RGSA – Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental

ISSN: 1981-982X
Data de submissão: 12/23/2023
Data de aceite: 03/11/2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n6-014
Organização: Comitê Científico Interinstitucional
Editor Chefe: Christian Luiz da Silva
Avaliação: Double Blind Review pelo SEER/OJS

CLEAN CITY, GREEN FUTURE: THE PATH TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY

THROUG EDUCATION

Ada Patricia Barturén Quispe1

Carmen Carreño Farfán2
Hilda Angélica Del Carpio Ramos 3
Marilín Sánchez Purihuamán4
Sebastian Huangal Scheineder5
Blanca Romero Guzman6
Sergio Rafael Del Carpio Hernández7
Pedro Antonio Del Carpio Ramos 8
Segundo Alberto Vásquez Llanos9
ABSTRACT

Objective: Solid waste management is a topic of growing concern globally due to the environmental, economic
and social impacts. In this regard, the objective was to teach the management of household solid waste to a pilot
group of families through the application of an environmental educational program, to ensure the sustainability of
a clean city with a green future.

Method: Conferences were held with experts in the field, which provided essential information for the formulation
of problem, objective, and activity trees. For the application of the program, three key dimensions were considered:
knowledge of solid waste and its impact on the environment, the attitude of the population towards the disposal of
household solid waste, and citizen awareness regarding the environment. The collection of relevant data was
carried out through specific surveys and was validated through the use of the Cronbach's Alpha reliability index.
The study sample consisted of 278 participants, with an average of five people per family. The distribution of the
surveys was carried out at six randomly selected locations.

Results: 84 % recognize the importance of education on solid waste management, 92 % show a positive attitude
towards waste disposal, and 96 % are committed to sharing knowledge. Furthermore, 88 % value the contribution
of recyclers to the recycling chain.

Conclusions: The challenge lies in expanding the pilot program to involve a variety of institutions and businesses,
ensuring long-term sustainability and strengthening the role of the municipality in waste recycling and disposal
management.

1
Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo. E-mail: [email protected]
Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4566-1868
2
Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo. E-mail: [email protected]
Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0238-2666
3
Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo, E-mail: [email protected]
Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6107-6223
4
Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo. E-mail: [email protected]
Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4864-1857
5
Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo, E-mail: [email protected]
Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9065-0810
6
Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo. E-mail: [email protected]
Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1526-8099
7
Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo. E-mail: [email protected]
Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0236-1593
8
Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo. E-mail: [email protected]
Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3937-9674
9
Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo, Perú. E-mail: [email protected]
Orcid: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3937-9674

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Keywords: Household Solid Waste, Sustainable Development, Recycling, Environmental Pollution, Public
Health, Climate Change.

CIDADE LIMPA, FUTURO VERDE: O CAMINHO RUMO À SUSTENTABILIDADE ATRAVÉS DA

EDUCAÇÃO

RESUMO

Objetivo: A gestão de resíduos sólidos é um tema de preocupação crescente a nível mundial devido aos impactos
ambientais, econômicos e sociais. Nesse sentido, o objetivo era ensinar a gestão de resíduos sólidos domésticos a
um grupo-piloto de famílias através da aplicação de um programa educacional ambiental, para garantir a
sustentabilidade de uma cidade limpa com um futuro verde.

Método: Foram realizadas conferências com especialistas na área, que forneceram informações essenciais para a
formulação de árvores de problemas, objetivos e atividades. Para a aplicação do programa, foram consideradas
três dimensões-chave: conhecimento dos resíduos sólidos e seu impacto no meio ambiente, atitude da população
em relação à eliminação de resíduos sólidos domésticos e conscientização do cidadão em relação ao meio
ambiente. A recolha de dados relevantes foi realizada através de inquéritos específicos e foi validada através da
utilização do índice de fiabilidade Alpha de Cronbach. A amostra do estudo foi composta por 278 participantes,
com uma média de cinco pessoas por família. A distribuição das pesquisas foi realizada em seis locais selecionados
aleatoriamente.

Resultados: 84 % reconhecem a importância da educação em matéria de gestão de resíduos sólidos, 92 % mostram

uma atitude positiva em relação à eliminação de resíduos e 96 % comprometem-se a partilhar conhecimentos.
Além disso, 88 % valorizam a contribuição dos recicladores para a cadeia de reciclagem.

Conclusões: O desafio está em expandir o programa piloto para envolver uma variedade de instituições e empresas,
garantir a sustentabilidade a longo prazo e reforçar o papel do município na reciclagem e gestão de resíduos.

Palavras-chave: Resíduos Sólidos Domésticos, Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Reciclagem, Poluição Ambiental,

Saúde Pública, Mudanças Climáticas.

CIUDAD LIMPIA, FUTURO VERDE: EL CAMINO HACIA LA SOSTENIBILIDAD A TRAVÉS DE

LA EDUCACIÓN

RESUMEN

Objetivo: La gestión de residuos sólidos es un tema de creciente preocupación a nivel mundial debido a los
impactos ambientales, económicos y sociales. En este sentido, el objetivo fue enseñar la gestión de residuos sólidos
domésticos a un grupo piloto de familias mediante la aplicación de un programa educativo ambiental, para
garantizar la sostenibilidad de una ciudad limpia con un futuro verde.

Método: Se celebraron conferencias con expertos en la materia, que proporcionaron información esencial para la
formulación de árboles de problemas, objetivos y actividades. Para la aplicación del programa, se consideraron
tres dimensiones clave: el conocimiento de los residuos sólidos y su impacto en el medio ambiente, la actitud de
la población hacia la eliminación de los residuos sólidos domésticos y la conciencia ciudadana con respecto al
medio ambiente. La recopilación de datos relevantes se llevó a cabo a través de encuestas específicas y se validó
mediante el uso del índice de confiabilidad alfa de Cronbach. La muestra del estudio estuvo conformada por 278
participantes, con un promedio de cinco personas por familia. La distribución de las encuestas se llevó a cabo en
seis lugares seleccionados al azar.

Resultados: el 84 % reconoce la importancia de la educación en la gestión de residuos sólidos, el 92 % muestra

una actitud positiva hacia la eliminación de residuos y el 96 % se compromete a compartir conocimientos. Además,
el 88 % valora la contribución de los recicladores a la cadena de reciclado.

Conclusiones: El desafío radica en ampliar el programa piloto para involucrar a una variedad de instituciones y
empresas, garantizar la sostenibilidad a largo plazo y fortalecer el papel del municipio en el reciclaje y la gestión
de la eliminación de residuos.

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Palabras clave: Residuos Sólidos Domésticos, Desarrollo Sostenible, Reciclaje, Contaminación Ambiental, Salud
Pública, Cambio Climático.

RGSA adota a Licença de Atribuição CC BY do Creative Commons (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

1 INTRODUCTION

The growth of urban areas has led to the generation of large amounts of household
organic waste (Elsaid & Aghezzaf, 2015; Wang et al., 2020). Household solid waste represents
a major problem in cities around the world, especially in cities in developing countries, where
there is an urgent need to implement municipal solid waste management programs (ElSaid &
Aghezzaf, 2018) accompanied by environmental education programs. Furthermore, solid waste
classification based on methodologies, and more relevant indicators such as sustainability is
necessary (ElSaid & Aghezzaf, 2018), to address the accumulation of solid waste that represents
a risk to the health of exposed populations (Odewabi et al., 2013). Three components are
important in the segregation of household waste, such as citizen awareness, knowledge of
appropriate technologies, and the availability of equipment to manage and recycle waste
(Guerrero et al., 2013). The aforementioned components can be achieved through local
alliances between municipalities, nongovernmental organizations, universities, and other
community actors (Fidelis et al., 2023).
In Peru, the generation of municipal solid waste reaches approximately 21,000 tons per
day. This waste is produced by a population of 32 million inhabitants, which is equivalent to a
per capita generation of 0.8 kg/inhabitant.day (Diario el Peruano). In the city of Chiclayo, this
figure is slightly higher, reaching 0.91 kg/inhabitant.day. Of this amount, approximately 54%
corresponds to 745.03 tons per day (MINAM, 2022). Little is known about the mechanisms that
a municipality uses to successfully manage household waste in Peruvian cities, especially in
aspects related to minimization, segregation at the source, mandatory classified waste delivery,
and even less about awareness-raising actions for environmental promotion and education.
Studies indicate that most of the Peruvian population has little knowledge about the solid waste
cycle and its disposal (Tumi, 2014) and that the implementation of a training and awareness
program would favor the level of citizen awareness of recycling (Limache, 2021).
The reality is that, when the amount of household solid waste significantly exceeds the
capacity to manage this waste, an accumulation is generated in the streets, clandestine landfills

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are created, and as a consequence, both the health of people and the environment are seriously
affected. Furthermore, the lack of knowledge of the population about the minimization and
segregation of solid waste and the low participation of the population in recycling is due to the
fact that there is no sustainable awareness program, combined with poor management during
the last 20 years, the city of Chiclayo. It has been the most polluted city in northern Peru
(Arteaga et al., 2023). In turn, the need to address an emergency declared in the management
and handling of solid waste in different cities, including the city of Chiclayo, by Ministerial
Resolution No. 145-2019-MINAM (MINAM, 2019), due to the lack of a program or a
sensitizing action applied at the source of solid waste generating, as stipulated by the law.
In this sense, an evident methodological gap has been identified in municipal
management related to environmental awareness and education. To address this deficiency
effectively, the implementation of an environmental educational program based on three
fundamental pillars is proposed: knowledge of solid waste and its impact on the environment,
the population's attitude towards the elimination of household solid waste, and raising citizen
awareness regarding the environment. The objective of this approach is to educate a pilot group
of families in the management of household solid waste by applying an environmental
education program to ensure the sustainability of a clean city with a green future. The
management of waste has become a pressing issue confronting both developing and developed
countries. The effective handling of solid waste presents a significant and compelling challenge
that has repercussions on ecosystems worldwide. Consequently, there is an imperative to devise
an efficient methodology for mitigating these concerns, or at the very least, reducing them to a
manageable threshold (Udayakumar et al., 2023).

2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Raising environmental awareness is an important tool for instilling a culture of

environmental care within the population and should be integrated into municipal institutional
plans. Furthermore, the building of an environmental culture relies on educational efforts aimed
at increasing awareness of global issues among the public. Education should serve as a means
of spreading knowledge, making it essential to organize awareness and environmental
campaigns (Limache, 2021). It is worth noting the importance of initiatives that promote
environmental education within urban planning (Silva & Ludwig, 2022). Regarding waste
recycling, it is an alternative to reusing recoverable portions of resources, it is widely
recognized as a promising waste management strategy to address the current challenge of

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household solid waste (Song et al., 2022). From a life cycle management perspective, more
effective and low-risk recycling of household solid waste reduces overall solid waste quantities
and contributes to resource conservation and the corresponding reduction in emissions (Chen
et al., 2023).
In the literature, different cases worldwide are reported that describe the different
strategies applied for the classification of solid waste and the evaluation of citizen behavior.
For example, in Bangkok, the capital of Thailand, which has 10.5 million inhabitants
(Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, 2022), due to rapid population growth, urban expansion,
and lifestyle changes, a system dynamics model was created. To evaluate the effects of
separation at the source of municipal solid waste that represented about 10,000 tons/day. The
result was the incentive given to the knowledge provided about source separation. The greatest
positive attitude of the inhabitants was towards recycling, while others were willing to separate
waste without receiving any incentive, demonstrating appreciation for the acquired knowledge
(Sukholthaman & Sharp, 2016).
In the city of Bhopal, a city located in the central part of India, which has a population
of approximately 2 million people, since 2008 urban local bodies have been working with waste
collectors to accelerate the collection of plastic waste. and its sale aimed at recyclers
(Drishtiias.com, 2022). This process had two stages, the first was to identify the recycling and
reuse practices of household waste through focus groups, the second stage was the application
of a survey (Pandey et al., 2018) to capture the reality of these practices in homes. of the city
where approximately 550 tons of waste were collected daily. The study allowed us to
understand the characteristics of the generation of household waste, where the different reuse
practices of textile, paper, plastic and glass waste were evident, where the discarded materials
were used, sold to recyclers, and the remaining waste was recycled. These practices help to
achieve sustainable consumption, because it is not only the reuse of various materials, but also
allows the development of a clean city according to the concepts of sustainability and also to
reduce the amount of waste generated (Pandey et al., 2018).
Another case, in the city of Bogotá, surveys were applied to know the separation of solid
waste and a wide set of individual variables for households in Bogotá, with the objective of
exploring the factors associated with recycling in homes considering socioeconomic classes, to
know the attitude in homes in relation to the separation of solids based on socioeconomic class.
The higher the socioeconomic level, the higher the attitudes toward source-separated recycling,
highlighting that the educational level of the head of the household plays an important role in
the attitude towards waste separation in households. Consequently, increasing education levels

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in the poorest segments, promoting affordable housing policies, and facilitating Internet access
could reinforce the attitude of households towards better recycling at the source (J. Padilla &
Trujillo, 2018).
In Mexico City, only 5 % of urban solid waste is currently recycled. However, according
to the results of surveys carried out with 397 families, there is a possibility that this value could
increase to 60 % with participation in the survey. The results indicate that the cognitive
dimension of environmental awareness is strongly related to waste separation, suggesting that
the possibility for families to begin to separate their household solid waste could increase by
more than four times (Abelino-Torres et al., 2019).
On the other hand, a network design for a container-to-container household waste
collection system has been presented in a real-world case study in the commune of Renca, in
the city of Santiago, Chile. The first stage involved the formulation of a Mixed Integer Linear
Programming (MILP) model to determine the type, quantity and location of containers at
specific sites within a set of possible collection points, as well as to assign the waste generated
to these containers. In the second stage, another MILP model was introduced to plan solid waste
collection routes for a homogeneous fleet of waste compactor vehicles that provide service in
the containers located at the collection points selected in the previous phase. carried out a
sensitivity analysis to evaluate the behavior of both models against different parameters. The
results offer local authorities a valuable tool in the decision-making process related to the
collection of solid waste. The container-to-container collection system proposed for Renca is
presented as a more effective solution than the door-to-door collection method currently in use
in the commune, in terms of the total distance traveled daily and the average duration of work
shifts (Blazquez & Paredes-Belmar, 2020).

3 METHODOLOGY

The study was carried out from June 2022 to May 2023 in the city of Chiclayo, located
in northern Peru and with a population of 270 496 inhabitants. The sample size was determined
using Netquest (Netquest, 2023), with a confidence level of 95 %, 50 % heterogeneity and 5 %
margin of error. The sample size consisted of 278 participants, with an approximate average of
five people per household, totaling around 55 families surveyed. For the distribution of the
survey, we randomly selected six areas, as shown in Figure 1. In the initial phase of the
investigation, a single- and multiple-question design was used, while the Likert scale was used
in the final survey. The validation of the surveys was carried out by calculating the Cronbach's

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Alpha reliability index (Toro et al., 2022). These criteria classify reliability as follows: a value
less than 0.7 indicates low reliability, a value between 0.7 and 0.9 is considered acceptable
reliability, and a value between 0.91 and 1.0 suggests redundancy or duplication in responses.

Figure 1
Surveyed sectors of the city of Chiclayo

Note: Point 1: San Isidro zone. Point 2: Primavera zone. Point 3: Chiclayo center zone. Point 4: 9 de octubre
zone. Point 5: Santa Victoria zone. Point 6: airport zone.
Source: Prepared by Authors (2023)

The environmental education program was called PEMASRES-CH. To carry out the
diagnosis, conferences were organized in which local experts, as well as members of the local
and university community, participated. Among the participants were representatives of various
institutions, such as the Regional Environmental Commission, the Sub-Management of Solid
Waste Management of the municipality of Chiclayo and the Environmental Ecology Unit of the
Executive Directorate of Environmental Health. The PEMASRES-CH program was based on
three key components: the problem tree, the objective tree, and the activity tree. To develop the
problem tree, as illustrated in Figure 2, information was collected from key experts who have

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in-depth knowledge of the city's problems. Sources such as local newspapers were also used
and information was collected during the visual tour carried out by project members in the city.

Figure 2
Tree of Problem of the PEMASRES-CH Program

Source: Prepared by Authors (2023)

The development of the objective tree was designed taking the problem tree as a starting
point. The definition of these objectives played a fundamental role in the configuration of the

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PEMASRES-CH program, because it helped to establish the roadmap for educational work
oriented towards sustainability, as represented in Figure 3.

Figure 3
Tree of Objective of the PEMASRES-CH Program

Source: Prepared by Authors (2023)

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Once the problems were identified, the key actors involved in solving the city challenges
and the objectives of the PEMASRES-CH program were identified, the activities to be
developed were designed, as illustrated in Figure 4.

Figure 4
Tree of Activities of the PEMASRES-CH Program

Source: Prepared by Authors (2023)

Tables 1 and 2 were used to prepare the initial and final surveys, tools for evaluating the
diagnosis and impact of the PEMASRES-CH program.

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Table 1
Design of the questionnaire before the application of the PEMASRES-CH program
Dimension Associated question
Dimension 1 Question 1: Do you have knowledge about what is considered solid waste?
Knowledge about solid Question 2: Of the types of solid waste mentioned in the survey, which do you think are the
waste. most disposed of in your area?
Question 3: Can you differentiate between organic and inorganic solid waste?
Question 4: Are you aware that the accumulation of solid waste can lead to diseases in
people?
Question 5: Are you aware that the accumulation of solid waste can contaminate the
environment and affect the public image of the community?
Dimension 2 Question 1: Approx. How much solid waste does your home generate?
Attitude before the Question 2: How often do you remove solid waste from your home?
disposal of household Question 3: Do you apply any technique or method to reduce the generation of solid waste
solid waste. in your home?
Question 4: Do you usually use plastic bags to contain your solid waste?
Question 5: Why do you consider it important to separate solid waste by color, whether you
use bags or not?
Question 6: In what specific place do you deposit solid waste once you take it out of your
home?
Question 7: Does the solid waste collection truck collect at your home?
Question 8: If so, how often does the solid waste collection truck pass your home?
Dimension 3 Question 1: Would you be willing to reduce and classify solid waste in your home?
Sensitization of the Question 2: Would you be willing to participate in education and promotion campaigns to
population with the encourage the reduction and classification of solid waste in your home?
environment. Question 3: Do you think it is important to include awareness of household solid waste
management in school education, with the purpose of generating alternatives to reduce,
recycle, and reuse?
Question 4: What suggestions or recommendations do you have to effectively reduce and
sort solid waste in your home?
Source: Prepared by Authors (2023)

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Table 2
Questionnaire design after application of the PEMASRES-CH program
Dimension Associated question
Dimension 1 Question 1: Do you consider a scheduled collection program for household solid waste by the
Increase in the level Municipality to be appropriate?
of knowledge and Question 2: Do you think that awareness of the meaning of recycling can reduce the
understanding in accumulation of solid waste on the streets?
relation to solid Question 3: Do you think that the accumulation of solid waste in the city has a negative impact
waste and its proper on the environment and causes diseases in the population due to the presence of rodents?
management. Question 4: Is it necessary to raise awareness in the community about solid waste recycling to
prevent its accumulation in the city?
Question 5: Do you consider it important to raise awareness of solid waste recycling in schools,
universities, markets, and shopping centers to prevent the accumulation of waste in the city and
valorize this waste?
Dimension 2 Question 1: Do you think that lack of environmental awareness in families leads to people
Improve of attitude having a bad attitude when throwing solid waste on the streets?
in the elimination of Question 2: Would you be willing to attend talks on the segregation and recycling of household
household solid solid waste?
waste. Question 3: Do you think that the collection of household solid waste should involve the
participation of properly registered recyclers?
Dimension 3 Question 1: Have you had a positive experience in the delivery of properly labeled colored
Increase in containers for the segregation of solid waste?
awareness and Question 2: Has your family learned to segregate solid waste according to the format provided
sensitivity of the and place it in the corresponding recycling containers?
population in Question 3: Do you think that, based on this experience, you can share with your neighbors the
relation to the importance of segregation and motivate them to adopt this practice as a habit?
environment and
sustainability.
Source: Prepared by Authors (2023)

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results of the initial survey application helped identify the lifestyle and level of
knowledge of the population about the management of household solid waste. It should be noted
that situations similar to reported cases have been found in the cities of Bhopal (Pandey et al.,
2018), Bangkok (Sukholthaman & Sharp, 2016), Bogotá (J. Padilla & Trujillo, 2018), and
Mexico (Abelino-Torres et al., 2019). In Dimension 1 related to solid waste knowledge, 84 %
of the respondents consider that it is important to influence the population by educating them
on solid waste management, and improving their attitude as citizens; However, there are 16 %
of people who do not demonstrate knowledge in this dimension, but who are willing to
participate in the program; Similarly, in this survey, information was collected on the types of
waste that families eliminate, see Figure 5, where it is observed that they identify the type of
waste and that the largest amount of waste they eliminate is plastic waste 33.13 %, organic
waste 33 %, and paper waste 23.08 %.

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Figure 5
The surveyed population that eliminates household solid waste

Source: Prepared by Authors (2023)

In the Dimension 2 of the survey, which deals with the attitude towards the elimination
of household solid waste, information was collected on the frequency of disposal of solid waste,
the amount eliminated and its final disposal. We found that 42.11 % of respondents dispose of
at least 2 kg of solid waste daily, while 28.94 % dispose of 3 kg or more daily. These figures
contrast significantly with the value reported by MINAN, which is only 0.91 kg/day (MINAM,
2022). In terms of disposal frequency, 78.95 % of respondents dispose of their solid waste daily,
while only 21 % do so at intervals of two days or more. This may explain the accumulation of
waste on the streets, which is worsened due to the apparent ineffectiveness of the municipal
solid waste management program in the city. In Figure 6, you can see the details of this
situation. Furthermore, 45.45 % of those surveyed leave their waste on sidewalks or street
corners, while only 48.1 % claim that collection trucks collect it.

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Figure 6
Number of waste generated, domestic solid waste disposal practices and final disposal
methods declared by survey participants

Source: Prepared by Authors (2023)

Regarding Dimension 3 on citizen awareness of the environment, more than 85 % of

respondents are willing to reduce, classify, and participate in education and awareness
campaigns in schools, universities, and other public places to reduce, recycle, and reuse the
waste generated in their homes. However, there are approximately 20 % that show little interest
in this topic. For this reason, the PEMASRES-CH project was designed with the purpose of
reducing this gap. Furthermore, suggestions from the population related to the 5 Rs were
collected, where a significant 37.19 % mentioned the importance of teaching the population
different recycling techniques, 31.4 % highlighted the need to learn to reduce and 20.66 %
suggested the importance of reuse. These indicators indicate a high probability that the
PEMASRES-CH designed program will have a positive impact, as shown in Figure 7.

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Figure 7
Identification of the 5 Rs in the population object of the survey

Source: Prepared by Authors (2023)

As a result of the awareness raising activities carried out, including talks focused on the
5 Rs and NTP 900.058.2019, as well as the distribution of instruction booklets and the provision
of identified containers to encourage recycling in homes, a final survey to evaluate the impact
of the PEMASRES-CH program. The results of this survey are presented in Figure 8.

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Figure 8
Impact of the PEMASRES-CH Program

a. Improve the solid waste plan by the Municipality, b. Commitment to reduce solid waste, c. Consider that the
accumulation of solid waste in the city generates a negative effect on the environment and generates diseases, d.
It is important to raise awareness of recycling among the population, e. Recycling and waste disposal are
important in schools, universities and other public spaces, f. Considers that the lack of environmental culture
generates a bad attitude towards the cleanliness of the city, g. Is willing to actively participate in training on
segregation and recycling, h. The recycling chain must be implemented in the city, i. Positive experience of the
applied program, j. They learned to segregate household waste, k. They commit to exert a multiplier effect in
their neighborhood
Source: Prepared by Authors (2023)

In relation to Dimension 1, which focuses on increasing knowledge and understanding

about solid waste and its proper management, we observe that an average of 92 % (points a, b,
c, d, e) of the respondents report a level of knowledge. It is important to note that this figure
reduces the 16 % gap, which indicated a lack of knowledge by 4 % in the initial survey.
Regarding the municipal solid waste management plan, more than 85 % of those surveyed
believe that it needs to be improved (point a). These data are identified as a critical element in
the final survey and, if not addressed, could hinder the efficiency of the recycling chain.
Experiences from other cities, such as Bangkok, show that proper management of solid waste
is essential to the success of the process (Sukholthaman & Sharp, 2016).
In Dimension 2 of the survey, which focuses on this change in attitude, 92 % of the
families surveyed (point f) highlight their transformation and attribute the practice of throwing
waste on the streets to the lack of environmental education. Furthermore, 92 % (point g) express
their willingness to continue training in solid waste management, while 88 % (point h) consider
it crucial to implement the recycling chain. In this process, the participation of properly

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registered recyclers and legally established collectors is revealed as an essential component for
the chain to function effectively.
In Dimension 3, which evaluates the increase in awareness and sensitivity of the
population in relation to the environment and the sustainability of the PEMASRES-CH program
in terms of compliance with the project objectives, we observe that 92 % (point i) of the families
who participated in this program express a positive experience having been part of it.
Furthermore, 96 % (point j) learned to separate waste according to the NTP 900.058.2019
standard, and it is notable that 96 % (point k) are committed to spreading this knowledge in
their communities, indicating a multiplier effect.
These results are similar to the attitude of the population in solid waste management
programs in other cities, such as Bangkok, where the municipality even provided training and
certain incentives to the population. In addition, affect, attitude, and social factors positively
influence the intention of separate municipal solid waste from citizens' homes. Likewise,
perceived benefits also contribute positively to the willingness of citizens' homes to separate
municipal solid waste, and this is achieved through attitude (Wang et al., 2023). However, due
to the positive impact of the program, the population would be willing to separate waste at the
source, even if there were no incentives, as has been observed in similar situations in Bogotá,
Mexico, and Bhopal.

5 CONCLUSIONS

The study notes the lack of knowledge of the population on household solid waste
management and the negative impact of waste accumulation on the streets. However, the
PEMASRES-CH program has succeeded in teaching participating families to segregate
household solid waste and adopt more sustainable practices. This has a positive impact on
public health and the environment. It should be noted that the population recognizes the
fundamental role of recyclers and collectors in the recycling chain and suggests that this sector
may contribute to the creation of jobs and local economic growth. The challenge is to extend
this successful pilot program to all families in the city of Chiclayo, as well as schools,
universities, markets and local companies. This ensures the implementation of the recycling
chain and the management of final waste facilities.

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AKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors thank the Office of Social Responsibility, Vice-Rectorate of Research of the
Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo for the financial support, through Resolutions No. 088-
2022-R and No. 018-2023-VRACAD.

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