5 # UNIVERSAL.pm should not contain any methods/subs, they
6 # are all defined in universal.c
13 UNIVERSAL - base class for ALL classes (blessed references)
17 my $obj_is_io = $fd->isa("IO::Handle");
18 my $cls_is_io = Class->isa("IO::Handle");
20 my $obj_does_log = $obj->DOES("Logger");
21 my $cls_does_log = Class->DOES("Logger");
23 my $obj_sub = $obj->can("print");
24 my $cls_sub = Class->can("print");
26 my $eval_sub = eval { $ref->can("fandango") };
27 my $ver = $obj->VERSION;
30 my $is_io = UNIVERSAL::isa($fd, "IO::Handle");
31 my $sub = UNIVERSAL::can($obj, "print");
35 C<UNIVERSAL> is the base class from which all blessed references inherit.
38 C<UNIVERSAL> provides the following methods:
42 =item C<< $obj->isa( TYPE ) >>
44 =item C<< CLASS->isa( TYPE ) >>
46 =item C<< eval { VAL->isa( TYPE ) } >>
58 is a blessed reference or a package name
66 is any of the above or an unblessed reference
70 When used as an instance or class method (C<< $obj->isa( TYPE ) >>),
71 C<isa> returns I<true> if $obj is blessed into package C<TYPE> or
72 inherits from package C<TYPE>.
74 When used as a class method (C<< CLASS->isa( TYPE ) >>, sometimes
75 referred to as a static method), C<isa> returns I<true> if C<CLASS>
76 inherits from (or is itself) the name of the package C<TYPE> or
77 inherits from package C<TYPE>.
79 If you're not sure what you have (the C<VAL> case), wrap the method call in an
80 C<eval> block to catch the exception if C<VAL> is undefined or an unblessed
81 reference. The L<C<isa> operator|perlop/"Class Instance Operator"> is an
82 alternative that simply returns false in this case, so the C<eval> is not
85 If you want to be sure that you're calling C<isa> on an instance, not a class,
86 check the invocant with C<blessed> from L<Scalar::Util> first:
88 use Scalar::Util 'blessed';
90 if ( blessed( $obj ) && $obj->isa("Some::Class") ) {
94 =item C<< $obj->DOES( ROLE ) >>
96 =item C<< CLASS->DOES( ROLE ) >>
98 C<DOES> checks if the object or class performs the role C<ROLE>. A role is a
99 named group of specific behavior (often methods of particular names and
100 signatures), similar to a class, but not necessarily a complete class by
101 itself. For example, logging or serialization may be roles.
103 C<DOES> and C<isa> are similar, in that if either is true, you know that the
104 object or class on which you call the method can perform specific behavior.
105 However, C<DOES> is different from C<isa> in that it does not care I<how> the
106 invocand performs the operations, merely that it does. (C<isa> of course
107 mandates an inheritance relationship. Other relationships include aggregation,
108 delegation, and mocking.)
110 By default, classes in Perl only perform the C<UNIVERSAL> role, as well as the
111 role of all classes in their inheritance. In other words, by default C<DOES>
112 responds identically to C<isa>.
114 There is a relationship between roles and classes, as each class implies the
115 existence of a role of the same name. There is also a relationship between
116 inheritance and roles, in that a subclass that inherits from an ancestor class
117 implicitly performs any roles its parent performs. Thus you can use C<DOES> in
118 place of C<isa> safely, as it will return true in all places where C<isa> will
119 return true (provided that any overridden C<DOES> I<and> C<isa> methods behave
122 =item C<< $obj->can( METHOD ) >>
124 =item C<< CLASS->can( METHOD ) >>
126 =item C<< eval { VAL->can( METHOD ) } >>
128 C<can> checks if the object or class has a method called C<METHOD>. If it does,
129 then it returns a reference to the sub. If it does not, then it returns
130 I<undef>. This includes methods inherited or imported by C<$obj>, C<CLASS>, or
133 C<can> cannot know whether an object will be able to provide a method through
134 AUTOLOAD (unless the object's class has overridden C<can> appropriately), so a
135 return value of I<undef> does not necessarily mean the object will not be able
136 to handle the method call. To get around this some module authors use a forward
137 declaration (see L<perlsub>) for methods they will handle via AUTOLOAD. For
138 such 'dummy' subs, C<can> will still return a code reference, which, when
139 called, will fall through to the AUTOLOAD. If no suitable AUTOLOAD is provided,
140 calling the coderef will cause an error.
142 You may call C<can> as a class (static) method or an object method.
144 Again, the same rule about having a valid invocand applies -- use an C<eval>
145 block or C<blessed> if you need to be extra paranoid.
147 =item C<VERSION ( [ REQUIRE ] )>
149 C<VERSION> will return the value of the variable C<$VERSION> in the
150 package the object is blessed into. If C<REQUIRE> is given then
151 it will do a comparison and die if the package version is not
152 greater than or equal to C<REQUIRE>, or if either C<$VERSION> or C<REQUIRE>
153 is not a "lax" version number (as defined by the L<version> module).
155 The return from C<VERSION> will actually be the stringified version object
156 using the package C<$VERSION> scalar, which is guaranteed to be equivalent
157 but may not be precisely the contents of the C<$VERSION> scalar. If you want
158 the actual contents of C<$VERSION>, use C<$CLASS::VERSION> instead.
160 C<VERSION> can be called as either a class (static) method or an object
167 B<NOTE:> C<can> directly uses Perl's internal code for method lookup, and
168 C<isa> uses a very similar method and cache-ing strategy. This may cause
169 strange effects if the Perl code dynamically changes @ISA in any package.
171 You may add other methods to the UNIVERSAL class via Perl or XS code.
172 You do not need to C<use UNIVERSAL> to make these methods
173 available to your program (and you should not do so).
179 Previous versions of this documentation suggested using C<isa> as
180 a function to determine the type of a reference:
182 $yes = UNIVERSAL::isa($h, "HASH");
183 $yes = UNIVERSAL::isa("Foo", "Bar");
185 The problem is that this code would I<never> call an overridden C<isa> method in
186 any class. Instead, use C<reftype> from L<Scalar::Util> for the first case:
188 use Scalar::Util 'reftype';
190 $yes = reftype( $h ) eq "HASH";
192 and the method form of C<isa> for the second:
194 $yes = Foo->isa("Bar");