Chambeze English Laboratory.

1st Lesson
The Alphabet

A EI B BI C CI D DI E I

F EF G DJI H EICH I
AI

J DJEI K KHEi L
EL M M

N N O OU P PI

Q QIU R Ar S S

T TI U YOU V VI W DABLIU

x EKS Y WAI Z ZED

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2nd Lesson
Greetings
1. Good morning-bom dia
2. Good afternoon-boa tarde
3. Good evening-boa noite
4. Good night - used for saying bye-bye to someone in the evening or at night before they go to bed
at night, while GOOD EVENING is a way of greeting people at night. -Usa-se good night antes
de ir dormir como forma de despidir, enquanto que GOOD EVENING é uma forma de Saudar as
pessoas de noite.

3rd Lesson
Useful phrases
1. What is your name?-qual é o teu nome?
2. My name is...- meu nome é....
3. How old are you?- quantos anos tens?
4. I am…years old.- tenho… anos de idade.
5. Where do you live?- onde vives?
6. I live in…-vivo em…
7. Do you have brothers and sisters? Tens irmãos e irmãs?
8. Yes, I do, I have two brothers and three sisters – sim tenho dois irmãos e três irmãs?
9. what do you do for a living?- o que fazes da vida?
10. I am a student and you? Sou estudante e tu?
11. Me too,The weather is great today, d\on’t you think so?-Eu tambem, o tempo esta bom hoje não
acha?
12. Oh! yes, I have to agree with you..Do you have children?-Oh! Sim, devo concordar contigo tens
filhos?
13. No, I still do not have any -não ainda não tenho nenhum.
14. When did you arrive here?- quando é que chegaste aqui?
15. Well! I think I arrived here about an hour ago- bom! Acho que cheguei aqui a cerca de uma hora
atrás.
16. Are there any restaurants near here?-há restaurantes por aqui?
17. No, there are no restaurants around here the nearest is in town.- não, não há restaurantes por
aqui o mais proximo está na cidade.
18. what is your neighbour’s name?-qual e o nome do(a) teu (tua) vizinho (a)?
19. A. Oh! We have not spoken yet, they just moved in last week-oh! ainda não falamo-nos, eles
vieram para cá na semana passada.

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19.B. His name is Augusto Dos Santos why are you asking me?- Nome dele e Augusto dos
Santos, porquê estas a perguntar-me?
20. nothing special, I just wanted to know.-nada de especial, só queria saber
21. Alright thanks a lot my friend-tudo bem muito obrigado meu amigo (a).

4th lesson
Days of the week
There are seven days in a week, which are:

1. Sunday 2. Monday
3. Tuesday 4. Wednesday
5. Thursday 6. Friday
7. Saturday

1. We had a great time at my aunt’s house on Sunday – tivemos bons momentos em casa da minha
tia no Domingo.
2. Monday was the day we had decided to begin the project. – segunda-feira foi o dia em que
decidimos arrancar com o projeto.
3. Every Tuesday the train leaves earlier than any other day of the week. – todas as Terças feiras o
comboio parte mais cedo que qualquer outro dia da semana.
4. On the first Wednesday of next month we will be writing exams. – na primeira Quarta-feira do
proximo mês faremos exames.
5. She said that Thursday was too late to submit those assignments. – ela disse que Quinta-feira era
tarde de mais para entregar as tarefas.
6. Before Friday we must be ready to travel. – antes da Sexta-feira devemos estar prontos para
viajar.
7. He postponed the picnic until the last Saturday of the month of July. – ele adiou o picnic até o
ultimo Sábado do mês de julho.

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5th Lesson
Months of the year
There are twelve months in a year, which are:

1. January 2. February
3. March 4. April
5. May 6. June
7. July 8. August
9. September 10. October
11. November 12. December

1. January is the first month of the year – janeiro e o primeiro mês do ano.
2. In February we are going to the beach to play a volleyball match against the South African
national team.-Em Fevereiro vamos a praia jogar volleyball contra a seleção nacional Sul
Africana.
3. The rain might stop after the month of March – a chuva pode vir a parar depois do mês de
Março.
4. Everyone was excited to go home for Easter holydays during the month of April – toda gente
estava feliz por causa das ferias de pascoa durante o mês de Abril.
5. The month of May is the worker’s month – o mês de Maio é o mês dos trabalhadores.
6. Mozambican independence was declared on the 25 th of June – a independencia de Moçambique
foi proclamada a 25 de Junho.
7. My best friend’s birthday is on the 27th of July –o aniversário do meu melhor amigo é no dia 27
de Julho.
8. My English teacher was also born on the 8th of August of 1988 – o meu professor de Inglês
tambem nasceu aos 8 de Agosto de 1988.
9. In September we are planning to go to Zimbabwe – em Setembro pretendemos visitar Zimbabwe.
10. Before October I will be speaking English fluently – antes de Outubro estarei a falar Inglês
fluentemente.
11. In November it does not get as full as it does in December – em Novembro não fica tão cheio
quanto em Dezembro.
12. In December, it is more expensive because it is the last month of the year – em Dezembro custa
mais caro porque é o ultimo mês do ano.

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6th lesson
Defining vocabulary.
1. Abbreviation-abreviação 29. to add- acrescentar.
2. Ability-habilidade 30. Addition-acréscimo
3. Able-capaz 31. Address-endereço
4. About-acerca de 32. Adjective-adjetivo
5. Above-acima de 33. Admiration-admiração
6. Academic-academico 34. Admire-admirar
7. Accept-aceitar 35. Admit-admitir
8. Acceptable-aceitavel 36. Adult-adulto
9. Accident-acidente 37. Advanced-avançado
10. Accidental-acidental, 38. Advantage-vantagem
11. Accidentally-acidentalmente, por 39. Adverb-adverbio
engano 40. Advertise-publicitar
12. According to-de acordo com 41. Advertisement-publicidade
13. Account-conta. (banco), (e-mail) 42. Advertising-publicitando, a publicar
Accounting-contabilidade (curso) 43. Advice-conselho
14. Accurate-adequado, apropriado 44. Advise-aconselhar
15. Acurately-adequadamente 45. Adviser-conselheiro
16. Accuse-acusar 46. Affect-afetar
17. Achieve-alcansar 47. Afraid-com medo
18. Achievement-sucessos, conquistas 48. After-depois de
19. Acid-ácido 49. Afternoon-de tarde
20. Across.to go across from one side to the 50. Again-de novo
other- atravessar de um lado para o 51. Against-contra
outro. we came across a tough situation- 52. Age-idade
enfrentamos (ou deparamos) uma 53. Ago-atrás. Two years ago –dois anos
situação difícil. atrás
21. Act-agir 54. Agree-concordar
22. Action-ação 55. Agreement-acordo
23. Active-ativo 56. Ahead-a frente
24. Activity-atividade 57. Aim-objectivo
25. Actor-ator 58. Air-ar
26. Actress-atriz 59. Aircraft-aeronave
27. Actual -verdadeiro,exato. We do not 60. Air force-forças aéreas
know her actual birthday-não sabemos a 61. Airport-aeroporto
verdadeira data de aniversário dela. 62. Alcohol-alcool
28. Actually-na verdade 63. Alcoholic-alcoolico

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64. Alive-vivo 100. Apply-aplicar. ~for a job-meter

65. All-tudo documentos a procura de emprego
66. Allow-permitir 101. Approval- permição. I did not
67. Almost-quase want to leave without my grandmother’s
68. Alone-so, sozinho approval-Eu nâo queria sair sem a
69. Alphabet-alfabeto, abecedário permição da minha avó.
70. Along-ao longo. He was driving along 102. Approve of-concordar com
25 th of September avenue- ele conduzia 103. April-abril
ao longo da avenida 25 de Setembro. 104. Are-são ou estão, somos ou
Along the week-ao longo da semana. estamos –(depende do pronome pessoal
71. Already-já que antecede este verbo)
72. Also-também 105. Argue-discutir
73. Although-apesar de 106. Argument-discução
74. Always-sempre 107. Arm-braço
75. American-americano 108. Armed forces-forças armadas
76. American football-futebol americano 109. Army-exercito, tropas
77. Among-entre 110. Arrest-prender
78. Ancient-ancião 111. Arrive-chegar
79. And-e 112. Art-arte
80. Anger-zanga, fúria 113. Article-artigo
81. Angle-ângulo 114. Artificial-artificial
82. Anglican-anglecano 115. Artficially-artificialmente
83. Angrily-furiosamente. Stop it, she said 116. Artist-artista
angrily - deixa-te disso, ela disse 117. As-como
furiosamente 118. Ashamed-envergonhado
84. Angry-zangado 119. Ask-pedir
85. Animal-animal 120. Aspect-especto
86. Announce-anunciar 121. At-na, no,as. He is still at
87. Anouncement-anuncio school-ele ainda está na escola. She was
88. Annoy-irritar at the Bank-ela estava no Banco. They
89. Irritate-iritar arrived at 10 o’clock-eles chegaram as
90. Annoying-iritante 10 horas
91. Another-outro 122. Atmosphere-atmosfera
92. Answer-resposta 123. Attach-anexar
93. Any-qualquer. 124. Attack-atacar
94. Anyone-qualquer um. Any day- 125. Attempt-tentar
qualquer dia 126. Attitude-atitude,
95. Anything-qualquer coisa comportamento. She has a very negative
96. Anywhere-qualquer parte/sitio attitude-ela tem um comportamento
97. Apart-separado (with many different negativo.
definitions) 127. Attract-atrair
98. Appear-aparecer 128. Attractive-atrativo
99. Apple-mançã 129. Audience-audiencia
130. Authority-autoridade
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131. Automatic-automatico 135. Avoid-evitar

132. Automatically-automaticamente 136. Awake- acordado
133. Autumn-otono 137. To wake up - acordar
134. Available-disponivel

7th Lesson
Cardinal numbers
1. One 2. Two 3. Three
4. Four 5. Five 6. Six
7. Seven 8. Eight 9. Nine
10. Ten 11. Eleven 12. Twelve
13. Thirteen 14. Fourteen 15. Fifteen
16. Sixteen 17. Seventeen 18. Eighteen
19. Nineteen 20. Twenty 21. Twenty-one
22. Twenty-two 23. Twenty-three 24. Twenty-four
25. Twenty-five 26. Twenty-six 27. Twenty-seven
28. Twenty-eight 29. Twenty-nine 30. Thirty
40. Forty 50. Fifty 60. Sixty
70. Seventy 80. Eighty 90. Ninety
100. a/one hundred 200. two hundred 900. nine hundred
1000. a/one thousand 20 000. twenty thousand 1 000 000. a/one
million
8th Lesson

Ordinal numbers

1. First 2. Second 3. Third

4. Fourth 5. Fifth 6. Sixth
7. Seventh 8. Eighth 9. Ninth
10. Tenth 11. Eleventh 12. Twelfth
13. Thirteenth 14. Fourteenth 15. Fifteenth
16. Sixteenth 17. Seventeenth 18. Eighteenth
19. Nineteenth 20. Twentieth 21. Twenty-first
22. Twenty-second 23. Twenty-third 24. Twenty-fourth
25. Twenty-fifth 26. Twenty-sixth 27. Twenty-seventh
28. Twenty-eighth 29. Twenty-ninth 30. Thirtieth
40. Fortieth 50. Fiftieth 60 Sixtieth
70. Seventieth 80 Eightieth 90. Ninetieth
100. a/one hundredth 200. two hundredth 201. Two hundred and
first

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9th Lesson
Wash and watch
To wash-lavar

1. I want to wash my clothes today - quero lavar a minha roupa hoje

2. Washed away-levado pela força das águas. Heavy rain washed away the bridge - as águas das
chuvas arrastaram a ponte
3. Wash off-lavar algo, limpar. Wash the soil off potatoes before you cook them - lave as batatas
até sair a areia antes de cozê-las.
4. Wash up-lavar a loiça,. Washing up liquid- detergente liquido para lavar a loiça.

Washable - que da para ser lavado sem ser danificado

Washable seat covers - capas para acentos laváveis

Machine washable-lavável à máquina

To watch-assistir

1. She spent 5 hours watching tv. – ela gastou 5 horas a assistir a televisão.
2. Please watch over my bag – por favor controle a minha pasta.
3. The Bible teaches us to watch and pray – a Bíblia ensina-nos a vigiar e orar.
4. Children are not allowed to watch late night movies –as crianças não são permitidas assistir
filmes à altas horas.

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10th lesson
Comparison
Comparison is the process of considering how things and people are diferent and how they are similar –
comparação é o processo de avaliar a diferença entre as coisas e pessoas e a sua similaridade.

Direct comparison between two languages is not possible – não é possível fazer comparação direta entre
duas linguas.

The comparison will show how far politicians views reflect those of the citizens-a comparação vai
revelar ate aonde o parecer dos políticos reflete o dos cidadãos.

Table two provides a comparison with last years’s result – a tabela dois mostra uma comparação com os
resultados do ano passado.

Academic writing
You often need to link two points, ideas, or situations by comparing them, and indicating that the second
is similar to or different from the first, for example in order to support, develop, or contradict what you
have just said. Here are some common ways of linking them.

Várias vezes precisas fazer um êlo de ligação entre dois pontos de vista, ideias, ou situações através da
comparação, e indicando que o segundo e diferente do primeiro, por exemplo para poder apoiar ,
desenvolver ou contra dizer o que acaba de citar. Abaixo estão as várias formas de estabelecer esse êlo.

The United States operates rigorous controls on mergers that promote new monopolies. In contrast, the
UK takes a more neutral view of monopoly – os Estados Unidos controlam rigorosamente as empresas
que promovem novos monopólios. Em contraste, o Reino Unido tem uma opinião neutra sobre
monopólios.

Alternatively – alternativamente. As opposed to – ao contrário de. However – contudo. On the other

hand – do outro lado. Whereas,Whilst, while – enquanto.

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11th lesson
Weather and whether
Weather

The conditions that exist in the atmosphere relating to temperature, PRECIPITATION (=rain, snow, hail),
and other features.

As condições existentes na atmosfera relacionadas com a temperatura, PRECIPITAÇÃO (= chuva, neve,

granizo), e outras.

We could’t paint the outside because of the weather – não podemos pintar o lado de fora por conta da
temperatura.

Weather forecast – a report on likely weather conditions for a particular period of time in the future –um
relatório sobre possíveis temperaturas por um determinado períódo de tempo no futuro.

Whether (conjuction) – used when someone does not know which of the two possibilities is true- Se
(conjunção) - usa-se quando não se sabe qual das duas possibilidades é a verdadeira.

They asked whether we were married – perguntaram-nos se eramos casados.

There is some doubts as to whether the illness is infectious or not – há dúvidas se a doença é contagiante
ou não.

She doesn’t even know whether her grandmother is dead or alive – ela nem sequer sabe se a avó está viva
ou morta.

Defining vocabulary
1. Baby-bebé 9. Bag-pasta
2. Back- costas, atrás 10. Bake-assar (pão, bolo) (carne-
3. Background-fundos braai,roast) we wanted to bake two
4. Backward-marcha-atrás cakes-queriamos fazer dois bolos. They
5. Backwards-movendo-se para trás. The like to braai/roast meet-eles gostam de
train seemed to be moving backwards-o assar carne. To fry-fritar
comboio parecia estar a movimentar-se 11. To Ballance–balançar. Scale-balança
para atrás. 12. Ball–bola. It is a new ball – é uma bola
6. Bacteria-bactéria nova
7. Bad -mau 13. Band-banda
8. Badly-terrivelmente 14. Bank-banco
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15. Bar-barra, bar 44. Benefit-beneficio

16. Base-base 45. Beside-ao lado de
17. Based on- baseado em 46. Best-melhor. Best student –melhor
18. Basic-básico aluno
19. Basket-cesto 47. Better-melhor. Two are better than one-
20. Basketball-basquetebol dois é melhor que um.
21. Bath-tomar banho de banheira -to take 48. Between-entre
a bath. To take a shower-tomar banho 49. Beyond-além de
de chuveiro. 50. Bicycle-bicicleta
22. Bathroom-casa de banho 51. Big-grande
23. Battle-batalha. The battle was over – a 52. Bill-conta. For example at the
batalha tinha acabado restaurant-por exemplo no restaurante.
24. Be. Verbo to be-ser ou estar What is my bill?-qual é a minha conta?
25. Beach-praia. The beach is always full 53. Biology-biologia
on Saturdays – a praia está sempre 54. Bird–pássaro. What a beautiful blue
cheia aos Sábados. bird-que pássaro azul bonito.
26. Beautiful-linda, bonita. She has a very 55. Birthday-data de aniversário- When is
beautiful daughter – ela tem uma filha your birthday?- qual é a data do seu
muito bonita. aniversário?
27. Beauty-beleza.beauty is not the most 56. Bit-pouco. A little bit-um bocadinho
important thing – beleza e nao e a coisa Bite-morder, mordida
mais importante. 57. Bitter-amargo
28. Because– porque. They came back 58. Black-preto. Black person-pessoa da
because they missed their mother – eles raça negra
voltaram porque sentiram saudades da 59. Blade-lamina
mãe deles. 60. Blind-cego
29. Become-tornar-se. He wants to become 61. Blindness-cegueira
an actor – ele quer tornar-se um autor. 62. Blood-sangue. The hospital encouraged
30. Bed-cama. He left his shoes under his people between the ages of 16 and 55 to
bed – ele deixou os seus sapatos em go and donate blood-o hospital
baixo da sua cama. incentivou pessoas com idades entre os
31. Bedroom-quarto 16 e 55 anos para irem doar sangue.
32. Before-antes de 63. Blow-soprar
33. Begin-começar 64. Blue-azul. Her husband drives a blue
34. Beginning-começo car-o marido dela conduz um carro azul.
35. Behave-comportar-se 65. Board-tábua. Blackboard-quadro
36. Behaviour-comportamento 66. Boat-barco
37. Behind-atrás de 67. Body-corpo
38. Belief-crença 68. Boil-ferver. The water will start boiling
39. Bell-campainha just now- a água vai começar a ferver
40. Belong to-pertencer a daqui a pouco.
41. Below-abaixo de 69. Bomb-bomba
42. Belt-cinto 70. Bone-osso
43. Bend-inclinar
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71. Book-livro. I was reading a very 89. Breast-seios, mama. Breastfeed-

interesting book indeed-eu estava lendo amamentar
um livro muito interessante. 90. Breath -respiração
72. Boot-bota 91. Breathe-respirar
73. Border-fronteira. We should stop at the 92. Brick-tijolo
border for a while - deviamos parar na 93. Bridge-ponte. This is the most beautiful
fronteira durante um tempinho bridge I have ever seen in my entire life
74. Born-nascido. Both his children were – esta é a ponte mais bonita que eu já vi
born in Mozambique – os dois filhos em toda minha vida.
dele nasceram em Mocambique. 94. Bring-trazer. She told me to bring it
75. Borrow-pedir emprestado. Can I borrow today, but unfortunately i forgot to do it
your calculater?-podes emprestar-me a – ela disse-me para trazer hoje, mas
tua calculadora? I borrowed a camera infelizmente esqueci-me.
from Alex-pedi emprestado uma 95. British-Britanico. British culture –
camara do Alex. We borrowed 20 cultura Britânica.
000Mt to start up a business-pedimos 96. Broadcast -publicar para varias pessoas
emprestado 20 000Mt para começarmos atraveis da Radio e televisão
um negocio. 97. Broken-avariado, estragado
76. Both-ambos 98. Brother-irmão
77. Bottle-garrafa 99. Brown-castanho
78. Bottom-em baixo, a parte mais baixa de 100. Brownish- acastanhado
alguma coisa 101. Brush- escovar, escova
79. Bowl-tigela, tirina. Washing up bowl- 102. Build-construir
bacia para lavar a loiça. Marmita- 103. Building-edifício
lunchbox 104. Bullet-bala
80. Box-caixa 105. Burn-queimar
81. Boy-rapaz 106. Burnt-queimado
82. Boyfriend-namorado 107. Bury-enterrar
83. Brain-cérebro 108. Bus-autocarro, machibombo
84. Branch-ramo 109. Bush-mata
85. Brave-corajoso. Courageous-corajoso 110. Business-negocio
86. Bread-pão 111. Businessman-homem de
87. Break-partir, travar, intervalo. Just negócio
break it in half please – quebre pela 112. Businesswoman-mulher de
metade por favor. I had to break before negócio
an accident happened –tive que travar 113. Busy-ocupado
antes que um acidente acontecesse. 114. But-mas
88. Breakfast-pequeno almoço, matabicho. 115. Butter-manteiga
After breakfast we should leave the 116. Button-Butão
hotel – depois do matabicho devíamos
sair do hotel.
117. By-por, de. By law-por lei. By bus-de autocarro

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12th lesson
Regular and irregular verbs
Infinitive Past tense Past participle Present Meaning
participle
To agree Agreed Agreed Agreeing Concordar
To answer Answered Answered Answering Responder
To ask Asked Asked Asking Perguntar
To ask for Asked for Asked for Asking for Pedir
To bake Baked Baked Baking Assar
To believe Believed Belived Believing Acreditar
To boil Boiled Boiled Boiling Ferver
To borrow Borrowed Borrowed Borrowing Pedir emprestado
To brush Brushed Brushed Brushing Escovar
To change Changed Changed Changing Mudar/alterar
To close Closed Closed Closing Fechar
To Cook Cooked Cooked Cooking Cozinhar
To cry Cried Cried Crying Chorar
To enjoy Enjoyed Enjoyed Enjoying Divertir-se
To explain Explained Explained Explaining Explicar
To fry Fried Fried Frying Fritar
To free Freed Freed Freeing Libertar
To frighten Frightened Frightened Frightened Assustar
To greet Greeted Greeted Greeting Cumprimentar
To hate Hated Hated Hating Detestar
To join Joined Joined Joining Juntar se
To jump Jumped Jumped Jumping Saltar

Irregular verbs

Infinitive Past simple Past participle Present Meaning

participle
To sing Sang Sung Singing Cantar
To sleep Slept Slept Sleeping Dormir
To smell Smelt Smelt Smelling Cheirar
To speak Spoke Spoken Speaking Falar
To speed Sped Sped Speeding Apressar-se
To spell Spelt Spelt Spelling Soletrar
To spend Spent Spent Spending Gastar
To stand Stood Stood Standing Levantar-se
To steal Stole Stolen Stealing Roubar
To Strive Strove Striven Striving Lutar/esforçar-se
To swear Swore Sworn Swearing Jurar
To sweep Swept Swept Sweeping Varrer
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To swell Swelled Swelled/swollen Swelling Inchar

To swim Swam Smum Swimming Nadar
To swing Swang Swung Swinging Baloiçar
To take Took Taken Taking Tomar/levar
To teach Taught Taught Teaching Ensinar
To tear Tore Torn Tearing Rasgar
To tell Told Told Telling Dizer
To think Thought Thoughht Thinking Pensar
To throw Threw Thrown Throwing Atirar
To understand Understood Understood undersanding Compreender
To wake up Woke Woken Waking Acordar
To wear Wore Worn Wearing Usar/vestir
To win Won Won Winning Ganhar/vencer

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13th lesson
Pronouns
Subjective form Possessive Possessive Reflexive Objective form
adjective pronoun pronouns
I My Mine Myself Me
You Your Yours Yourself You
He His His Himself Him
She Her Hers Herself Her
We Our Ours Ourselves Us
You Your Yours Yourselves You
They Their Theirs Themselves Them
It Its Its Itself It

14th lesson
Auxiliary Verbs
Can -could may – might

Will -would must

Shall -should need

Have/has -had dare

Do/does -did be

Use to - used to ought to

15th lesson
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Conjugation of the verbs

Verb to be Using going to Future tense

Present tense ✓ I am going to be ✓ I shall (will) have

✓ You are going to be ✓ You will have
✓ I am ✓ He is going to be ✓ He will have
✓ You are
✓ She is going to be ✓ She will have
✓ He is ✓ It is going to be ✓ It will have
✓ She is ✓ We are going to be ✓ We shall (wil)l have
✓ It is
✓ You are going to be ✓ You will have
✓ We are ✓ They are going to be ✓ They will have
✓ You are
✓ They are Verb to have Using going to

Past tense Present tense ✓ I am going to have

✓ You are going to
✓ I was ✓ I have have
✓ You were ✓ You have
✓ He is going to have
✓ He was ✓ He has ✓ She is going to have
✓ She was ✓ she has ✓ It is going to have
✓ It was ✓ It has ✓ We are going to have
✓ We were ✓ We have ✓ You are going to
✓ You were ✓ You have have
✓ They were ✓ They have ✓ They are going to
Future tense Past tense have

✓ I shall (will) be ✓ I had

✓ You will be ✓ You had
✓ He will be ✓ He had
✓ She will be ✓ She had
✓ It will be ✓ It had
✓ We shall (will) be ✓ We had you had
✓ You will be ✓ You had
✓ They will be ✓ They had

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16th lesson
Should, must and ought to…

Como usar “should”, “ought to” e “must”

Os três verbos do título podem ser traduzidos como “dever” e cada um deles
tem usos próprios.
Should e ought to são usados para expressar obrigação moral, conselho, recomendação, dever.
Veja alguns exemplos:

You look kind of sick. You should / ought to see a doctor.

Você parece meio doente. Você deveria ir ao médico.

I know I should / ought to study, but I’m so tired…

Sei que deveria estudar, mas estou tão cansado…

Must é usado para expressar obrigação forte, ordem, necessidade. Com esse sentido, também
podemos usar have/has to.

I’m too fat. I must / have to lose weight.

Estou gordo demais. Tenho que/Devo perder peso.

O uso de must e should/ought to depende do que queremos expressar. Por exemplo, se formos
ao médico e ele vir que estamos quase tendo um ataque cardíaco causado pelo excesso de cigarro
ele vai dizer:

You must stop smoking!

Agora se o médico nos der somente um conselho amigável ele vai dizer:

You should stop smoking; it’s not good for your health.
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Se quisermos expressar uma obrigação no passado usamos had to em vez de must.

I had to work on the weekend.

Tive que trabalhar no fim de semana.

O uso das formas negativas must not (mustn’t) e do not (don’t) / does not (doesn’t) have to
também é diferente. Mustn’t indica uma proibição e don’t/doesn’t have to indica falta de
obrigação/necessidade.

You mustn’t talk loud in a library.

Você não pode/deve falar alto numa biblioteca.

You don’t have to buy that book. I’ll lend you mine.
Você não precisa comprar aquele livro. Eu te empresto o meu.

O verbo must também é usado para expressar uma conclusão lógica, dedução, algo que deve ser
verdade, em face das evidências:

I told her to be there at 7. It’s 7.10, so she must be there.

Eu lhe disse para estar lá às 7. São 7.10, então ela deve estar lá.

I’ve heard the new secretary used to be a model. She must be beautiful.
Ouvi dizer que a nova secretária era modelo. Ela deve ser bonita.

Nesse caso o sentido contrário de must é can’t.

She used to be a model, she can’t be ugly.

Ela era modelo, ela não pode ser feia. (é improvável)

This is it for today, see you next time!

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17th lesson
Prepositions
Verb to be Prepositions
Prepositions are short words (on, in, to) that usually stand in front of nouns (sometimes also in
front of gerund verbs).

Even advanced learners of English find prepositions difficult, as a 1:1 translation is usually not
possible. One preposition in your native language might have several translations depending on
the situation.

There are hardly any rules as to when to use which preposition. The only way to learn
prepositions is looking them up in a dictionary, reading a lot in English (literature) and learning
useful phrases off by heart (study tips).

The following table contains rules for some of the most frequently used prepositions in English:

Prepositions – Time
English Usage Example
• on • days of the week • on Monday

• months / seasons
• in August / in winter
• time of day
• in the morning
• in • year
• in 2006
• after a certain period of time
• in an hour
(when?)

• for night • at night

• at • for weekend • at the weekend
• a certain point of time (when?) • at half past nine

• from a certain point of time

• since • since 1980
(past till now)

• over a certain period of time

• for • for 2 years
(past till now)

• ago • a certain time in the past • 2 years ago

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English Usage Example

• earlier than a certain point of
• before • before 2004
time

• to • telling the time • ten to six (5:50)

• past • telling the time • ten past six (6:10)

• to /
• marking the beginning and end
till / • from Monday to/till Friday
of a period of time
until

• till / • in the sense of how long

• He is on holiday until Friday.
until something is going to last

• I will be back by 6 o’clock.

• in the sense of at the latest
• by • By 11 o'clock, I had read five
• up to a certain time
pages.

Prepositions – Place (Position and Direction)

English Usage Example
• room, building, street, town,
• in the kitchen, in London
country
• in the book
• in • book, paper etc.
• in the car, in a taxi
• car, taxi
• in the picture, in the world
• picture, world

• meaning next to, by an object

• at the door, at the station
• for table
• at the table
• for events
• at • at a concert, at the party
• place where you are to do
• at the cinema, at school, at
something typical (watch a
work
film, study, work)

• attached • the picture on the wall

• for a place with a river • London lies on the Thames.
• being on a surface • on the table
• on • for a certain side (left, right) • on the left
• for a floor in a house • on the first floor
• for public transport • on the bus, on a plane
• for television, radio • on TV, on the radio

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English Usage Example

• by,
• left or right of somebody or • Jane is standing by / next to /
next to,
something beside the car.
beside

• on the ground, lower than (or

• under • the bag is under the table
covered by) something else

• lower than something else but

• below • the fish are below the surface
above ground

• covered by something else

• put a jacket over your shirt
• meaning more than
• over 16 years of age
• over • getting to the other side (also
• walk over the bridge
across)
• climb over the wall
• overcoming an obstacle

• higher than something else,

• above • a path above the lake
but not directly over it

• getting to the other side (also

• walk across the bridge
• across over)
• swim across the lake
• getting to the other side

• something with limits on top,

• through • drive through the tunnel
bottom and the sides

• movement to person or
building • go to the cinema
• to • movement to a place or • go to London / Ireland
country • go to bed
• for bed

• into • enter a room / a building • go into the kitchen / the house

• movement in the direction of

• towards something (but not directly to • go 5 steps towards the house
it)

• movement to the top of

• onto • jump onto the table
something

• from • in the sense of where from • a flower from the garden

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Other important Prepositions

English Usage Example
• from • who gave it • a present from Jane

• who/what does it belong to • a page of the book

• of
• what does it show • the picture of a palace

• by • who made it • a book by Mark Twain

18th lesson
Body parts
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19th lesson
Short stories
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Friends

Bunny rabbit lived in the forest. He had many friends. He was proud of his friends.

One day Bunny rabbit heard the loud barking of the wild dogs. He was very scared. He decided
to ask for help. He quickly went to his friend deer. He said: “Dear friend, some wild dogs are
chasing me.
Can you chase them away with your sharp antlers?”
Deer said: “That is right, I can. But now I am busy. Why don’t you ask bear for help?”

Bunny rabbit ran to the bear. “My dear friend you are very strong, please help me. Some wild
dogs are after me. Please chase them away,” he requested the bear.

Bear replied: “I am sorry. I am hungry and tired. I need to find some food. Please ask the
monkey for help”.

Poor Bunny went to the monkey, elephant, goat and all his friends. Bunny felt sad that nobody
was ready to help him.

He understood that he has to think of a way out. He hid under a bush. He lay still the wild dogs
went their way.

The Ant and the Grasshopper

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In a field one summer's day a Grasshopper was hopping about, chirping and singing to its heart's
content. An Ant passed by, bearing along with great effort an ear of corn he was taking to the
nest.

"Why not come and chat with me," said the Grasshopper, "instead of toiling and moiling away?"
"I am helping to lay up food for the winter," said the Ant, "and recommend you to do the same."
"Why bother about winter?" said the Grasshopper; "we have got plenty of food at present."

But the Ant went on its way and continued its toil. When
the winter came the Grasshopper found itself dying of hunger, while it saw the ants distributing,
every day, corn and grain from the stores they had collected in the summer.

Then the Grasshopper knew...

MORAL: WORK TODAY AND YOU CAN REAP THE BENEFITS TOMORROW!

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