Prova de inglês: Present perfect and Simple past

PRESENT PERFECT:
O Present Perfect é um tempo verbal em inglês usado para falar de ações que aconteceram
em algum momento do passado e têm influência no presente ou que começaram no passado e
continuam acontecendo no presente.
Por exemplo, quando dizemos She has lost her keys (Ela perdeu as chaves) indica uma ação
que aconteceu em algum momento do passado (não sabemos exatamente quando) e tem
influência no presente, pois ela não pode entrar em casa agora.

 Você sempre deve utilizar o "present perfect" quando o período de uma ação for
irrelevante ou não estiver especificado

A estrutura do Presente Perfect:

 Para as afirmativas:
Estrutura sujeito + “have/has” + particípio passado do verbo
Exemplo:
I have finished my homework.
She has finished her homework

 Para as negativas:
Para formar frases negativas no Present Perfect, adicionamos “not” após “have/has”.
sujeito + “have/has” + not + particípio passado do verbo
Exemplo:
She has not (hasn’t) visited Brazil.
I have not (haven´t) visited Japan.

 Para as interrogativas:
Para perguntar no Present Perfect, invertemos a posição de “have/has” e o sujeito,
iniciando a frase com “Have/Has”.
“have/has” + sujeito + particípio passado do verbo + ?
Exemplo:
Have you ever seen a shooting star?
Has she ever seen a shooting star?

Contrações para o Present Perfect:

I have — I’ve
You have — You’ve
He has — He’s
She has — She’s
It has — It’s
We have — We’ve
They have — They’ve
Have not — Haven’t
Has not — Hasn’t
SIMPLE PAST:
O simple past é um tempo verbal usado para indicar ações passadas que já foram concluídas,
ou seja, um fato que começou e terminou no passado.

Na maioria das vezes quando usamos um verbo no simple past ele vem acompanhado de uma
expressão temporal como por exemplo yesterday (ontem), last week (semana passada), last
night (noite passada), last year (ano passado), one hour ago (uma hora atrás), in 2019 (em
2019) e algumas outras expressões temporais.

 Utilize sempre o "simple past" quando forem fornecidos ou solicitados os detalhes sobre
o período ou lugar de uma ação.

VERBOS REGULARES

Estrutura da frase no Simple Past: sujeito + verbo no passado + complemento

 regra do -ed. Ela serve para os verbos regulares, mas se o verbo já terminar em
E, acrescente apenas o -d.

Exemplos:

 He worked (work) in that school last year.

 She canceled (cancel) all her meetings for the day.
 Josh baked (bake) an apple pie last week.
 Lana arrived (arrive) early yesterday.
Existem duas exceções para esta regra: nos verbos terminados em consoante + vogal +
consoante, (CVC), você tem que dobrar a última consoante antes de acrescentar o -ed.
Já para verbos terminados em consoante + Y, você tira Y e acrescenta -ied.
 They stopped (stop) at the store before coming here.
 Josy planned (plan) her wedding in only five days!
 My brother studied (study) for his final test all weekend!
 Rose cried (cry) a lot watching that movie.

Forma afirmativa (Affirmative form)

Para formarmos o passado dos verbos regulares (regular verbs) basta adicionarmos "–d", "–ed"
ou "–ied" no final do verbo principal seguindo as regras que veremos logo a seguir.

estrutura: Sujeito + Verbo no passado + Complemento

Exemplo: Rose cried a lot watching that movie.

 2) Verbos regulares terminados em "-y" precedido de vogal

Acrescenta-se "-ed" normalmente quando o verbo regular termina em "-y" precedido de vogal.

Exemplos: to play (jogar) ---> played to enjoy (curtir) ---> enjoyed to pray (rezar) ---> prayed
  3) Verbos regulares terminados em "-y" precedido de consoante

Quando um verbo regular terminar em "-y" precedido de consoante então neste caso remove o
"y" e acrescenta-se o "-ied"

Exemplos: to study (estudar) ---> studied to copy (copiar) ---> copied to cry (chorar) ---> cried

Repare nos exemplos acima que removemos o "y" e adicionamos o "-ied"

Forma negativa (Negative form)

Na forma negativa do simple past precisamos usar o verbo auxiliar did. O verbo auxiliar "did"
não tem sentido semântico, ou seja, não é traduzido na frase.

O "did" serve apenas para indicar que a frase está no passado.

estrutura: Sujeito + did + not + verbo principal + complemento

Exemplo: She did not like my new haircut.

Forma interrogativa (Interrogative form)

Na forma interrogativa do simple past (assim como na forma negativa) precisamos usar o verbo
auxiliar did.

estrutura: Did + sujeito + verbo principal + complemento

Exemplo: Did you like this lesson?

Verbos irregulares no Simple Past (Passado Simples)

Os verbos irregulares) não possuem regras específicas para formar o passado, ou seja, as
regras acima só são válidas para os verbos regulares. Cada verbo irregular em inglês possui
sua própria forma no passado.

LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS

INFINITIVE SIMPLE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE TRANSLATION
1 To be (am / is / are) Was / were Been Ser / estar
2 To become Became Become Tornar-se
3 To begin Began Begun Começar
4 To break Broke Broken Quebrar
5 To bring Brought Brought Trazer
6 To buy Bought Bought Comprar
7 To come Came Come Vir
8 To cost Cost Cost Custar
9 To do Did Done Fazer
10 To drink Drank Drunk Beber
11 To drive Drove Driven Dirigir
12 To eat Ate Eaten Comer
13 To fall Fell Fallen Cair
14 To feel Felt Felt Sentir
15 To find Found Found Achar / encontrar
16 To fly Flew Flown Voar
17 To forget Forgot Forgotten Esquecer
18 To get Got Gotten Conseguir / obter
19 To get up Got up Gotten up Levantar
20 To give Gave Given Dar
21 To go Went Gone Ir
22 To grow up Grew up Grown up Crescer
23 To have Had Had Ter
24 To know Knew Known Saber / conhecer
25 To leave Left Left Deixar / partir
26 To lose Lost Lost Perder
27 To make Made Made Fazer (fabricar)
28 To meet Met Met Encontrar (pessoas)
29 To pay Paid Paid Pagar
30 To put Put Put Pôr / colocar
31 To read Read Read Ler
32 To ride Rode Ridden Andar de / cavalgar
33 To run Ran Run Correr
34 To say Said Said Dizer
35 To see Saw Seen Ver
36 To sell Sold Sold Vender
37 To sing Sang Sung Cantar
38 To sit Sat Sat Sentar
39 To sleep Slept Slept Dormir
40 To speak Spoke Spoken Falar
41 To spend Spent Spent Passar / gastar
42 To swim Swam Swum Nadar
43 To take Took Taken Pegar / levar / tomar
44 To teach Taught Taught Ensinar
45 To tell Told Told Contar
46 To think Thought Thought Pensar
47 To understand Understood Understood Entender
48 To wake up Woke up Woken up Acordar
49 To wear Wore Worn Vestir
50 To win Won Won Vencer
51 To write Wrote written Escrever

LIST OS REGULAR VERBS

INFINITIVE SIMPLE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE TRANSLATION

1 To arrive Arrived Arrived Chegar
2 To behave Behaved Behaved Comportar-se
3 To belong Belonged Belonged Pertencer
4 To borrow Borrowed Borrowed Pegar emprestado
5 To call Called Called Chamar, telefonar
6 To change Changed Changed Trocar
7 To clean Cleaned Cleaned Limpar
8 To close Closed Closed Fechar
9 To deliver Delivered Delivered Entregar, distribuir
10 To discover Discovered Discovered Descobrir
11 To dream Dreamed Dreamed Sonhar
12 To die Died Died Morrer
13 To end Ended Ended Acabar, terminar
14 To enjoy Enjoyed Enjoyed Curtir, apreciar
15 To explain Explained Explained Explicar
 16 To follow Followed Followed Seguir, acompanhar
17 To happen Happened Happened Acontecer
18 To help Helped Helped Auxiliar, ajudar
19 To improve Improved Improved Melhorar, aperfeiçoar
20 To invite Invited Invited Convidar
21 To last Lasted Lasted Durar, demorar
22 To learn Learned Learned Aprender
23 To like Liked Liked Gostar
24 To listen to Listened to Listened to Escutar
25 To live Lived Lived Morar, viver
26 To look at Looked at Looked at Olhar para
27 To look for Looked for Looked for Procurar
28 To look up Looked up Looked up Pesquisar
29 To need Needed Needed Precisar / Necessitar
30 To open Opened Opened Abrir
31 To play Played Played Jogar, brincar, tocar
32 To prefer Preferred Preferred Preferir
33 To prepare Prepared Prepared Preparar
34 To rain Rained Rained Chover
35 To rest Rested Rested Descansar
36 To return Returned Returned Retornar, regressar
37 To smoke Smoked Smoked Fumar
38 To stay Stayed Stayed Ficar, permanecer
39 To start Started Started Iniciar, começar
40 To study Studied Studied Estudar
41 To stop Stopped Stopped Parar
42 To talk Talked Talked Conversar
43 To travel Traveled Traveled Viajar
44 To try Tried Tried Tentar, experimentar
45 To wait Waited Waited Esperar
46 To walk Walked Walked Andar, caminhar
47 To work Worked Worked Trabalhar

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