【笔记】什么是 cartesian left outer anti semi self join?

这个 join 类型一共包括 7 个词：cartesian left outer anti semi self join，第一次见的时候被这叠 buff 一样的前缀干晕了。

实际理解的话并不很困难，记录一下。

有参考：https://riptutorial.com/sql/example/22934/join-terminology–inner–outer–semi–anti—

基础概念

我们使用 mysql 8.0 来进行测试。

mysql> select version();
+-----------+
| version() |
+-----------+
| 8.0.25    |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> create database test;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> use test;
Database changed
mysql> create table t(a int);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)

mysql> create table s(a int);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)

mysql> insert into t values(1),(2),(3);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> insert into s values(3),(4),(5);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

cartesian product

笛卡尔积，指两个表（关系）中每条记录各自组合一次生成新纪录的表。

为什么 cartesian 会翻译为 笛卡尔积？

1. 法国数学家笛卡尔的本名为 René Descartes.
2. 当时拉丁语是学者常用的语言，于是他的作品署名也会使用拉丁化的名字 Cartesius.
3. Cartesius 的衍生形容词 Cartesian 用来命名一些他的理论产物了，比如 Cartesian Product。
4. 中文翻译中，我们直接称作笛卡尔积。

在 mysql 中直接使用 (cross) join 不写等值条件，就会执行一个 cartesian product.

mysql> select * from t join s;
+------+------+
| a    | a    |
+------+------+
|    3 |    3 |
|    2 |    3 |
|    1 |    3 |
|    3 |    4 |
|    2 |    4 |
|    1 |    4 |
|    3 |    5 |
|    2 |    5 |
|    1 |    5 |
+------+------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from t cross join s;
+------+------+
| a    | a    |
+------+------+
|    3 |    3 |
|    2 |    3 |
|    1 |    3 |
|    3 |    4 |
|    2 |    4 |
|    1 |    4 |
|    3 |    5 |
|    2 |    5 |
|    1 |    5 |
+------+------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Join

更常见的 join 会带有等值条件，也被称作 inner join，有若干种写法。

mysql> select * from t join s on t.a=s.a;
+------+------+
| a    | a    |
+------+------+
|    3 |    3 |
+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from t join s using (a);
+------+
| a    |
+------+
|    3 |
+------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> select t.a, s.a from t join s using (a);
+------+------+
| a    | a    |
+------+------+
|    3 |    3 |
+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select t.a, s.a from t,s where t.a=s.a;
+------+------+
| a    | a    |
+------+------+
|    3 |    3 |
+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

outer join

left (outer) join 表示即使左表的数据匹配不到右表，也会输出到结果集中。

mysql> select * from t left join s on t.a=s.a;
+------+------+
| a    | a    |
+------+------+
|    1 | NULL |
|    2 | NULL |
|    3 |    3 |
+------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from t left outer join s on t.a=s.a;
+------+------+
| a    | a    |
+------+------+
|    1 | NULL |
|    2 | NULL |
|    3 |    3 |
+------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

right (outer) join 类似，但右表成为了主表。

mysql> select * from t right outer join s on t.a=s.a;
+------+------+
| a    | a    |
+------+------+
|    3 |    3 |
| NULL |    4 |
| NULL |    5 |
+------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

在 full (outer) join 中，两张表都是主表。

-- mysql 不支持
mysql> select * from t full outer join s on t.a=s.a;
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'outer join s on t.a=s.a' at line 1

semi join

半连接，也就是只选取一张表的记录。

语法如下：

mysql> select * from t where t.a in (select * from s);
+------+
| a    |
+------+
|    3 |
+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

anti (semi) join

反连接，又称反半连接，只返回一张表的记录，且只返回没有匹配成功的。

mysql> select * from t where t.a not in (select * from s);
+------+
| a    |
+------+
|    1 |
|    2 |
+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

self join

自连接，其实就是自己和自己进行连接。

mysql> select * from t where t.a in (select * from t);
+------+
| a    |
+------+
|    1 |
|    2 |
|    3 |
+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

组合

cartesian left outer anti semi self join:

explain select a from t1 where t1.a>1 or t1.a not in (select a from t2);

TBD