深入解析Windows Workflow Foundation

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"Essential Windows Workflow Foundation 是一本由Addison Wesley出版社出版的专业书籍，专注于介绍Windows Workflow Foundation(WF)技术。这本书由Dharma Shukla和Bob Schmidt撰写，得到了业界知名专家如Jeffrey Richter和Clemens Szyperski的高度评价。书中通过清晰的代码示例和深入的解释，帮助读者理解WF的底层架构，从而能够有效地设计和构建自己的工作流项目。" Windows Workflow Foundation (WF)是.NET Framework 3.0及更高版本中的一个关键组件，它提供了一种支持工作流应用程序开发的框架。WF允许开发者通过声明式编程方式来定义业务流程，这些流程可以是长期运行的，比如跨越几周或几个月的任务管理。 WF的核心概念包括： 1. 工作流：工作流是一系列相互关联的活动，这些活动按照特定的顺序执行，以完成一个业务过程。WF提供了一个平台，使得开发者可以创建、执行和管理这些工作流。 2. 活动：活动是工作流的基本构建块，它们代表了流程中的一个可执行步骤。WF提供了丰富的内置活动库，涵盖了常见的业务操作，同时允许开发者自定义活动以满足特定需求。 3. 工作流状态机：WF结合了声明式编程和状态机的概念，允许开发者定义流程的多个状态以及在状态间转换的条件。 4. 执行和持久化：WF支持工作流实例的动态启动、暂停、恢复和终止。当工作流需要长时间运行时，它可以被持久化到存储中，以便稍后继续执行，这解决了传统应用程序中处理长运行活动的挑战。 5. 规则引擎：WF集成了规则引擎，允许在工作流中表达和执行业务规则，使得业务逻辑更加灵活和易于维护。 6. 集成能力：WF可以与WCF（Windows Communication Foundation）、WPF（Windows Presentation Foundation）等其他.NET Framework组件无缝集成，实现全面的业务解决方案。本书"Essential Windows Workflow Foundation"深入探讨了WF技术，不仅讲解了基本概念，还涵盖了高级主题，如工作流设计模式、错误处理、并发控制和工作流服务。通过实例和实践指导，读者可以系统地学习如何利用WF解决实际问题，提高业务流程自动化和管理效率。 WF是一个强大的工具，为企业级应用提供了一种高效、灵活的流程建模方法。"Essential Windows Workflow Foundation"是开发者理解和掌握这一技术的宝贵资源，无论你是初学者还是经验丰富的专业人士，都能从中受益匪浅。

Foreword

S I WRITE THIS FOREWORD in July 2006, I know something big is

about to happen.

Developers are discovering the power of having machine-readable rep-

resentations of their programs that match their intention. This idea is some-

times referred to using the shorthand phrase code as data.

More importantly, developers are realizing that no runtime architect or

language designer is all that qualiﬁed to deﬁne the schema for that data—

a domain expert is the only one who has the right expertise. This idea is

sometimes referred to as domain-speciﬁc languages.

Systems like Smalltalk, the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), and the Com-

mon Language Runtime (CLR) have proven that there is value in having

machine-readable representations of type deﬁnitions for things such as

reﬂection, serialization, and generative programming. However, the basic

representation of a type (e.g., ﬁelds, methods, classes) is largely a closed

world, which doesn’t allow users to model (as data) things such as control

ﬂow, concurrency, logic constructs, or domain-speciﬁc ideas such as dis

count policy or dotted whole note except as largely opaque instructions

strewn across multiple method bodies.

People are now asking themselves, “If my type deﬁnition is available as

data, why aren’t other design-time constructs as well?”

Fortunately, one of the people asking those questions back in 2003 was

my good friend Dharma Shukla, who was then working on the Biztalk

Server team.

xviii

Essential Windows Workflow Foundation

(when it is awaiting input) and then continue right wher

e it left off at a later

time (when the relevant input arrives).

WF is a framework, not a ﬁxed set of programming constructs deﬁned

by a language grammar. WF’s notion of an activity is extensible, which

allows the expressiveness and control ﬂow in WF programs to be richer

than what is provided by a language like C# or Visual Basic. You can rep

resent WF programs using domain-speciﬁc activities and specialized con-

trol ﬂow constructs, and thereby capture complex interactions among

people and software with a high degree of ﬁdelity to the particulars of the

problem being solved.

The WF runtime is a meta-runtime that builds upon the Common Lan-

guage Runtime (CLR) and manages the execution of WF programs. WF

programs naturally pause and resume, and can execute over arbitrarily

long periods of time within a distributed (multi-machine) execution envi

ronment without any extra work on the part of the programmer. A WF pro-

gram will neither fail nor cause undue strain on system resources if it sits

idle for weeks. The CLR’s job, in the context of WF, is to manage objects that

transiently represent WF programs while they are in memory. The WF run-

time’s job is to manage the full lifecycle of WF programs, which can span

CLR threads and application domains, operating system processes, and

even machines.

In sum, WF provides a programming model for writing and executing

reactive programs. WF programs are constructed using domain-speciﬁc

program statements called activities, which allow domain experts to

express their programming intent in the parlance of their domain.

About the Book

There is a simple reason why this book was written. Both of us believe there

is a novel synthesis of noteworthy ideas at the heart of WF. These ideas are

seeing the light of day for the ﬁrst time in a mainstream platform. Because

WF’s activity-oriented programming approach rests on a different set of

principles than do today’s popular programming paradigms, the best way

to learn WF is to focus ﬁrst on the fundamental ideas around which the WF

programming model is built. There is more to becoming an effective WF

xix Preface

developer than just familiarizing yourself with the types that r

eside in the

new

System.Workﬂow namespace of the .NET Framework.

To that end, this book does not aim to exhaustively discuss the 350+

types present in the three assemblies that constitute WF. We deliberately

disregard some outer layers of WF so as to focus on the essence—the core

programming model and runtime feature set. Experience has taught us that

learning the capabilities of the framework from ﬁrst principles is the surest

way to becoming a proﬁcient WF developer.

The writing of this book has led us to examine and debate our beliefs and

assumptions about the nature of reactive programs and how such programs

can be developed. If this book, and WF, provides someone with a fresh idea

upon which to build further, we will consider our efforts a success.

The organization of this book is as follows. Chapter 1, “Deconstructing

WF,” examines the key ideas that underpin the WF programming model:

bookmarks, continuations, thread and process agility, passivation, resum

able program statements, and a runtime for resumable programs. These

ideas are discussed in their barest form, outside the context of WF, to

maximize the clarity of the discussions.

Chapter 2, “WF Programs,” maps the concepts introduced in the ﬁrst

chapter onto the richer programming surface of WF, and therefore acts as

a bridge to the rest of the book. Here we begin developing activities, com

posing them into simple WF programs, and running those programs.

Chapters 3, “Activity Execution,” and 4, “Advanced Activity Execu-

tion,” discuss detailed aspects of how activities execute including book-

marking, fault handling, cancellation, and compensation. The unifying

theme is the activity automaton that describes the lifecycle of all activities.

Chapter 5, “Applications,” explores how to build applications that host the

WF runtime and leverage its points of extensibility. Chapter 6, “Transac

tions,” discusses the critical role of transactions in the execution of WF pro-

grams. Chapter 7, “Advanced Authoring,” covers a number of advanced

topics related to activity and WF program authoring, including validation

and compilation, and Chapter 8, “Miscellanea,” introduces several feature

areas of WF that are built around the previously discussed core concepts.

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