as ater laims, He def tated in w number f documents im P, Lond that were to be sepa in the math of Pas following 1x there receipts, slg aro mvationed olially as the oaby recipients of the em eontribatans and are shown inthe commen ry of P. Lond, Vel Hp» 99 to be fencionning at vile ‘ofl. Evidently thee were aaturally counted as nal ilicae Dt thove who supervied bigger graaticr inthe fopes were to parchy office who tanked uth higher than the mere acl ‘nes inthe villages since a topes or taparchy might contain ome twenty or more villages These ilge aisle occur loo in many other docaments esier P. Load. The Byzantine loans score or advance purchases given in P. Oxy 1912 ete, neler "sb, Paak Unvry, Ve ped by DLS. Crawford Ps Mie 182 it Yo enous 8) tar Kate ape of Mapa Nowe, nd ay at fo oper of Oxy Nee ies Srrovocts moma Beyer aot 1 payments in Pruni Siotogi are aot coupled with other of ial whereas in the preeat Insansh they appear to embine he offices of stl and epiephrayitl atl thas furnish a new instanceof some inter ‘The oxict number of silo: engaged on these opeatons ie ‘ot stated One would surmise that they wad et amount too many as to be a bueden. Siologi were genealy puta’ often 18 o€ two nats only mentioned the eters being esrb a Aheeabsciates (uz. Tn. Lond, Nov 180 dating frm the ign of Severus Alexander, to stig ae mentioned for the village of Nilopoi, In Ps Sirah, Nov Ay they ate alo two i nant. Dat the usual formula gives ne mame with bis patios nye followed by ual yvegon which implies anger mene, Besides these silos there aro canal sefrencs mong many athens, 19 iis concerned wth earn elleion much at coe mepdinurras and to rportpes ern. Theve osapiige, sea ooeasing in 2 monty revenue teten (P. Tey No 340) submitted to strategus, wore corm testers who were” attached to aranaves but yete quite stint from the wus) aifial eae lod ilo and prelires sititon. In BU, No 4, Tne 5 theee ‘is meation of anther offal nylad Exvypacie‘ayqadco ‘vernon of crop. Tt isnot ey to define the mate af the work those ffvials nor thee enact sphere of eampetence with He ference vo or slog, In seme instances i ie elie stated how the silat mearard the amounts of wheat reve hy thems bse Bnfuonig) Eenrg which may presemaly be tranlted by ui meawure elas Local stag hed dating with other offsale who were charged with the tramportaion of orm tom Inivdoal village where ‘i was collet to the sea coat for farther teaneportation wie nal destination in Rome. Te proces in which many fala the parts A document fa P. Font, No. 295 dated 118A. Dy reveal aertain Paper functioning as camsl-heaper asf ‘ole line 3) giving a neeigt to the slg af the tparch of Dionysian for te hire gop) of hiv eamla hich were employ ‘9 4 means of transport for convrying the amununte ef ork aes Poca Pap No Ue € ted 188-189 A,B, nd Ne $85 en S18sme {JOURNAL OF PAPyROLoCY sed he rai of th rs the ppinte hes. Te ‘Shlain the wears af themes yeep ewes ig ow one etl row heer Snore Io ngs nt wl vl be pote ve th os ‘i Th'snte Nomen ot a for Anes) ing want toma a yih the “tps ce sammy eatin” Ew rs ste S's Gere prebbly the fll siltation of he une Ese nom ns dente my te rue one tt Aris he now wold prema be he sul The ra flames weld be tnt thee em tr pvc fo {i tad cm wap, "Th fine aed sey fom the vig met sme sete spat ore otc tothe erale Te econ etal Ep in th tate Nis backer ferent Aan in Upper Hey any cutee wor sont onary on te Tete Dna prey eo oh te a anal cnal, The Rau dere om hoot ay uy in the none wo the cogs fa he saa apt ‘ee har nasa. Nally pone hare wee to stage Ptah a8 dra hel og cay the Foy whos im wero ten tage opr Tm the “ngewe veal dere fhe ma fom Thee, TC spat Alea er expr ore ther ping side etna oxo Soke oe Se fet wiht po om tpi yh Slee tnt pment ft am wae re en se a pe ney Se sv tp) ener the conte tthe great Se te eae he oh so pa dnkey ‘vers cogged in tn topos of piesa Lp ok the donk Tom threat with_pple cma wi sans ost cant ager 9 met ft oo Si ven reno nay tein dt the snd SrTov06ra 18 ROMAN Bexve 303, Peraton tits destination. Bat the natural inferense would he het llage soll were very mach soncernd, not only, abo the sao custody of thie all important commodity, hut la about {ts transportation fram the village granarie to tome central rpet Defore ving ecnveyed tothe viver for exportation to Alexa, “However, the abundsnee of material tllcted. hy Caldeini Jn le Book (@roaupl) hae aot yet fully lutte the esnpee tence of slog? and thelr many sided sti The document ublished herewith revels some mote deta pertaining to the payment system of tribute in hind sad sheds’ meh weleone iht on the working. appavater of tax easton of act and lsroarsyhich ate the property af che pratt fee of The ‘The amount of sixty Five arabae of hesped wheat wat menue Into the granary of the Theban estate of Anoubion, Moreover it tones upon the day enrembent upon stag to furnish thet superiors (strate oF Bosseprammetis) rgulariy with pei dial vepor, reemring frtighly or monthly, partially ving the very busy season of harvesting (Puchon, Pani and Kpeip). ‘These slg of whens two are mentioned by name Wer ap rently alo epicpragiaat reported on the eilletion af dues in Ain daring the month of Epeiph. 1 worth noting that these sinlgi id not fia i pradant to refer in ti repent tothe Kind of measure nse la the entry: ‘Thee is no mone of telling whether it was meaner by the wal smoethed public measne| othernist. They have endored om the ver nll amounts corm in artabae and factions called fm individual person fon various dates beginning with Epaigh 23rd, 24th, 25th, 27th and eadlng withthe 20th, The total of thar aiunts which can he rena i SB artaac. At the ead of Cl. TL thee i gins allowed Dy E f parly effaced meaing 6S all. The lacunae would po iby allow forthe rong 12) neta to compete the Cue ‘of 65 given onthe veto atthe total aonnt delivered. Fragientary though the names endorses om the very ight Bey they are not Avoid of some later for the sly of tomencative ond be ‘nue some seem to have sme oficial de writen in abbreviation like Komareh The aan” of Saapion (2) cal I 65 Heron co IL 1 Tonffae®} Komnch ol. 112} hin wile eal TL 8; Pronters son of Sarapion (2) ol. It §— all figure among other whe Alvered small quantities of earn,08 JOURNAL OF PAPYROLOGY ‘This pateaar thecuras in the Theban disiet of Anoubi ino which thi amount vas eolloted to the acount of the pak fort ilice of Thabos tases a quovtion av ta the whieeaboots of this Then chore r estate of Anoubion and whether ie wating ‘thin the entourage of the Lykepoite Nome or eleovere but Tal ander the competence of the atstegur of this nome. T have fot lan able to idntfy thi place though the evidence fe ished by the papyraigialtextetand therefore thie question sl Teaming to be seve, ‘Sach wore the mukiple take of the sitlog stationed im the tmidt of the fllakine of Egypt. Tie servis to the Government f Roman Egypt ust have boos tost valuable. Thasks to them the Hone of corm accurmeited inthe grettgranarics af ‘Alecandsia and amounting at one tne to twenty mlon madi ‘reer cllected and entered into eepsters in the most srupalous Iauner “The eyes of the Roman preferts watehed th sepe fal Knew ther movement. The greater art af tho own ate molten thie way and forward to the cee granation kimatey destined to be shipped ff to Rome to sail its ane Ind noeds and feed ite clamouving poltaiae, The anzoal yield 1 shipments of grin destined te Rome i timated to hive rachel twenty million modié dering tho reign of Austin Te wellknown fact that the Arcana tenasmited by Augustus (0 bis eveorsns atesed the importance of goaeding Fgypt ite inlets and outlets and keeping am eye om the magnates of the To- trans who chore to vide the county, Ono ama” woner this Mediterranean or ene fie sichnose i os ot feumentum pon which Rome depended for much. Ifthe sean wf cara flow ing trom Egypt to Rome was deviated diverted, it ulinately Imesat the immediate impovehient of the Homan popalee Evidently the gran of Faypt mart have meant « ft for Rome td is tuppy ees aed au a pial weapon by ambitoae ge ale such as Vespnin, whe toed the threat of ating off the apply af corn from Egypt to campal the eabmission af Rome Tetween veven and seventeen yeuss later than he third of July 229 A.'Dy which the exact dating of oer prion instance, ihe office of stl laped, ‘The alg arom to have been Walle, Tanner 6 86 1 SrrovoGtA ts ROKAN BeYPT 305, superseded by decoprot. The fstittion of tho decgproté and it orion phases have been stand feats and carefully exe amined in an artile compiled by BG. Turner in the Jearnal Of Exyplin Archocology "The general nssmnption vas that there fimetionris had boon ntrodueed into Egypt ater Severs vst peared ix early TY entry. Tt has be tice. Ipod in torn sometinn about, 30708 receir af soorganination of the nome fpeten into nucbered pag istead of toparelen tok place, But inthe Hght of the new evidence furnished by papyrt and ete 2% it bas been proved thatthe latertrenton of cpr was tometime inthe Year 302 A. Dry Ietwoun the 24th of March — the Slat of June™. After cxamining + number of papyelogcal Aeumeats where the fie of decapratt le meaioned it ea be aly med that thei sphere of tomptence mae the toparchy where they sete i allege of two of four as found in Fayun (Pay. 5) The normal tens af lice te not definitely ied. "There ate instances where + four year pei or oven a five yest perod(P. Oxy. 1410) vem the eae Bat Fx not absoatly ere whether the aration ofthis llce was limited for « per ‘ot Taur or five yours or i wa moely prolonged for some rston ‘Thnse dcgprati seem to have boon recruited from samong men ‘of s high standing, who proved to have bad a prorperou carer "They were appointed through the munepal neal onan fromm amen certain nominees. ‘The collection of taxes both in Kind and in money" rom various 8 BG, Pannen By ad he Rn npn The Dabo, Jel Sra p98 BG. Farner Depry deem Bee Ars wl XU, Scares, La Nil eit de Hn, Bal I Fr 18, BBE Eten dln ar Rope tks nl AH 8206 JOURNAL OF PAPYROLOEY clatee of eltvatrs ae thir chat cnctra, They wire in clo work withthe graces snd were chiefly oronped with the corm tansport tote rier arboury wihie thee United area all Ining dition achieved beforchand by sil. Moreover thy bad eaings with naulri and submited xt of ther acount to brates vith whom they were in close and constant touch, Bat tis istttion whch was meray 4 produc of « system onpusined Independently a the Rasp, soon lapcd in Egypt andthe ste Ingi rommed ther tasks. The question of bow the two offices fallow one pon the other is ating bas Boon dealt with by B.G. Turner and Schwarts. Dated toorenos 10 stg ‘eae form pio aftr 235237 A D. (he lat ie montoned PSI. No. 111, dated 26287 A. D), though common befor that®, EG. ‘Turner hat examined seventeen rfeeneer te Aeon of wih the ease i January 257 A.D. The change dost therefore hive been made between 296 and 257-4. D. Since the dates of the tw» olfcee were ideatial the deepro rst have food clovely wpon the siogi without the Test Crevlapping, This conlesion ha additonal support frm the tat the very beginning of the fourth century A. D. the 'S and I 20) to Mtrate that dcr! dsapeared afer De- Comber SOLA. D. and stogtrenmed thai old function before SMugust MELA, D. Moreover the span Setren thece tro date ‘oe nacowod wn the sregth of the evidence fursthed by fe Greek Ot Karanis* plied by Amu Now 499-501. Iu the Gert, datig March 26th 302A. Dy fcertnin Gerontie in styled deepriten Inthe soeond one, the appearance of the solgt ie certain av late a2 June 21st, Ma AD. The change hw, this hoeo proved have taken place sometine between the 24h of March and the 21et of June um aD. 1 Debgrit, Jor. Rap, Arhy va XSI pA, te 3 ey ace Maga, No 9 a SrToLoct4 1 ROMAN BevPT sor ‘These capri the cari soli were toparchy ffi ‘dal: Accring to Johnson and West tho stl disappeared ‘gain stor 312 A, D.® It ie not Known what dite the evived ‘Holgi did administer afer the disappearance of the topashy Jn 307/308 AD, and the orpuniation ef the vomntry Inte pag Accodiag to Johnson and Wert the dicapratexereed general venght of the eallection of taxes antl the pags at organi i SOT/A0H AD. The siog slo Gentioed athe vlog cl- Teeors af money a2 well at of gruin™ Hut thi date which m tints tho change with the introduction of pagu i dnproved by the evidence furnished above. Iu P, Fuad Univesity XXXV the prakiors stom receive cash. Heo promnably cath wat pad in en of orn. Perhaps the stl, a well a he prolres,xome: times Mlajed commutation inte money- A propos af praltrs, fone may rappore that the prekiores stn cllcted arrears cay hie the silo deat with payments prodacol whem dy pre Samably the praltres got the Lit of delzalters frm the slg ‘tad handed over the wheat they ellie to them. ‘Whatove might have been the dates of these stg towards the central goverment their various dealings with thi hierarchy Sf officals ted Uhr services rendered to the farmers isos thatthe fice of slsogia survived and aven proved it sity ‘The versatile aeivtiee and exactitude af thse stl in thelr sports aad codorements and thei decaratins to thee eaperionn, ‘ometimes upon oath were all matters of rogue procedure If to ‘hei faitative. Om tho while the wat published beret ie hoped to ald some dete to sur Knswladge of stig sa procedure in the third decudo of the third century ia Roman Buype [srouk 1 University, Aleasdea} Zaks Aly "Dats Ra FP 36 AB. ‘eat alent, piney Be 8 Cnferdy 198 mare ined my clap Jt Segre a Fa Grver soy ing tt hy pin wo aly ‘ing meta partes meme ont and Pe Jou,WARSAW SOCIETY OF SCIENCES AND LETTERS you v wn THE JOURNAL OF JURISTIC PAPYROLOGY RAPHAEL TAUBENSCHLAG — GEORGE MANTEUFFEL WARSAW 1950