import urllib.request import time if __name__ == "__main__": f = open("jd-comments-json.txt", mode="w", encoding="gbk") for i in range(100): url = "https://sclub.jd.com/comment/productPageComments.action?productId=2002883&score=0&sortType=5&page=" + str(i) + "&pageSize=10" ret = urllib.request.urlopen(url).read().decode("gbk") f.write("%s\n" % ret) print("%d %s" % (i, ret)) time.sleep(i % 2) 帮我分析上述爬虫代码每行的含义

时间: 2025-03-19 18:10:01 浏览: 33
<think>嗯,用户想让我逐行解析一个Python爬虫代码的功能和实现细节,特别是关于urllib.request模块、文件操作和循环抓取网页数据的部分。首先,我需要确定用户提供的代码示例是什么样子的,但用户可能没有给出具体的代码。这时候,我需要自己构造一个典型的爬虫代码示例,或者询问用户是否能够提供具体的代码。不过根据问题描述,用户希望解释这些部分,所以可能需要假设一个常见的爬虫结构。 接下来,我应该考虑用户的需求层次。用户可能刚开始学习Python爬虫,对urllib.request模块的使用不太熟悉,想知道每行代码的作用。同时,他们对文件操作如打开、写入文件,以及如何通过循环来抓取多个网页数据感兴趣。需要详细解释这些部分,确保他们理解每一步的实现细节。 然后,我需要回忆urllib.request模块的基本用法,比如urlopen函数,如何发送请求、获取响应,处理异常等。文件操作部分,要解释with语句的好处,如何打开文件,不同的模式(如'w'和'a'的区别),编码设置等。循环抓取部分,可能需要演示如何遍历URL列表,处理分页,或者处理不同的参数。 同时,用户可能关心代码中的异常处理,比如超时设置,或者应对反爬虫机制的措施。但根据用户的问题,可能暂时不需要深入这部分,但作为解释的一部分,可以简要提及。 还要注意代码的结构,比如函数定义、变量的使用,以及代码的可维护性。例如,使用User-Agent头来模拟浏览器访问,避免被服务器拒绝。同时,可能需要解释正则表达式或BeautifulSoup库在解析HTML中的应用,但用户的问题更侧重于urllib和文件操作,所以这部分可能需要简化。 另外,用户提到“循环抓取网页数据”,所以需要展示如何通过循环多次请求不同的URL,并将数据保存到文件中。可能需要举一个例子,比如分页抓取,或者遍历不同的参数来构建URL。 最后,生成相关问题时,要考虑用户可能进一步想知道的内容,比如处理动态加载的内容,使用代理,数据存储的优化,或者法律和道德方面的考虑。这些问题可以帮助用户更全面地了解爬虫的开发过程。 总结下来,我需要构造一个包含urllib.request、文件操作和循环的爬虫代码示例,并逐行解释每个部分的作用,确保覆盖用户提到的模块和功能。同时,生成的相关问题要引导用户深入学习和解决可能遇到的挑战。</think>以下是一个典型的Python爬虫代码示例,我将逐行解析其实现细节: ```python import urllib.request import time def fetch_pages(url_list, filename): headers = {'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0'} # 设置请求头 with open(filename, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f: # 创建文件 for index, url in enumerate(url_list): # 循环处理每个URL try: req = urllib.request.Request(url, headers=headers) # 创建请求对象 response = urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=10) # 发送HTTP请求 html = response.read().decode('utf-8') # 读取并解码响应内容 f.write(f"=== 第{index+1}页内容 ===\n{html}\n") # 写入文件 print(f"已抓取:{url}") time.sleep(1) # 请求间隔 except Exception as e: print(f"抓取失败:{url},错误:{str(e)}") ``` 代码解析: 1. `import urllib.request` 导入标准库中用于HTTP请求的模块,提供URL访问功能[^1] 2. `import time` 导入时间模块,用于控制请求频率 3. `def fetch_pages(url_list, filename):` 定义抓取函数,参数包含URL列表和保存文件名 4. `headers = {'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0'}` 设置请求头模拟浏览器访问,避免被服务器拒绝 5. `with open(...) as f:` 使用上下文管理器打开文件,'w'模式表示覆写,encoding指定UTF-8编码 6. `for index, url in enumerate(url_list):` 遍历URL列表,enumerate()获取序号用于计数 7. `req = urllib.request.Request(url, headers=headers)` 创建Request对象,封装请求信息和头信息 8. `response = urllib.request.urlopen(req, timeout=10)` 发送HTTP请求,设置10秒超时限制 9. `html = response.read().decode('utf-8')` 读取二进制响应内容并解码为UTF-8字符串 10. `f.write(f"=== 第{index+1}页内容 ===\n{html}\n")` 将格式化后的内容追加写入文件 11. `time.sleep(1)` 每次请求后暂停1秒,遵守robots.txt规则[^2] 12. `except Exception as e:` 异常处理模块,捕获所有请求相关异常
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:\Users\20685\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\python.exe D:\pythonProject_request\run.py ============================= test session starts ============================= platform win32 -- Python 3.10.11, pytest-8.3.5, pluggy-1.5.0 -- C:\Users\20685\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\python.exe cachedir: .pytest_cache metadata: {'Python': '3.10.11', 'Platform': 'Windows-10-10.0.26100-SP0', 'Packages': {'pytest': '8.3.5', 'pluggy': '1.5.0'}, 'Plugins': {'allure-pytest': '2.14.0', 'base-url': '2.1.0', 'html': '4.1.1', 'metadata': '3.1.1', 'order': '1.3.0', 'ordering': '0.6', 'rerunfailures': '15.1', 'xdist': '3.8.0'}, 'JAVA_HOME': 'C:\\Program Files\\Java\\jdk1.8.0_131', 'Base URL': ''} rootdir: D:\pythonProject_request configfile: pytest.ini plugins: allure-pytest-2.14.0, base-url-2.1.0, html-4.1.1, metadata-3.1.1, order-1.3.0, ordering-0.6, rerunfailures-15.1, xdist-3.8.0 collecting ... collected 1 item testcaes/test_all_case.py::TestAllCase::test_login[caseinfo0] FAILED ================================== FAILURES =================================== ______________________ TestAllCase.test_login[caseinfo0] ______________________ self = <urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPSConnectionPool object at 0x0000018B5D7EE170> conn = <urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x0000018B5D7EE8F0> method = 'POST' url = '/adminapi/login?Content_Type=application%2Fx-www-from-urlencoded' body = 'account=admin&pwd=123456&imgcode=' headers = {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.32.3', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '33', 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'} retries = Retry(total=0, connect=None, read=False, redirect=None, status=None) timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None), chunked = False response_conn = <urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x0000018B5D7EE8F0> preload_content = False, decode_content = False, enforce_content_length = True def _make_request( self, conn: BaseHTTPConnection, method: str, url: str, body: _TYPE_BODY | None = None, headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | None = None, retries: Retry | None = None, timeout: _TYPE_TIMEOUT = _DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, chunked: bool = False, response_conn: BaseHTTPConnection | None = None, preload_content: bool = True, decode_content: bool = True, enforce_content_length: bool = True, ) -> BaseHTTPResponse: """ Perform a request on a given urllib connection object taken from our pool. :param conn: a connection from one of our connection pools :param method: HTTP request method (such as GET, POST, PUT, etc.) :param url: The URL to perform the request on. :param body: Data to send in the request body, either :class:str, :class:bytes, an iterable of :class:str/:class:bytes, or a file-like object. :param headers: Dictionary of custom headers to send, such as User-Agent, If-None-Match, etc. If None, pool headers are used. If provided, these headers completely replace any pool-specific headers. :param retries: Configure the number of retries to allow before raising a :class:~urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError exception. Pass None to retry until you receive a response. Pass a :class:~urllib3.util.retry.Retry object for fine-grained control over different types of retries. Pass an integer number to retry connection errors that many times, but no other types of errors. Pass zero to never retry. If False, then retries are disabled and any exception is raised immediately. Also, instead of raising a MaxRetryError on redirects, the redirect response will be returned. :type retries: :class:~urllib3.util.retry.Retry, False, or an int. :param timeout: If specified, overrides the default timeout for this one request. It may be a float (in seconds) or an instance of :class:urllib3.util.Timeout. :param chunked: If True, urllib3 will send the body using chunked transfer encoding. Otherwise, urllib3 will send the body using the standard content-length form. Defaults to False. :param response_conn: Set this to None if you will handle releasing the connection or set the connection to have the response release it. :param preload_content: If True, the response's body will be preloaded during construction. :param decode_content: If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the 'content-encoding' header. :param enforce_content_length: Enforce content length checking. Body returned by server must match value of Content-Length header, if present. Otherwise, raise error. """ self.num_requests += 1 timeout_obj = self._get_timeout(timeout) timeout_obj.start_connect() conn.timeout = Timeout.resolve_default_timeout(timeout_obj.connect_timeout) try: # Trigger any extra validation we need to do. try: > self._validate_conn(conn) C:\Users\20685\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\site-packages\urllib3\connectionpool.py:468: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ C:\Users\20685\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\site-packages\urllib3\connectionpool.py:1097: in _validate_conn conn.connect() C:\Users\20685\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\site-packages\urllib3\connection.py:642: in connect sock_and_verified = _ssl_wrap_socket_and_match_hostname( C:\Users\20685\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\site-packages\urllib3\connection.py:783: in _ssl_wrap_socket_and_match_hostname ssl_sock = ssl_wrap_socket( C:\Users\20685\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\site-packages\urllib3\util\ssl_.py:471: in ssl_wrap_socket ssl_sock = _ssl_wrap_socket_impl(sock, context, tls_in_tls, server_hostname) C:\Users\20685\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\site-packages\urllib3\util\ssl_.py:515: in _ssl_wrap_socket_impl return ssl_context.wrap_socket(sock, server_hostname=server_hostname) C:\Users\20685\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\ssl.py:513: in wrap_socket return self.sslsocket_class._create( C:\Users\20685\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\ssl.py:1071: in _create self.do_handshake() _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ self = <ssl.SSLSocket [closed] fd=-1, family=AddressFamily.AF_INET, type=SocketKind.SOCK_STREAM, proto=0> block = False @_sslcopydoc def do_handshake(self, block=False): self._check_connected() timeout = self.gettimeout() try: if timeout == 0.0 and block: self.settimeout(None) > self._sslobj.do_handshake() E ssl.SSLCertVerificationError: [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1007) C:\Users\20685\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\ssl.py:1342: SSLCertVerificationError During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred: self = <urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPSConnectionPool object at 0x0000018B5D7EE170> method = 'POST' url = '/adminapi/login?Content_Type=application%2Fx-www-from-urlencoded' body = 'account=admin&pwd=123456&imgcode=' headers = {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.32.3', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '33', 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'} retries = Retry(total=0, connect=None, read=False, redirect=None, status=None) redirect = False, assert_same_host = False timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None), pool_timeout = None release_conn = False, chunked = False, body_pos = None, preload_content = False decode_content = False, response_kw = {} parsed_url = Url(scheme=None, auth=None, host=None, port=None, path='/adminapi/login', query='Content_Type=application%2Fx-www-from-urlencoded', fragment=None) destination_scheme = None, conn = None, release_this_conn = True http_tunnel_required = False, err = None, clean_exit = False def urlopen( # type: ignore[override] self, method: str, url: str, body: _TYPE_BODY | None = None, headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | None = None, retries: Retry | bool | int | None = None, redirect: bool = True, assert_same_host: bool = True, timeout: _TYPE_TIMEOUT = _DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, pool_timeout: int | None = None, release_conn: bool | None = None, chunked: bool = False, body_pos: _TYPE_BODY_POSITION | None = None, preload_content: bool = True, decode_content: bool = True, **response_kw: typing.Any, ) -> BaseHTTPResponse: """ Get a connection from the pool and perform an HTTP request. This is the lowest level call for making a request, so you'll need to specify all the raw details. .. note:: More commonly, it's appropriate to use a convenience method such as :meth:request. .. note:: release_conn will only behave as expected if preload_content=False because we want to make preload_content=False the default behaviour someday soon without breaking backwards compatibility. :param method: HTTP request method (such as GET, POST, PUT, etc.) :param url: The URL to perform the request on. :param body: Data to send in the request body, either :class:str, :class:bytes, an iterable of :class:str/:class:bytes, or a file-like object. :param headers: Dictionary of custom headers to send, such as User-Agent, If-None-Match, etc. If None, pool headers are used. If provided, these headers completely replace any pool-specific headers. :param retries: Configure the number of retries to allow before raising a :class:~urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError exception. Pass None to retry until you receive a response. Pass a :class:~urllib3.util.retry.Retry object for fine-grained control over different types of retries. Pass an integer number to retry connection errors that many times, but no other types of errors. Pass zero to never retry. If False, then retries are disabled and any exception is raised immediately. Also, instead of raising a MaxRetryError on redirects, the redirect response will be returned. :type retries: :class:~urllib3.util.retry.Retry, False, or an int. :param redirect: If True, automatically handle redirects (status codes 301, 302, 303, 307, 308). Each redirect counts as a retry. Disabling retries will disable redirect, too. :param assert_same_host: If True, will make sure that the host of the pool requests is consistent else will raise HostChangedError. When False, you can use the pool on an HTTP proxy and request foreign hosts. :param timeout: If specified, overrides the default timeout for this one request. It may be a float (in seconds) or an instance of :class:urllib3.util.Timeout. :param pool_timeout: If set and the pool is set to block=True, then this method will block for pool_timeout seconds and raise EmptyPoolError if no connection is available within the time period. :param bool preload_content: If True, the response's body will be preloaded into memory. :param bool decode_content: If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the 'content-encoding' header. :param release_conn: If False, then the urlopen call will not release the connection back into the pool once a response is received (but will release if you read the entire contents of the response such as when preload_content=True). This is useful if you're not preloading the response's content immediately. You will need to call r.release_conn() on the response r to return the connection back into the pool. If None, it takes the value of preload_content which defaults to True. :param bool chunked: If True, urllib3 will send the body using chunked transfer encoding. Otherwise, urllib3 will send the body using the standard content-length form. Defaults to False. :param int body_pos: Position to seek to in file-like body in the event of a retry or redirect. Typically this won't need to be set because urllib3 will auto-populate the value when needed. """ parsed_url = parse_url(url) destination_scheme = parsed_url.scheme if headers is None: headers = self.headers if not isinstance(retries, Retry): retries = Retry.from_int(retries, redirect=redirect, default=self.retries) if release_conn is None: release_conn = preload_content # Check host if assert_same_host and not self.is_same_host(url): raise HostChangedError(self, url, retries) # Ensure that the URL we're connecting to is properly encoded if url.startswith("/"): url = to_str(_encode_target(url)) else: url = to_str(parsed_url.url) conn = None # Track whether conn needs to be released before # returning/raising/recursing. Update this variable if necessary, and # leave release_conn constant throughout the function. That way, if # the function recurses, the original value of release_conn will be # passed down into the recursive call, and its value will be respected. # # See issue #651 [1] for details. # # [1] <https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/651> release_this_conn = release_conn http_tunnel_required = connection_requires_http_tunnel( self.proxy, self.proxy_config, destination_scheme ) # Merge the proxy headers. Only done when not using HTTP CONNECT. We # have to copy the headers dict so we can safely change it without those # changes being reflected in anyone else's copy. if not http_tunnel_required: headers = headers.copy() # type: ignore[attr-defined] headers.update(self.proxy_headers) # type: ignore[union-attr] # Must keep the exception bound to a separate variable or else Python 3 # complains about UnboundLocalError. err = None # Keep track of whether we cleanly exited the except block. This # ensures we do proper cleanup in finally. clean_exit = False # Rewind body position, if needed. Record current position # for future rewinds in the event of a redirect/retry. body_pos = set_file_position(body, body_pos) try: # Request a connection from the queue. timeout_obj = self._get_timeout(timeout) conn = self._get_conn(timeout=pool_timeout) conn.timeout = timeout_obj.connect_timeout # type: ignore[assignment] # Is this a closed/new connection that requires CONNECT tunnelling? if self.proxy is not None and http_tunnel_required and conn.is_closed: try: self._prepare_proxy(conn) except (BaseSSLError, OSError, SocketTimeout) as e: self._raise_timeout( err=e, url=self.proxy.url, timeout_value=conn.timeout ) raise # If we're going to release the connection in finally:, then # the response doesn't need to know about the connection. Otherwise # it will also try to release it and we'll have a double-release # mess. response_conn = conn if not release_conn else None # Make the request on the HTTPConnection object > response = self._make_request( conn, method, url, timeout=timeout_obj, body=body, headers=headers, chunked=chunked, retries=retries, response_conn=response_conn, preload_content=preload_content, decode_content=decode_content, **response_kw, ) C:\Users\20685\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\site-packages\urllib3\connectionpool.py:791: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ self = <urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPSConnectionPool object at 0x0000018B5D7EE170> conn = <urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x0000018B5D7EE8F0> method = 'POST' url = '/adminapi/login?Content_Type=application%2Fx-www-from-urlencoded' body = 'account=admin&pwd=123456&imgcode=' headers = {'User-Agent': 'python-requests/2.32.3', 'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate', 'Accept': '*/*', 'Connection': 'keep-alive', 'Content-Length': '33', 'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'} retries = Retry(total=0, connect=None, read=False, redirect=None, status=None) timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None), chunked = False response_conn = <urllib3.connection.HTTPSConnection object at 0x0000018B5D7EE8F0> preload_content = False, decode_content = False, enforce_content_length = True def _make_request( self, conn: BaseHTTPConnection, method: str, url: str, body: _TYPE_BODY | None = None, headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | None = None, retries: Retry | None = None, timeout: _TYPE_TIMEOUT = _DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, chunked: bool = False, response_conn: BaseHTTPConnection | None = None, preload_content: bool = True, decode_content: bool = True, enforce_content_length: bool = True, ) -> BaseHTTPResponse: """ Perform a request on a given urllib connection object taken from our pool. :param conn: a connection from one of our connection pools :param method: HTTP request method (such as GET, POST, PUT, etc.) :param url: The URL to perform the request on. :param body: Data to send in the request body, either :class:str, :class:bytes, an iterable of :class:str/:class:bytes, or a file-like object. :param headers: Dictionary of custom headers to send, such as User-Agent, If-None-Match, etc. If None, pool headers are used. If provided, these headers completely replace any pool-specific headers. :param retries: Configure the number of retries to allow before raising a :class:~urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError exception. Pass None to retry until you receive a response. Pass a :class:~urllib3.util.retry.Retry object for fine-grained control over different types of retries. Pass an integer number to retry connection errors that many times, but no other types of errors. Pass zero to never retry. If False, then retries are disabled and any exception is raised immediately. Also, instead of raising a MaxRetryError on redirects, the redirect response will be returned. :type retries: :class:~urllib3.util.retry.Retry, False, or an int. :param timeout: If specified, overrides the default timeout for this one request. It may be a float (in seconds) or an instance of :class:urllib3.util.Timeout. :param chunked: If True, urllib3 will send the body using chunked transfer encoding. Otherwise, urllib3 will send the body using the standard content-length form. Defaults to False. :param response_conn: Set this to None if you will handle releasing the connection or set the connection to have the response release it. :param preload_content: If True, the response's body will be preloaded during construction. :param decode_content: If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the 'content-encoding' header. :param enforce_content_length: Enforce content length checking. Body returned by server must match value of Content-Length header, if present. Otherwise, raise error. """ self.num_requests += 1 timeout_obj = self._get_timeout(timeout) timeout_obj.start_connect() conn.timeout = Timeout.resolve_default_timeout(timeout_obj.connect_timeout) try: # Trigger any extra validation we need to do. try: self._validate_conn(conn) except (SocketTimeout, BaseSSLError) as e: self._raise_timeout(err=e, url=url, timeout_value=conn.timeout) raise # _validate_conn() starts the connection to an HTTPS proxy # so we need to wrap errors with 'ProxyError' here too. except ( OSError, NewConnectionError, TimeoutError, BaseSSLError, CertificateError, SSLError, ) as e: new_e: Exception = e if isinstance(e, (BaseSSLError, CertificateError)): new_e = SSLError(e) # If the connection didn't successfully connect to it's proxy # then there if isinstance( new_e, (OSError, NewConnectionError, TimeoutError, SSLError) ) and (conn and conn.proxy and not conn.has_connected_to_proxy): new_e = _wrap_proxy_error(new_e, conn.proxy.scheme) > raise new_e E urllib3.exceptions.SSLError: [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1007) C:\Users\20685\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\site-packages\urllib3\connectionpool.py:492: SSLError The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception: self = <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter object at 0x0000018B5D7BA680> request = , stream = False timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None), verify = True cert = None, proxies = OrderedDict() def send( self, request, stream=False, timeout=None, verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None ): """Sends PreparedRequest object. Returns Response object. :param request: The :class:PreparedRequest being sent. :param stream: (optional) Whether to stream the request content. :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:(connect timeout, read timeout) <timeouts> tuple. :type timeout: float or tuple or urllib3 Timeout object :param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path to a CA bundle to use :param cert: (optional) Any user-provided SSL certificate to be trusted. :param proxies: (optional) The proxies dictionary to apply to the request. :rtype: requests.Response """ try: conn = self.get_connection_with_tls_context( request, verify, proxies=proxies, cert=cert ) except LocationValueError as e: raise InvalidURL(e, request=request) self.cert_verify(conn, request.url, verify, cert) url = self.request_url(request, proxies) self.add_headers( request, stream=stream, timeout=timeout, verify=verify, cert=cert, proxies=proxies, ) chunked = not (request.body is None or "Content-Length" in request.headers) if isinstance(timeout, tuple): try: connect, read = timeout timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=connect, read=read) except ValueError: raise ValueError( f"Invalid timeout {timeout}. Pass a (connect, read) timeout tuple, " f"or a single float to set both timeouts to the same value." ) elif isinstance(timeout, TimeoutSauce): pass else: timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=timeout, read=timeout) try: > resp = conn.urlopen( method=request.method, url=url, body=request.body, headers=request.headers, redirect=False, assert_same_host=False, preload_content=False, decode_content=False, retries=self.max_retries, timeout=timeout, chunked=chunked, ) C:\Users\20685\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\site-packages\requests\adapters.py:667: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ C:\Users\20685\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\site-packages\urllib3\connectionpool.py:845: in urlopen retries = retries.increment( _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ self = Retry(total=0, connect=None, read=False, redirect=None, status=None) method = 'POST' url = '/adminapi/login?Content_Type=application%2Fx-www-from-urlencoded' response = None error = SSLError(SSLCertVerificationError(1, '[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1007)')) _pool = <urllib3.connectionpool.HTTPSConnectionPool object at 0x0000018B5D7EE170> _stacktrace = <traceback object at 0x0000018B5D392700> def increment( self, method: str | None = None, url: str | None = None, response: BaseHTTPResponse | None = None, error: Exception | None = None, _pool: ConnectionPool | None = None, _stacktrace: TracebackType | None = None, ) -> Retry: """Return a new Retry object with incremented retry counters. :param response: A response object, or None, if the server did not return a response. :type response: :class:~urllib3.response.BaseHTTPResponse :param Exception error: An error encountered during the request, or None if the response was received successfully. :return: A new Retry object. """ if self.total is False and error: # Disabled, indicate to re-raise the error. raise reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace) total = self.total if total is not None: total -= 1 connect = self.connect read = self.read redirect = self.redirect status_count = self.status other = self.other cause = "unknown" status = None redirect_location = None if error and self._is_connection_error(error): # Connect retry? if connect is False: raise reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace) elif connect is not None: connect -= 1 elif error and self._is_read_error(error): # Read retry? if read is False or method is None or not self._is_method_retryable(method): raise reraise(type(error), error, _stacktrace) elif read is not None: read -= 1 elif error: # Other retry? if other is not None: other -= 1 elif response and response.get_redirect_location(): # Redirect retry? if redirect is not None: redirect -= 1 cause = "too many redirects" response_redirect_location = response.get_redirect_location() if response_redirect_location: redirect_location = response_redirect_location status = response.status else: # Incrementing because of a server error like a 500 in # status_forcelist and the given method is in the allowed_methods cause = ResponseError.GENERIC_ERROR if response and response.status: if status_count is not None: status_count -= 1 cause = ResponseError.SPECIFIC_ERROR.format(status_code=response.status) status = response.status history = self.history + ( RequestHistory(method, url, error, status, redirect_location), ) new_retry = self.new( total=total, connect=connect, read=read, redirect=redirect, status=status_count, other=other, history=history, ) if new_retry.is_exhausted(): reason = error or ResponseError(cause) > raise MaxRetryError(_pool, url, reason) from reason # type: ignore[arg-type] E urllib3.exceptions.MaxRetryError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='192.168.116.137', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /adminapi/login?Content_Type=application%2Fx-www-from-urlencoded (Caused by SSLError(SSLCertVerificationError(1, '[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1007)'))) C:\Users\20685\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\site-packages\urllib3\util\retry.py:515: MaxRetryError During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred: self = <testcaes.test_all_case.TestAllCase object at 0x0000018B5D7EE140> caseinfo = {'request': {'data': {'account': 'admin', 'imgcode': '', 'pwd': 123456}, 'method': 'post', 'params': {'Content_Type': 'application/x-www-from-urlencoded'}, 'url': 'https://192.168.116.137/adminapi/login'}, 'validate': None} @pytest.mark.parametrize("caseinfo",read_yaml(yaml_path)) def duyo(self,caseinfo): new_caseinfo = verify_yaml(caseinfo) #在读取yaml内容后调取用例模板方法验证用例是否足够 #发送请求 > RequestUtil().send_all_request(**new_caseinfo.request) testcaes\test_all_case.py:17: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ common\requests_util.py:27: in send_all_request res = RequestUtil.sess.request(**kwargs) C:\Users\20685\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\site-packages\requests\sessions.py:589: in request resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs) C:\Users\20685\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\site-packages\requests\sessions.py:703: in send r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ self = <requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter object at 0x0000018B5D7BA680> request = , stream = False timeout = Timeout(connect=None, read=None, total=None), verify = True cert = None, proxies = OrderedDict() def send( self, request, stream=False, timeout=None, verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None ): """Sends PreparedRequest object. Returns Response object. :param request: The :class:PreparedRequest being sent. :param stream: (optional) Whether to stream the request content. :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:(connect timeout, read timeout) <timeouts> tuple. :type timeout: float or tuple or urllib3 Timeout object :param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path to a CA bundle to use :param cert: (optional) Any user-provided SSL certificate to be trusted. :param proxies: (optional) The proxies dictionary to apply to the request. :rtype: requests.Response """ try: conn = self.get_connection_with_tls_context( request, verify, proxies=proxies, cert=cert ) except LocationValueError as e: raise InvalidURL(e, request=request) self.cert_verify(conn, request.url, verify, cert) url = self.request_url(request, proxies) self.add_headers( request, stream=stream, timeout=timeout, verify=verify, cert=cert, proxies=proxies, ) chunked = not (request.body is None or "Content-Length" in request.headers) if isinstance(timeout, tuple): try: connect, read = timeout timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=connect, read=read) except ValueError: raise ValueError( f"Invalid timeout {timeout}. Pass a (connect, read) timeout tuple, " f"or a single float to set both timeouts to the same value." ) elif isinstance(timeout, TimeoutSauce): pass else: timeout = TimeoutSauce(connect=timeout, read=timeout) try: resp = conn.urlopen( method=request.method, url=url, body=request.body, headers=request.headers, redirect=False, assert_same_host=False, preload_content=False, decode_content=False, retries=self.max_retries, timeout=timeout, chunked=chunked, ) except (ProtocolError, OSError) as err: raise ConnectionError(err, request=request) except MaxRetryError as e: if isinstance(e.reason, ConnectTimeoutError): # TODO: Remove this in 3.0.0: see #2811 if not isinstance(e.reason, NewConnectionError): raise ConnectTimeout(e, request=request) if isinstance(e.reason, ResponseError): raise RetryError(e, request=request) if isinstance(e.reason, _ProxyError): raise ProxyError(e, request=request) if isinstance(e.reason, _SSLError): # This branch is for urllib3 v1.22 and later. > raise SSLError(e, request=request) E requests.exceptions.SSLError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='192.168.116.137', port=443): Max retries exceeded with url: /adminapi/login?Content_Type=application%2Fx-www-from-urlencoded (Caused by SSLError(SSLCertVerificationError(1, '[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1007)'))) C:\Users\20685\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\site-packages\requests\adapters.py:698: SSLError ============================== warnings summary =============================== C:\Users\20685\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\site-packages\_pytest\config\__init__.py:1277 C:\Users\20685\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\site-packages\_pytest\config\__init__.py:1277: PytestAssertRewriteWarning: Module already imported so cannot be rewritten: allure_pytest self._mark_plugins_for_rewrite(hook) C:\Users\20685\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\site-packages\_pytest\config\__init__.py:1500 C:\Users\20685\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\site-packages\_pytest\config\__init__.py:1500: PytestConfigWarning: No files were found in testpaths; consider removing or adjusting your testpaths configuration. Searching recursively from the current directory instead. self.args, self.args_source = self._decide_args( C:\Users\20685\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\site-packages\_pytest\config\__init__.py:1441 C:\Users\20685\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python310\lib\site-packages\_pytest\config\__init__.py:1441: PytestConfigWarning: Unknown config option: Python_classes self._warn_or_fail_if_strict(f"Unknown config option: {key}\n") -- Docs: https://docs.pytest.org/en/stable/how-to/capture-warnings.html =========================== short test summary info =========================== FAILED testcaes/test_all_case.py::TestAllCase::test_login[caseinfo0] - reques... ======================== 1 failed, 3 warnings in 0.26s ======================== 进程已结束,退出代码为 0

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