# Django 5.2.9 ドキュメント

# Django 1.4 リリースノート

March 23, 2012

Django 1.4 へようこそ！

These release notes cover the new features, as well as some backwards incompatible changes you'll want to be aware of when upgrading from Django 1.3 or older versions. We've also dropped some features, which are detailed in our deprecation plan, and we've begun the deprecation process for some features.

## オーバービュー

The biggest new feature in Django 1.4 is support for time zones when handling date/times. When enabled, this Django will store date/times in UTC, use timezone-aware objects internally, and translate them to users' local timezones for display.

If you're upgrading an existing project to Django 1.4, switching to the timezone aware mode may take some care: the new mode disallows some rather sloppy behavior that used to be accepted. We encourage anyone who's upgrading to check out the timezone migration guide and the timezone FAQ for useful pointers.

Other notable new features in Django 1.4 include:

- A number of ORM improvements, including SELECT FOR UPDATE support, the ability to bulk insert large datasets for improved performance, and QuerySet.prefetch_related, a method to batch-load related objects in areas where `select_related()` doesn't work.

- Some nice security additions, including improved password hashing (featuring PBKDF2 and bcrypt support), new tools for cryptographic signing, several CSRF improvements, and simple clickjacking protection.

- An updated default project layout and manage.py that removes the "magic" from prior versions. And for those who don't like the new layout, you can use custom project and app templates instead!

- Support for in-browser testing frameworks (like Selenium).

- ... and a whole lot more; see below!

Wherever possible we try to introduce new features in a backwards-compatible manner per our API stability policy policy. However, as with previous releases, Django 1.4 ships with some minor backwards incompatible changes; people upgrading from previous versions of Django should read that list carefully.

## Python バージョン間の互換性

Django 1.4 has dropped support for Python 2.4. Python 2.5 is now the minimum required Python version. Django is tested and supported on Python 2.5, 2.6 and 2.7.

This change should affect only a small number of Django users, as most operating-system vendors today are shipping Python 2.5 or newer as their default version. If you're still using Python 2.4, however, you'll need to stick to Django 1.3 until you can upgrade. Per our support policy, Django 1.3 will continue to receive security support until the release of Django 1.5.

Django does not support Python 3.x at this time. At some point before the release of Django 1.4, we plan to publish a document outlining our full timeline for deprecating Python 2.x and moving to Python 3.x.

## Django 1.4 の新機能

### Support for time zones

In previous versions, Django used "naive" date/times (that is, date/times without an associated time zone), leaving it up to each developer to interpret what a given date/time "really means". This can cause all sorts of subtle timezone-related bugs.

In Django 1.4, you can now switch Django into a more correct, time-zone aware mode. In this mode, Django stores date and time information in UTC in the database, uses time-zone-aware datetime objects internally and translates them to the end user's time zone in templates and forms. Reasons for using this feature include:

- Customizing date and time display for users around the world.

- Storing datetimes in UTC for database portability and interoperability. (This argument doesn't apply to PostgreSQL, because it already stores timestamps with time zone information in Django 1.3.)

- Avoiding data corruption problems around DST transitions.

Time zone support is enabled by default in new projects created with `startproject`. If you want to use this feature in an existing project, read the migration guide. If you encounter problems, there's a helpful FAQ.

### Support for in-browser testing frameworks

Django 1.4 supports integration with in-browser testing frameworks like Selenium. The new `django.test.LiveServerTestCase` base class lets you test the interactions between your site's front and back ends more comprehensively. See the `documentation` for more details and concrete examples.

### Updated default project layout and `manage.py`

Django 1.4 ships with an updated default project layout and `manage.py` file for the `startproject` management command. These fix some issues with the previous `manage.py` handling of Python import paths that caused double imports, trouble moving from development to deployment, and other difficult-to-debug path issues.

The previous `manage.py` called functions that are now deprecated, and thus projects upgrading to Django 1.4 should update their `manage.py`. (The old-style `manage.py` will continue to work as before until Django 1.6. In 1.5 it will raise `DeprecationWarning`).

The new recommended `manage.py` file should look like this:

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    import os, sys

    if __name__ == "__main__":
        os.environ.setdefault("DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE", "{{ project_name }}.settings")

        from django.core.management import execute_from_command_line

        execute_from_command_line(sys.argv)

`{{ project_name }}` should be replaced with the Python package name of the actual project.

If settings, URLconfs and apps within the project are imported or referenced using the project name prefix (e.g. `myproject.settings`, `ROOT_URLCONF = "myproject.urls"`, etc.), the new `manage.py` will need to be moved one directory up, so it is outside the project package rather than adjacent to `settings.py` and `urls.py`.

For instance, with the following layout:

    manage.py
    mysite/
        __init__.py
        settings.py
        urls.py
        myapp/
            __init__.py
            models.py

You could import `mysite.settings`, `mysite.urls`, and `mysite.myapp`, but not `settings`, `urls`, or `myapp` as top-level modules.

Anything imported as a top-level module can be placed adjacent to the new `manage.py`. For instance, to decouple `myapp` from the project module and import it as just `myapp`, place it outside the `mysite/` directory:

    manage.py
    myapp/
        __init__.py
        models.py
    mysite/
        __init__.py
        settings.py
        urls.py

If the same code is imported inconsistently (some places with the project prefix, some places without it), the imports will need to be cleaned up when switching to the new `manage.py`.

### Custom project and app templates

The `startapp` and `startproject` management commands now have a `--template` option for specifying a path or URL to a custom app or project template.

For example, Django will use the `/path/to/my_project_template` directory when you run the following command:

    django-admin.py startproject --template=/path/to/my_project_template myproject

You can also now provide a destination directory as the second argument to both `startapp` and `startproject`:

    django-admin.py startapp myapp /path/to/new/app
    django-admin.py startproject myproject /path/to/new/project

For more information, see the `startapp` and `startproject` documentation.

### Improved WSGI support

The `startproject` management command now adds a `wsgi.py` module to the initial project layout, containing a simple WSGI application that can be used for deploying with WSGI app servers.

The `built-in development server` now supports using an externally-defined WSGI callable, which makes it possible to run `runserver` with the same WSGI configuration that is used for deployment. The new `WSGI_APPLICATION` setting lets you configure which WSGI callable `runserver` uses.

(The `runfcgi` management command also internally wraps the WSGI callable configured via `WSGI_APPLICATION`.)

### `SELECT FOR UPDATE` support

Django 1.4 includes a `QuerySet.select_for_update()` method, which generates a `SELECT ... FOR UPDATE` SQL query. This will lock rows until the end of the transaction, meaning other transactions cannot modify or delete rows matched by a `FOR UPDATE` query.

For more details, see the documentation for `select_for_update()`.

### `Model.objects.bulk_create` in the ORM

This method lets you create multiple objects more efficiently. It can result in significant performance increases if you have many objects.

Django makes use of this internally, meaning some operations (such as database setup for test suites) have seen a performance benefit as a result.

See the `bulk_create()` docs for more information.

### `QuerySet.prefetch_related`

Similar to `select_related()` but with a different strategy and broader scope, `prefetch_related()` has been added to `QuerySet`. This method returns a new `QuerySet` that will prefetch each of the specified related lookups in a single batch as soon as the query begins to be evaluated. Unlike `select_related`, it does the joins in Python, not in the database, and supports many-to-many relationships, `GenericForeignKey` and more. This allows you to fix a very common performance problem in which your code ends up doing O(n) database queries (or worse) if objects on your primary `QuerySet` each have many related objects that you also need to fetch.

### Improved password hashing

Django's auth system (`django.contrib.auth`) stores passwords using a one-way algorithm. Django 1.3 uses the SHA1 algorithm, but increasing processor speeds and theoretical attacks have revealed that SHA1 isn't as secure as we'd like. Thus, Django 1.4 introduces a new password storage system: by default Django now uses the PBKDF2 algorithm (as recommended by NIST). You can also easily choose a different algorithm (including the popular bcrypt algorithm). For more details, see Djangoのパスワード保存方法.

### HTML5 doctype

We've switched the admin and other bundled templates to use the HTML5 doctype. While Django will be careful to maintain compatibility with older browsers, this change means that you can use any HTML5 features you need in admin pages without having to lose HTML validity or override the provided templates to change the doctype.

### List filters in admin interface

Prior to Django 1.4, the `admin` app let you specify change list filters by specifying a field lookup, but it didn't allow you to create custom filters. This has been rectified with a simple API (previously used internally and known as "FilterSpec"). For more details, see the documentation for `list_filter`.

### Multiple sort in admin interface

The admin change list now supports sorting on multiple columns. It respects all elements of the `ordering` attribute, and sorting on multiple columns by clicking on headers is designed to mimic the behavior of desktop GUIs. We also added a `get_ordering()` method for specifying the ordering dynamically (i.e., depending on the request).

### New `ModelAdmin` methods

We added a `save_related()` method to `ModelAdmin` to ease customization of how related objects are saved in the admin.

Two other new `ModelAdmin` methods, `get_list_display()` and `get_list_display_links()` enable dynamic customization of fields and links displayed on the admin change list.

### Admin inlines respect user permissions

Admin inlines now only allow those actions for which the user has permission. For `ManyToMany` relationships with an auto-created intermediate model (which does not have its own permissions), the change permission for the related model determines if the user has the permission to add, change or delete relationships.

### Tools for cryptographic signing

Django 1.4 adds both a low-level API for signing values and a high-level API for setting and reading signed cookies, one of the most common uses of signing in web applications.

See the cryptographic signing docs for more information.

### Cookie-based session backend

Django 1.4 introduces a cookie-based session backend that uses the tools for cryptographic signing to store the session data in the client's browser.

警告

Session data is signed and validated by the server, but it's not encrypted. This means a user can view any data stored in the session but cannot change it. Please read the documentation for further clarification before using this backend.

See the cookie-based session backend docs for more information.

### New form wizard

The previous `FormWizard` from `django.contrib.formtools` has been replaced with a new implementation based on the class-based views introduced in Django 1.3. It features a pluggable storage API and doesn't require the wizard to pass around hidden fields for every previous step.

Django 1.4 ships with a session-based storage backend and a cookie-based storage backend. The latter uses the tools for cryptographic signing also introduced in Django 1.4 to store the wizard's state in the user's cookies.

### `reverse_lazy`

A lazily evaluated version of `reverse()` was added to allow using URL reversals before the project's URLconf gets loaded.

### URL パターンを翻訳する

Django can now look for a language prefix in the URLpattern when using the new `i18n_patterns()` helper function. It's also now possible to define translatable URL patterns using `django.utils.translation.ugettext_lazy()`. See 国際化: URL パターン内 for more information about the language prefix and how to internationalize URL patterns.

### Contextual translation support for `{% trans %}` and `{% blocktrans %}`

The contextual translation support introduced in Django 1.3 via the `pgettext` function has been extended to the `trans` and `blocktrans` template tags using the new `context` keyword.

### Customizable `SingleObjectMixin` URLConf kwargs

Two new attributes, `pk_url_kwarg` and `slug_url_kwarg`, have been added to `SingleObjectMixin` to enable the customization of URLconf keyword arguments used for single object generic views.

### Assignment template tags

A new `assignment_tag` helper function was added to `template.Library` to ease the creation of template tags that store data in a specified context variable.

### `*args` and `**kwargs` support for template tag helper functions

The simple_tag, inclusion_tag and newly introduced `assignment_tag` template helper functions may now accept any number of positional or keyword arguments. For example:

    @register.simple_tag
    def my_tag(a, b, *args, **kwargs):
        warning = kwargs["warning"]
        profile = kwargs["profile"]
        ...
        return ...

Then, in the template, any number of arguments may be passed to the template tag. For example:

    {% my_tag 123 "abcd" book.title warning=message|lower profile=user.profile %}

### No wrapping of exceptions in `TEMPLATE_DEBUG` mode

In previous versions of Django, whenever the `TEMPLATE_DEBUG` setting was `True`, any exception raised during template rendering (even exceptions unrelated to template syntax) were wrapped in `TemplateSyntaxError` and re-raised. This was done in order to provide detailed template source location information in the debug 500 page.

In Django 1.4, exceptions are no longer wrapped. Instead, the original exception is annotated with the source information. This means that catching exceptions from template rendering is now consistent regardless of the value of `TEMPLATE_DEBUG`, and there's no need to catch and unwrap `TemplateSyntaxError` in order to catch other errors.

### `truncatechars` template filter

This new filter truncates a string to be no longer than the specified number of characters. Truncated strings end with a translatable ellipsis sequence ("..."). See the documentation for `truncatechars` for more details.

### `static` template tag

The `staticfiles` contrib app has a new `static` template tag to refer to files saved with the `STATICFILES_STORAGE` storage backend. It uses the storage backend's `url` method and therefore supports advanced features such as serving files from a cloud service.

### `CachedStaticFilesStorage` storage backend

The `staticfiles` contrib app now has a `django.contrib.staticfiles.storage.CachedStaticFilesStorage` backend that caches the files it saves (when running the `collectstatic` management command) by appending the MD5 hash of the file's content to the filename. For example, the file `css/styles.css` would also be saved as `css/styles.55e7cbb9ba48.css`

### Simple clickjacking protection

We've added a middleware to provide easy protection against clickjacking using the `X-Frame-Options` header. It's not enabled by default for backwards compatibility reasons, but you'll almost certainly want to enable it to help plug that security hole for browsers that support the header.

### CSRF improvements

We've made various improvements to our CSRF features, including the `ensure_csrf_cookie()` decorator, which can help with AJAX-heavy sites; protection for PUT and DELETE requests; and the `CSRF_COOKIE_SECURE` and `CSRF_COOKIE_PATH` settings, which can improve the security and usefulness of CSRF protection. See the CSRF docs for more information.

### Error report filtering

We added two function decorators, `sensitive_variables()` and `sensitive_post_parameters()`, to allow designating the local variables and POST parameters that may contain sensitive information and should be filtered out of error reports.

All POST parameters are now systematically filtered out of error reports for certain views (`login`, `password_reset_confirm`, `password_change` and `add_view` in `django.contrib.auth.views`, as well as `user_change_password` in the admin app) to prevent the leaking of sensitive information such as user passwords.

You can override or customize the default filtering by writing a custom filter. For more information see the docs on Filtering error reports.

### Extended IPv6 support

Django 1.4 can now better handle IPv6 addresses with the new `GenericIPAddressField` model field, `GenericIPAddressField` form field and the validators `validate_ipv46_address` and `validate_ipv6_address`.

### HTML comparisons in tests

The base classes in `django.test` now have some helpers to compare HTML without tripping over irrelevant differences in whitespace, argument quoting/ordering and closing of self-closing tags. You can either compare HTML directly with the new `assertHTMLEqual()` and `assertHTMLNotEqual()` assertions, or use the `html=True` flag with `assertContains()` and `assertNotContains()` to test whether the client's response contains a given HTML fragment. See the assertions documentation for more.

### Two new date format strings

Two new `date` formats were added for use in template filters, template tags and 表示形式のローカライズ:

- `e` -- the name of the timezone of the given datetime object

- `o` -- the ISO 8601 year number

Please make sure to update your custom format files if they contain either `e` or `o` in a format string. For example a Spanish localization format previously only escaped the `d` format character:

    DATE_FORMAT = r"j \de F \de Y"

But now it needs to also escape `e` and `o`:

    DATE_FORMAT = r"j \d\e F \d\e Y"

For more information, see the `date` documentation.

### マイナーな機能

Django 1.4 also includes several smaller improvements worth noting:

- A more usable stacktrace in the technical 500 page. Frames in the stack trace that reference Django's framework code are dimmed out, while frames in application code are slightly emphasized. This change makes it easier to scan a stacktrace for issues in application code.

- Tablespace support in PostgreSQL.

- Customizable names for `simple_tag()`.

- In the documentation, a helpful security overview page.

- The `django.contrib.auth.models.check_password` function has been moved to the `django.contrib.auth.hashers` module. Importing it from the old location will still work, but you should update your imports.

- The `collectstatic` management command now has a `--clear` option to delete all files at the destination before copying or linking the static files.

- It's now possible to load fixtures containing forward references when using MySQL with the InnoDB database engine.

- A new 403 response handler has been added as `'django.views.defaults.permission_denied'`. You can set your own handler by setting the value of `django.conf.urls.handler403`. See the documentation about the 403 (HTTP Forbidden) view for more information.

- `makemessages` コマンドが JavaScript ファイルから翻訳可能な文字列を抽出するために、新しくてより正確な字句解析ライブラリ JsLex を使用するようになりました。

- The `trans` template tag now takes an optional `as` argument to be able to retrieve a translation string without displaying it but setting a template context variable instead.

- The `if` template tag now supports `{% elif %}` clauses.

- If your Django app is behind a proxy, you might find the new `SECURE_PROXY_SSL_HEADER` setting useful. It solves the problem of your proxy "eating" the fact that a request came in via HTTPS. But only use this setting if you know what you're doing.

- A new, plain-text, version of the HTTP 500 status code internal error page served when `DEBUG` is `True` is now sent to the client when Django detects that the request has originated in JavaScript code. (`is_ajax()` is used for this.)

  Like its HTML counterpart, it contains a collection of different pieces of information about the state of the application.

  This should make it easier to read when debugging interaction with client-side JavaScript.

- Added the `makemessages --no-location` option.

- Changed the `locmem` cache backend to use `pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL` for better compatibility with the other cache backends.

- Added support in the ORM for generating `SELECT` queries containing `DISTINCT ON`.

  The `distinct()` `QuerySet` method now accepts an optional list of model field names. If specified, then the `DISTINCT` statement is limited to these fields. This is only supported in PostgreSQL.

  For more details, see the documentation for `distinct()`.

- The admin login page will add a password reset link if you include a URL with the name `'admin_password_reset'` in your `urls.py`, so plugging in the built-in password reset mechanism and making it available is now much easier. For details, see パスワードリセット機能を追加する.

- The MySQL database backend can now make use of the savepoint feature implemented by MySQL version 5.0.3 or newer with the InnoDB storage engine.

- It's now possible to pass initial values to the model forms that are part of both model formsets and inline model formsets as returned from factory functions `modelformset_factory` and `inlineformset_factory` respectively just like with regular formsets. However, initial values only apply to extra forms, i.e. those which are not bound to an existing model instance.

- The sitemaps framework can now handle HTTPS links using the new `Sitemap.protocol` class attribute.

- A new `django.test.SimpleTestCase` subclass of `unittest.TestCase` that's lighter than `django.test.TestCase` and company. It can be useful in tests that don't need to hit a database. See Django ユニットテストクラスの階層.

## Backwards incompatible changes in 1.4

### SECRET_KEY setting is required

Running Django with an empty or known `SECRET_KEY` disables many of Django's security protections and can lead to remote-code-execution vulnerabilities. No Django site should ever be run without a `SECRET_KEY`.

In Django 1.4, starting Django with an empty `SECRET_KEY` will raise a `DeprecationWarning`. In Django 1.5, it will raise an exception and Django will refuse to start. This is slightly accelerated from the usual deprecation path due to the severity of the consequences of running Django with no `SECRET_KEY`.

### `django.contrib.admin`

The included administration app `django.contrib.admin` has for a long time shipped with a default set of static files such as JavaScript, images and stylesheets. Django 1.3 added a new contrib app `django.contrib.staticfiles` to handle such files in a generic way and defined conventions for static files included in apps.

Starting in Django 1.4, the admin's static files also follow this convention, to make the files easier to deploy. In previous versions of Django, it was also common to define an `ADMIN_MEDIA_PREFIX` setting to point to the URL where the admin's static files live on a web server. This setting has now been deprecated and replaced by the more general setting `STATIC_URL`. Django will now expect to find the admin static files under the URL `<STATIC_URL>/admin/`.

If you've previously used a URL path for `ADMIN_MEDIA_PREFIX` (e.g. `/media/`) simply make sure `STATIC_URL` and `STATIC_ROOT` are configured and your web server serves those files correctly. The development server continues to serve the admin files just like before. Read the static files howto for more details.

If your `ADMIN_MEDIA_PREFIX` is set to a specific domain (e.g. `http://media.example.com/admin/`), make sure to also set your `STATIC_URL` setting to the correct URL -- for example, `http://media.example.com/`.

警告

If you're implicitly relying on the path of the admin static files within Django's source code, you'll need to update that path. The files were moved from `django/contrib/admin/media/` to `django/contrib/admin/static/admin/`.

### Supported browsers for the admin

Django hasn't had a clear policy on which browsers are supported by the admin app. Our new policy formalizes existing practices: YUI's A-grade browsers should provide a fully-functional admin experience, with the notable exception of Internet Explorer 6, which is no longer supported.

Released over 10 years ago, IE6 imposes many limitations on modern web development. The practical implications of this policy are that contributors are free to improve the admin without consideration for these limitations.

This new policy has no impact on sites you develop using Django. It only applies to the Django admin. Feel free to develop apps compatible with any range of browsers.

### Removed admin icons

As part of an effort to improve the performance and usability of the admin's change-list sorting interface and `horizontal` and `vertical` "filter" widgets, some icon files were removed and grouped into two sprite files.

Specifically: `selector-add.gif`, `selector-addall.gif`, `selector-remove.gif`, `selector-removeall.gif`, `selector_stacked-add.gif` and `selector_stacked-remove.gif` were combined into `selector-icons.gif`; and `arrow-up.gif` and `arrow-down.gif` were combined into `sorting-icons.gif`.

If you used those icons to customize the admin, then you'll need to replace them with your own icons or get the files from a previous release.

### CSS class names in admin forms

To avoid conflicts with other common CSS class names (e.g. "button"), we added a prefix ("field-") to all CSS class names automatically generated from the form field names in the main admin forms, stacked inline forms and tabular inline cells. You'll need to take that prefix into account in your custom style sheets or JavaScript files if you previously used plain field names as selectors for custom styles or JavaScript transformations.

### Compatibility with old signed data

Django 1.3 changed the cryptographic signing mechanisms used in a number of places in Django. While Django 1.3 kept fallbacks that would accept hashes produced by the previous methods, these fallbacks are removed in Django 1.4.

So, if you upgrade to Django 1.4 directly from 1.2 or earlier, you may lose/invalidate certain pieces of data that have been cryptographically signed using an old method. To avoid this, use Django 1.3 first for a period of time to allow the signed data to expire naturally. The affected parts are detailed below, with 1) the consequences of ignoring this advice and 2) the amount of time you need to run Django 1.3 for the data to expire or become irrelevant.

- `contrib.sessions` data integrity check

  - Consequences: The user will be logged out, and session data will be lost.

  - Time period: Defined by `SESSION_COOKIE_AGE`.

- `contrib.auth` password reset hash

  - Consequences: Password reset links from before the upgrade will not work.

  - Time period: Defined by `PASSWORD_RESET_TIMEOUT_DAYS`.

Form-related hashes: these have a much shorter lifetime and are relevant only for the short window where a user might fill in a form generated by the pre-upgrade Django instance and try to submit it to the upgraded Django instance:

- `contrib.comments` form security hash

  - Consequences: The user will see the validation error "Security hash failed."

  - Time period: The amount of time you expect users to take filling out comment forms.

- `FormWizard` security hash

  - Consequences: The user will see an error about the form having expired and will be sent back to the first page of the wizard, losing the data entered so far.

  - Time period: The amount of time you expect users to take filling out the affected forms.

- CSRF check

  - Note: This is actually a Django 1.1 fallback, not Django 1.2, and it applies only if you're upgrading from 1.1.

  - Consequences: The user will see a 403 error with any CSRF-protected POST form.

  - Time period: The amount of time you expect user to take filling out such forms.

- `contrib.auth` user password hash-upgrade sequence

  - Consequences: Each user's password will be updated to a stronger password hash when it's written to the database in 1.4. This means that if you upgrade to 1.4 and then need to downgrade to 1.3, version 1.3 won't be able to read the updated passwords.

  - Remedy: Set `PASSWORD_HASHERS` to use your original password hashing when you initially upgrade to 1.4. After you confirm your app works well with Django 1.4 and you won't have to roll back to 1.3, enable the new password hashes.

### `django.contrib.flatpages`

Starting in 1.4, the `FlatpageFallbackMiddleware` only adds a trailing slash and redirects if the resulting URL refers to an existing flatpage. For example, requesting `/notaflatpageoravalidurl` in a previous version would redirect to `/notaflatpageoravalidurl/`, which would subsequently raise a 404. Requesting `/notaflatpageoravalidurl` now will immediately raise a 404.

Also, redirects returned by flatpages are now permanent (with 301 status code), to match the behavior of `CommonMiddleware`.

### Serialization of `datetime` and `time`

As a consequence of time-zone support, and according to the ECMA-262 specification, we made changes to the JSON serializer:

- It includes the time zone for aware datetime objects. It raises an exception for aware time objects.

- It includes milliseconds for datetime and time objects. There is still some precision loss, because Python stores microseconds (6 digits) and JSON only supports milliseconds (3 digits). However, it's better than discarding microseconds entirely.

We changed the XML serializer to use the ISO8601 format for datetimes. The letter `T` is used to separate the date part from the time part, instead of a space. Time zone information is included in the `[+-]HH:MM` format.

Though the serializers now use these new formats when creating fixtures, they can still load fixtures that use the old format.

### `supports_timezone` changed to `False` for SQLite

The database feature `supports_timezone` used to be `True` for SQLite. Indeed, if you saved an aware datetime object, SQLite stored a string that included an UTC offset. However, this offset was ignored when loading the value back from the database, which could corrupt the data.

In the context of time-zone support, this flag was changed to `False`, and datetimes are now stored without time-zone information in SQLite. When `USE_TZ` is `False`, if you attempt to save an aware datetime object, Django raises an exception.

### `MySQLdb`-specific exceptions

The MySQL backend historically has raised `MySQLdb.OperationalError` when a query triggered an exception. We've fixed this bug, and we now raise `django.db.DatabaseError` instead. If you were testing for `MySQLdb.OperationalError`, you'll need to update your `except` clauses.

### Database connection's thread-locality

`DatabaseWrapper` objects (i.e. the connection objects referenced by `django.db.connection` and `django.db.connections["some_alias"]`) used to be thread-local. They are now global objects in order to be potentially shared between multiple threads. While the individual connection objects are now global, the `django.db.connections` dictionary referencing those objects is still thread-local. Therefore if you just use the ORM or `DatabaseWrapper.cursor()` then the behavior is still the same as before. Note, however, that `django.db.connection` does not directly reference the default `DatabaseWrapper` object anymore and is now a proxy to access that object's attributes. If you need to access the actual `DatabaseWrapper` object, use `django.db.connections[DEFAULT_DB_ALIAS]` instead.

As part of this change, all underlying SQLite connections are now enabled for potential thread-sharing (by passing the `check_same_thread=False` attribute to `pysqlite`). `DatabaseWrapper` however preserves the previous behavior by disabling thread-sharing by default, so this does not affect any existing code that purely relies on the ORM or on `DatabaseWrapper.cursor()`.

Finally, while it's now possible to pass connections between threads, Django doesn't make any effort to synchronize access to the underlying backend. Concurrency behavior is defined by the underlying backend implementation. Check their documentation for details.

### `COMMENTS_BANNED_USERS_GROUP` setting

Django's comments has historically supported excluding the comments of a special user group, but we've never documented the feature properly and didn't enforce the exclusion in other parts of the app such as the template tags. To fix this problem, we removed the code from the feed class.

If you rely on the feature and want to restore the old behavior, use a custom comment model manager to exclude the user group, like this:

    from django.conf import settings
    from django.contrib.comments.managers import CommentManager

    class BanningCommentManager(CommentManager):
        def get_query_set(self):
            qs = super().get_query_set()
            if getattr(settings, "COMMENTS_BANNED_USERS_GROUP", None):
                where = [
                    "user_id NOT IN (SELECT user_id FROM auth_user_groups WHERE group_id = %s)"
                ]
                params = [settings.COMMENTS_BANNED_USERS_GROUP]
                qs = qs.extra(where=where, params=params)
            return qs

Save this model manager in your custom comment app (e.g., in `my_comments_app/managers.py`) and add it your custom comment app model:

    from django.db import models
    from django.contrib.comments.models import Comment

    from my_comments_app.managers import BanningCommentManager

    class CommentWithTitle(Comment):
        title = models.CharField(max_length=300)

        objects = BanningCommentManager()

### `IGNORABLE_404_STARTS` and `IGNORABLE_404_ENDS` settings

Until Django 1.3, it was possible to exclude some URLs from Django's 404 error reporting by adding prefixes to `IGNORABLE_404_STARTS` and suffixes to `IGNORABLE_404_ENDS`.

In Django 1.4, these two settings are superseded by `IGNORABLE_404_URLS`, which is a list of compiled regular expressions. Django won't send an email for 404 errors on URLs that match any of them.

Furthermore, the previous settings had some rather arbitrary default values:

    IGNORABLE_404_STARTS = ("/cgi-bin/", "/_vti_bin", "/_vti_inf")
    IGNORABLE_404_ENDS = (
        "mail.pl",
        "mailform.pl",
        "mail.cgi",
        "mailform.cgi",
        "favicon.ico",
        ".php",
    )

It's not Django's role to decide if your website has a legacy `/cgi-bin/` section or a `favicon.ico`. As a consequence, the default values of `IGNORABLE_404_URLS`, `IGNORABLE_404_STARTS`, and `IGNORABLE_404_ENDS` are all now empty.

If you have customized `IGNORABLE_404_STARTS` or `IGNORABLE_404_ENDS`, or if you want to keep the old default value, you should add the following lines in your settings file:

    import re

    IGNORABLE_404_URLS = (
        # for each <prefix> in IGNORABLE_404_STARTS
        re.compile(r"^<prefix>"),
        # for each <suffix> in IGNORABLE_404_ENDS
        re.compile(r"<suffix>$"),
    )

Don't forget to escape characters that have a special meaning in a regular expression, such as periods.

### CSRF protection extended to PUT and DELETE

Previously, Django's CSRF protection provided protection only against POST requests. Since use of PUT and DELETE methods in AJAX applications is becoming more common, we now protect all methods not defined as safe by RFC 2616 -- i.e., we exempt GET, HEAD, OPTIONS and TRACE, and we enforce protection on everything else.

If you're using PUT or DELETE methods in AJAX applications, please see the instructions about using AJAX and CSRF.

### Password reset view now accepts `subject_template_name`

The `password_reset` view in `django.contrib.auth` now accepts a `subject_template_name` parameter, which is passed to the password save form as a keyword argument. If you are using this view with a custom password reset form, then you will need to ensure your form's `save()` method accepts this keyword argument.

### `django.core.template_loaders`

This was an alias to `django.template.loader` since 2005, and we've removed it without emitting a warning due to the length of the deprecation. If your code still referenced this, please use `django.template.loader` instead.

### `django.db.models.fields.URLField.verify_exists`

This functionality has been removed due to intractable performance and security issues. Any existing usage of `verify_exists` should be removed.

### `django.core.files.storage.Storage.open`

The `open` method of the base Storage class used to take an obscure parameter `mixin` that allowed you to dynamically change the base classes of the returned file object. This has been removed. In the rare case you relied on the `mixin` parameter, you can easily achieve the same by overriding the `open` method, like this:

    from django.core.files import File
    from django.core.files.storage import FileSystemStorage

    class Spam(File):
        """
        Spam, spam, spam, spam and spam.
        """

        def ham(self):
            return "eggs"

    class SpamStorage(FileSystemStorage):
        """
        A custom file storage backend.
        """

        def open(self, name, mode="rb"):
            return Spam(open(self.path(name), mode))

### YAML deserializer now uses `yaml.safe_load`

`yaml.load` is able to construct any Python object, which may trigger arbitrary code execution if you process a YAML document that comes from an untrusted source. This feature isn't necessary for Django's YAML deserializer, whose primary use is to load fixtures consisting of simple objects. Even though fixtures are trusted data, the YAML deserializer now uses `yaml.safe_load` for additional security.

### Session cookies now have the `httponly` flag by default

Session cookies now include the `httponly` attribute by default to help reduce the impact of potential XSS attacks. As a consequence of this change, session cookie data, including `sessionid`, is no longer accessible from JavaScript in many browsers. For strict backwards compatibility, use `SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY = False` in your settings file.

### The `urlize` filter no longer escapes every URL

When a URL contains a `%xx` sequence, where `xx` are two hexadecimal digits, `urlize` now assumes that the URL is already escaped and doesn't apply URL escaping again. This is wrong for URLs whose unquoted form contains a `%xx` sequence, but such URLs are very unlikely to happen in the wild, because they would confuse browsers too.

### `assertTemplateUsed` and `assertTemplateNotUsed` as context manager

It's now possible to check whether a template was used within a block of code with `assertTemplateUsed()` and `assertTemplateNotUsed()`. And they can be used as a context manager:

    with self.assertTemplateUsed("index.html"):
        render_to_string("index.html")
    with self.assertTemplateNotUsed("base.html"):
        render_to_string("index.html")

See the assertion documentation for more.

### Database connections after running the test suite

The default test runner no longer restores the database connections after tests' execution. This prevents the production database from being exposed to potential threads that would still be running and attempting to create new connections.

If your code relied on connections to the production database being created after tests' execution, then you can restore the previous behavior by subclassing `DjangoTestRunner` and overriding its `teardown_databases()` method.

### Output of `manage.py help`

`manage.py help` now groups available commands by application. If you depended on the output of this command -- if you parsed it, for example -- then you'll need to update your code. To get a list of all available management commands in a script, use `manage.py help --commands` instead.

### `extends` template tag

Previously, the `extends` tag used a buggy method of parsing arguments, which could lead to it erroneously considering an argument as a string literal when it wasn't. It now uses `parser.compile_filter`, like other tags.

The internals of the tag aren't part of the official stable API, but in the interests of full disclosure, the `ExtendsNode.__init__` definition has changed, which may break any custom tags that use this class.

### Loading some incomplete fixtures no longer works

Prior to 1.4, a default value was inserted for fixture objects that were missing a specific date or datetime value when auto_now or auto_now_add was set for the field. This was something that should not have worked, and in 1.4 loading such incomplete fixtures will fail. Because fixtures are a raw import, they should explicitly specify all field values, regardless of field options on the model.

### Development Server Multithreading

The development server is now is multithreaded by default. Use the `runserver --nothreading` option to disable the use of threading in the development server:

    django-admin.py runserver --nothreading

### Attributes disabled in markdown when safe mode set

Prior to Django 1.4, attributes were included in any markdown output regardless of safe mode setting of the filter. With version > 2.1 of the Python-Markdown library, an enable_attributes option was added. When the safe argument is passed to the markdown filter, both the `safe_mode=True` and `enable_attributes=False` options are set. If using a version of the Python-Markdown library less than 2.1, a warning is issued that the output is insecure.

### FormMixin get_initial returns an instance-specific dictionary

In Django 1.3, the `get_initial` method of the `django.views.generic.edit.FormMixin` class was returning the class `initial` dictionary. This has been fixed to return a copy of this dictionary, so form instances can modify their initial data without messing with the class variable.

## Features deprecated in 1.4

### Old styles of calling `cache_page` decorator

Some legacy ways of calling `cache_page()` have been deprecated. Please see the documentation for the correct way to use this decorator.

### Support for PostgreSQL versions older than 8.2

Django 1.3 dropped support for PostgreSQL versions older than 8.0, and we suggested using a more recent version because of performance improvements and, more importantly, the end of upstream support periods for 8.0 and 8.1 was near (November 2010).

Django 1.4 takes that policy further and sets 8.2 as the minimum PostgreSQL version it officially supports.

### Request exceptions are now always logged

When we added logging support in Django in 1.3, the admin error email support was moved into the `django.utils.log.AdminEmailHandler`, attached to the `'django.request'` logger. In order to maintain the established behavior of error emails, the `'django.request'` logger was called only when `DEBUG` was `False`.

To increase the flexibility of error logging for requests, the `'django.request'` logger is now called regardless of the value of `DEBUG`, and the default settings file for new projects now includes a separate filter attached to `django.utils.log.AdminEmailHandler` to prevent admin error emails in `DEBUG` mode:

    LOGGING = {
        # ...
        "filters": {
            "require_debug_false": {
                "()": "django.utils.log.RequireDebugFalse",
            }
        },
        "handlers": {
            "mail_admins": {
                "level": "ERROR",
                "filters": ["require_debug_false"],
                "class": "django.utils.log.AdminEmailHandler",
            }
        },
    }

If your project was created prior to this change, your `LOGGING` setting will not include this new filter. In order to maintain backwards-compatibility, Django will detect that your `'mail_admins'` handler configuration includes no `'filters'` section and will automatically add this filter for you and issue a pending-deprecation warning. This will become a deprecation warning in Django 1.5, and in Django 1.6 the backwards-compatibility shim will be removed entirely.

The existence of any `'filters'` key under the `'mail_admins'` handler will disable this backward-compatibility shim and deprecation warning.

### `django.conf.urls.defaults`

Until Django 1.3, the `include()`, `patterns()`, and `url()` functions, plus `handler404` and `handler500` were located in a `django.conf.urls.defaults` module.

In Django 1.4, they live in `django.conf.urls`.

### `django.contrib.databrowse`

Databrowse has not seen active development for some time, and this does not show any sign of changing. There had been a suggestion for a GSOC project to integrate the functionality of databrowse into the admin, but no progress was made. While Databrowse has been deprecated, an enhancement of `django.contrib.admin` providing a similar feature set is still possible.

The code that powers Databrowse is licensed under the same terms as Django itself, so it's available to be adopted by an individual or group as a third-party project.

### `django.core.management.setup_environ`

This function temporarily modified `sys.path` in order to make the parent "project" directory importable under the old flat `startproject` layout. This function is now deprecated, as its path workarounds are no longer needed with the new `manage.py` and default project layout.

This function was never documented or part of the public API, but it was widely recommended for use in setting up a "Django environment" for a user script. These uses should be replaced by setting the `DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE` environment variable or using `django.conf.settings.configure()`.

### `django.core.management.execute_manager`

This function was previously used by `manage.py` to execute a management command. It is identical to `django.core.management.execute_from_command_line`, except that it first calls `setup_environ`, which is now deprecated. As such, `execute_manager` is also deprecated; `execute_from_command_line` can be used instead. Neither of these functions is documented as part of the public API, but a deprecation path is needed due to use in existing `manage.py` files.

### `is_safe` and `needs_autoescape` attributes of template filters

Two flags, `is_safe` and `needs_autoescape`, define how each template filter interacts with Django's auto-escaping behavior. They used to be attributes of the filter function:

    @register.filter
    def noop(value):
        return value

    noop.is_safe = True

However, this technique caused some problems in combination with decorators, especially `@stringfilter`. Now, the flags are keyword arguments of `@register.filter`:

    @register.filter(is_safe=True)
    def noop(value):
        return value

See filters and auto-escaping for more information.

### Wildcard expansion of application names in `INSTALLED_APPS`

Until Django 1.3, `INSTALLED_APPS` accepted wildcards in application names, like `django.contrib.*`. The expansion was performed by a filesystem-based implementation of `from <package> import *`. Unfortunately, this can't be done reliably.

This behavior was never documented. Since it is unpythonic, it was removed in Django 1.4. If you relied on it, you must edit your settings file to list all your applications explicitly.

### `HttpRequest.raw_post_data` renamed to `HttpRequest.body`

This attribute was confusingly named `HttpRequest.raw_post_data`, but it actually provided the body of the HTTP request. It's been renamed to `HttpRequest.body`, and `HttpRequest.raw_post_data` has been deprecated.

### `django.contrib.sitemaps` bug fix with potential performance implications

In previous versions, `Paginator` objects used in sitemap classes were cached, which could result in stale site maps. We've removed the caching, so each request to a site map now creates a new Paginator object and calls the `items` method of the `Sitemap` subclass. Depending on what your `items()` method is doing, this may have a negative performance impact. To mitigate the performance impact, consider using the caching framework within your `Sitemap` subclass.

### Versions of Python-Markdown earlier than 2.1

Versions of Python-Markdown earlier than 2.1 do not support the option to disable attributes. As a security issue, earlier versions of this library will not be supported by the markup contrib app in 1.5 under an accelerated deprecation timeline.