互联网延迟容忍网络架构RFC4838详解

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"RFC4838是关于Delay-Tolerant Networking (DTN)架构的文档，由Vint Cerf等人撰写，旨在为互联网社区提供信息，而非规定互联网标准。DTN是一种能容忍延迟和中断的网络架构，最初设计用于星际互联网，即设想中的跨越行星距离提供类似互联网的服务的通信系统。" Delay-Tolerant Networking (DTN)架构是为了解决传统互联网在高延迟、不连通或不稳定网络环境下的通信问题而提出的。在这些环境中，传统的IP网络协议如TCP/IP无法有效地工作，因为它们依赖于连续的端到端连接。DTN的核心特性在于它能够处理网络连接的间歇性和不确定性。该文档详细阐述了DTN的几个关键组件和概念： 1. **bundle协议**：在DTN中，数据被封装成称为“bundle”的单元进行传输。bundle不仅包含用户数据，还包含路由和管理信息，使其能在不可靠的网络中独立地移动。 2. **存储转发**：与IP网络的立即转发不同，DTN节点会存储接收到的bundle，直到可以安全地转发到下一个节点。这种策略允许在网络连接不稳定时保留数据。 3. **路由策略**：DTN路由算法需要考虑网络的延迟容忍和中断容忍特性。例如， Epidemic路由策略允许每个节点复制并传播bundle，直到找到目的地；而Fibonacci Retransmission Timer (FRT)则利用时间窗口来决定何时重传bundle。 4. **结点间交互**：DTN节点通过一种称为接触窗口的机制进行交互，这是两个节点之间可能通信的时间段。节点会根据接触历史和预测来管理这些窗口。 5. **安全性**：由于DTN的开放性和潜在的长距离传输，安全问题尤为重要。文档讨论了身份验证、隐私保护和数据完整性等安全措施。 6. **应用层面**：DTN架构适用于多种场景，包括航空航天、灾难救援、偏远地区通信等。这些环境中的网络条件通常不能满足常规IP网络的要求。 7. **未来工作**：尽管DTN尚未成为互联网标准，但文档指出其研究成果可能会对未来的互联网发展产生影响，特别是在极端环境下或需要高可靠性的通信系统中。 RFC4838描述了一个适应恶劣网络环境的通信架构，旨在克服传统网络模型的局限性，为那些无法保证持续连接的环境提供了有效的通信解决方案。

RFC 4838 Delay-Tolerant Networking Architecture April 2007

make such scheduling much more difficult. Although packets provide

some of the same benefits as bundles, larger aggregates provide a way

for the network to apply scheduling and buffer management to units of

data that are more useful to applications.

An essential element of the bundle-based style of forwarding is that

bundles have a place to wait in a queue until a communication

opportunity ("contact") is available. This highlights the following

assumptions:

1. that storage is available and well-distributed throughout the

network,

2. that storage is sufficiently persistent and robust to store

bundles until forwarding can occur, and

3. (implicitly) that this "store-and-forward" model is a better

choice than attempting to effect continuous connectivity or other

alternatives.

For a network to effectively support the DTN architecture, these

assumptions must be considered and must be found to hold. Even so,

the inclusion of long-term storage as a fundamental aspect of the DTN

architecture poses new problems, especially with respect to

congestion management and denial-of-service mitigation. Node storage

in essence represents a new resource that must be managed and

protected. Much of the research in DTN revolves around exploring

these issues. Congestion is discussed in Section 3.13, and security

mechanisms, including methods for DTN nodes to protect themselves

from handling unauthorized traffic from other nodes, are discussed in

[DTNSEC] and [DTNSOV].

3.2. Nodes and Endpoints

A DTN node (or simply "node" in this document) is an engine for

sending and receiving bundles -- an implementation of the bundle

layer. Applications utilize DTN nodes to send or receive ADUs

carried in bundles (applications also use DTN nodes when acting as

report-to destinations for diagnostic information carried in

bundles). Nodes may be members of groups called "DTN endpoints". A

DTN endpoint is therefore a set of DTN nodes. A bundle is considered

to have been successfully delivered to a DTN endpoint when some

minimum subset of the nodes in the endpoint has received the bundle

without error. This subset is called the "minimum reception group"

(MRG) of the endpoint. The MRG of an endpoint may refer to one node

(unicast), one of a group of nodes (anycast), or all of a group of

nodes (multicast and broadcast). A single node may be in the MRG of

multiple endpoints.

Cerf, et al. Informational [Page 7]

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