本文详细介绍了如何使用Linux C/C++的reactor模式实现一个简单的web服务器，包括HTTP协议解析、服务器响应构建，以及在reactor架构下的关键代码实现。重点讲解了事件循环、文件发送（sendfile）、错误处理和资源定位等核心概念。
Linux C/C++ reactor模式下实现简易的web服务器
一、HTTP协议
1.客户端请求消息
2.服务器响应消息
HTTP 响应也由四个部分组成，分别是：状态行、消息报头、空行和响应正文。
3.http请求与响应实例
4.实现内容
比如在服务器目录下存在一个文件,index.html
(例子)需要在浏览器输入 192.168.192.128：8888/index.html
根据服务器的ip以及端口号，资源名称，进行http请求
响应后，可以在浏览器查看到index.html的内容。
二、reactor模式下如何实现web服务器
在Linux C/C++ reactor原理与实现的reactor基础上，引入业务逻辑
通过在recv_cb（接受回调函数）中 接受客户端http请求
通过在send_cb（发送回调函数）中 发送http响应
在accept_cb（接受客户端连接的回调函数）中可以做 1.ip限制 2.负载均衡 [暂不实现]
http的tcp连接的生命周期为 1.accept_cb 2.recv_cb 3.send_cb
三、完整代码
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <sys/epoll.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/sendfile.h>
#define BUFFER_LENGTH 4096
#define MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS 1024
#define SERVER_PORT 8888
#define PORT_COUNT 1
#define HTTP_WEBSERVER_HTML_ROOT "html"
#define HTTP_METHOD_GET 0
#define HTTP_METHOD_POST 1
typedef int NCALLBACK(int ,int, void*);
struct ntyevent {
int fd;
int events;
void *arg;
int (*callback)(int fd, int events, void *arg);
int status;
char buffer[BUFFER_LENGTH];
int length;
long last_active;
// http param
int method; //GET or POST
char resource[BUFFER_LENGTH]; //资源地址
int ret_code; //http 状态码
};
struct eventblock {
struct eventblock *next;
struct ntyevent *events;
};
struct ntyreactor {
int epfd;
int blkcnt;
struct eventblock *evblk; //fd --> 100w
};
int recv_cb(int fd, int events, void *arg);
int send_cb(int fd, int events, void *arg);
struct ntyevent *ntyreactor_idx(struct ntyreactor *reactor, int sockfd);
void nty_event_set(struct ntyevent *ev, int fd, NCALLBACK callback, void *arg) {
ev->fd = fd;
ev->callback = callback;
ev->events = 0;
ev->arg = arg;
ev->last_active = time(NULL);
return ;
}
int nty_event_add(int epfd, int events, struct ntyevent *ev) {
struct epoll_event ep_ev = {0, {0}};
ep_ev.data.ptr = ev;
ep_ev.events = ev->events = events;
int op;
if (ev->status == 1) {
op = EPOLL_CTL_MOD;
} else {
op = EPOLL_CTL_ADD;
ev->status = 1;
}
if (epoll_ctl(epfd, op, ev->fd, &ep_ev) < 0) {
printf("event add failed [fd=%d], events[%d]\n", ev->fd, events);
return -1;
}
return 0;
}
int nty_event_del(int epfd, struct ntyevent *ev) {
struct epoll_event ep_ev = {0, {0}};
if (ev->status != 1) {
return -1;
}
ep_ev.data.ptr = ev;
ev->status = 0;
epoll_ctl(epfd, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, ev->fd, &ep_ev);
return 0;
}
int readline(char *allbuf, int idx, char *linebuf) {
int len = strlen(allbuf);
for(;idx < len;idx ++) {
if (allbuf[idx] == '\r' && allbuf[idx+1] == '\n') {
return idx+2;
} else {
*(linebuf++) = allbuf[idx];
}
}
return -1;
}
int http_request(struct ntyevent *ev) {
// GET, POST
char linebuf[1024] = {0};
int idx = readline(ev->buffer, 0, linebuf);
if (strstr(linebuf, "GET")) {
ev->method = HTTP_METHOD_GET;
//uri
int i = 0;
while (linebuf[sizeof("GET ") + i] != ' ') i++;
linebuf[sizeof("GET ")+i] = '\0';
sprintf(ev->resource, "./%s/%s", HTTP_WEBSERVER_HTML_ROOT, linebuf+sizeof("GET "));
} else if (strstr(linebuf, "POST")) {
}
}
int recv_cb(int fd, int events, void *arg) {
struct ntyreactor *reactor = (struct ntyreactor*)arg;
struct ntyevent *ev = ntyreactor_idx(reactor, fd);
int len = recv(fd, ev->buffer, BUFFER_LENGTH, 0); //
if (len > 0) {
ev->length = len;
ev->buffer[len] = '\0';
printf("C[%d]:%s\n", fd, ev->buffer); //http
http_request(ev);
//send();
nty_event_del(reactor->epfd, ev);
nty_event_set(ev, fd, send_cb, reactor);
nty_event_add(reactor->epfd, EPOLLOUT, ev);
} else if (len == 0) {
nty_event_del(reactor->epfd, ev);
close(ev->fd);
//printf("[fd=%d] pos[%ld], closed\n", fd, ev-reactor->events);
} else {
nty_event_del(reactor->epfd, ev);
close(ev->fd);
printf("recv[fd=%d] error[%d]:%s\n", fd, errno, strerror(errno));
}
return len;
}
int http_response(struct ntyevent *ev) {
if (ev == NULL) return -1;
memset(ev->buffer, 0, BUFFER_LENGTH);
#if 0
const char *html = "<html><head><title>hello http</title></head><body><H1>King</H1></body></html>\r\n\r\n";
ev->length = sprintf(ev->buffer,
"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n\
Date: Thu, 11 Nov 2021 12:28:52 GMT\r\n\
Content-Type: text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1\r\n\
Content-Length: 83\r\n\r\n%s",
html);
#else
printf("resource: %s\n", ev->resource);
int filefd = open(ev->resource, O_RDONLY);//打开html文件资源
if (filefd == -1) { // return 404
ev->ret_code = 404;
ev->length = sprintf(ev->buffer,
"HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found\r\n"
"Date: Thu, 11 Nov 2021 12:28:52 GMT\r\n"
"Content-Type: text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1\r\n"
"Content-Length: 85\r\n\r\n"
"<html><head><title>404 Not Found</title></head><body><H1>404</H1></body></html>\r\n\r\n" );
} else {
struct stat stat_buf;//用来获取文件的长度
fstat(filefd, &stat_buf);
close(filefd);
if (S_ISDIR(stat_buf.st_mode)) {
ev->ret_code = 404;
ev->length = sprintf(ev->buffer,
"HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found\r\n"
"Date: Thu, 11 Nov 2021 12:28:52 GMT\r\n"
"Content-Type: text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1\r\n"
"Content-Length: 85\r\n\r\n"
"<html><head><title>404 Not Found</title></head><body><H1>404</H1></body></html>\r\n\r\n" );
} else if (S_ISREG(stat_buf.st_mode)) {
ev->ret_code = 200;
ev->length = sprintf(ev->buffer,
"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n"
"Date: Thu, 11 Nov 2021 12:28:52 GMT\r\n"
"Content-Type: text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1\r\n"
"Content-Length: %ld\r\n\r\n",
stat_buf.st_size );
}
}
#endif
return ev->length;
}
int send_cb(int fd, int events, void *arg) {
struct ntyreactor *reactor = (struct ntyreactor*)arg;
struct ntyevent *ev = ntyreactor_idx(reactor, fd);
http_response(ev);
//
int len = send(fd, ev->buffer, ev->length, 0); //第一次send http_header
if (len > 0) {
printf("send[fd=%d], [%d]%s\n", fd, len, ev->buffer);
if (ev->ret_code == 200) {
int filefd = open(ev->resource, O_RDONLY);
struct stat stat_buf;
fstat(filefd, &stat_buf);
sendfile(fd, filefd, NULL, stat_buf.st_size);//第二次 send file
close(filefd);
}
nty_event_del(reactor->epfd, ev);
nty_event_set(ev, fd, recv_cb, reactor);
nty_event_add(reactor->epfd, EPOLLIN, ev);
} else {
close(ev->fd);
nty_event_del(reactor->epfd, ev);
printf("send[fd=%d] error %s\n", fd, strerror(errno));
}
return len;
}
int accept_cb(int fd, int events, void *arg) {
struct ntyreactor *reactor = (struct ntyreactor*)arg;
if (reactor == NULL) return -1;
struct sockaddr_in client_addr;
socklen_t len = sizeof(client_addr);
int clientfd;
if ((clientfd = accept(fd, (struct sockaddr*)&client_addr, &len)) == -1) {
if (errno != EAGAIN && errno != EINTR) {
}
printf("accept: %s\n", strerror(errno));
return -1;
}
int flag = 0;
if ((flag = fcntl(clientfd, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK)) < 0) {
printf("%s: fcntl nonblocking failed, %d\n", __func__, MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS);
return -1;
}
struct ntyevent *event = ntyreactor_idx(reactor, clientfd);
nty_event_set(event, clientfd, recv_cb, reactor);
nty_event_add(reactor->epfd, EPOLLIN, event);
printf("new connect [%s:%d], pos[%d]\n",
inet_ntoa(client_addr.sin_addr), ntohs(client_addr.sin_port), clientfd);
return 0;
}
int init_sock(short port) {
int fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK);
struct sockaddr_in server_addr;
memset(&server_addr, 0, sizeof(server_addr));
server_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
server_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);
server_addr.sin_port = htons(port);
bind(fd, (struct sockaddr*)&server_addr, sizeof(server_addr));
if (listen(fd, 20) < 0) {
printf("listen failed : %s\n", strerror(errno));
}
return fd;
}
int ntyreactor_alloc(struct ntyreactor *reactor) {
if (reactor == NULL) return -1;
if (reactor->evblk == NULL) return -1;
struct eventblock *blk = reactor->evblk;
while (blk->next != NULL) {
blk = blk->next;
}
struct ntyevent *evs = (struct ntyevent*)malloc((MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS) * sizeof(struct ntyevent));
if (evs == NULL) {
printf("ntyreactor_alloc ntyevents failed\n");
return -2;
}
memset(evs, 0, (MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS) * sizeof(struct ntyevent));
struct eventblock *block = (struct eventblock *)malloc(sizeof(struct eventblock));
if (block == NULL) {
printf("ntyreactor_alloc eventblock failed\n");
return -2;
}
memset(block, 0, sizeof(struct eventblock));
block->events = evs;
block->next = NULL;
blk->next = block;
reactor->blkcnt ++; //
return 0;
}
struct ntyevent *ntyreactor_idx(struct ntyreactor *reactor, int sockfd) {
int blkidx = sockfd / MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS;
while (blkidx >= reactor->blkcnt) {
ntyreactor_alloc(reactor);
}
int i = 0;
struct eventblock *blk = reactor->evblk;
while(i ++ < blkidx && blk != NULL) {
blk = blk->next;
}
return &blk->events[sockfd % MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS];
}
int ntyreactor_init(struct ntyreactor *reactor) {
if (reactor == NULL) return -1;
memset(reactor, 0, sizeof(struct ntyreactor));
reactor->epfd = epoll_create(1);
if (reactor->epfd <= 0) {
printf("create epfd in %s err %s\n", __func__, strerror(errno));
return -2;
}
struct ntyevent *evs = (struct ntyevent*)malloc((MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS) * sizeof(struct ntyevent));
if (evs == NULL) {
printf("ntyreactor_alloc ntyevents failed\n");
return -2;
}
memset(evs, 0, (MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS) * sizeof(struct ntyevent));
struct eventblock *block = (struct eventblock *)malloc(sizeof(struct eventblock));
if (block == NULL) {
printf("ntyreactor_alloc eventblock failed\n");
return -2;
}
memset(block, 0, sizeof(struct eventblock));
block->events = evs;
block->next = NULL;
reactor->evblk = block;
reactor->blkcnt = 1;
return 0;
}
int ntyreactor_destory(struct ntyreactor *reactor) {
close(reactor->epfd);
//free(reactor->events);
struct eventblock *blk = reactor->evblk;
struct eventblock *blk_next = NULL;
while (blk != NULL) {
blk_next = blk->next;
free(blk->events);
free(blk);
blk = blk_next;
}
return 0;
}
int ntyreactor_addlistener(struct ntyreactor *reactor, int sockfd, NCALLBACK *acceptor) {
if (reactor == NULL) return -1;
if (reactor->evblk == NULL) return -1;
//reactor->evblk->events[sockfd];
struct ntyevent *event = ntyreactor_idx(reactor, sockfd);
nty_event_set(event, sockfd, acceptor, reactor);
nty_event_add(reactor->epfd, EPOLLIN, event);
return 0;
}
int ntyreactor_run(struct ntyreactor *reactor) {
if (reactor == NULL) return -1;
if (reactor->epfd < 0) return -1;
if (reactor->evblk == NULL) return -1;
struct epoll_event events[MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS+1];
int checkpos = 0, i;
while (1) {
/*
long now = time(NULL);
for (i = 0;i < 100;i ++, checkpos ++) {
if (checkpos == MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS) {
checkpos = 0;
}
if (reactor->events[checkpos].status != 1) {
continue;
}
long duration = now - reactor->events[checkpos].last_active;
if (duration >= 60) {
close(reactor->events[checkpos].fd);
printf("[fd=%d] timeout\n", reactor->events[checkpos].fd);
nty_event_del(reactor->epfd, &reactor->events[checkpos]);
}
}
*/
int nready = epoll_wait(reactor->epfd, events, MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS, 1000);
if (nready < 0) {
printf("epoll_wait error, exit\n");
continue;
}
for (i = 0;i < nready;i ++) {
struct ntyevent *ev = (struct ntyevent*)events[i].data.ptr;
if ((events[i].events & EPOLLIN) && (ev->events & EPOLLIN)) {
ev->callback(ev->fd, events[i].events, ev->arg);
}
if ((events[i].events & EPOLLOUT) && (ev->events & EPOLLOUT)) {
ev->callback(ev->fd, events[i].events, ev->arg);
}
}
}
}
// 3, 6w, 1, 100 ==
// <remoteip, remoteport, localip, localport>
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
unsigned short port = SERVER_PORT; // listen 8888
if (argc == 2) {
port = atoi(argv[1]);
}
struct ntyreactor *reactor = (struct ntyreactor*)malloc(sizeof(struct ntyreactor));
ntyreactor_init(reactor);
int i = 0;
int sockfds[PORT_COUNT] = {0};
for (i = 0;i < PORT_COUNT;i ++) {
sockfds[i] = init_sock(port+i);
ntyreactor_addlistener(reactor, sockfds[i], accept_cb);
}
ntyreactor_run(reactor);
ntyreactor_destory(reactor);
for (i = 0;i < PORT_COUNT;i ++) {
close(sockfds[i]);
}
free(reactor);
return 0;
}
四、补充
1、规范写法
如果 recv接收到的请求，没有读完的话，就要再一次设置为EPOLLIN，让它继续读(ET模式)，（如果是LT模式就没有关系）
因此不能直接send()数据给客户端，因为可能会没有读完。因此需要一个判断，下次是EPOLLIN还是EPOLLOUT，来作为响应，如果没读完，就继续EPOLLIN，否则就EPOLLOUT
2、查看http请求内容
对Linux C/C++ reactor原理与实现的reactor直接利用浏览器去访问该服务器，如果直接对recv的数据，打印出来的话，可以看到，就是http请求的内容
3、粘包
TCP 协议可能会将应用层发送的数据分成多个包依次发送，服务端需要对收到的数据进行拆分，如果拆分不好，就可能出现粘包的现象。
例子：比如有3个客户端分别发送3个1k的数据给 服务器，但是服务器收到了2个1.5k的数据（粘包）
解决办法：
- 分隔符\r\n\r\n
- 定义包的长度
4、可以将包多次发送给客户端
服务器对客户端响应的时候，可以一次性send (header和body)，也可以多次发送，只要保证数据完善就行了
5、利用分隔符\r\n\r\n分隔报头和正文
注意 消息报头和响应正文用两个\r\n分隔。响应正文末尾也用两个\r\n
6、资源文件
在
客户端请求资源的根目录
客户端就可以直接访问资源,也就是服务器对应资源根目录下的文件
假设目录下有index.html，那么根据 根目录，和文件名，就可以在浏览器中访问到
7、sendfile
如果服务器将磁盘中的文件件，拷贝到内存中，再给sockfd， 发送给客服端，会有拷贝的过程，影响速度。sendfile函数在两个文件描述符之间传递数据（完全在内核中操作），从而避免了内核缓冲区和用户缓冲区之间的数据拷贝，效率很高，被称为零拷贝。
8、浏览器出现一直转圈的情况
如果 http头部的content-Length和 响应正文的长度 不匹配的话，浏览器内访问 的时候就会一直转圈
9、事件event中新加入3个参数
其中method对应GET或者POST
resource为资源地址
ret_code为HTTP 状态码（比如200为成功，404为未找到资源）
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