精通Mac上的Cocoa框架：Objective-C教程

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"Learn Cocoa on the Mac - Objective-C基础教程英文版" 这篇教程“Learn Cocoa on the Mac”由Jack Nutting、David Mark和Jeff LaMarche合著，旨在帮助读者掌握苹果Mac操作系统上的Cocoa框架，使用Xcode和Objective-C进行开发。Cocoa是Apple macOS和iOS操作系统的核心开发框架，它提供了构建原生应用所需的各种类库和工具。 Cocoa框架主要包括两部分：Foundation和AppKit（在iOS中对应为UIKit）。Foundation是Cocoa的基础，提供了诸如数据结构、网络、文件系统操作等核心功能。AppKit或UIKit则专注于用户界面的创建和事件处理，使开发者能够构建具有Mac或iOS风格的图形用户界面。 Objective-C是Cocoa的主要编程语言，它基于Smalltalk并添加了面向对象的特性到C语言中。Objective-C的语法包括消息传递机制，这是它与其他语言的一个显著区别。在本教程中，读者将学习如何使用Objective-C来编写Cocoa应用程序，包括类的定义、对象的创建、方法的调用以及内存管理。内容中提到的“Mastering MacOS X's Cocoa Frameworks”暗示了教程将深入探讨Cocoa的各种组件和API，如NSWindow、NSView、NSViewController、NSApplication等，这些都是构建用户界面的关键。此外，Xcode作为Apple的官方集成开发环境（IDE），将贯穿整个教程，介绍如何使用其界面构建器、调试器和版本控制系统来支持开发流程。本教程可能还会涵盖以下主题： 1. **Cocoa设计模式**：例如Model-View-Controller (MVC)架构，它是Cocoa应用设计的基础。 2. **事件处理**：讲解如何响应用户的点击、键盘输入和其他交互。 3. **Interface Builder**：使用这个工具将对象拖放到界面中，并与代码进行连接。 4. **Core Data**：Apple的数据持久化框架，用于存储和检索应用程序的数据。 5. **内存管理和ARC**：自动引用计数(Auto Reference Counting)在Objective-C中的使用，以简化内存管理。 6. **多线程**：在Cocoa中使用NSThread、NSOperation和NSOperationQueue进行并发编程。 7. **国际化和本地化**：如何使应用适应不同的语言和地区。 8. **测试和调试**：使用Xcode内置的工具进行单元测试和性能分析。 “Learn Cocoa on the Mac”教程是一个全面的指南，适合想要深入理解Cocoa框架和Objective-C编程的新手或有经验的开发者。通过学习，读者将能够利用Cocoa的强大功能创建出功能丰富的、原生的Mac应用程序。

xiv

Acknowledgments

This book would never have been possible without contributions from many people. Clay Andres’

expert guidance and helpful insights into the publishing process have helped keep me on track

numerous times. Dave Mark’s feedback and concrete writing tips have been absolutely essential;

believe me, you don’t want to see the first draft of the first chapter I wrote, before Dave started

setting me straight. Jeff LaMarche’s work on the first chapters of the book, as well as his initial

outline for the rest of the book, provided a solid foundation for me to build upon. Mark

Dalrymple has done a great job of examining the book’s technical details with a fine-toothed

comb, keeping me honest and making me look good at the same time. Brian MacDonald’s

vantage point as someone with great technical knowledge, but not detailed experience with

Cocoa, helped uncover bits and pieces of the book that needed to be expanded or compacted.

Throughout the last several months of the writing, Mary Tobin has been consistently patient and

helpful with this newbie author, keeping track of the statuses of each chapter and keeping the

process working smoothly. And copy-editor Tracy Brown Collins has responded to a deluge of

way-past-deadline chapters with remarkable efficiency and a keen eye for detail. Beyond that,

there are any number of people involved in the layout and other aspects of the production who

are, to me, completely unknown and nameless, despite their crucial contributions. Thank you,

whoever you are!

Apart from the people associated with Apress, a number of friends have helped in a variety of

ways, at various stages during the creation of this book, either volunteering their time freely or at

least answering my pleas for advice. Saurabh Sharan has given great feedback on nearly every

chapter of the book, helping locate sections that needed further clarification. Joar Wingfors

provided detailed commentary on several chapters, as well as a handy bit of public domain code

that we used in Chapter 11. Tim Burks provided some important feedback on the final chapter. I

owe a huge debt of gratitude to Tom Geller, who put me in touch with Apress in the first place;

without Tom putting two and two together, I’d still be sitting here wondering if I’d ever write

anything “real”. Finally, I’d like to thank my wife Weronica Meijer and our children, Henrietta

and Dorotea, who’ve put up with my many long nights and “lost weekends” as I worked on this

book, and have been more patient than I could have hoped for; this book is dedicated to them.

Preface

I first encountered Cocoa as a college student in about 1989. Of course, that was before the

iPhone, before Mac OS X, and before it was even called Cocoa. Back then, the seed of today’s

Cocoa was a part of NeXTStep, the OS that was the core of the NeXT computers. NeXTStep was

years ahead of its time, and, while the lab full of NeXT workstations was woefully underused in

the computer science courses, my student sysadmin job had me using them daily. As a user, I was

hooked. I won’t dwell on the NeXT user experience here, but just state that many of the best

features of Mac OS X come not so much from the Mac of old as from NeXTStep.

At that time, there was no www, not much of a NeXTStep developer community, and very little

written about the development environment apart from the impenetrable tomes that NeXT

shipped with its earliest machines. I tried to wrap my head around Objective-C and the AppKit

from time to time, but without any nearby experts, or much example code to look at (not to

mention my actual studies which sometimes distracted me from playing with fun projects), I was

basically stumped.

After college, something completely unexpected happened. A friend pointed me in the direction

of a consulting firm in my city that was building custom NeXTStep apps for some pretty big

customers, and I had the good fortune to come on-board. Suddenly, I had a group of colleagues

who had not only been programming in NeXTStep for a while, some of them had even worked at

NeXT! All it took was a bit of their expert help to get me started, and the things that had seemed so

mysterious for years suddenly made sense. Within a few weeks, I learned so much I was able to

start leading some training and mentoring efforts in NeXTStep development.

The point of that isn’t that I’m a genius or a quick study. It’s that the set of technologies we now

call Cocoa are really powerful, and quite easy to learn and put to good use; but you’re likely to

need some help along the way. I’m hoping that this book will help nudge you in the right

directions, and help you learn the essence of Cocoa programming, so that, by the time you’re

finished reading it, you’ll have enough knowledge of Cocoa to be able to propel yourself forward

and write the Mac applications of your dreams. In short, the kind of book I wish I’d been able to

find 20 years ago.

Jack Nutting

Chapter

Must Love Cocoa

Welcome! You must be here because you want to write programs for your Mac. Well,

you’ve definitely come to the right place. (Here for Pilates? Third door down, on the

right.) By the time you finish this book, you’ll know everything you need to know to

create fast, efficient, good-looking Mac OS X applications.

The key to creating a modern Mac application is Cocoa. According to Apple, Cocoa is a

set of object-oriented frameworks that provide a runtime environment for Mac OS X

applications. As you make your way through this book, you’ll learn all about the Cocoa

frameworks and runtime environment. For the moment, think of Cocoa as a

programmer’s assistant that takes care of much of the housekeeping that goes along

with Mac development. Almost every common task performed by a Mac application,

from drawing a window to blinking the cursor in a text field, is handled for you when you

write programs using Cocoa, freeing you up to concentrate on the code that makes your

application unique.

Cocoa provides a class for just about every one of your development needs. There are

Cocoa classes for each piece of the Mac OS X user interface, from windows to menus,

scrollbars to buttons, images to icons. If you can think of a user interface element you’d

like to add to your own application, chances are very good that element is already

implemented as a Cocoa class.

Another benefit of using Cocoa is that it is tightly integrated with Mac OS X. Build your

application using Cocoa, and your application will play well with others and will interface

seamlessly with Mac OS X elements like the Finder and the Dock.

WHEN IS 20 YEARS NOT 20 YEARS?

Cocoa has been around in one form or another since 1986. The technologies that we call Cocoa evolved

from the NeXTStep AppKit, the application building tools developed for the NeXT platform. When Apple

bought NeXT in 1996, they began building a new version of the Mac OS, what we now know as Mac OS X,

basing much of the new operating system on technologies acquired from NeXT.

As Mac OS X evolved, so did Cocoa. Apple added technologies from the classic Mac OS, like QuickTime, as

well as completely new technologies, like the Quartz rendering system that enables all the fancy visual

CHAPTER 1: Must Love Cocoa

effects and animation that OS X uses. They also made sure that they kept the Mac’s famed ease-of-use in

the process.

Bottom line: Cocoa is constantly evolving and expanding. The development tools, libraries, and frameworks

you’ll be learning in this book are the result of more than 20 years of experimentation and refinement.

Get a Mac and Download the Tools

Before you can begin creating applications with Cocoa, you’ll need a Macintosh

computer. It doesn’t have to be the newest or the most powerful Mac; in fact, pretty

much any Mac that’s been made in the last six or seven years or so will work just fine for

building the exercises in this book. As you become more serious about writing software,

you may find it’s worth investing in a newer or faster machine, but for now just about any

Mac made this millennium will work fine for learning what you need to learn. Any Intel-

based Mac, and almost all PowerPC Macs with a G4 or G5 processor will run Mac OS X

10.5 (Leopard). If you want to run the newer Mac OS X 10.6 (Snow Leopard), the

PowerPC machines won’t do; you’ll need to have an Intel machine.

You’ll also need to join Apple Developer Connection (ADC), which is Apple’s developer

relations organization. There are paid memberships, but the basic membership is free.

You’ll need at least the free membership in order to download Apple’s development

tools, which you’ll need to do in order to write software in Cocoa. To join ADC, open up

your web browser and navigate to http://developer.apple.com/mac/. If you already have

an Apple ID, press the Log in button and enter your info. If you are new to Apple’s online

services, click the register link and create your account.

Once you are a bona fide ADC member, you’ll be able to download Apple’s developer

tools. These tools are listed on the main Mac Dev Center page under the heading

Xcode. The link for downloading Xcode actually downloads a full suite of developer

tools, including all the software you’ll need for working with Cocoa.

Once you are logged in, find the version of Xcode that’s appropriate for your version of

Mac OS X, and click on the Xcode link to start the download. A .dmg disk image file will

download. Last we checked, the download was about a gigabyte, so it might take a few

minutes. Once it is done downloading, double-click the .dmg file to mount the disk

image. Next, double-click the installer file inside the disk image and start that install.

If you don’t have a high-speed internet connection, you may find the developer tools on

one of the CDs or DVDs that came with your Mac. That said, if possible, you should try

to find a way to download the latest version.

NOTE: If you’ve already installed the iPhone SDK, then you’re all set. When you install the

iPhone SDK on your computer, it also installs all the tools needed for creating Cocoa programs.

Though the frameworks do have major differences, the tools are pretty much the same, so if

you’ve done any iPhone SDK development, you should feel right at home creating Cocoa

programs.

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