SQL Tips汇集及常见问题

SQL Tips汇集及常见问题

表与数据

-- 创建并初始化部门表

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `dept`;
CREATE TABLE `dept`  (
  `deptno` int(10) UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '部门编号',
  `dname` varchar(15) CHARACTER SET utf8mb3 COLLATE utf8mb3_general_ci NULL DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '部门名称',
  `loc` varchar(50) CHARACTER SET utf8mb3 COLLATE utf8mb3_general_ci NULL DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '部门所在位置',
  PRIMARY KEY (`deptno`) USING BTREE
) ENGINE = InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT = 41 CHARACTER SET = utf8mb3 COLLATE = utf8mb3_general_ci COMMENT = '部门表' ROW_FORMAT = Dynamic;

-- ----------------------------
-- Records of dept
-- ----------------------------
INSERT INTO `dept` VALUES (1, '张三', '{\"dname\": \"销售部\", \"dno\": \"1\", \"dmanagerId\": \"3\"}');
INSERT INTO `dept` VALUES (2, '李四', '{\"dname\": \"财务部\", \"deptno\": \"2\", \"dmanagerId\": \"4\"}');
INSERT INTO `dept` VALUES (10, 'ACCOUNTING', 'NEW YORK');
INSERT INTO `dept` VALUES (20, 'RESEARCH', 'DALLAS');
INSERT INTO `dept` VALUES (30, 'SALES', 'CHICAGO');
INSERT INTO `dept` VALUES (40, 'OPERATIONS', 'BOSTON');

-- 创建并初始化员工表
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `emp`;
CREATE TABLE `emp`  (
  `empno` int(10) UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '雇员编号',
  `ename` varchar(15) CHARACTER SET utf8mb3 COLLATE utf8mb3_general_ci NULL DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '雇员姓名',
  `job` varchar(10) CHARACTER SET utf8mb3 COLLATE utf8mb3_general_ci NULL DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '雇员职位',
  `mgr` int(10) UNSIGNED NULL DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '雇员对应的领导的编号',
  `hiredate` date NULL DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '雇员的雇佣日期',
  `sal` decimal(7, 2) NULL DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '雇员的基本工资',
  `comm` decimal(7, 2) NULL DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '奖金',
  `deptno` int(10) UNSIGNED NULL DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '所在部门',
  PRIMARY KEY (`empno`) USING BTREE,
  INDEX `deptno`(`deptno`) USING BTREE,
  CONSTRAINT `emp_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`deptno`) REFERENCES `dept` (`deptno`) ON DELETE RESTRICT ON UPDATE RESTRICT
) ENGINE = InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT = 7935 CHARACTER SET = utf8mb3 COLLATE = utf8mb3_general_ci COMMENT = '雇员表' ROW_FORMAT = Dynamic;

-- ----------------------------
-- Records of emp
-- ----------------------------
INSERT INTO `emp` VALUES (7369, 'SMITH', 'CLERK', 7902, '1980-12-17', 800.00, NULL, 20);
INSERT INTO `emp` VALUES (7499, 'ALLEN', 'SALESMAN', 7698, '1981-02-20', 1600.00, 300.00, 30);
INSERT INTO `emp` VALUES (7521, 'WARD', 'SALESMAN', 7698, '1981-02-22', 1250.00, 500.00, 30);
INSERT INTO `emp` VALUES (7566, 'JONES', 'MANAGER', 7839, '1981-04-02', 2975.00, NULL, 20);
INSERT INTO `emp` VALUES (7654, 'MARTIN', 'SALESMAN', 7698, '1981-09-28', 1250.00, 1400.00, 30);
INSERT INTO `emp` VALUES (7698, 'BLAKE', 'MANAGER', 7839, '1981-05-01', 2850.00, NULL, 30);
INSERT INTO `emp` VALUES (7782, 'CLARK', 'MANAGER', 7839, '1981-06-09', 2450.00, NULL, 10);
INSERT INTO `emp` VALUES (7788, 'SCOTT', 'ANALYST', 7566, '1987-07-13', 3000.00, NULL, 20);
INSERT INTO `emp` VALUES (7839, 'KING', 'PRESIDENT', NULL, '1981-11-17', 5000.00, NULL, 10);
INSERT INTO `emp` VALUES (7844, 'TURNER', 'SALESMAN', 7698, '1981-09-08', 1500.00, 0.00, 30);
INSERT INTO `emp` VALUES (7876, 'ADAMS', 'CLERK', 7788, '1987-07-13', 1100.00, NULL, 20);
INSERT INTO `emp` VALUES (7900, 'JAMES', 'CLERK', 7698, '1981-12-03', 950.00, NULL, 30);
INSERT INTO `emp` VALUES (7902, 'FORD', 'ANALYST', 7566, '1981-12-03', 3000.00, NULL, 20);
INSERT INTO `emp` VALUES (7934, 'MILLER', 'CLERK', 7782, '1982-01-23', 1300.00, NULL, 10);

LEFT JOIN与WHERE及On Clause

    SELECT A.* ,B.*
    FROM dept A
    LEFT JOIN emp B
    ON A.deptno = B.deptno  AND mgr = 7839

-- 等同于如下写法：

    SELECT A.* ,B.*
    FROM dept A
    LEFT JOIN
        (SELECT *
            FROM emp B WHERE  mgr = 7839
        )B
    ON A.deptno = B.deptno

即先通过B表（emp）按照mgr=7839筛选出一批deptno，然后再以A表（dept）为主表通过dept进行关联出最终结果。

而如果是想仅取A和B表关联后mgr=7839的记录，则需要在WHERE Clause后写条件，及如下形式：

SELECT A.* ,B.*
    FROM dept A
    LEFT JOIN emp B
    ON A.deptno = B.deptno 
    WHERE   mgr = 7698

注：在inner join（一般缩写为join）时在ON clause后写条件和where后结果是一致的。

    SELECT A.* ,B.*
    FROM dept A
    INNER JOIN emp B
    ON A.deptno = B.deptno
    WHERE   mgr = 7839

 -- 结果等同于：
SELECT A.* ,B.*
    FROM dept A
    INNER JOIN emp B
    ON A.deptno = B.deptno  AND mgr = 7839

低版本mysql实现row_number

低版本mysql（如5.7）系统没有内置的窗口分析函数，比如ROW_NUMBER,需要手动实现。

select empno,deptno,sal,rank from (
  select heyf_tmp.empno,heyf_tmp.deptno,heyf_tmp.sal,@rownum := @rownum+1 ,
  if(@pdept= heyf_tmp.deptno,@rank:=@rank +1, @rank:= 1) as rank,
  @pdept:=heyf_tmp.deptno
  from (
  select empno,deptno,sal from emp order by deptno asc ,sal desc
  ) heyf_tmp ,
  (select @rownum:=0 , @pdept:= null ,@rank:= 0) a
) result

order by deptno,rank;

CASE WHEN分区间统计

SELECT CASE WHEN sal > 0 AND sal <= 2000 THEN 'level1'
            WHEN sal > 2000 AND sal <= 4000 THEN 'level2'
            ELSE 'leve13' END level_name,COUNT(DISTINCT empno) emp_num,SUM(sal) sum_sal
            FROM emp

GROUP BY
CASE WHEN sal > 0 AND sal <= 2000 THEN 'level1'
            WHEN sal > 2000 AND sal <= 4000 THEN 'level2'
            ELSE 'leve13' END
            ORDER BY level_name

NULL值不参与聚合函数的计算

-- 对comm字段求平均值
SELECT AVG(comm),(300+500+1400+0)/4
FROM emp
-- 这里不难发现，comm为NULL的不参与AVG聚合计算，即仅有值的参与计算，具体为：
-- (300+500+1400+0)/4

-- 写法等价于如下:
SELECT SUM(comm)/COUNT(1) avg_value
FROM emp WHERE comm IS NOT NULL

NULL值与GREATEST、LEAST的使用

-- 计算所有部门累计工资里的最大值，注意没有部门40。

SELECT
GREATEST(
SUM( CASE WHEN deptno = 10 THEN sal ELSE NULL END) ,
SUM( CASE WHEN deptno = 20 THEN sal ELSE NULL END) ,
SUM( CASE WHEN deptno = 30 THEN sal ELSE NULL END),
SUM( CASE WHEN deptno = 40 THEN sal ELSE NULL END)
) max_value
FROM emp

查不到的数据返回默认值

-- 查找员工号为10000的工资，如果查不到则返回为0。

SELECT IFNULL(MAX(sal),0)
FROM emp
WHERE empno = 10000

统计连续字段的个数

-- 统计连续月份的最大值，注意给出的月份数据必须持续递增的且不能重复。
SELECT MAX(cnt) max_val
FROM
(
SELECT datediff,COUNT(1) cnt
FROM
(

           SELECT seq,order_date,DATE_ADD(order_date,interval -seq month) datediff FROM
           (
           SELECT 1 seq,'2023-03-01' order_date UNION ALL
           SELECT 2 seq,'2023-04-01' order_date UNION ALL
           SELECT 3 seq,'2023-05-01' order_date UNION ALL
           SELECT 4 seq,'2023-07-01' order_date UNION ALL
           SELECT 5 seq,'2023-08-01' order_date UNION ALL
           SELECT 6 seq,'2023-10-01' order_date UNION ALL
           SELECT 7 seq,'2023-12-01' order_date
           -- UNION ALL SELECT 8 seq,'2023-12-01' order_date  注意这种脏数据需过滤掉
           ) A
)B        
GROUP BY datediff
)C

空、空字符串及NA值

1、查不到数据时，显示为N/A,但结果并不是NULL。

注意：这里的IFNULL(NULL,’Seeme’)并未执行。

2、能查到数据时IFNULL(NULL,’Seeme’)可以执行

3、能查到数据和查不到数据取UNION ALL时结果显然是查到的数据。

SELECT deptno,IFNULL(deptno,'Seeme'),IFNULL(NULL,'Seeme')
FROM dept WHERE deptno = 50
UNION ALL
SELECT deptno,IFNULL(deptno,'Seeme'),IFNULL(NULL,'Seeme')
FROM dept WHERE deptno = 40

4、同理通过length函数，我们可以看出空字符串、空及N/A的区别

空及空字符串的length分别为NULL及0

5、如果想从N/A里查出NULL，可以用如下的写法：

注：该情况仅支持查一个字段。

连接时用ON 1= 1

在拼接宽表的单个指标时可以通过表关联ON 1= 1，这种方式主要是用于数据的拼接。

比如将A结果集的dname和B结果集里的sal合并出两列。

SELECT A.dname,B.sal
FROM
           (SELECT dname FROM  dept WHERE deptno = 1
           ) A
LEFT JOIN
           (
           SELECT sal FROM emp WHERE empno = 7369
           )B
ON 1= 1