ROCZNIKI HUMANISTYCZNE

Tom LIX, zeszyt 7 – 2011

ȺɇɇȺ ȼɈɁɖɇəɄ *

ɁɂɇȺɂȾȺ Ƚɂɉɉɂɍɋ
Ɉ ɉɈɅɖɋɄɈɃ ɗɉɈɉȿȿ 1920 ȽɈȾȺ

ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ, ɤ ɫɱɚɫɬɶɸ,

ɯɨɬɹ ɜɟɞɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ, ɬɨ ɭɠɟ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɥɨ ɫɜɨɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ
ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ. ɉɨɞɫɩɨɪɶɟɦ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɯ,
ɬɚɤ ɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɢɫcɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɦɵ. ɇɟɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɷɬɢɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɦ ɜ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ ɛɵɥɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɦɧɟɧɢɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɹ
ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɭ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɤɬɹɛɪɶɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ, ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɪɭɫ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɜ Ȼɟɪɥɢɧ, ɉɚɪɢɠ, ɉɪɚɝɭ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ɛɵɥɚ ɧɟ
ɫɬɨɥɶ ɦɚɫɲɬɚɛɧɚ. ɉɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɛɟɞɧɵɦ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɦ, ɧɚɭɱɧɵɦ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɪɭ-
ɝɢɦɢ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɫɤɢɦɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɦɢ, ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɫ ɉɪɢɛɚɥɬɢɤɨɣ, Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɚɦɢ, ɢ ɩɨ-
ɷɬɨɦɭ ɨɛ ɷɬɨɦ ɝɨɪɨɞɟ ɤɚɤ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɹ ɜ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟ-
ɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɪɟɞɤɨ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ1.
Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɫɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ. ɂɬɚɤ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɭɬɨɱɧɢɬɶ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɷɦɢ-
ɝɪɚɧɬɨɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɚɫɩɨɪɵ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ2, ɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚ-

PROF. DR HAB. ANNA WOħNIAK – kierownik Katedry Literatury Rosyjskiej w Instytucie

Filologii SđowiaĔskiej KUL; adres do korespondencji: Al. Racđawickie 14, 20-950 Lublin;
e-mail: [email protected]
1
ɋɪ., ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ȼ. ȼ. Ⱥ ɝ ɟ ɧ ɨ ɫ ɨ ɜ, Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ Russkogo ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɶɹ (1918-1996),
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1998. Ɉ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɟ ɤɚɤ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɜɨɜɫɟ ɧɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɫɹ. Ⱥ. Ƚ. ɋ ɨ ɤ ɨ ɥ ɨ ɜ,
ɋɭɞɶɛɵ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ 1920-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1991, ɫ. 42; Ⱥ. ȼ. Ɇ ɥ ɟ ɱ ɤ ɨ,
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɶɹ (1920-1930-ɟ ɝɨɞɵ):
ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɤɚ ɢ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ, ɜ: Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɪɭɛɟ-
ɠɶɹ (1920-1990). ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ, ɩɨɞ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɪɟɞ. Ⱥ. ɂ. ɋɦɢɪɧɨɜɨɣ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2006, ɫ. 11-35.
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ɋɦ. ɪɚɛɨɬɵ: Ɍ. Ɇ. ɋ ɢ ɦ ɨ ɧ ɨ ɜ ɚ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ ɞɢɚɫɩɨɪɚ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ ɜ 1920-1924 ɝɝ., ɜ: ɇɚ-
ɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɢɚɫɩɨɪɵ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɡɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɨɦ XIX-XX ɜɜ., Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2001; ȿ. Ȼ. Ɋ ɨ ɛ ɤ ɨ ɜ ɚ, Ɋɭɫ-
ɫɤɢɟ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ ɜ 20-ɟ ɝɝ., ɜ: Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɟ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɶɟ. ɂɬɨɝɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ
1997; ɫɦ. ɬɨɠɟ: Ɉ. Ɋ ɨ ɝ ɨ ɡ ɢ ɧ ɫ ɤ ɚ ɹ, Ɋɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɦɟɠɜɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɉɨɥɶ-
6 ȺɇɇȺ ȼɈɁɖɇəɄ

ɧɚɯ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɹ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 3 , ɜɜɢɞɭ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ

ɞɚɧɧɵɯ: ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɢ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ Ⱥ.ɉ. Ɇɨɯɨɥɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ
Ɂɚɞɪɭɬɧɢɤɢ4, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɱɢɫɥɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɚ ɨɤɨɥɨ 100-120 ɬɵɫɹɱ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ (ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɑɟɯɨɫɥɨɜɚɤɢɢ – ɨɤɨɥɨ 25 ɬɵɫɹɱ); Ȼɪɨɧɢɫɥɚɜ
Ʉɨɞɡɢɫ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɤɧɢɝɟ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ – ɩɨ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ
– ɱɢɫɥɨ ɨɤɨɥɨ 50 ɬɵɫɹɱ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɜ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɟ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 1920-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ5, ɤɪɨɦɟ
ɬɨɝɨ – ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɷɬɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ – ɧɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 90 ɬɵɫɹɱ, ɬ.ɟ.
ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ, ɱɢɫɥɨ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɥɨ 140 ɬɵɫɹɱ 6 . Ȼ. Ʉɨɞɡɢɫ ɪɭɫɫɤɭɸ ɞɢɚ-
ɫɩɨɪɭ ɦɟɠɜɨɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɤɪɭɩɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ
ɫɬɪɚɧ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ. ɂɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ
ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ ɤɚɤ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ, – ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ

ɲɟ, „Studia Rossica” 3(1996), ɫ. 83-90; Ʌ. Ɂ ɜ ɨ ɧ ɚ ɪ ɟ ɜ ɚ, ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ ɜ 1920 ɝɨɞɭ: ȼɡɝɥɹɞ
ɢɡ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɵ Ɂɢɧɚɢɞɵ Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ ɢ Ⱦɦɢɬɪɢɹ Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ, „Studia Rossica” 2000, z. 10, s. 63-
73; I. O b đ ą k o w s k a - G a l a n c i a k, ɂɡ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ. ɉɪɨɟɤɬ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ
ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɢ, „Studia Rossica” 1997, z. 5; ɨɧɚ ɠɟ, ɂɡ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ («Ɍɚɜɟɪɧɚ ɩɨɷ-
ɬɨɜ» ȼɚɪɲɚɜɚ 1921-1925), „Studia Rossica” 1996, z. 3; J. K u l c z y c k a - S a l o n i, Z dziejów
literackiej emigracji rosyjskiej w Warszawie dwudziestolecia, „Przegląd Humanistyczny” 1993, nr 1.
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ɋɪ. ɘ. ɂ ɜ ɚ ɫ ɤ, ɉɢɫɶɦɨ ɢɡ Ɋɟɜɟɥɹ. ɉɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ Ⱥ. Ⱦɚɧɢɥɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ, ɜ: Ʉɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ
ɞɢɚɫɩɨɪɵ: ɋɚɦɨɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɹ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ, ɪɟɞ. Ⱥ. Ⱦɚɧɢɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ, ɋ. Ⱦɨɰɟɧɤɨ, Tartu
1997, ɫ. 376. Ⱥɜɬɨɪ ɩɢɲɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 30-ɯ ɝɝ. ɜ ɗɫɬɨɧɢɢ ɠɢɥɨ 92 ɬɵɫɹɱɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ, ɢɡ ɧɢɯ 10
ɬɵɫɹɱ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɨɜ (ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɢ ɷɫɬɨɧɫɤɢɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɟ). ȼ Ʌɚɬɜɢɢ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 20-ɯ
ɝɝ. ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɛɥɢɡɤɚ ɤ 200 ɬɵɫɹɱɚɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɛɵɥɨ
«ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ» (12 % ɜɫɟɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ) – ɫɦ. ɘ. Ⱥ ɛ ɵ ɡ ɨ ɜ, Ʌɚɬɜɢɣɫɤɚɹ ɜɟɬɜɶ
ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ, ɜ: Ȼɥɨɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ. XIII. Ɋɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ XX ɜɟɤɚ: ɦɟɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɹ ɢ
ɞɢɚɫɩɨɪɚ, Tartu 1996, ɫ. 283. ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ Ʉɨɪɨɥɟɫɬɜɨ ɋɏɋ (ɘɝɨɫɥɚɜɢɹ) ɩɪɢɧɹɥɨ ɞɨ 44 ɬɵ-
ɫɹɱɢ ɛɟɠɟɧɰɟɜ ɜ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 20-ɯ ɝɝ. – ɫɦ. Ⱥ. Ⱥ ɪ ɫ ɟ ɧ ɶ ɟ ɜ, Ʉɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ
ɢɧɬɟɥɥɢɝɟɧɰɢɢ ɜ ɘɝɨɫɥɚɜɢɢ 1920-1944 ɝɝ., ɬɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 309-310; ɫɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ: ɂ. ɋ ɚ ɜ ɢ ɰ ɤ ɢ ɣ,
ɗɬɚɩɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɚɠɫɤɨɣ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ 1919-1939 ɝɝ., ɜ: Ɋɭɫɫɤɚɹ, ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɛɟɥɨ-
ɪɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɑɟɯɨɫɥɨɜɚɤɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɦɢ ɜɨɣɧɚɦɢ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤ-
ɬɢɜɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. Ɏɨɧɞɵ ɋɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɠɫɤɢɯ ɚɪɯɢɜɨɜ. ɋɛɨɪ-
ɧɢɤ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɨɜ, Praha 1995, ɫ. 46-53.
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ɋɦ. A. P. M o c h o l a, „Zadrutniki”. Z historii emigracji rosyjskiej w Polsce (1919-1945),
http://www.mochola.org/russiaabroad/mochola/zadrutpl.htm (25.08.2010). Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ «ɡɚɞɪɭɬɧɢɤɢ»
ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɥ ɢɧɢɬɟɪɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɜ ɥɚɝɟɪɹɯ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ ɜ 1919-1924 ɝɝ.
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ɋɪ. Ⱥ. ȼ. Ȼ ɟ ɪ ɬ ɚ ɲ, ɉɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɚɹ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɚ ɜ 1920-1930-ɟ ɝɝ., ɜ: Ɂɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɚɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ.
1917-1939. Ʉɧɢɝɚ 2. «Ʌɢɤɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ», ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 2003. ɍɱɟɧɵɣ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɱɢɫɥɨ 36 ɬɵɫɹɱ
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɟ ɜ 1913 ɝɨɞɭ. Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 123.
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Ȼ. Ʉ ɨ ɞ ɡ ɢ ɫ, Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɶɹ (1918-39), München 2002,
ɫ. 153. Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɩɪɨɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬ-
ɧɨɫɬɢ, Ɇ. ɂɥɨɜɚ (Ɋɭɫɫɤɢɟ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ, «ɇɨɜɵɣ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ» 1990, ʋ 179, ɫ. 260), ɱɬɨ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɱɢɫɥɨ
ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ, ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɜɲɢɯ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ ɜ ɦɟɠɜɨɟɧɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ, ɛɵɥɨ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɞɚɠɟ ɨɩɪɟ-
ɞɟɥɹɥɨɫɶ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ. Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 153.
 ɁɂɇȺɂȾȺ Ƚɂɉɉɂɍɋ Ɉ ɉɈɅɖɋɄɈɃ ɗɉɈɉȿȿ 1920 ȽɈȾȺ 7

ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɛɪɨɠɟɥɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɹɤɨɜ ɤ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɦ,

ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɹɦ „ɛɵɜɲɟɣ ɰɚɪɫɤɨɣ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ” ɢ „ɡɚɳɢɬɧɢɤɚɦ ɟɟ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɚɥɶ-
ɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɣ”, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ, ɜ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ, ɤ ɨɛ-
ɳɟɦɭ ɚɧɬɢɪɭɫɫɤɨɦɭ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɸ7. ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɢɬɭɚ-
ɰɢɹ ɢ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɥɢɬɵ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɬɨ
ɜɨɡɪɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɩɨɫɥɟ „ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɱɭɠɟɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɢɝɚ”. ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ
ɪɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɞɢɚɫɩɨɪɚ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ ɤɚɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ 20 ɥɟɬ, ɜɩɥɨɬɶ ɞɨ
ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ, ɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɧɟɨɫɩɨɪɢɦɵɣ ɫɥɟɞ ɢ ɜɤɥɚɞ ɜ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɟ
ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ „ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ”8.
ȼ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɨ ɱɟɦ ɩɢɫɚɥɚ Ɉɥɶɝɚ Ⱦɟɦɢɞɨɜɚ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ Ɋɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɷɦɢɝɪɚ-
ɰɢɹ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ (1919-1944), ɨɩɢɪɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɡ ɚɪɯɢɜɚ Ⱥɧɚɬɨɥɢɹ ȼɟɥɶ-
ɦɢɧɚ, ɨɛɳɚɹ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ ɩɟɪɟɞ ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢ-
ɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɨɣ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɰɢɮɪɨɣ 10-15 ɬɵɫɹɱ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɥɚ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɢɝɟɧɰɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɢɧɬɟɥɥɢɝɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɤɥɚɫɫɵ9, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɧɚɛɥɸ-
ɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɹ 10 . ȼ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɢ
ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɫɥɟɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɧɟɦɚɥɨɜɚɠ-
ɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɫɤɢɦɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɦɢ 11 .
ɉɨɥɶɲɚ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɟ ɨɩɹɬɶ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ, ɜ ɧɟɣ ɧɟ
ɛɵɥɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɣ ɪɭɫɨɮɢɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɥɨɣɤɢ ɢ ɧɚɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɭɸ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɭ, ɤɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɑɟɯɨɫɥɨɜɚɤɢɢ12, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɤɚɤɚɹ-ɬɨ ɨɫɨɛɚɹ
„ɪɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ” ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɭ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɚ Ɍɨɦɚɲɚ Ɇɚ-
ɫɚɪɢɤɚ, ɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɨ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɜɢɤɚɦɢ. ɇɟ
ɨɬɦɟɱɟɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɭɝɨɜ ɨɫɨɛɨɝɨ ɨɳɭɳɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɬɟɩɪɢ-
ɢɦɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɘɝɨɫɥɚɜɢɢ 13 , ɢɥɢ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɤ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ
ɞɢɚɫɩɨɪɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜɜɢɞɭ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɢɝɚ ɉɨɥɶɲɚ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɬɨ ɜɨɫɤɪɟɫɥɚ, ɤɚɤ
Ɏɟɧɢɤɫ ɢɡ ɩɟɩɥɚ ɢ ɰɟɥɢ ɟɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɜ ɬɨɬ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ – ɜɨ ɱɬɨ ɛɵ ɬɨ ɧɢ
ɫɬɚɥɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɧɚɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ, ɯɨɬɹ – ɧɚɞɨ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ – ɩɨ

7
Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 153-154.
8
Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 169.
9
ɋɦ. Ɉ. Ⱦ ɟ ɦ ɢ ɞ ɨ ɜ ɚ, Ɋɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ (1919-1944) (ɂɡ ɚɪɯɢɜɚ Ⱥ. ɉ. ȼɟɥɶ-
ɦɢɧɚ), „Slavia Orientalis” 49(2000), nr 2, ɫ. 227.
10
ɂ ɜ ɚ ɫ ɤ, ɉɢɫɶɦɨ ɢɡ Ɋɟɜɟɥɹ. ɉɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ Ⱥ. Ⱦɚɧɢɥɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ, ɫ. 376.
11
ɋ ɚ ɜ ɢ ɰ ɤ ɢ ɣ, ɗɬɚɩɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɚɠɫɤɨɣ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ, ɫ. 46.
12
Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 49, 51.
13
Ⱥ ɪ ɫ ɟ ɧ ɶ ɟ ɜ, Ʉɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɢɝɟɧɰɢɢ ɜ ɘɝɨɫɥɚɜɢɢ 1920-
1944 ɝɝ., ɫ. 310.
8 ȺɇɇȺ ȼɈɁɖɇəɄ

ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɚɦ ɨɧɚ ɜ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟ ɜɟɥɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɤɚɤ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ

ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɛɟɡɭ-
ɤɨɪɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɹɤɨɜ ɤ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɦ-ɷɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɚɦ ɧɚɫ
ɭɛɟɠɞɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ, ɞɚɧɧɚɹ Ɂ. Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ ɜ ɟɟ ɦɟɦɭɚɪɚɯ. Ɂɚɪɚɧɟɟ ɫɤɚɠɭ,
ɱɬɨ, ɩɨ ɦɨɟɦɭ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ, ɤɚɤ Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ ɜɫɟ-ɬɚɤɢ ɫɨ-
ɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɩɨ-ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ, ɱɟɦ ɫɚɦɢ ɩɨɥɹɤɢ ɜɢɞɟɥɢ ɷɬɭ ɰɟɥɶ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ, ɬɚɤ ɧɢ-
ɤɨɝɞɚ ɟɟ ɧɟ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɜ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɚɞɟɠɞɵ Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɧɚ ɩɨɛɟɞɭ
ɧɚɞ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɜɢɤɚɦɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶɫɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɧɟɧɚɜɢɫɬɶ ɤ ɢɦɩɟ-
ɪɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɭɝɪɨɡɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɜɢɡɦɚ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɉɨɥɶɲɭ, ɜ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɩɨɱɬɢ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ, ɛɨɪɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɜɢɤɚɦɢ,
ɞɭɦɚɬɶ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɨ ɫɜɨɟɦ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɦ, ɨ ɩɨɤɨɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɢ ɪɚɡɨɪɟɧɧɨɣ
ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. (Ʉɫɬɚɬɢ, ɧɚɞɨ ɭɬɨɱɧɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɪɹɞɚɦɢ ɫɪɚɠɚɥɢɫɶ
ɜ ɋɢɛɢɪɢ ɢ ɜɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɥɵ ɑɟɯɨɫɥɨɜɚɤɢɢ14).
ȼ ɷɬɭ ɫɥɨɠɧɭɸ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɬɨɠɟ ɧɟɥɟɝɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɣ
ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɜɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ Ɂ. Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɦɟɦɭɚɪɚɦɢ ɢ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤɚɦɢ,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɢɯ
ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ. ɉɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɚ ɢɧɮɨɪɢɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɨ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ 1920 ɝɨ-
ɞɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɚɫɩɨɪɵ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ, ɠɢɜɲɟɣ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜ ȼɚɪ-
ɲɚɜɟ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ, ɜ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɯ: Ȼɨɛɪɭɣɫɤɟ,
Ɇɢɧɫɤɟ ɢ ȼɢɥɶɧɟ. Ɂɚɩɢɫɤɢ Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ ɜɚɠɧɵ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɭɤɥɚɞɵ-
ɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɦɟɦɭɚɪɧɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɭ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɣ-
ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ, ɜɨɫɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɬɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨ ɩɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɹɦ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤɚ, ȼɚɪɲɚɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤɚ, ɢ ɩɨ ɩɚɦɹɬɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜ15. ɂɯ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɜɫɟ ɠɟ
ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɚ, ɨɬɥɢɱɧɨ ɡɧɚɸɳɚɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɸ ɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ, ɠɢɜɲɚɹ ɧɟ-
ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ, ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɨɣ
ɜɨɣɧɵ ɢ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɵ ɩɨɥɹɤɨɜ ɫ ɫɨɜɟɬɚɦɢ. Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ ɛɵɥɚ ɜɧɢ-

14
ɋ ɚ ɜ ɢ ɰ ɤ ɢ ɣ, ɗɬɚɩɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɚɠɫɤɨɣ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ, ɫ. 46.
15
Ɂɚɩɢɫɤɢ Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɥɢ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɩɭɬɶɟɦ. Ɉɧɚ ɜɟɥɚ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜɚɪɲɚɜɫɤɢɯ
ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ, ɧɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ – ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ 7 ɡɚɩɢɫɨɤ, ɜ ɬɨɦ 6 ɜ ȼɚɪ-
ɲɚɜɟ (ɫ 1 ɧɨɹɛɪɹ 1920 ɩɨ 26 ɦɚɪɬɚ 1921), ɨɞɧɚ ɜ Ƚɞɚɧɫɤɟ (11 ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ), ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ 9 ɡɚɩɢɫɨɤ
ɫɨɡɞɚɧɵ ɜ ɉɚɪɢɠɟ. Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɢ ɷɬɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ. ɋɪ.
I. K r y c k a, „Dziennik Warszawski” Zinaidy Gippius, „Studia Rossica” 13(2003), ɫ. 87. Ɂɚɩɢɫɢ
ɜ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɉɨɥɶɲɚ 1920-ɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɤɧɢɝɢ Ⱦɦɢɬɪɢɣ Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ɧɚɩɢ-
ɫɚɧɧɨɣ ɝɨɞɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɜɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɦɭɠɚ ɜ 1943 ɝ., ɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɬ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɛɭɤ-
ɜɚɥɶɧɨ, ȼɚɪɲɚɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ – ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢ-
ɧɚɧɢɹ (ɤɚɤ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɛɵɜɚɟɬ ɭ Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ). ɋɦ. ɬɨɠɟ: I. K r y c k a - M i c h n o w s k a, O dziennikach
Zinaidy Gippius, „Studia Rossica” 2006, z. 17, s. 297-315; ɨɧɚ ɠɟ, Polska i Polacy w emigra-
cyjnych dziennikach Zinaidy Gippius, w: Sđowianie Wschodni. Literatura, jĊzyk, kultura, red.
B. Kodzis, M. Giej, Opole 2010, s. 339-345.
 ɁɂɇȺɂȾȺ Ƚɂɉɉɂɍɋ Ɉ ɉɈɅɖɋɄɈɃ ɗɉɈɉȿȿ 1920 ȽɈȾȺ 9

ɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ, ɧɟɢɦɨɜɟɪɧɨ ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɰɟɦ

ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɢ ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɣ, ɱɶɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ,
ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɤ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɜɚɠɧɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɹɤɨɜ ɩɟ-
ɪɢɨɞɭ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɜɢɡɦɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɟɫɥɨɜɭɬɨɦɭ „ɱɭɞɟ ɧɚ ȼɢɫɥɟ”, ɨɬɨɛɪɚ-
ɠɚɹ ɜɡɝɥɹɞ ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɬɨ „ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɛɟɪɟɝɚ”.
Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɢ Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɢɯ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɢ ɟɞɢɧɨɦɵ-
ɲɥɟɧɧɢɤɨɦ, Ⱦ. Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮɨɜɵɦ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɳɢɦ ɩɨɷɬɨɦ ȼ. Ɂɥɨɛɢɧɵɦ ɩɨɞ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɨɦ ɥɟɤɰɢɣ „ɩɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɪɚɫɧɨ-
ɚɪɦɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ” ɜ Ƚɨɦɟɥɟ, ɭɟɯɚɥɢ ɢɡ ɉɟɬɪɨɝɪɚɞɚ 24 ɞɟɤɚɛɪɹ 1919 ɝ. ɢ ɧɟ-
ɥɟɝɚɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɥɢ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɭ. ɇɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɠɟ ɞɟɥɟ, ɨɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɲɥɢ
ɮɪɨɧɬ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɬɞɟɥɹɥ ɞɜɚ ɦɢɪɚ, ɦɢɪ ɜɨɡɪɨɠɞɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɹɯ
ɫɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɦɢɪ ɋɨɜɞɟɩɢɢ 16 . ȼ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɠɢɥɢ ɜɫɟɝɨ
ɞɟɫɹɬɶ ɦɟɫɹɰɟɜ, ɫ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɞɟɤɚɛɪɹ 1919 ɞɨ 20 ɨɤɬɹɛɪɹ 1920 ɝɨɞɚ. ɗɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ
Ȼ. Ʉɨɞɡɢɫ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɧɟ ɛɟɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɣ, „ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɷɩɢɡɨɞɨɦ”
ɜ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɢɯ17. ɋɚɦɚ ɠɟ Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɜɪɟ-
ɦɹ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ ɤɚɤ „ɩɨɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɷɩɨɩɟɸ”18 ɢ ɷɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɨ
ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɦ, ɢɛɨ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɜɟɪɵ ɢ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɨɦ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɞɟɠɞ ɞɥɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɵ.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɠɟ ɰɟɥɶ Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ – ɷɬɨ ɛɨɪɶɛɚ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ-
ɜɢɤɚɦɢ ɢɡɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɫɢɥ, ɨ ɱɟɦ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢ ɜ ɱɢɬɚɟɦɵɯ ɢɦɢ ɥɟ-
ɤɰɢɹɯ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɭ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɜ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɡɚɹɜɥɹɥɢ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɶɸ, ɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɯ
ɜ ɟɠɟɞɧɟɜɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɟɬɚɯ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɜ „ȼɢɥɟɧɫɤɨɦ ɤɭɪɶɟɪɟ” ɢ ɝɚɡɟɬɟ „Nasz
Kraj”. ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɟɫɫɚ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɥɚ ɪɚɞɭɲɧɨ ɨ ɩɪɢɛɵɬɢɢ ɜ Ɇɢɧɫɤ ɢ ȼɢɥɶɧɨ
„ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ”. ɗɬɚ ɠɟ ɧɟɧɚɜɢɫɬɶ ɤ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ-
ɜɢɡɦɭ ɢ ɛɵɥɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɢɯ ɛɟɝɫɬɜɚ ɢɡ ɪɨɞɢɧɵ, ɫɨɩɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɢɦ
ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɟ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɨɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɛɵɥɨ
ɩɨɛɟɞɢɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɜɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ ɢ ɦɚɪɲɚɥɚ ɘɡɟɮɚ ɉɢɥɫɭɞ-
ɫɤɨɝɨ. ȿɫɬɶ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɚɧɚɯ Ɇɟɪɟɠ-
ɤɨɜɫɤɢɯ, ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɨɛ ɢɯ ɜɟɪɟ ɜ ɫɢɥɭ ɩɨɥɹɤɨɜ, ɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨ-
ɧɵ, ɢɥɥɸɫɬɪɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɢɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɧɚɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ. ɂɬɚɤ,
ɠɟɥɚɹ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɫɦɟɧɵ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɨɧɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɥɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɨɣ „ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɧɨɫɬɢ”, ɨɧɢ ɛɵɥɢ

16
ɋɦ. ɉ. Ʌ ɚ ɜ ɪ ɢ ɧ ɟ ɰ, Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ, Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ, Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮɨɜ: ɬɪɢ ȼɢɥɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɶɸ,
http://www.guelman/ru/frei/dictant/Materials/Lavrinec.html, ɫ.1 (10.09.2010).
17
Ʉ ɨ ɞ ɡ ɢ ɫ, Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɶɹ, ɫ. 161.
18
Ɂ. Ƚ ɢ ɩ ɩ ɢ ɭ ɫ, ɉɨɥɶɲɚ 1920-ɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ, ɜ: Ɂ. Ƚ ɢ ɩ ɩ ɢ ɭ ɫ, ɇɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɛɨɸɫɶ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ–
ȼɚɝɪɢɭɫ 2004, ɫ. 220.
10 ȺɇɇȺ ȼɈɁɖɇəɄ

ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ (ɨ ɱɟɦ, ɤɫɬɚɬɢ, ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɥ
Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɜ ɝɚɡɟɬɟ „Nasz Kraj, 1920, nr 46, ɡɚɹɜɥɹɹ, ɱɬɨ „«ɫɦɟɧɚ
ɫɬɪɨɹ»” ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬ-
ɥɢɱɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɞɟɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ”). Ɂ. Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ ɜ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɫɤɨɦ ɞɧɟ-
ɜɧɢɤɟ (16 ɧɨɹɛɪɹ 1920) ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɟ ɫɨɦɧɟɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɟ, ɫɨɡɜɭɱɧɨ
ɦɭɠɭ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɹɫɧɹɹ: „ɫɜɟɪɝɧɭɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɜɢɤɨɜ ɦɨɠɧɨ (ɢ ɞɚɠɟ
ɧɟɬɪɭɞɧɨ)” ɩɪɢ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɚɪɦɢɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɸɸɳɟɝɨ ɝɨ-
ɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ19. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɯ ɠɟ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ ɭ ɧɢɯ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɚɧɬɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɜɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɝɪɨɦɚ,
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɉɨɥɶɲɟɣ, ɜɨɜɫɟ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ, ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɥɢ ɧɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɤ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ, ɩɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɢɦ ɧɟɡɧɚɤɨɦɨɣ, ɤ ɟɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ.
ɂɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɞɟɥɚɦ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɨɞɢɤɬɨɜɚɧ ɥɢɲɶ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧ-
ɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɚɦɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɚ, ɹ ɛɵ ɫɤɚɡɚɥɚ, ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ
ɞɟɥɟ ɫɵɝɪɚɥɚ ɥɢɲɶ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɢɯ, ɤɚɤ
ɩɨɦɨɳɧɢɤɚ, „ɱɭɞɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɦɨɳɧɢɤɚ”, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɵ,
ɧɟ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɜɵɫɬɨɹɥ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɤɚɡɨɱɧɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ
Ɋɨɫɫɢɟɣ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɷɬɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɩɪɨɩɚɥɨ, Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ ɧɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɥɶ-
ɧɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɦɭɠ ɩɟɪɟɠɢɜɚɥɚ ɤɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɞ ɢ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɭɝɭɛɨ ɭɬɨɩɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ. ɇɟɥɶɡɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɶ ɜ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɷɬɟɫ-
ɫɵ ɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɫɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɞɟɥɚɦ
ɢ ɡɥɨɛɨɞɧɟɜɧɵɦ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦ ɜɨɟɜɚɜɲɟɣ ɫ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɟɣ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ. ȼ ɟɟ
ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚɯ ɤ ɩɨɥɹɤɚɦ ɛɵɥɚ, ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɹ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ
ɜɨɫɯɢɳɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɟɣ.
Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ ɩɢɫɚɥɚ ɜ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹɯ ɉɨɥɶɲɚ 20-ɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɨɛ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢ ɞɨɥɝɟ, ɫɜɨɟɦ ɢ ɦɭɠɚ 20 : „Ɉɛɳɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɲɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ: ɦɵ ɜɫɟ
ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɛɵɥɢ ɡɚɪɹɠɟɧɵ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɨɪɨɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɜɢɤɚɦɢ”.
„ɉɨɥɶɲɚ ɨɞɧɚ ɛɨɪɨɥɚɫɶ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɜɢɤɨɜ. Ɇɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɥɢ ɛɵɬɶ
ɫ ɉɨɥɶɲɟɣ. ɂ ɛɵɥɢ ɫ ɧɟɣ ɩɨ ɜɫɟɣ ɫɨɜɟɫɬɢ”21. Ƚɨɜɨɪɹ ɨɛ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɤ ɉɨɥɶ-
ɲɟ ɢ „ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ”, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɭɜɥɟɤɥɢɫɶ Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɢɟ ɢ Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɜɵɟɡɞɚ ɢɡ ɉɟɬɪɨɝɪɚɞɚ, Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ ɜɫɟ-ɬɚɤɢ ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɜɬɨɪɢɬ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɦɭɠɱɢ-
ɧɚɦ, ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɹ ɛɭɤɜɚɥɶɧɨ ɢɯ ɦɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ (ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ȼ. Ɂɥɨɛɢɧɚ
„Ɉɩɥɨɞɨɬɜɨɪɹɟɬ” ɨɧɚ, ɪɨɠɚɟɬ ɨɧ, ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɦɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɚ ɜɨ-
ɩɪɨɫ, ɤɬɨ ɛɵɥ „ɝɟɧɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɦ” ɢɞɟɣ, ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɚɡɞɧɵɣ). ɉɪɢɜɟɞɭ
ɨɞɢɧ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɢ Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮɨɜ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɨ-
ɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɛɟɫɟɞɟ ɫ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɨɦ ɢ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɝɚɡɟɬɵ „Nasz Kraj” ɘ. ɋɭɦɨɪɨɤɨɦ

19
Ƚ ɢ ɩ ɩ ɢ ɭ ɫ, ɗɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɹ 1920-1941, ɜ: Ƚ ɢ ɩ ɩ ɢ ɭ ɫ, ɇɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɛɨɸɫɶ, ɫ. 230.
20
Ƚ ɢ ɩ ɩ ɢ ɭ ɫ, ɉɨɥɶɲɚ 20-ɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ, ɫ. 196.
21
Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ.199.
 ɁɂɇȺɂȾȺ Ƚɂɉɉɂɍɋ Ɉ ɉɈɅɖɋɄɈɃ ɗɉɈɉȿȿ 1920 ȽɈȾȺ 11

ɧɚ ɬɟɦɭ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ (1920, nr 46 [255], 25 lutego), ɬɨ ɚɜɬɨɪ ɘɥɢɚɧɚ

Ɉɬɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɚ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɥ, ɱɬɨ:

ɉɨɥɶɲɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, ɤɚɤ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ, ɪɚɡ-

ɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ. ɉɨɥɶɲɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɜɚɥ ɨɬ ɡɚɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ
ɛɨɥɶɲɟɜɢɡɦɨɦ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɨɥɶ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɚ22.

Ⱥ ɜ ɝɚɡɟɬɟ „ȼɢɥɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɶɟɪ” (1920, ʋ 244, 28 ɮɟɜɪɚɥɹ), ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɹ

ɜ ȼɢɥɶɧɟ, Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɟɳɟ ɫɢɥɶɧɟɟ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɥ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ ɤɚɤ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɟɥɚ ɩɨɛɟɞɵ ɧɚɞ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɜɢɡɦɨɦ, ɡɚɹɜɥɹɹ, ɱɬɨ:

[...] ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɟɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɉɨɥɶɲɟɣ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɟɫɧɚɹ ɫɜɹɡɶ

ɫ ɉɨɥɶɲɟɣ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ ɧɚ ɟɟ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɸ – ɦɨ-
ɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɫɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɭɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ, ɢ ɩɨɱɟɦ ɡɧɚɬɶ,
ɞɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɫɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɬɜɚ. [...] ɰɟɧɬɪ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ
ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɜ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɟ, ɢ ɦɵ ɫɩɟɲɢɦ ɬɭɞɚ23.

Ʉɫɬɚɬɢ, ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɤɪɭɝɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɗɭɝɟɧɢɭɲ ɋɜɟɪɱɟɜɫɤɢɣ, ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪ

ɝɚɡɟɬɵ „Nasz Kraj” ɭɩɪɟɤɚɥɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɦɟɫɫɢɚɧɢɡɦɟ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɤɚɤ
ɏɪɢɫɬɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ24, ɨ ɱɟɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥ Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɦ ɥɟɤɰɢɢ
ɨ Ɇɢɰɤɟɜɢɱɟ25.
ȼ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹɯ Ɂ. Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ ɜɵɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɥɚ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɢ-
ɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɫ Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɢɦ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ,
ɜɵɞɟɪɠɚɧɧɭɸ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɦ ɫɬɢɥɟ:

ɇɟ ɫɝɨɜɚɪɢɜɚɹɫɶ, ɦɵ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɨ ɨɬɧɟɫɥɢɫɶ ɤ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ, ɤ ɩɨɥɹɤɚɦ. Ⱦ.Ɏ.

ɧɚɩɟɱɚɬɚɥ ɭ Ƚɡɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɩɨɪ ɨ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɯ 72-ɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɫɩɨɪ ɩɪɚɡɞɧɵɣ,

22
ɐɢɬ. ɩɨ: Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɢ Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮɨɜ ɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɜ ɋɨɜɞɟɩɢɢ, http://www.russian
resources. lt/archive/Mer/Mer_1.html , s. 1 (12. 09.2010).
23
ɐɢɬ. ɩɨ: Ȼɟɫɟɞɚ ɫ Ⱦ.ɋ. Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɢɦ, http://www.guelman/ru/frei/ dictant/Materials/
Lavrinec.html, ɫ. 7 (12.09.2010). ȼ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɝɚɡɟɬɟ ɜ «ȼɢɥɟɧɫɤɨɦ ɤɭɪɶɟɪɟ» ɢɦɟɥɚ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɟ-
ɫɟɞɚ ɫ Ɂ. Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ ɩɨ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦ, ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ ɜ
«ɋɨɜɞɟɩɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɉɟɬɪɨɝɪɚɞɟ», ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢ ɪɨɥɢ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɵ ɜ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ, ɰɟɧɡɭɪɵ, ɦɨɥɱɚɧɢɹ ɩɢ-
ɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ. ɋɦ. http://www.russianresources.lt/archive/Gipgip/Gip_1.html, s. 1 (12.09.2010).
24
ɉ. Ʌ ɚ ɜ ɪ ɢ ɧ ɟ ɰ, Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ, Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ, Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮɨɜ: ɬɪɢ ȼɢɥɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɶɸ, ɫ. 3.
25
ȼ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɟ ɢɦɟɥ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɩɨɪ Ʉɚɪɥɚ Ɋɚɞɟɤɚ ɢ Ʌɶɜɚ Ƚɨɦɨɥɢɰɤɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɭ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ
ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ. Ʉ. Ɋɚɞɟɤ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥ ɨ ɦɚɥɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɨɜ. ɋɦ. W. S k r u n d a,
Zamysđ poematu Lwa Gomolickiego „Warszawa” w Ğwietle inwektyw Karola Radka i nauk mnicha
Ewagriusza, „Studia Rossica” 12(2003), s. 217-221.
12 ȺɇɇȺ ȼɈɁɖɇəɄ

ɚɛɫɭɪɞɧɵɣ ɢ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɧɵɣ – ɩɭɫɬɶ ɷɬɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɶ, - ɦɵ

ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɧɚ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ26.

ɑɟɪɟɡ ɞɜɚ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɚ ɥɟɬ ɜ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹɯ, ɜ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤɟ ɋɟɪɨɟ ɫ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɦ.

Ⱦɧɟɜɧɢɤ 1940 (24 ɦɚɹ, ɱɟɬɜɟɪɝ) ɨɧɚ ɜɫɟ-ɬɚɤɢ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɩɨɥɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɨ-
ɱɚɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɥɨɛɵ, ɷɦɨɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ: „Ɇɧɟ ɧɟ ɠɚɥɶ
ɉɨɥɶɲɢ. ɉɨɦɢɦɨ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɩɨɝɭɛɢɥɚ Ⱦɢɦɭ ɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɥɚ ɧɚɫ (ɷɬɨ ɥɢɱɧɨ),
ɧɨ ɨɧɚ ɜɟɥɚ ɫɟɛɹ ɝɥɭɩɨ ɢ ɥɠɢɜɨ (ɧɚ ɫɜɨɸ ɝɨɥɨɜɭ) – ɨɬ ɦɢɪɚ ɫ ɛɨɥɶ-
ɲɟɜɢɤɚɦɢ ɜ 20-ɦ ɝɨɞɭ...”27.
ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ, ɱɬɨ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɸ ɧɟɡɚɭɪɹɞɧɭɸ ɥɢɱ-
ɧɨɫɬɶ, ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɭ ɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɚ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɜɫɟ-ɬɚɤɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɬɟɧɢ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɵɯ ɫɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜ, ɜ „ɬɪɢɭɦɜɢɪɚɬɟ”
(ɨɧɚ, ɦɭɠ ɢ Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮɨɜ)28 ɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ, ɧɟ ɢɝɪɚɥɚ ɜɨɜɫɟ
ɪɨɥɢ ɦɷɬɪɚ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɟ. ɂɛɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜɜɢɞɭ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ
ɦɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɩɪɟɫɫɵ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɬɨ Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɥɚɫɶ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ, ɤɚɤ „ɫɭɩ-
ɪɭɝɚ Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɚ Ɂ. Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ”„ȼɢɥɟɧɫɤɢɣ
Ʉɭɪɶɟɪ”, ɨɬ 16 ɹɧɜɚɪɹ). Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɥɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚ-
ɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɜɟɱɟɪɚɯ, ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɨɱɢɦ, ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɥɚ ɜ Ɇɢɧɫɤɨɦ
ɝɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɦ ɬɟɚɬɪɟ („ȼɢɥɟɧɫɤɢɣ ɤɭɪɶɟɪ”, ʋ 215, 25 ɹɧɜɚɪɹ), ɬɨ ɟɟ ɫɜɨɞɢɥɢ
ɧɚ ɡɚɞɧɢɣ ɩɥɚɧ. Ȼɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ, ɟɟ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɟɫɪɚ-
ɜɧɢɦɨ ɧɢɠɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɟɟ ɦɭɠɚ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ, ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɧɚ
ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ (ɬɪɢɥɨɝɢɹ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɫ ɢ Ⱥɧɬɢɯɪɢɫɬ, ɩɶɟɫɵ ɢ ɞɪ.) ɢ ɫ ɢɧɬɟɪɟ-
ɫɨɦ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɦɢ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ29. ɋɟɪɝɟɣ ɉɨɜɨɥɨɰɤɢɣ, ɜ 20-ɟ
ɝɨɞɵ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɬɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɳɢɣ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɢɫɬ, ɜɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɥ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɜɟɱɟɪ

26
Ƚ ɢ ɩ ɩ ɢ ɭ ɫ, ɉɨɥɶɲɚ 20-ɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ, ɫ. 199. ȼ ɛɟɫɟɞɟ-ɢɧɬɟɪɜɶɸ ɜ ɝɚɡɟɬɟ „Nasz Kraj” (1920,
ʋ 46) Ⱦ. Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮɨɜ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥ: «Ɉɛɚ ɦɵ ɫ Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɢɦ ɫɬɨɢɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɩɪɚɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ ɧɚ
ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ 1772 ɝ. ɉɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɚɜ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɵɦ ɩɭɧɤɬɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɢ
ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨ-ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ. Ɉ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɧɟ ɫɭɠɭ. Ɂɧɚɸ ɨɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɜɢɞɭ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɨɩɚɫ-
ɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɤɨɣ ɝɪɨɡɢɬ ɧɚɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɜɢɡɦ, ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɉɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɢ ɜɨɡɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɨɣ Ɋɨɫ-
ɫɢɟɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ» http://www.guelman/ru/frei/dictant/Materials/Lavri
nec.html, ɫ. 6.
27
Ƚ ɢ ɩ ɩ ɢ ɭ ɫ, ɋɟɪɨɟ ɫ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɦ. Ⱦɧɟɜɧɢɤ 1940, ɜ: Ƚ ɢ ɩ ɩ ɢ ɭ ɫ, ɇɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɛɨɸɫɶ, ɫ. 523.
28
ɇɚ ɷɬɭ ɬɟɦɭ ɫɦ. B. B i a đ o k o z o w i c z, Józef Czapski i triumwirat literacki (Dymitr Me-
reĪkowski, Zinaida Gippius i Dymitr Fiđosofow), w: Kresy i pogranicza: historia, kultura, obyczaje,
Olsztyn 1995, s. 125-149; I. O b đ ą k o w s k a - G a l a n c i a k, Gorzkie gody… Publicystyczna
i literacka dziađalnoĞü Dymitra Fiđosofowa na emigracji, Olsztyn 2001, s. 28-92.
29
F. S i e l i c k i , MierieĪkowski w Polsce miĊdzywojennej, „Przegląd Humanistyczny, 1973,
nr 3, s. 116-117. ɋɦ. ɬɚɤɠɟ ɋ. ɉ ɨ ɜ ɨ ɥ ɨ ɰ ɤ ɢ ɣ, Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɲɥɵɯ ɥɟɬ.
Ɋɭɫɫɤɢɟ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɢ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ. Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɢɟ, http://www.russianresources.lt/archive/Povoloc/ Po
volocki_2.html, s. 2.
 ɁɂɇȺɂȾȺ Ƚɂɉɉɂɍɋ Ɉ ɉɈɅɖɋɄɈɃ ɗɉɈɉȿȿ 1920 ȽɈȾȺ 13

„ɬɪɢɭɦɜɢɪɚɬɚ” ɢ Ɂɥɨɛɢɧɚ ɜ ȼɢɥɶɧɟ ɜ ɡɚɥɟ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ Ȼɚɬɨɪɵ

(ɉ. Ʌɚɜɪɢɧɟɰ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɥ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥ Ƚɨɪɨɞɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɥ 30 )
ɫ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟɦ Ɇɚɪɢɚɧɚ Ɂɞɟɯɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ, ɝɞɟ Ɂ. Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ
ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɫɭɩɪɭɝɚ Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ, ɩɨɷɬɟɫɫɚ, ɩɪɟɬɟɧɰɢɨɡɧɨ ɱɢɬɚɸɳɚɹ
(„ɡɚɜɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ”) ɫɜɨɢ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ, ɫ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɵɦ ɩɚɮɨɫɨɦ, „ɲɩɢɝɭɹ ɞɟ-
ɤɥɚɦɚɰɢɸ ɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɚɭɡɚɦɢ”. Ʉɚɤ ɩɢɫɚɥ ɉɨɜɨɥɨɰɤɢɣ,
„ɷɬɨ ɜɵɡɜɚɥɨ ɫɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɭɫɦɟɲɤɢ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ, ɜ ɫɭɦɦɟ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɦɚɝɢɹ ɟɟ
ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɨɝɨ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɢɦɟɧɢ, ɚ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɢɦɟɧɢ ɟɟ ɦɭɠɚ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɥɢ
ɭɫɩɟɯ”31. ɋ. ɉɨɜɨɥɨɰɤɢɣ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɟɳɟ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɞɨɪɟɜɨɥɸ-
ɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɩɶɟɫɵ Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ Ɂɟɥɟɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɶɰɨ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɨɧ ɩɨɩɚɥ ɭɠɟ ɤɚɤ
ɪɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɟ ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɦ ɋɬɭɞɢɣɧɨɦ ɬɟɚɬɪɟ, ɪɭɤɨɜɨ-
ɞɢɦɨɦ ȼ. ȼ. ȼɚɫɢɥɶɟɜɵɦ-ɋɢɤɟɜɢɱɟɦ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɭɩɪɭɝɨɣ Ƚɚɥɢɧɨɣ Ƚɭɥɹɧɢɰɤɨɣ.
Ɉɧ ɬɚɤ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɥ ɩɨɷɬɟɫɫɭ:

ȼɵɝɥɹɞɟɥɚ ɨɧɚ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɧɨ, ɧɨ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɨɛɵɤɧɨɜɟɧɧɨ. ɇɚ ɧɟɣ ɛɵɥɨ ɱɟɪɧɨɟ

ɩɥɚɬɶɟ. ɇɚɤɢɞɤɚ ɢɡ ɝɨɪɨɧɨɫɬɚɟɜ. ɇɚ ɪɭɤɚɯ ɱɟɪɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɱɚɬɤɢ, ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɨɥɨ-
ɬɵɦɢ ɩɟɪɫɬɧɹɦɢ [...] ɧɟɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɢɱɟɫɤɚ [...] ɤɥɭɛɨɤ ɡɦɟɣ. Ɂɟɥɟɧɵɟ, ɨɱɟɧɶ
ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɝɥɚɡɚ. ɉɟɪɟɞ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ ɫɩɟɤɬɚɤɥɹ ɨɧɚ ɜɵɫɬɭɩɢɥɚ ɥɢɱɧɨ [...] ɩɪɨɞɟ-
ɤɥɚɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɚ ɤɚɤɨɟ-ɬɨ ɫɬɢɯɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ [...] ɝɪɨɦɤɨ ɜɨɡɡɜɚɥɚ „Ʉɪɚɫɨɬɚ ɫɩɚɫɟɬ ɦɢɪ!32.

ɋɬɨɢɬ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɰɟɧɡɢɢ ɧɚ ɩɶɟɫɭ Ɂɟɥɟɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɶɰɨ (1915) ɛɵɥɢ

ɜ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɟ ɩɥɨɯɢɟ. ȼ ɝɚɡɟɬɟ „Ɂɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɭ” „ɩɨɹɜɢɥɚɫɶ ɤɢɫɥɨ-ɫɥɚɞɤɚɹ ɪɟɰɟɧ-
ɡɢɣɤɚ, ɧɟ ɥɢɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɡɥɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɚɤɰɟɧɬɨɜ Ɇ. Ⱥɪɰɵɛɚɲɟɜɚ”, ɡɚɹɜɥɹɥ ɋ. ɉɚɜɨ-
ɥɨɰɤɢɣ33. ɂɡ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɜ ɫɚɦɭɸ ɦɹɝɤɭɸ, ɜɟɠɥɢɜɭɸ, ɧɨ ɛɚɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ
ɪɟɰɟɧɡɢɸ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɥ Ɍɚɞɟɭɲ Ʉɨɧɶɱɢɱ34 .

30
ɉ ɨ ɜ ɨ ɥ ɨ ɰ ɤ ɢ ɣ, Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɲɥɵɯ ɥɟɬ, ɫ. 3-5; Ʌ ɚ ɜ ɪ ɢ ɧ ɟ ɰ,
Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ, Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ, Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮɨɜ: ɬɪɢ ȼɢɥɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɶɸ, ɫ. 3.
31
Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 3.
32
Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 4.
33
Ɂ. Ƚ ɢ ɩ ɩ ɢ ɭ ɫ, ɋɬɚɪɚɹ, ɧɨɜɚɹ ɢ ɜɟɱɧɚɹ, ɜ: Ƚ ɢ ɩ ɩ ɢ ɭ ɫ, Ⱥɪɢɮɦɟɬɢɤɚ ɥɸɛɜɢ. ɇɟɢɡɜɟɫ-
ɬɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɡɚ 1931-1939, ɫɨɫɬ., ɜɫɬɭɩ. ɫɬɚɬɶɹ, ɤɨɦɦɟɧɬ. Ⱥ. ɇ. ɇɢɤɨɥɸɤɢɧɚ, ɬ. III, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, ɂɡɞ.
Ɋɨɫɬɨɤ: 2003, ɫ. 470. Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ ɜɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɶɟɫɵ Ɂɟɥɟɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɶɰɨ
ɜ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɟ ɜ 1918 ɝ. ɜ ɬɟɚɬɪɟ ȼ. Ɇɟɣɟɪɯɨɥɶɞɚ. ɍɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢ ɨ ɜɚɪɲɚɜɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ
ɜ ɋɬɭɞɢɢ (ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɚ ɭɠɟ ɧɟ ɜɢɞɟɥɚ). «ɉɨ ɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɹɦ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɫɭɞɢɬɶ
ɨ ɜɚɪɲɚɜɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ, ɯɨɬɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɧɢɦɤɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵ, ɩɨ ɨɬɡɵɜɚɦ ɞɨ ɧɚɫ ɞɨ-
ɲɟɞɲɢɦ, ɦɨɥɨɞɵɟ ɚɪɬɢɫɬɵ ɫ ɱɟɫɬɶɸ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɚɥɢ ɫɜɨɟ ɩɟɪɜɨɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɟ». ɉɶɟɫɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜ-
ɥɟɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ 12 ɢɸɧɹ 1933 ɝ. ɩɪɚɠɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɨɣ ɆɏɌ ɜ ɬɟɚɬɪɟ Ɇɨɧɫɢ ɜ ɉɚɪɢɠɟ. ɋɦ. Ⱥ. ɇ.
ɇ ɢ ɤ ɨ ɥ ɸ ɤ ɢ ɧ, Ʉɨɦɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɢ, ɬɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 603.
34
Ʌ ɚ ɜ ɪ ɢ ɧ ɟ ɰ, Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ, Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ, Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮɨɜ, ɫ. 5.
14 ȺɇɇȺ ȼɈɁɖɇəɄ

ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɤ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɟɟ

Ⱦɧɟɜɧɢɤɨɜ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɚ ɦɟɦɭ-
ɚɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ Ɂ. Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ, ɂɜɨɧɚ Ʉɪɵɰɤɚ-Ɇɢɯɧɨɜɫɤɚ. ɋɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɹ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɩɨɦɟ-
ɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɦɟɦɭɚɪɚɯ ɉɨɥɶɲɚ 20-ɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɫɤɨɦ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤɟ ɢ, ɚɧɚɥɢ-
ɡɢɪɭɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɦɭɚɪɨɜ ɤɚɤ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɧɨ-ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧ-
ɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, Ʉɪɵɰɤɚ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɦɭɚɪɢɫɬɤɨɣ
ɦɭɠɚ, Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ35. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɚ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ Ʉɪɵɰɤɨɣ,
ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ Ɇɟɪɟɠ-
ɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɚɤ „ɡɚɦɟɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ”, ɧɟɡɚɭɪɹɞɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɫɬɨɹɳɟɝɨ ɜ
ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ 36 . ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶ-
ɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ Ʉɪɵɰɤɚ-Ɇɢɯɧɨɜɫɤɚ, ɨ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ
ɩɟɪɟɨɫɦɵɫɥɟɧɢɢ Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɨɜ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ
ɜ ɦɟɦɭɚɪɵ (ɝɞɟ ɷɫɫɟɧɰɢɹ ɹɜɧɨ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɚɞ ɷɤɡɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɟɣ), ɧɚ ɱɟɬɤɢɟ
ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɫɭɛɬɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɢɝɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɦɚɧɟɪɵ ɩɢɫɶɦɚ ɭ ɩɢɫɚ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɵ, ɧɟɨɫɩɨɪɢɦɵɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɬ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɷ-
ɬɟɫɫɚ Ɂɢɧɚɢɞɚ Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ ɨɫɬɚɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɬɨɝɞɚɲɧɢɯ
ɤɪɭɝɨɜ ɜ ɬɟɧɢ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ „ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝɨ” ɦɭɠɚ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɟ-
ɝɨ ɦɭɠɫɤɭɸ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɤɭɳɢɟ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ.
ɐɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɷɬɭ „ɩɨɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɷɩɨɩɟɸ” Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɛɵɬɨɜɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɚɯ. ɂɬɚɤ, ɜ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɟ ɨɧɢ ɠɢɥɢ
ɜ ɜɚɪɲɚɜɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɰɚɯ: „Ʉɪɚɤɨɜɫɤɨɣ”, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɭ ɟɜɪɟɟɜ Ɏɪɟɧɤɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɫ ɫɟɧ-
ɬɹɛɪɹ 1920 ɝ. ɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɰɟ „ȼɢɤɬɨɪɢɹ”, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɥɢ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɬɨ ɜ ɬɹɠɟ-
ɥɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ (31 ɢɸɥɹ ɭɟɯɚɥɢ ɜ Ⱦɚɧɰɢɝ, ɜɟɪɧɭɥɢɫɶ ɨɩɹɬɶ ɜ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɭ
ɜ ɫɟɧɬɹɛɪɟ). ɗɬɨ ɛɵɥɢ ɡɚɨɞɧɨ ɬɪɢ ɜɚɪɲɚɜɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɢɯ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧ-
ɧɵɟ ɫ ɬɪɟɦɹ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɦɟɫɬɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɞɟ-
ɥɨɜɵɦɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦɢ Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɢɯ ɧɟɢɦɨ-
ɜɟɪɧɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɥɟɤɰɢɢ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɧɚɞ ɫɨɛ-
ɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɦɢ ɞɟɥɚɦɢ, ɢ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɧɚɞ ɚɧɬɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɜɢɫɬ-
ɫɤɢɦɢ ɫɬɚɬɶɹɦɢ. Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɨɤɨɧɱɢɥ ɜ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɟ ɤɧɢɝɭ ɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɜɢɡɦɟ,
Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɢɡɞɚɬɶ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɜ 1920 ɝ. ɥɢɲɶ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɚɝɢɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɢ-
ɯɨɜ ɫ ɩɭɛɥɢɰɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɡɚɨɫɬɪɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɥɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɤɚ ɉɨɯɨɞɧɵɟ

35
ɋɪ. ɇ. Ʉ ɨ ɡ ɧ ɨ ɜ ɚ, Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɨɪɦ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɟɦɭɚɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɡɟ Ɂɢɧɚɢɞɵ
Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ („ȼɚɪɲɚɜɫɤɢɣ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤ”, „Ⱦɦɢɬɪɢɣ Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ”), ɜ: Sđowianie Wschodni. Litera-
tura, jĊzyk, kultura, red. B. Kodzis, M. Giej, Opole 2010, ɫ. 331-337.
36
ɋɦ. I. K r y c k a - M i c h n o w s k a, „Polska 20. roku” i „Dziennik Warszawski” Zinaidy
Gippius. Analiza porównawcza, „Studia Rossica” 2(2010), z. 20, s. 70-81.
 ɁɂɇȺɂȾȺ Ƚɂɉɉɂɍɋ Ɉ ɉɈɅɖɋɄɈɃ ɗɉɈɉȿȿ 1920 ȽɈȾȺ 15

ɩɟɫɧɢ ɩɨɞ ɩɫɟɜɞɨɧɢɦɨɦ Ⱥɧɬɨɧ Ʉɢɪɲɚ37. Ɂɚɬɨ ɠɢɜɨ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥɚ ɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶ-

ɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɪɭɝɨɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ, ɚ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɶ ɝɚɡɟɬɭ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢ-
ɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɭɞɚɱɧɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɝɚɡɟɬɨɣ „Ɂɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɭ”, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɛɵɥɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ,
ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɤɨɧɰɨɜ ɜ ɢɸɥɟ 1920-ɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɪɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ ɩɨɥɶ-
ɫɤɢɦɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɹɦɢ.
ɇɟɦɚɥɨɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɥɢ ɟɳɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ
ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɫ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɦɢ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ, ɢɧɬɟɥɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɨ-
ɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɪɭɝɚɦɢ, ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɵ ɫ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɦɢ ɰɟɪɤɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɚɦɢ,
ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɢɡɢɬɵ, ɰɟɥɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɵɥɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ-
ɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ „ɬɪɢɭɦɜɢɪɚɬɚ”. ɉɨ ɟɝɨ ɢɧɢɰɢɚɬɢɜɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɨ ɜɨɡ-
ɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɦ ɥɸɞɹɦ, ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɸɳɟɟ ɜɨɣɧɭ ɉɨɥɶ-
ɲɢ ɫ ɋɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɋɨɸɡɨɦ, ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɸɳɟɟ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɉɨɥɶɲɚ ɜɨ-
ɸɟɬ ɧɟ ɫ Ɋɨɫɫɢɟɣ, ɚ ɫ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɜɥɚɫɬɶɸ, ɱɬɨ ɉɨɥɶɲɚ ɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ
ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɫɨɸɡ ɛɪɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ, ɜɨɸɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɜɢɡɦɚ,
ɢ ɩɪɢɬɨɦ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɬɶ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɭɸ ɞɨɥɝɨɥɟɬɧɸɸ ɧɟɧɚɜɢɫɬɶ 38 . ɋɥɟ-
ɞɭɟɬ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɚɠɧɵɣ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɢɟ, ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ,
ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥɢ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ. Ɉɬɝɨɥɨɫɤɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɡɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɲɥɢ
ɨɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɟ ɘ. ɉɢɥɫɭɞɫɤɨɝɨ – ȼɟɪɯɨɜɧɨɝɨ Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɤɨ-
ɦɚɧɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɚɪɦɢɢ (ɨɬ 5 ɢɸɥɹ 1920 ɝ.) ɢ ɜ „ȼɨɡɡɜɚɧɢɢ ɋɨɜɟɬɚ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪ-
ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ Ɉɛɨɪɨɧɵ”, ɝɞɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɥɢɫɶ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨ-ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ
ɢ ɲɥɚ ɪɟɱɶ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ:

[...] ɧɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɬɨɬ ɜɪɚɝ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɛɪɨɫɚɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɫɢɥɵ ɜ ɛɨɣ, ɷɬɨɬ
ɜɪɚɝ – Ȼɨɥɶɲɟɜɢɡɦ, ɧɚɥɨɠɢɜɲɢɣ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɢɝɨ ɧɨɜɨɣ, ɫɬɪɚɲɧɨɣ ɬɢɪɚɧɢɢ.
Ɉɧ ɯɨɱɟɬ ɬɟɩɟɪɶ ɢ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɡɟɦɥɟ ɧɚɜɹɡɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɤɪɨɜɢ ɢ ɦɪɚɤɚ 39.

ȼ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɪɭɱɟɧ ɨɬɞɟɥ ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɵ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɛɵɥɨ ɪɟɲɟ-

ɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜ Ȼɪɟɫɬ-Ʌɢɬɨɜɫɤɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɬɪɹɞɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ,
ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɟ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ, ɧɨ ɩɨɞ ɩɪɢɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ ɗɜɚɤɭɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɚ (ɫ. 217)40, ɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ, ɤɚɤ ɜɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɥɚ Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ, ɨɧɚ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ

37
Ȼ. Ʉ ɨ ɞ ɡ ɢ ɫ, Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɚɫɩɨɪɵ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ, ɜ: ɨ ɧ
ɠ ɟ, Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ..., ɫ. 161-163.
38
ɋɪ. Ⱥ. ɇ. ɇ ɢ ɤ ɨ ɥ ɸ ɤ ɢ ɧ, Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ Ɂɢɧɚɢɞɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɟɜɧɚ, ɜ: Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɷɧɰɢɤɥɨ-
ɩɟɞɢɹ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ Ɂɚɪɭɛɟɠɶɹ 1918-1940. Ɋɭɫɫɤɢɟ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɢ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1997, ɫ. 123.
39
Ɂ. Ƚ ɢ ɩ ɩ ɢ ɭ ɫ, ɉɨɥɶɲɚ 1920-ɝɨ ɝɨɞɚ, ɫ. 219. ȼ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɦ ɰɢɬɚɬɵ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɢɸ.
ɋɬɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɤɨɛɤɚɯ.
40
ɋɦ. K r y c k a, „Dziennik Warszawski” Zinaidy Gippius, ɫ. 88. Ȼ. ɋɚɜɢɧɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɨɡ-
ɝɥɚɜɥɹɥ Ɋɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɗɜɚɤɭɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɥ ɜɨɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬɪɹɞɵ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɤɨɥɨ
16 ȺɇɇȺ ȼɈɁɖɇəɄ

ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɧɟ ɞɟɥɚɥɚ. ȼ ɡɚɩɢɫɤɚɯ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɚ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɩɨɦɟɫɬɢɥɚ

ɦɧɨɝɨ „ɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ”, ɬ.ɟ. ɛɵɬɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɵɯ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɣ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɠɚɥɨɛ
ɧɚ ɜɫɹɤɢɟ ɧɟɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɚ ɜɚɪɲɚɜɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ. ɂɬɚɤ, ɟɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɚɥɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɧɚɞ
ɫɬɚɬɶɹɦɢ ɞɥɹ „ɋɜɨɛɨɞɵ”, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɧɚ ɩɢɫɚɥɚ „ɜ ɯɜɨɫɬ ɢ ɝɪɢɜɭ, ɞɚɠɟ ɡɚ
ɨɛɟɞɨɦ” ɩɨ ɡɚɤɚɡɭ Ⱥ. Ƚɡɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɟ ɥɸɛɢɥɚ (ɫ. 221), ɟɟ ɦɭ-
ɱɢɥɢ ɧɟɞɨɪɚɡɭɦɟɧɢɹ ɫ Ȼ. ɋɚɜɢɧɤɨɜɵɦ, ɹɜɧɨɟ ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɧɟɞɪɭɠɟɥɸɛɢɟ
ɤ ɧɟɦɭ, ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ, ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ „ɨɪɝɚ-
ɧɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ”, ɟɫɥɢ ɭ ɧɟɟ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣ, „ɧɢɤɚɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɨɝɨ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ
ɞɟɥɚ” (ɫ. 221). Ɉɧɚ, ɤɚɤ ɷɬɨ ɜɢɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɟɟ ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɣ, ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɞɟɥɟ
ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ „ɜ ɩɭɫɬɨɬɟ”. ɋɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɥɭɱɨɦ ɫɨɥɧɰɚ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɭɬɨɦɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ
ɜɚɪɲɚɜɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɛɵɥɚ ɪɚɞɨɫɬɶ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɜɟ
ɧɟɞɟɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɥɢ ɜ ɢɦɟɧɢɢ ɫɟɫɬɟɪ ɘ. ɑɚɩɫɤɨɝɨ (ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɚ,
ɯɭɞɨɠɧɢɤɚ, ɷɫɫɟɢɫɬɚ, ɢɯ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɨɝɨ ɟɳɟ ɢɡ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɚ), ɜ Ɇɨɪɞɚɯ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ
ɋɟɞɥɶɰɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ ɫ ɧɟɢɦɨɜɟɪɧɵɦ ɨɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɟɦ, ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɟɣ
ɞɥɹ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɢɞɢɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɮɟɪ.
Ɉɛɪɚɡ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɹɤɨɜ, ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɜɚɪɲɚɜɹɧ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɡɧɚɤɨɦɢ-
ɥɚɫɶ Ɂ. Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ, ɜɨ ɦɧɨɝɨɦ ɫɩɪɨɟɰɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɷɬɭ ɨɛɳɭɸ ɜ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɚɩɨɥɨ-
ɝɢɸ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ ɜɨ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɚɯ „ɬɪɢɭɦɜɢɪɚɬɚ” ɢ ɢɯ ɢɞɟɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɩɨɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɪɨɥɶɸ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ. ɉɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɩɨɥɶ-
ɫɤɨɣ ɷɥɢɬɵ: ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥ Ʌ. ɀɟɥɢɝɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɢɟ ɜɫɬɪɟ-
ɱɚɥɢɫɶ ɜ Ɇɢɧɫɤɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ,- „ɭɦɧɵɣ, ɭɞɢɜɢɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɨ ɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɣ, ɜɫɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɣ. Ɉɧ ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɤɚɤ-ɬɨ ɨɮɨɪɦɢɥ ɧɚɲɭ ɡɚɞɚɱɭ”,
ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ-
ɫɬɜɚ (ɫ. 200-201). Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɩɨɥɹɤɢ, ɜ ɱɚɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, Ʉ. ɋɨɫɧɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ, Ɇ. Ɂɞɟ-
ɯɨɜɫɤɢɣ – ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ȼɢɥɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ, ɜɫɬɪɟɱɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ȼɢɥɶɧɨ,
ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥɢɫɶ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɢɹ (ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɪɨɱɢɦ, ɥɟɤɰɢɹ Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ
ɨ Ɇɢɰɤɟɜɢɱɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ „ɩɨɩɚɥɚ ɩɨɞ ɛɨɣɤɨɬ ɟɜɪɟɟɜ”) – ɜɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɢɫɚ-
ɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɟɣ ɫ ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ (ɫ. 203). Ɉɝɪɨɦɧɭɸ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɸ, ɬɟɩɥɵɟ ɢ ɞɪɭ-
ɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ, ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɶɸ ɧɟɤɨɟɣ ɥɟɝɤɨɣ ɢɪɨɧɢɢ, ɜɵɡɵ-
ɜɚɟɬ ɜ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɟ ɘɡɟɮ ɑɚɩɫɤɢɣ, ɮɚɦɢɥɶɹɪɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɘɡɹ, ɞɥɹ
ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɵ ɨɥɢɰɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɨɥɹɤɚ: „Ɉɧ ɪɟɛɟɧɨɤ – ɦɟɱɬɚɬɟɥɶ, ɧɨ
ɨɱɟɧɶ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɣ, ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ. Ɍɢɩɢɱɧɵɣ ɩɨɥɹɤ, ɫ ɥɭɱɲɢɦɢ ɢɯ ɱɟɪɬɚɦɢ. ȼɥɸ-
ɛɥɟɧ ɜ ɉɢɥɫɭɞɫɤɨɝɨ” (ɫ. 205).
ɋɪɟɞɢ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɩɨɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɢ ɨɬɜɪɚɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɥɢɰɚ,
ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɦɟɦɭɚɪɢɫɬɤɢ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ Ƚɡɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ɦɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ

80 ɬɵɫɹɱ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨɥɶɰɟɜ ɩɨɞ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɝɟɧ. ɂ. ɉɟɪɟɦɵɤɢɧɚ ɢ ɋ. Ȼɭɥɚɤ-Ȼɚɥɚɯɨɜɢɱɚ

(ɚ ɞɨ 1921 ɝ. ɟɦɭ ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɨɛɪɚɬɶ ɨɤɨɥɨ 30 ɬɵɫɹɱ ɩɚɪɬɢɡɚɧɨɜ).
 ɁɂɇȺɂȾȺ Ƚɂɉɉɂɍɋ Ɉ ɉɈɅɖɋɄɈɃ ɗɉɈɉȿȿ 1920 ȽɈȾȺ 17

ɩɨɥɹɤ, ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪ „Ɇɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɭɪɶɟɪɚ”, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɝɚɡɟɬɵ „ɋɜɨɛɨɞɚ”, „ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-

ɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɯɚɦ, ɡɚɯɨɥɭɫɬɧɵɣ” – ɫ. 198). Ɇɢɧɫɤ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɠɢɬɟɥɢ,
ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ-ɬɨ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟ:

Ʉɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɩɨɥɹɤɢ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɢɟ ɫɥɭɠɚɳɢɟ, ɜɟɥɢ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɪɭɫ-

ɫɤɢɦ, ɝɥɭɩɨ. ɇɟɧɚɜɢɞɟɥɢ ɢɯ ɧɚɪɚɜɧɟ ɫ ɟɜɪɟɹɦɢ ɢ ɞɟɪɠɚɥɢ ɫɟɛɹ ɩɨɞɱɚɫ ɤɚɤ ɡɚɜɨɟ-
ɜɚɬɟɥɢ, ɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɚ ɦɟɥɨɱɶ, ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɧɢɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɬɟɦ ɭɠɚɫɨɦ, ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹɤɢ
ɢɡɛɚɜɢɥɢ Ɇɢɧɫɤ, ɜɡɹɜ ɟɝɨ ɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɜɢɤɨɜ (ɫ. 197-198).

ȼ ɡɚɩɢɫɤɚɯ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɨ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɟ Ɇɟɪɟɠ-

ɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɫ ɘ. ɉɢɥɫɭɞɫɤɢɦ, ɨ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚɯ Ȼ. ɋɚɜɢɧɤɨɜɚ ɫ ɉɢɥɫɭɞɫɤɢɦ. ȿɫɬɟ-
ɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨ ɩɨɪɵ ɞɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ
ɢ ɨ ɉɢɥɫɭɞɫɤɨɦ: „Ɇɨɥɨɞɟɰ ɉɢɥɫɭɞɫɤɢɣ!” (ɫ. 219), „ɭɦɧɵɣ ɦɨɥɱɚɥɶɧɢɤ”
(ɫ. 207), „ɉɢɥɫɭɞɫɤɨɝɨ Ⱦ. ɋ. ɜɢɞɟɥ, ɫɢɞɟɥ ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɱɚɫ ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɦɢɧɭɬ, ɢ ɬɨ
ɫɚɦ ɭɲɟɥ. Ⱦ. ɋ. ɞɚɠɟ ɭɜɥɟɤɫɹ ɢɦ, ɩɢɲɟɬ ɜɨɫɬɨɪɠɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɬɚɬɶɸ ɂɨɫɢɮ ɉɢɥ-
ɫɭɞɫɤɢɣ” (3 ɢɸɥɹ, ɫ. 219) 41 . ɂɛɨ ɜɨɫɬɨɪɝ ɢ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɚ ɧɚ ɉɢɥɫɭɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɵ-
ɬɟɤɚɥɢ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɢɟ ɜɢɞɟɥɢ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɢɡɛɪɚɧɧɢɤɚ Ȼɨɠɶɟɝɨ ɞɥɹ
ɢɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɪɚ ɨɬ „ɛɟɡɧɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɜɢɡɦɚ”42. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ
Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɢɦɢ ɦɚɪɲɚɥɚ ɉɢɥɫɭɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɞɢɥ ɢ Ɇ. ȼɢɲɧɹɤ, ɜɫɟɝɞɚ
ɧɟɞɪɭɠɟɥɸɛɧɨ ɫɦɨɬɪɟɜɲɢɣ ɧɚ Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ, ɩɨɹɫɧɹɹ: „(ɨɧɢ) ɭɡɪɟɥɢ ɜ ɦɚɪɲɚɥɟ
ɉɢɥɫɭɞɫɤɨɦ ɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɥɢɤ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɚ – ɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɧɭɸ ɦɭɞɪɨɫɬɶ,
ɩɨɞɜɢɝ, ɤɪɚɫɨɬɭ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ... „Ⱦɭɯ ɛɨɠɢɣ”...”43. ɉɨɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɷɬɚ ɜɵ-
ɫɨɤɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɤɚ ɉɢɥɫɭɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɭ Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ
ɜ ɪɚɡɨɱɚɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ. ɍɩɨɪɧɨɟ ɟɟ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɩɪɚɜɨɬɟ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɦɧɟɧɢɣ, ɱɬɨ ɜɢɧɚ ɉɢɥɫɭɞɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɟɨɫɩɨɪɢɦɚ, ɜɟɥɢɬ ɟɣ ɨɬɛɪɨɫɢɬɶ ɞɚɠɟ ɨɛɴɹ-
ɫɧɟɧɢɹ Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮɨɜɚ, ɨɞɨɛɪɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɞɟɹɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɠɞɹ ɢ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚ-
ɸɳɟɝɨ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɱɬɨ ɉɢɥɫɭɞɫɤɢɣ: „ɇɚɯɨɯɥɢɜɲɢɣɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɨɪɟɥ”,
ɯɨɬɹ ɧɟ ɜɟɪɢɬ ɜ ɦɢɪ, ɜɨɣɧɭ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ, ɢɛɨ ɟɝɨ ɬɪɚɜɹɬ (ɫ. 231). ɉɪɨɛ-
ɥɟɦɚ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɯɢɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɚ ɜɚɠɧɨɣ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ
ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɟɟ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɧɢɹ ɭ Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ, ɧɟ

41
ɋɦ. Ȼ. Ʉ ɨ ɞ ɡ ɢ ɫ, Ɉɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɞɢɚɫɩɨɪɵ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ,
ɫ. 161. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɚɭɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɭ ɉɢɥɫɭɞɫɤɨɝɨ Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɥ ɫɬɚɬɶɸ ɘɡɟɮ ɉɢɥɫɭɞɫɤɢɣ,
ɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɠɟɧɚ ɭɩɨɦɢɧɚɟɬ, ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɜ ɝɚɡɟɬɟ «Ɂɚ ɋɜɨɛɨɞɭ», ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ
ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɛɪɨɲɸɪɵ, ɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɞɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ (D. M i e r e Ī k o w s k i, Józef Piđsudski, przeđ.
W. Rogowicz, Warszawa 1920), ɢɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤɢ. ɋɦ. ɬɨɠɟ: K r y c k a -
M i c h n o w s k a, „Dziennik Warszawski” Zinaidy Gippius, c. 90.
42
ɋɦ. ɇ ɢ ɤ ɨ ɥ ɸ ɤ ɢ ɧ, Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ Ɂɢɧɚɢɞɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɚɟɜɧɚ, ɫ. 123.
43
ɋ ɨ ɤ ɨ ɥ ɨ ɜ, ɋɭɞɶɛɵ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ, ɫ. 26.
18 ȺɇɇȺ ȼɈɁɖɇəɄ

ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɚɦɢ, ɬ.ɟ. ɚɧɬɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɜɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɧɟɧɚɜɢɫɬɶɸ,

ɧɨ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɟɣ ɢɯ ɩɫɢɯɢɤɢ – ɦɢɪɢɬɶɫɹ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɫ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɞɶɹ-
ɜɨɥɨɦ ɜɨ ɢɦɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɰɟɥɢ, ɚ ɟɫɥɢ ɡɚɞɚɱɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɬɫɹ, ɪɟɡɤɨ
ɨɬɜɟɪɧɭɬɶɫɹ. ɉɨɞɨɛɧɚɹ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɹ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ Ⱦɭɱɟ Ɇɭɫɫɨɥɢɧɢ,
ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɥɫɹ ɜ 1936 ɝ. ɜ Ɋɢɦɟ ɢ ɧɚɞɟɹɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɟ,
ɧɚ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɬ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ. Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ ɬɚɤ ɜɫɩɨ-
ɦɢɧɚɥɚ ɷɬɨɬ „ɧɟɭɞɚɱɧɵɣ ɪɨɦɚɧ” ɦɭɠɚ ɫ Ɇɭɫɫɨɥɢɧɢ ɜ ɂɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɨɦ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤɟ
ɢ „ɪɟɜɟɪɚɧɫɵ” ɦɭɠɚ: „ɍɞɢɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɜ ɷɬɨ ɠɚɪɤɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
Ɇ. (Ɇɭɫɫɨɥɢɧɢ) ɧɚɲɟɥ-ɬɚɤɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɚɬɶ Ⱦɦ. ɫɜɢɞɚɧɢɟ. [...] ȼɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ
ɦɧɢɬɫɹ ɦɧɟ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɫɚɦɵɣ Ⱦɭɱɟ – ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɣ „prédestiné”, ɢɫɬɢɧɧɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ
ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɦɢɧɭɬɭ, ɢ ɬɚɤ – ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ”44. Ɉɧɚ, ɬɟɦ
ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɞɟɪɠɚɧɧɨ, ɱɟɦ Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ɢ ɫ ɫɨɦɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢ-
ɦɚɥɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɨɝɨ „ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ” Ⱦɭɱɟ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ.
ɋɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɚɱɢɜɚɹɫɶ ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɚ ɛɵ-
ɬɨɜɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɹɯ, ɧɚ ɥɸɞɹɯ ɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ, ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɹ ɫɜɨɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɋɚ-
ɜɢɧɤɨɜɵɦ ɢ Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮɨɜɵɦ, ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɚ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɟɣ
ɦɚɧɟɪɟ – ɨɬɡɵɜɱɢɜɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɥɸɞɹɦ, ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɢ ɦɚɥɨɣ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢɟɣ, – ɩɟɣɡɚɠ ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɨɣ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɵ 1920 ɝɨɞɚ. ȼɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɦɭɚ-
ɪɢɫɬɤɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɨ ɡɧɚɥɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ ɢ ɉɚɪɢɠ, ɧɨ ɨɬɧɸɞɶ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɥɚ
ɉɨɥɶɲɢ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɩɟɪɟɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ, ɬɨ ɥɢ ɜɨɫɯɢɳɟ-
ɧɢɟɦ, ɬɨ ɥɢ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɣ ɢ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɫɭɪɨɜɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɨɣ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ
ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɱɭɠɞɨɝɨ ɟɣ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɧɹɬɧɨɝɨ: „ɇɟɡɧɚɤɨɦɚɹ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɚ
ɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ ɱɭɠɢɦ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɦ ɉɚɪɢɠɟɦ” (ɫ. 204). „Ɉɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɦ –
ɧɟ ɤ ɧɚɦ ɥɢɱɧɨ – ɛɵɥɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɟɜɚɠɧɨɟ. ɗɬɨ, ɜɩɪɨɱɟɦ, ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ.
ɇɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ ɨ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ, ɢ ɡɞɟɲɧɢɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɟ ɛɵɥɢ ɧɟɜɚɠɧɵɟ. Ⱦɚ ɢ ɜɟɥɢ ɫɟɛɹ
ɢɡ ɪɭɤ ɜɨɧ ɩɥɨɯɨ” (ɫ. 206). Ⱦɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɹɪɤɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɚ ɩɨɥɶ-
ɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɟɫɨɝɥɚɫɢɹ ɬɨɝɞɚɲɧɟɣ ɷɩɨɯɢ: „Ɉɬɦɟɱɚɸ,
ɱɬɨ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɟɬ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ. Ⱥɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɪɭɝɢ, ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ɛɨɥɟɟ
ɩɪɚɜɵɟ. Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɫɢɥɶɧɚ ɩɚɪɬɢɹ ɧɢɡɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɉɉɋ” (ɫ. 207). Ƚɢɩ-
ɩɢɭɫ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɛɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɭ ɰɚɪɹɳɟɝɨ ɯɚɨɫɚ, ɧɟɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɢɫɤɪɟɧɧɟ
ɜɫɟ-ɬɚɤɢ ɫɨɱɭɜɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɨɡɪɨɠɞɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ:

ȼ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɡɨɪɟɧɢɹ, ɚ ɜɫɟ-ɬɚɤɢ ɟɫɬɶ

ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɫɬɢ: ɧɚɞɨ ɜɫɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɥɚ ɨɧɚ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ

44
ɋɦ. Ɂ. Ƚ ɢ ɩ ɩ ɢ ɭ ɫ, ɂɬɚɥɶɹɧɫɤɢɣ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤ (1936-1937), ɜ: Ƚ ɢ ɩ ɩ ɢ ɭ ɫ, ɇɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɛɨɸɫɶ,
ɫ. 510.
 ɁɂɇȺɂȾȺ Ƚɂɉɉɂɍɋ Ɉ ɉɈɅɖɋɄɈɃ ɗɉɈɉȿȿ 1920 ȽɈȾȺ 19

ɜɨɣɧɵ, ɤɚɤ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ, ɞɚ ɟɳɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɟɞɫɬɜɟ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɜɢɤɚɦɢ. Ⱥ ɨɧɢ ɧɚ

ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɭ ɧɟ ɫɤɭɩɹɬɫɹ (ɫ. 207)45.
ɋɨ ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɚ ɫɦɨɬɪɢɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɨɬɪɹɞɵ,
ɢɞɭɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɜɨɣɧɭ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɜɢɤɚɦɢ:

ɉɨɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɞɟɥɚ ɞɟɥɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɫɟ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɟɟ. Ȼɵɥɚ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɚ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɚ ɦɨɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ.
ɋ ɩɟɫɧɹɦɢ ɲɥɢ ɦɢɦɨ ɧɚɲɟɝɨ ɛɚɥɤɨɧɚ ɧɨɜɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɟ, ɫɨɜɫɟɦ ɦɚɥɶɱɢɤɢ, ɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥɨ
ɢ ɝɪɭɫɬɧɨ, ɢ ɪɚɞɨɫɬɧɨ: ɜɟɞɶ ɨɧɢ ɢɞɭɬ ɛɨɪɨɬɶɫɹ ɧɟ ɫ Ɋɨɫɫɢɟɣ: ɢɞɭɬ „ɡɚ ɫɜɨɸ ɢ ɧɚɲɭ
ɜɨɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ” (ɫ. 223).

Ⱥ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɹ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨ ɜ Ⱦɚɧɰɢɝɟ (Ƚɞɚɧɫɤɟ), ɬɚɤ ɫɨɨɛɳɚɟɬ ɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɟ

ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɛɟɞɵ ɢ „ɱɭɞɚ” ɧɚ ȼɢɫɥɟ:

ȼɫɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɪɚɞɨɫɬɧɵɟ (ɞɥɹ ɧɟɦɰɟɜ) ɫɥɭɯɢ ɨ ɜɡɹɬɢɢ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɵ. Ɉɧɢ, ɨɞ-
ɧɚɤɨ, ɨɤɚɡɚɥɢɫɶ ɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ, ɛɨɥɶɲɟɜɢɤɢ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɚɡɛɢɬɵ ɜ ɫɟɦɢ ɜɟɪɫɬɚɯ ɨɬ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɵ.
Ɂɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɨɟ „ɱɭɞɨ ɧɚ ȼɢɫɥɟ”. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ „ɱɭɞɚ” ɛɨɥɶɲɟɜɢɤɢ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɫɝɨ-
ɜɨɪɱɢɜɟɟ, ɢ ɜɫɤɨɪɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɢɪɢɟ (ɧɟ ɛɟɡ ɫɤɚɧɞɚɥɨɜ ɢ ɜɫɹɤɢɯ ɢɡɞɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ) ɛɵɥɨ
ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɜ Ɇɢɧɫɤɟ (ɫ. 226).

Ʉɚɤ ɹɪɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɤ ɦɢɪɚ, ɭɩɨɪɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɢɣ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɭɝɚɯ

ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɦɢɪɚ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɜɢɤɚɦɢ, Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɨ ɨɬɪɢɰɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɢɪɢɟ
ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɧɨɟ ɉɢɥɫɭɞɫɤɢɦ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɜɢɤɚɦɢ, ɨɛɜɢɧɹɹ ɧɟɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ
ɉɨɥɶɲɭ ɜ ɩɨɞɱɢɧɟɧɢɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɢ ɟɟ ɞɢɤɬɚɬɭ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ Ʌɥɨɣɞɚ Ⱦɠɨɪɠɚ46:
„ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɉɨɥɶɲɚ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨ, ɩɨɱɬɢ ɭɧɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɥɚɫɶ ɤ ɦɢɪɭ
ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɜɢɤɚɦɢ – ɡɚɝɚɞɤɚ. ɂ ɬɚɤ ɞɚɜɧɨ! ɇɚɬɢɫɤ ɨɛɵɞɢɨɬɟɜɲɟɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ –
ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ” (ɫ. 226). ȼ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɫɤɨɦ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤɟ ɩɢɫɚɥɚ: „ɩɨɥɹ-
ɤɢ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɸ ɧɟɫɱɚɫɬɧɭɸ ɞɟɥɟɝɚɰɢɸ ɤ Ȼɚɪɚɧɨɜɢɱɚɦ – ɦɨɥɢɬɶ ɢɡɞɟ-
ɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɜɢɤɨɜ ɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɢɪɢɢ. ɑɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ? Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɫɬɪɚɧɧɨ, ɜɨ
ɜɫɹɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ” (ɫ. 221). ȼ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɨɬ 16 ɧɨɹɛɪɹ ɟɳɟ ɪɚɡ ɫ ɢɪɨɧɢɟɣ ɢ ɝɨɪɟ-
ɱɶɸ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɥɚɫɶ ɤ „ɱɭɞɭ ɧɚ ȼɢɫɥɟ”: ɑɟɦɭ ɭɞɢɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɛɵ ɤɚɤ „ɱɭɞɭ” – ɷɬɨ
ɭɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɨɫɶɛɚɦ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ ɦɢɪɚ ɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɜɢɤɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɨ ɨɛɴ-
ɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ: „ɩɪɢɤɚɡ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ. ɂ ɉɨɥɶɲɚ ɧɟ ɫɦɟɥɚ ɨɫɥɭɲɚɬɶɫɹ” (ɫ. 231). ɋ ɯɚ-
ɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɟ ɞɜɨɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɢ ɚɧɬɢɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɧɟɧɢɣ ɨɧɚ
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɬ ɨɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟɤɨɟɣ ɩɨɥɨɧɨɮɢɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɫɥɨɣɤɢ ɜ ɫɜɨɟɦ

45
ɇɚ ɜɵɫɬɚɜɤɟ ɜ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɟ (ɚɜɝɭɫɬ 2010 ɝ.) ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɨɣ 90-ɣ ɝɨɞɨɜɳɢɧɟ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨ-ɛɨɥɶ-
ɲɟɜɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɟ ɢ «ɱɭɞɚ ɧɚ ȼɢɫɥɟ» ɛɵɥɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɜɟɬ-
ɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɵ ɬɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɜɵɫɦɟɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɭɪɠɭɹ ɢ «ɩɚɧɚ».
46
Ʌɥɨɣɞ Ⱦɠɨɪɠ (1863-1945) – ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ Ʌɢɛɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɚɪɬɢɢ, ɩɪɟɦɶɟɪ-
ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɜ 1916-1922 ɝɝ. ȿɝɨ ɞɟɹɬɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɢɥɚɫɶ ɤ ɩɨɛɟɞɟ ɚɥɶɹɧɬɨɜ
ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɟ ɢ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬɭ ɜ ȼɟɪɫɚɥɟ 1919 ɝ.
20 ȺɇɇȺ ȼɈɁɖɇəɄ

ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɤ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ ɢ ɉɢɥɫɭɞɫɤɨɦɭ, ɤ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɨɱɚ-

ɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ, ɫɬɪɚɫɬɧɨɣ ɢ ɯɥɟɫɬɤɨɣ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɟ, ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɵɬɚɹɫɶ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ
ɫɥɨɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɜɨɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɛɟɫɫɢɥɢɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɢ ɩɥɨɯɨɣ ɩɨ-
ɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɛɟɥɵɯ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɨɜ ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ47. ɋɭɪɨɜɨ, ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ
ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨɣ ɬɪɚɜɦɵ, Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ ɪɚɫɰɟɧɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɢɪɢɟ, ɧɚɡɵɜɚɹ ɉɨɥɶɲɭ
ɩɪɟɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɟɣ, ɚ ɦɢɪ ɜ Ɋɢɝɟ – „ɜɚɪɲɚɜɫɤɨɣ ɞɪɹɧɶɸ”: „ɇɭ, ɞɨɣɞɟɬ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ
ɞɨ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ! ɉɪɨɞɚɥɚ ɫɟɛɹ48 – ɞɚɠɟ ɧɟ ɡɚ ɡɨɥɨɬɨ, ɚ ɡɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɜɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɚɧ-
ɝɥɢɣɫɤɢɟ ɡɨɥɨɬɵɟ ɨɛɟɳɚɧɢɹ” (ɫ. 230).
ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɷɩɨɩɟɹ ɫ ɝɥɨɬɤɨɦ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɢ ɭɩɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɨɛɟɞɭ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚ-
ɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɪɨɣ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɥɚɫɶ, ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ, ɜ ɬɪɚɝɟɞɢɸ
ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶɧɢɰɵ ɜ ɥɢɱɧɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ, ɢɛɨ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɪɭɲɟ-
ɧɢɟɦ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɪɚɞɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɧɚɞɟɠɞ, ɤɪɭɲɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɭɞɶɛɵ ɢ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɦɵ-
ɫɥɨɜ („ȼɟɞɶ ɜɫɟ ɭɠɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɤɨɧɱɟɧɨ”, ɫ. 226; „Ⱥ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɧɚɫ ɨɞɧɚɠɞɵ ɧɨɱɶɸ
ɱɟɪɟɡ ɛɚɥɤɨɧ ɨɛɨɤɪɚɥɢ”, ɫ. 226).
ɗɩɨɩɟɹ, ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬ-
ɧɵɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɚɧɨɜ Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ ɢ Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ, ɧɨ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ,
ɨɡɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɷɬɟɫɫɵ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɨɬɟɪɸ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɦɨɳɧɢɤɚ
ɢ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɠɢɡɧɢ, Ⱦ. Ɏɢɥɨɫɨɮɨɜɚ 49, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ – ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɥɚ ɨɛɪɟ-
ɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɭɸ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɜɧɟ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ.

ȻɂȻɅɂɈȽɊȺɎɂə

Ⱥ ɛ ɵ ɡ ɨ ɜ ɘ., Ʌɚɬɜɢɣɫɤɚɹ ɜɟɬɜɶ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ, ɜ: Ȼɥɨɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɫɛɨɪɧɢɤ.

XIII. Ɋɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ XX ɜɟɤɚ: ɦɟɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɹ ɢ ɞɢɚɫɩɨɪɚ, Tartu 1996.
Ⱥ ɝ ɟ ɧ ɨ ɫ ɨ ɜ ȼ. ȼ., Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ Russkogo ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɶɹ (1918-1996), Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1998.
Ⱥ ɪ ɫ ɟ ɧ ɶ ɟ ɜ Ⱥ., Ʉɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɥɥɢɝɟɧɰɢɢ ɜ ɘɝɨɫɥɚɜɢɢ
1920-1944 ɝɝ., ɜ: Ɋɭɫɫɤɚɹ, ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɛɟɥɨɪɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɑɟɯɨɫɥɨɜɚɤɢɢ
ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɦɢ ɜɨɣɧɚɦɢ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ

47
ɋɪ. K r y c k a, „Dziennik Warszawski” Zinaidy Gippius, s. 91.
48
Ɉɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɬɜɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɞɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ ɉɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɦɢɪɚ ɫ ɋɨɜɟɬɚɦɢ
ɜɨɫɩɪɟɬɢɥɨ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɜɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɜɢɫɬɫɤɭɸ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɞ ɭɝɪɨɡɨɣ ɜɵɫɵɥɤɢ ɢɡ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ.
49
K r y c k a, „Dziennik Warszawski” Zinaidy Gippius, ɫ. 94; ɫɦ. ɬɨɠɟ Ƚ ɢ ɩ ɩ ɢ ɭ ɫ, ɗɦɢɝ-
ɪɚɰɢɹ 1920-1941, ɜ: ɇɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɛɨɸɫɶ, ɫ. 228.
 ɁɂɇȺɂȾȺ Ƚɂɉɉɂɍɋ Ɉ ɉɈɅɖɋɄɈɃ ɗɉɈɉȿȿ 1920 ȽɈȾȺ 21

ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ. Ɏɨɧɞɵ ɋɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɠɫɤɢɯ ɚɪɯɢɜɨɜ. ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ

ɞɨɤɥɚɞɨɜ, Praha 1995.
Ȼ ɟ ɪ ɬ ɚ ɲ Ⱥ. ȼ., ɉɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɚɹ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɚ ɜ 1920-1930-ɟ ɝɝ., ɜ: Ɂɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɚɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ.
1917-1939. Ʉɧɢɝɚ 2. „Ʌɢɤɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ”, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 2003.
Ƚ ɢ ɩ ɩ ɢ ɭ ɫ Ɂ., Ⱥɪɢɮɦɟɬɢɤɚ ɥɸɛɜɢ. ɇɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɡɚ 1931-1939, ɬ. III, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ
2003.
Ƚ ɢ ɩ ɩ ɢ ɭ ɫ Ɂ., ɇɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɛɨɸɫɶ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2004.
Ⱦ ɟ ɦ ɢ ɞ ɨ ɜ ɚ Ɉ., Ɋɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ (1919-1944) (ɂɡ ɚɪɯɢɜɚ Ⱥ. ɉ.
ȼɟɥɶɦɢɧɚ), „Slavia Orientalis” 49(2000), nr 2.
Ɂ ɜ ɨ ɧ ɚ ɪ ɟ ɜ ɚ Ʌ., ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ ɜ 1920 ɝɨɞɭ: ȼɡɝɥɹɞ ɢɡ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɵ Ɂɢɧɚɢɞɵ
Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ ɢ Ⱦɦɢɬɪɢɹ Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ, „Studia Rossica” 2000, z. 10.
ɂ ɜ ɚ ɫ ɤ ɘ., ɉɢɫɶɦɨ ɢɡ Ɋɟɜɟɥɹ. ɉɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢɹ Ⱥ. Ⱦɚɧɢɥɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ, ɜ: Ʉɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ
ɞɢɚɫɩɨɪɵ: ɋɚɦɨɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢɹ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ, Tartu 1997.
Ʉ ɨ ɞ ɡ ɢ ɫ Ȼ., Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɶɹ (1918-39), München 2002.
Ʉ ɨ ɡ ɧ ɨ ɜ ɚ ɇ., Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɮɨɪɦ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɦɟɦɭɚɪɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɡɟ Ɂɢɧɚɢɞɵ
Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ („ȼɚɪɲɚɜɫɤɢɣ ɞɧɟɜɧɢɤ”, „Ⱦɦɢɬɪɢɣ Ɇɟɪɟɠɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ”), ɜ: Sđowianie
Wschodni. Literatura, jĊzyk, kultura, Opole 2010.
Ɇ ɥ ɟ ɱ ɤ ɨ Ⱥ. ȼ., Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ, ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɠɢɡɧɶ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ
ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɶɹ (1920-1930-ɟ ɝɨɞɵ): ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɤɚ ɢ ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶ-
ɫɤɢɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ, ɜ: Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɶɹ (1920-1990). ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ
ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2006.
Ɋ ɨ ɛ ɤ ɨ ɜ ɚ ȿ. Ȼ., Ɋɭɫɫɤɢɟ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ ɜ 20-ɟ ɝɝ., ɜ: Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɟ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɶɟ. ɂɬɨɝɢ ɢ
ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɢɹ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1997.
Ɋ ɨ ɝ ɨ ɡ ɢ ɧ ɫ ɤ ɚ ɹ Ɉ., Ɋɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɦɟɠɜɨɟɧɧɨɣ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ,
„Studia Rossica” 1996, z. 3.
ɋ ɚ ɜ ɢ ɰ ɤ ɢ ɣ ɂ., ɗɬɚɩɵ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɪɚɠɫɤɨɣ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɜ 1919-1939 ɝɝ.,
ɜ: Ɋɭɫɫɤɚɹ, ɭɤɪɚɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɛɟɥɨɪɭɫɫɤɚɹ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɑɟɯɨɫɥɨɜɚɤɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ
ɦɢɪɨɜɵɦɢ ɜɨɣɧɚɦɢ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ.
Ɏɨɧɞɵ ɋɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɨɣ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɠɫɤɢɯ ɚɪɯɢɜɨɜ. ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɨɜ, Praha
1995.
ɋ ɢ ɦ ɨ ɧ ɨ ɜ ɚ Ɍ. Ɇ., Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɚɹ ɞɢɚɫɩɨɪɚ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ ɜ 1920-1924 ɝɝ., ɜ: ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶ-
ɧɵɟ ɞɢɚɫɩɨɪɵ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɡɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɨɦ XIX-XX ɜɜ., Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2001.
ɋ ɨ ɤ ɨ ɥ ɨ ɜ Ⱥ. Ƚ., ɋɭɞɶɛɵ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ 1920-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ
1991.
B i a đ o k o z o w i c z B., Józef Czapski i triumwirat literacki (Dymitr MereĪkowski,
Zinaida Gippius i Dymitr Fiđosofow), w: Kresy i pogranicza: historia, kultura,
obyczaje, Olsztyn 1995.
K r y c k a I., „Dziennik Warszawski” Zinaidy Gippius, „Studia Rossica” 2003, z. 13.
K r y c k a - M i c h n o w s k a I., O dziennikach Zinaidy Gippius, „Studia Rossica” 2006,
z. 17.
K r y c k a - M i c h n o w s k a I., „Polska 20. roku” i „Dziennik Warszawski” Zinaidy
Gippius. Analiza porównawcza, „Studia Rossica”, Memuarystyka rosyjska i jej
konteksty kulturowe, 2010, z. 20.
22 ȺɇɇȺ ȼɈɁɖɇəɄ

K r y c k a - M i c h n o w s k a I., Polska i Polacy w emigracyjnych dziennikach Zinaidy

Gippius, w: Sđowianie Wschodni na emigracji. Literatura – kultura – jĊzyk, red.
B. Kodzis, M. Giej, Opole 2010.
K u l c z y c k a - S a l o n i J., Z dziejów literackiej emigracji rosyjskiej w Warszawie
dwudziestolecia, „Przegląd Humanistyczny” 1993, nr 1.
O b đ ą k o w s k a - G a l a n c i a k I., ɂɡ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ. ɉɪɨɟɤɬ
ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɢ, „Studia Rossica” 1997, z. 5.
O b đ ą k o w s k a - G a l a n c i a k I., ɂɡ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ („Ɍɚɜɟɪɧɚ
ɩɨɷɬɨɜ”. ȼɚɪɲɚɜɚ 1921-1925), „Studia Rossica” 1996, z. 3.
S i e l i c k i F., MierieĪkowski w Polsce miĊdzywojennej, „Przegląd Humanistyczny”
1973, nr 3.
S k r u n d a W., Zamysđ poematu Lwa Gomolickiego Warszawa” w Ğwietle inwektyw
Karola Radka i nauk mnicha Ewagriusza, „Studia Rossica” 2003, z. 12.

ZINAIDA GIPPIUS O POLSKIEJ EPOPEI 1920 ROKU

Streszczenie

W artykule analizuje siĊ sytuacjĊ emigrantów rosyjskich w Polsce w latach 1919-

1920, tworzących diasporĊ rosyjską (liczebnoĞü jej w latach 20. i 30. jest szacowana
róĪnie, od 10 tys. do 140 tys. Rosjan đącznie z mniejszoĞcią rosyjską). Na przykđadzie
wspomnieĔ Zinaidy Gippius, która wraz z mĊĪem, Dymitrem MierieĪkowskim prze-
bywađa w Bobrujsku, MiĔsku i Wilnie, wówczas polskich miastach, oraz w Warszawie,
od koĔca grudnia 1919 do paĨdziernika 1920 roku, przytacza siĊ w artykule obraz
ówczesnej Warszawy, polskich elit, pozytywny portret Polaków (L. ĩelichowski,
J. Czapski, M. Zdziechowski), wreszcie atmosferĊ wojny polsko-sowieckiej w subiek-
tywnym ujĊciu pisarki. Materiađ wspomnieniowy, budowany na podstawie Dziennika
Warszawskiego oraz notatek Polska 1920, ukđada siĊ w swoisty paradygmat Ğwiadectwa
i osobistego zapisu Gippius. Ukazuje nie tylko sytuacjĊ politycznych planów emi-
grantów rosyjskich (walka z bolszewizmem przy pomocy J. Piđsudskiego), ale równo-
czeĞnie odsđania indywidualne doĞwiadczenie i intymne przeĪycia pisarki. Z. Gippius
zaprezentowađa w swych wspomnieniowych notatkach ewoluujący stosunek do Polski
i Polaków, od podziwu i związanych z Polską nadziei na wyzwolenie Rosji spod wđadzy
bolszewików, do totalnego i surowego potĊpienia Polski zdrajczyni za podpisanie po-
koju z sowietami. Warszawska epopeja przerodziđa siĊ w refleksji Gippius zarazem
w jej osobistą poraĪkĊ po rozstaniu z przyjacielem D. Fiđosofowem, który na zawsze
pozostađ w Warszawie.
 ɁɂɇȺɂȾȺ Ƚɂɉɉɂɍɋ Ɉ ɉɈɅɖɋɄɈɃ ɗɉɈɉȿȿ 1920 ȽɈȾȺ 23

ZINAIDA GIPPIUS ON THE POLISH HISTORY OF THE 1920

Summary

This paper is an analysis of the status quo of Russian emigrants to Poland in the
years 1919-1920. The Russian diaspora in Poland was calculated at 10 up to 140
thousand in the years 1920s and 1930s – the Russian minority in Poland included.
A positive portrait of the inter-war Warsaw, and the selected representatives of the
Polish intellectual elites (L. ĩelichowski, J. Czapski, M. Zdziechowski) depicted in the
memoirs of Zinaida Gippius are presented in the paper. Gippius, accompanied by her
husband Dymitr Merezkhovski, lived in Bobruysk, Minsk and Vilnius – cities that were
Polish at that time. She also stayed in Warsaw between late December 1919 until
October 1920. The memoirs also contain Gippius’s personal view of the atmosphere of
the Polish-Soviet armed conflict. Her memoirs are based on the journalist texts from
Dziennik Warszawski (Warsaw Daily) and her own notes in Polska 1920, giving
a personal insight into historical facts. The memoirs disclose the political plans of the
Russian emigration to Poland (struggle against Bolshevism with the help of J. Pilsudski),
but they also present a rich personal plane of the author’s own intimate life and
experiences. Z. Gippius's attitude towards Poland, as seen in her work, evolved from
admiration and hopefulness for successful liberation of Russia from the Bolshevist rule
towards a total and severe condemnation of Poland on its signing a peace treaty with the
Soviets. The Warsaw war epos of the 1920 was also marked with Gippius’s personal
loss. She left Warsaw leaving behind a friend, D. Filosofov, who decided on a per-
manent stay in Poland.

Sđowa kluczowe: Zinaida Gippius, Warszawa, Polska 1920 r., wspomnienia, obraz
Polski i Polaków.

Ʉɥɸɱɟɜɵɟ ɫɥɨɜɚ: Ɂɢɧɚɢɞɚ Ƚɢɩɩɢɭɫ, ȼɚɪɲɚɜɚ, ɉɨɥɶɲɚ 1920 ɝ., ɜɨɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɧɢɹ,

ɨɛɪɚɡ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɹɤɨɜ.

Key words: Zinaida Gippius, Warsaw, Poland of the 1920s, memoirs, portrait of
Poland and Poles.